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Applic
ati
ons
of
Nucl
ear
Physi
cs
Applications of Nuclear Physics (Instrumentation)
Dr Andy [email protected]
Frontiers of gamma-ray spectroscopy
And its applications
AGATAGRETA
Applic
ati
ons
of
Nucl
ear
Physi
csExample Projects
• Instrumentation:– Medical : SmartPET (Ge)– Environmental : PorGamRayS (CZT)– Explosives/Drugs : Distinguish (Ge/CsI)
• Rely upon– Nuclear Structure : AGATA (Ge)– COBRA (CZT)– ALPHA (Si)
• Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Corus, BAe Systems, Centronic, BNFL, e2v, GE Healthcare
Applic
ati
ons
of
Nucl
ear
Physi
csSmartPET
Applic
ati
ons
of
Nucl
ear
Physi
csSmartPET detector depth response
AC signalsDC signals
DC signals AC signals
“superpulse” pulse shapes for 137Cs events versus depth
Applic
ati
ons
of
Nucl
ear
Physi
cs
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he
Image Charge Response
Image charge asymmetry varies as a function of lateral interaction position
- Calibration of asymmetry response
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rightleft
rightleft
AreaArea
AreaAreaAsymmetry
Applic
ati
ons
of
Nucl
ear
Physi
csReconstructed Images
Simple PSA techniques applied event-by-event
Filtered Back Projection – 22Na source
No PSA
PSA
Andy Mather Andy Mather
60mm 60mm
FWHM = 9.5mm FWHM = 1.2mm
Applic
ati
ons
of
Nucl
ear
Physi
cs
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Early Point source images
Sum together these slices
Total projection along rotation plane
Applic
ati
ons
of
Nucl
ear
Physi
cs
Cone beam reconstruction with 10 iterations.
~8mm image resolution x-y.
• 152Eu point source imaging.
• 30 keV gate on 1408 keV.• 30mm detector separation
with 1.6mm position resolution.
• Single interactions in each detector.
Imaging Progress : Compton Camera
6 cm source to crystal
3 cm crystal to crystal
John Gillam
Applic
ati
ons
of
Nucl
ear
Physi
cs -90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90
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nsity
Compton Imaging with HPGe
• 30mm & 50mm separation between scatterer & analyser.
• 1.6cm separation between points
• FWHM ~ 8mm
Applic
ati
ons
of
Nucl
ear
Physi
cs
Area array of segmented Germanium 1mm2 pixels.Inter pixel gap down to 5 microns
Pixels with an inter pixel gap of 35 microns 30m
TrenchDepth
Germanium Processing for X-ray and DetectorsBob Stevens, Adnan Malik, Gareth Derbyshire
Applic
ati
ons
of
Nucl
ear
Physi
csCharacterisation of CZT
Have characterised CZT pixellated detectors.• 20x20x2mm CZT (2mm pixels) from eV
products in Liverpool• Tested NUCAM ASIC
Applic
ati
ons
of
Nucl
ear
Physi
csInitial tests of pixellated CZT
Energy FWHM 2xUHWHM
keV % keV %
60 keV 4.6 7.7 2.25 3.7
122 keV 7.2 5.9 2.6 3.9
662 keV 28.1 4.2 16 2.4
1332 keV 40.3 3.0 14.6 1.0
137Cs 241Am
Taken using Ortec 671 Spectroscopy amplifier, 3s shaping time
Pixel 5 Pixel 5
Applic
ati
ons
of
Nucl
ear
Physi
cs
Surface scan of CZT
• Analogue electronics
• Gated on energy and multiplicity 1 events
• Scan performed in 1 mm steps, 300 s
per position
Position Matrix
CountsDetector
Resolution at 122 keV 5%
Applic
ati
ons
of
Nucl
ear
Physi
cs
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Surface scan of CZT: pixels
Y p
osi
tio
n o
f sc
ann
ing
tab
le (
mm
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X position of scanning table (mm) →
Intensity
Counts observed in 300 s
Applic
ati
ons
of
Nucl
ear
Physi
cs
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Energy (Channels)
En
erg
y (C
han
nel
s)
122 keV
Coincidence matrix
X position in mm
Y p
ositi
on in
mm
Counts
Position matrix
Applic
ati
ons
of
Nucl
ear
Physi
cs
In operation 7-8% of total nuclear reactor power is from beta decay of fission fragments
When reactor stops this “Reactor Decay Heat” remains and requires cooling etc.
This “heating” is due to a large number of isotopes.a) We need to calculate how much cooling is needed
b) How much shielding is needed c) how quickly certain operations can be performed
All of this has major effects on the costs of running a fleet of reactors.
To calculate “Reactor Decay Heat” requires large libraries of cross-sections, fission yields and accurate decay data.
However it turns out that many radioactive decay schemes are simply not complete because the instrumentation used is inadequate.
Reactor decay Heat
Applic
ati
ons
of
Nucl
ear
Physi
cs
Solution-Total Absorption Spectrometer where ideally all gamma rays are detected and spectrum reflects population of levels. Picture shows GSI TAS and TAS at CERN-ISOLDE(NaI is 38.0 x38.0 cms.) Efficiencies are shown on right.
Scan analysis update
Applic
ati
ons
of
Nucl
ear
Physi
cs
Applications of Nuclear Physics (Instrumentation)
Dr Andy [email protected]
Frontiers of gamma-ray spectroscopy
And its applications
AGATAGRETA
