Research ArticleApplications of Steel Slag Powder and Steel Slag Aggregate inUltra-High Performance Concrete

Jin Liu and Runhua Guo

Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Runhua Guo; guorh@tsinghua.edu.cn

Received 21 October 2017; Accepted 19 November 2017; Published 30 January 2018

Academic Editor: Peng Zhang

Copyright © 2018 Jin Liu and Runhua Guo. *is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in anymedium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*e applications of steel slag powder and steel slag aggregate in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) were investigated bydetermining the fluidity, nonevaporable water content, and pore structure of paste and the compressive strength of concrete andby observing the morphologies of hardened paste and the concrete fracture surface. *e results show that the fluidity of the pastecontaining steel slag is higher.*e nonevaporable water content of the hardened paste containing steel slag powder is close to thatof the control sample at late ages. Both steel slag powder and steel slag aggregate react and connect tightly to gels and hardenedpaste, respectively. When the cement replacement ratio is no more than 10%, the proportion of pores larger than 50 nm in thehardened paste containing steel slag powder is close to that of the control sample, and the UHPC containing steel slag powder candisplay satisfactory compressive strengths. *e UHPC containing steel slag aggregate demonstrates higher compressive strengths.

1. Introduction

Steel slag is a by-product of steel manufacturing [1]. Ap-proximately 160 kg of steel slag is generated per ton of steelproduced [2]. *e common chemical compounds in steelslag are SiO2, CaO, Fe2O3, Al2O3, andMnO [3, 4].*emajormineral components of steel slag are C3S, C2S, C4AF, ROphase, and free-CaO [5, 6]. Many studies have shown thatsteel slag can be applied in ceramics, road pavement ma-terials, and other materials [7–9]. However, in some coun-tries, a large amount of steel slag is still stockpiled without fullutilization [10, 11].

*e application of steel slag powder as a mineral ad-mixture in concrete has been investigated in many studies[12–14]. Steel slag powder has hydraulic properties, and itshydration process is similar to that of cement [15, 16]. Studieshave shown that concrete that contains steel slag powderperforms better in terms of workability than plain cementconcrete does [17]. *e early autogenous shrinkage andadiabatic temperature rise of the concrete containing steelslag powder are also lower than those of concrete withoutsteel slag powder [18, 19]. Additionally, the nonevaporablewater content of the hardened paste containing fine steel slag

powder is close to that of hardened plain cement paste at lateages [20, 21]. Due to the negative influence of steel slagpowder on the compressive strength, the chloride-ionpenetration resistance, carbonation resistance, and sulfate-attack resistance of concrete, the cement replacement ratioshould not be very high [21–23].

Research has also shown that steel slag could be used aseither a coarse or fine aggregate for concrete [24–26]. *ephysical properties of steel slag aggregate are better thanthose of crushed limestone aggregate [27]. Due to the highdensity of steel slag, concrete containing steel slag aggregatehas a higher density than plain cement concrete does [28]. Inaddition, concrete containing steel slag aggregate displayssatisfactory compressive strengths and flexural strengths[28–30].

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is a new typeof cement-based material. In general, UHPC consists ofcement, silica fume, quartz sand, fiber, superplasticizer, andother constituents and exhibits very high compressivestrength, high ductility, and outstanding durability [31–35].High-temperature curing is usually used for UHPC, which isbeneficial for the early hydration of cement and mineraladmixtures [36–38]. *e applications of many kinds of

HindawiAdvances in Civil EngineeringVolume 2018, Article ID 1426037, 8 pageshttps://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1426037

industrial by-products, such as ground-granulated blastfurnace slag, phosphorus slag, �y ash, and copper slag, inUHPC have been reported [39–42]. However, few studieshave investigated the application of steel slag in UHPC. Inthis paper, the applications of steel slag as mineral admixtureand aggregate in UHPC were discussed.

2. Raw Materials and Test Methods

2.1. RawMaterials. ­e cement used was ordinary Portlandcement, which complies with the Chinese National StandardGB175-2007. ­e speci�c surface area and strength grade ofthe cement were 350m2kg−1 and 42.5, respectively. ­e steelslag used was the converter steel slag with 1.5% f-CaO (bymass). Figure 1 shows the particle size distributions of thecement and steel slag powder. ­e X-ray di�raction (XRD)patterns of the steel slag are shown in Figure 2. ­e majorchemical components of the cement and steel slag are shownin Table 1. Table 2 provides the major chemical componentsof the silica fume.

