Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 luglio 2013)

7/21/2019 Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 l

1/97

CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR ^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK, 5

Uuebmrgk bmo Jestmr kg Rmaghohnkm Hpmg Qhuram pmr k Dmgk Auotureok

Eppokaezkhgk Hpmg Qhuram

pmr ko Tkokmvh 1B bmk Dmgk Auotureok

Ett k b mo oe N khrget e bk Qt u bkhQ eg Nkhveggk Seobergh, 5; ounokh 4


2/97


3/97

E\\OKAEVKHGKH\MGQH]TAM

\MTKOTKOKMSH1B BMKDMGKA]OR]TEOK

Ettk bmooe Nkhrgete bk Qtubkh

Qeg Nkhveggk Seobergh, 5; ounokh 4


4/97

Uumst'hpmre stete rkoesakete ahg okamgze Armetkvm Ahjjhgs Ettrkduzkhgm - Ghg ahjjmrakeom - Ghg hpmrm bmrkvetm 2.t+#' \+#t#*"e))mt">

R##o/#0. Om #%m"e(k#'k !k %#$t-%"#&m$$k'* $e"e''#

m$m*ktm ' o2k)%km*# !k Jm$+oe/ m Ao#!A#)%e"m.

;m>4#"!$Ahjputmr Skskhg, Kjenm-Desmb Jhbmokgn, Qtruaturm-

crhj-Jhtkhg, Tkokmvh 1, !"t#hg !#hthnrejjmtr"$hho%h&, Jms#oe%, AohubAhjperm, shct'erm hpmgshuram, A#kmse bmoo()uthstrebe bmo Qhom, *mhgm +oejkgkhSeaae

. K't"#!(k#'m

Ko prmsmgtm moe%hreth #e ahjm hnnmtth bk stubkh o(kjpkmnhbmoom jhbmrgm tmagka#m bk Kjenm-Desmb Jhbmokgn KDJ

pmr ko rkokmvh jmtrkah trkbkjmgskhgeom 1 bk jegucettkertkstkak bk geture ske sauothrme a#m era#ktmtthgkae.

$eom prhnmtth bk moe%hrekhgm nreckae sk kgsmrksam

eoo(kgtmrgh bk /umooe a#m hrjek < ahjugmjmgtm ghte ahjmAhjputmr Skskhg, akh< /umoo(kgskmjm bk 5prhamssk a`mjkregh e armerm ug jhbmooh epprhsskjeth bmooe rmeot

(1B) a`m ak akrahgbe e pertkrm be kjjenkgk

dkbkjmgskhgeok (4B)4 NKT**K2==3, +)S)**Kmt eo.2=>2,0;*A0)2=>>. Kg pertkahoerm gmoom jhbmrgm tmagka#m bkKjenm-Desmb Jhbmokgn KDJ oe rkahstrukhgmtrkbkjmgskhgeom vkmgm msmnukte %esegbhsk 5suoo(egeokskbmooh sphstejmgth bk ug hnnmtth gmo tmjph4. $eokshct'erm ahgsmgthgh bk rkahstrukrm uge guvhoe bk pugtk e

%esse bmgskt6, beooe auk moe%hrekhgm nreckae < phssk%kommstrerrm ug jhbmooh 1 bmoo(hnnmtth kgbenethTJ;9K9;, *-?)0KJ2==:, 7Q$;D8mt eo.2=>2.

*m okgmm nukbe ahg auk ko prhnmtth bk rkokmvh < stethphrteth evegtk sk shgh mvhoutm kg ahrsh b(hpmre, kgcugkhgm bmoom prh%omjetka#m m bmoom mvkbmgm tmagka#ma#m suaamsskvejmgtm sk shgh rksahgtretm buregtm ombkvmrsm cesk bk oevhrh. $eom prh%omjetka#m shgh bhvutmeoom pertkahoerk aerettmrkstka#m ohnkstka#m m bkahgchrjekhgm bmoom hpmrm samotm ahjm aesk bk stubkh.