­e �ne aggregate used was quartz sand with 98.2% SiO2(by mass). ­e quartz sands were classi�ed into three levels:coarse quartz sand, medium quartz sand, and �ne quartzsand. ­e diameters of coarse quartz sand, medium quartzsand, and �ne quartz sand ranged from 0.63 to 1.25mm,0.315 to 0.63mm, and 0.16 to 0.315mm, respectively. ­esteel slag aggregate diameter range was the same as that ofcoarse quartz sand. Figure 3 shows the photo of the steel slagaggregate and coarse quartz sand.

­e diameter and length of the steel �ber used rangedfrom 0.18 to 0.23mm and 12 to 14mm, respectively. ­etensile strength of the steel �ber was more than 2850MPa.Polycarboxylate superplasticizer (SP) with a solid content of35% (by mass) was used to regulate the �uidity of theconcrete.

2.2. Test Methods. Tables 3 and 4 list the mix proportions ofthe concretes and pastes, respectively. ­e water-to-binderratio of the concretes and pastes is 0.16.­e rawmaterials forthe concretes were prepared in the following order. First, theaggregate (quartz sand and steel slag aggregate) and steel�ber were mixed and stirred for 4 minutes. ­en, cementand silica fume were added and stirred for 2minutes. Finally,water and superplasticizer were added, and the mixture wasstirred until it was cast.

In order to accelerate the hydration degree of cementand mineral admixtures at early ages, a high-temperaturecuring method was used in this study. After casting, theconcretes were kept at environmental temperature for 6 h.­en, they were cured at 40± 5°C with a relative humidity ofmore than 85% for 24 h. Subsequently, the concretes werereleased from molds and cured at 70± 5°C with a relativehumidity of more than 95% for 48 h. After high-temperaturecuring, the concretes were cooled to room temperature. ­eheating and cooling rates were less than 15°C/h and 20°C/h,respectively. Finally, the concretes were watered and curedunder a plastic �lm cover until 28 d.

Concretes of 100×100×100mm were cast. A study ofcompressive strength was conducted according to ChineseNational Standard GB/T50081-2002 with a loading rate of1.2MPa/s. Fluidity testing of the paste was conductedaccording to Chinese National Standard GB/T8077-2012.Pastes were cast in plastic sealed tubes to prevent both waterloss and carbonation, and they were cured under the sameconditions used with concretes. At testing ages, hardenedpastes were extracted and then immersed in absolute alcoholto prevent further hydration. An electric vacuum-dryingoven was used to dry the samples before testing. At the age of28 d, a mercury intrusion porosimeter (MIP) was used todetermine the pore characteristics of the hardened pastes. Atthe age of 28 d, the morphologies of the hardened paste andthe concrete fracture surface were observed using scanning

6

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00.1 1 10 100

Partical size (μm)

Volu

me f

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CementSteel slag powder

Figure 1:­e particle size distributions of the cement and steel slagpowder.

10 20 30 40 50 60 702θ/(°)

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1 1,2,6(1) C3S (2) C2S (3) C2F (4) C12A7

(5) RO phase (6) Ca2Al2Si3O12

(7) Fe3O4 (8) f-CaO (9) MgO

(10) Ca(OH)2

Figure 2: XRD patterns of the steel slag.

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electron microscopy (SEM). Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX)was used to detect the elemental distributions of thehardened pastes and aggregates. *e nonevaporable water(wn) content of hardened paste was obtained from the massdifference between the sample dried at 105°C and heated at1000°C normalized by the mass after only being dried at105°C and correcting for the loss from the ignition of theunhydrated sample.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Fluidity. Figure 4 shows the fluidity of the pastes. Due tothe very low water-to-binder ratio and the high water ab-sorption of silica fume, the fluidity of the paste without steelslag powder is relatively low. However, the fluidity of thepaste increases with the cement replacement ratio. When thecement replacement ratio is 20%, the fluidity of pastecontaining steel slag powder is approximately 25mm higherthan that of paste without steel slag powder. *ese resultsindicate that using steel slag powder as a mineral admixturecould improve the fluidity of paste, which is beneficial for theworkability of concrete.*is may be because that the activityof steel slag powder is lower than that of cement, and thewater requirement of composite binder containing steel slagpowder is less than that of the equal mass cement in the sameplastic state. *ese results are consistent with a previousstudy [17].

3.2. Nonevaporable Water Content. *e nonevaporablewater content reflects the amount of hydration productsof cement and mineral admixture. Figure 5 shows the

nonevaporable water content of hardened pastes at 3 d(the end of high-temperature curing) and 28 d. At 3 d, thenonevaporable water content of the hardened paste con-taining steel slag powder is obviously lower than that of thehardened paste PC. Additionally, the nonevaporable watercontent of the hardened paste containing steel slag powderdecreases with the cement replacement ratio. *ese resultsindicate that the hydration activity of steel slag powder islower than that of cement, which is consistent with previousresearches [15, 16]. Due to the elevated hydration degreeduring the initial high-temperature curing process, thenonevaporable water content of the hardened paste PC doesnot increase dramatically from 3 d to 28 d. However, at 28 d,the nonevaporable water content of the hardened pastecontaining steel slag powder is close to that of the hardenedpaste PC, which means that the nonevaporable water con-tent growth rate of the hardened paste containing steel slagpowder is higher than that of hardened paste PC. *eseresults indicate that steel slag powder has more continuoushydration activity than cement does at late ages.

3.3. SEM and EDX Results. Figures 6(a) and 6(b) show theSEM morphologies of hardened pastes PS3 and PS4 at 28 d,respectively. Figures 6(c) and 6(d) show the EDX spectrumsof positions 1 and 2, respectively. As shown in Figures 6(a)and 6(b), some particles have not reacted completely in themicrostructures of the hardened pastes PS3 and PS4.According to the EDX results, these particles are steel slag. Alayer of hydration products has wrapped the steel slagparticles. In addition, the steel slag particles connect tightlyto the gel around them. *e outlines of steel slag particlesalso cannot be distinguished clearly because C-S-H gels areproduced during the hydration of steel slag powder [15-16].Meanwhile, the hydration activity of steel slag powder isenhanced by early high-temperature curing, and the hy-dration degree of steel slag powder is already high at 28 d.

Figures 7(a) and 7(b) show the SEMmorphologies of thefracture surfaces of concretes AS1 and AS2, respectively.Figures 7(c)–7(f) show the EDX spectra of positions 3, 4, 5,and 6, respectively. According to the EDX results and themorphology, the bulging parts in the upper left sections ofFigures 7(a) and 7(b) are steel slag aggregates. *e relativelylow-lying zones on the lower right sections of Figures 7(a)and 7(b) are hardened pastes. As shown in Figures 7(a) and7(b), some hydration products were produced at the surfaceof the steel slag aggregates, and the steel slag aggregatesconnect tightly with the hardened paste. In addition, theboundaries between steel slag aggregates and hardenedpastes cannot be distinguished clearly. *ese results indicatethat, similar to steel slag powder, steel slag aggregate hasreacted to some extent and produced some hydration

Table 1: Chemical compositions of the cement and steel slag (%).

Sample SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO MnO P2O5 SO3 Na2Oeq LossCement 22.36 7.73 3.66 57.21 3.10 — — 3.54 0.73 2.31Steel slag 19.11 7.46 18.01 43.37 5.17 2.66 1.76 — 0.41 1.36Na2Oeq �Na2O+ 0.685K2O.

Table 2: Chemical compositions of the silica fumes (%).

Sample SiO2 K Na H2O LossSilica fume 92.30 0.06 0.02 1.1 2.5

Coarse quartz sand Steel slag aggregate

Figure 3: Photo of steel slag aggregate and coarse quartz sand.

Advances in Civil Engineering 3

products at 28 d, which is conducive to the connection ofsteel slag aggregate with the hardened paste. ­is may beattributed to the activating e�ect on the steel slag aggregateproduced during the initial high-temperature curing.

3.4. Pore Structures. Figure 8 shows the pore structures ofthe hardened pastes at 28 d. Owing to the very low water-to-binder ratio, the pore structure of hardened paste PC is very�ne. ­e cumulative pore volume of the hardened pastecontaining steel slag powder increases dramatically with thecement replacement ratio. ­is result is consistent withprevious studies [21, 23]. It is noteworthy that although thecumulative pore volumes of hardened pastes PS1 and PS2are higher than that of hardened paste PC, the proportions ofpores larger than 50 nm in hardened pastes PS1 and PS2 are

close to that of hardened paste PC, which may be attributedto the high hydration degree of steel slag powder. However,when the cement replacement ratio is more than 10%, boththe cumulative pore volume and the proportion of poreslarger than 50 nm in the hardened paste containing steelslag powder are signi�cantly higher than those in hardenedpaste PC.

3.5. Compressive Strength. Figure 9 shows the compressivestrengths of the concretes at 28 d. ­e compressive strengthsof concretes S2 and S3 are higher than 150MPa and are veryclose to that of concrete C. ­is occurs because the pro-portions of pores larger than 50 nm in hardened pastes PS1and PS2 are close to that in hardened paste PC; this pro-portion plays an important role in the compressive strengthof concretes. However, the compressive strengths of con-cretes S3 and S4 are signi�cantly lower than that of concreteC. ­is is because both the cumulative pore volumes and theproportions of pores larger than 50 nm in the hardenedpastes PS3 and PS4 are signi�cantly higher than those inhardened paste PC. Overall, when the cement replacementratio is no more than 10%, the UHPC containing steel slagpowder can display satisfactory compressive strength.

Table 3: Mix proportions of concretes (kg/m3).

Samples Cement Steel slag powder Silica fume Steel slag aggregateQuartz sand

Steel �ber Water SPCoarse Medium Fine

C 810 0 150 0 300 750 150 130 120 52S1 769.5 40.5 150 0 300 750 150 130 120 52S2 729 81 150 0 300 750 150 130 120 52S3 688.5 121.5 150 0 300 750 150 130 120 52S4 648 162 150 0 300 750 150 130 120 52AS1 810 0 150 150 150 750 150 130 120 52AS2 810 0 150 300 0 750 150 130 120 52

Table 4: Mix proportions of pastes (g).

Samples Cement Steel slag powder Silica fume Water SPPC 100 0 18.5 15.8 4.9PS1 95 5 18.5 15.8 4.9PS2 90 10 18.5 15.8 4.9PS3 85 15 18.5 15.8 4.9PS4 80 20 18.5 15.8 4.9

140

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Cement replacement ratio (%)

Flui

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(mm

)

Figure 4: ­e �uidity of pastes.

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03 d 28 d

PCPS1PS2

PS3PS4

Non

evap

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ater

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%)

Figure 5: Nonevaporable water contents of hardened pastes.

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*e compressive strengths of concretes AS1 and AS2are higher than that of concrete C. Meanwhile, thecompressive strength of the concrete containing steel slagaggregate increases with the coarse quartz sand re-placement ratio. *is is because when the compressivestrength of concrete is very high, the bonding conditionbetween the aggregate and hardened paste plays a veryimportant role in the compressive strength of concrete. Inaddition, according to the SEM and EDX results, steel slagaggregates react and connect with hardened paste tightly.Overall, the UHPC containing steel slag aggregate showshigher compressive strength.

4. Conclusions

(1) Steel slag powder used as a mineral admixture couldimprove the fluidity of paste, which is beneficial forthe workability of concrete.

(2) When both are subjected to high-temperature curingconditions at early ages, steel slag powder has morecontinuous reaction activity than cement does at late

ages. *e nonevaporable water content of the hard-ened paste containing steel slag powder is close to thatof the control sample at late ages.

(3) Under high-temperature curing conditions at earlycuring sages, hydraulic steel slag particles connectwith the gel around them tightly. When the cementreplacement ratio is no more than 10%, the proportionof pores larger than 50nm in the hardened pastecontaining steel slag powder is close to that in thecontrol sample, and the UHPC containing steel slagpowder can display satisfactory compressive strength.

(4) Under high-temperature curing conditions at earlyages, the steel slag aggregate reacts and connectstightly with hardened paste. *e UHPC contain-ing steel slag aggregate shows higher compressivestrengths.

Conflicts of Interest

*e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper.

(a) (b)

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MgAl

Si

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O

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(d)

Figure 6: (a) SEM morphology of hardened paste PS3 at 28 d. (b) SEM morphology of hardened paste PS4 at 28 d. (c) EDX spectrum ofposition 1. (d) EDX spectrum of position 2.

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(a) (b)

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S K

Ca1.4

2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00Energy (keV)

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Mg

(f)

Figure 7: (a) SEMmorphology of the fracture surface of concrete AS1 at 28 d. (b) SEMmorphology of the fracture surface of concrete AS2 at28 d. (c) EDX spectrum of position 3. (d) EDX spectrum of position 4. (e) EDX spectrum of position 5. (f) EDX spectrum of position 6.

6 Advances in Civil Engineering

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1000100100.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08Cu

mul

ativ

e por

e vol

ume (

mLg

−1)

Pore size (nm)PCPS1PS2

PS3PS4

Figure 8: Pore structures of the hardened pastes at 28 d.

170

160

150

140

130

120

110CS1S2S3

S4AS1AS2

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)

Figure 9: Compressive strengths of the concretes at 28 d.

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