Ko prkjh hnnmtth bmo rkokmvh < steth ko *mhgm sauothrmh kgjerjh rmeoketh beooh sauothrm +oejkgkh Seaae Thje>1E Thje >:=. !rhvmgkmgtm be Skooe Jmbkak eThje, vmggm phrteth e +krmgm gmo >3E3 m cu phsth eooeshjjkt6 skgkstre bmooe nrebkgete b(kgnrmssh bmooe *hnnkebmooe Qknghrke, bhvm < ettueojmgtm ahoohaeth $T9T>BB:, J);99)>BB1.

Ahjm strutture era#ktmtthgkae < stete samote oe a#kmse bkQeg Nkhveggk Dettkste, sktuete gmo ahjugm bk AejpkDksmgkh, gmooe crekhgm bk *kjktm, eoom phrtm bk +krmgm.Mumste a#kmse vkmgm ega#m a#kejete 5a#kmsebmoo()uthstrebe bmo Qhom4, pmr oe sue ahoohaekhgmeoo(kgarhakh cre o()uthstrebe bmo Qhom m oe )>> +krmgm-Jerm, je shprettutth pmra#C vhoute beooe Qhakmt6)uthstrebm kg rkahrbh bmnok hpmrek aebutk suo oevhrh gmooermeokekhgm bmoo()uthstrebe bmo Qhom Euthstrebm>B:,!KT)$$;9K 2==1, !;T$;N?QK>B:. ( stete mbkckaetetre ko >B:= mb ko >B:, su prhnmtth bmoo@era#ktmtthNkhveggk Jka#mouaak A;9+;T$K 2==:, D**K,A;9+;T$K>BB= m sk svkouppe su uge supmrckakm ahpmrte bk1== jmtrk /uebrk, rennkugnmgbh ug(eotme jesskje bk2: jmtrk ;$$)SKA)SK9)>B:E. ) rmgbmroe aerettmrkstkae

CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4


10/97

vk shgh ug kjpkegth poegkjmtrkah m vhoujmtrkahmstrmjejmgtm ertkahoeth, ahgghteth eoo(mstmrgh be pkFokvmook. Ko prkjh okvmooh < ahstktukth be ug %esejmgth beoahgthrgh skguhsh kg %hm bk pkmtre rhse bk Qeg Nkuokegh,gmo /ueom sk eprhgh nok eaamssk eooe a#kmse m pkaahomckgmstrm m cmrkthkm, mvkbmgtm rka#kejh eooe ouam bmooma#kmsm rhjegka#m. Ko smahgbh okvmooh, kg pertm kg pkmtre mkg pertm kg amjmgth ceaake vkste, ahgbuam skgh eooe

supmrckakm ahrrunete bmooe ahpmrture, rkvmstkte kg oestrm bkrejm. *@mbkckakh #e pkegte eskjjmtrkae m thteojmgtmsvkgahoete beoo@egbejmgth bmooe nregbm ahpmrture 5evmoe4. K jetmrkeok usetk pmr oe ahstrukhgm shgh oe pkmtre

pmr k jurk pmrkjmtreokI ko amjmgth %kegah bk Qerbmnge pmrom strutturm e vksteI ko rejm pmr oe ahpmrture bmo tmtthS9$TK>BE=.

9. H/kmttkvk

hph evmr ahjprmsh be prmambmgtk stubk *-?)0KJQ)DT8mt eo.2==3, 0TQ$9, *K9Q$)$2=>2, Tmt eo.2=>1 om phtmgkeokt6 bmoom tmagka#m bk KDJ pmr korkokmvh trkbkjmgskhgeom bk jegucettk, h%kmttkvh bmo

prmsmgtm oevhrh mre /umooh bk egeokerm om prh%omjetka#mrksahgtre%kok buregtm om cesk bk ea/ukskkhgm mbmoe%hrekhgm bmk betk, kg cugkhgm bk bkvmrsk cetthrkhpmretkvk strujmgtekhgm, #erb'erm, tkphohnke maerettmrkstka#m bmoo(hnnmtth rkomveth, maa..

!hgmgbh e ahgcrhgth om prhamburm bk egeoksk m k rksuotetkhttmgutk gmo rkokmvh bk uge sauoture ahg /umook bk ugeahjpomsse strutture era#ktmtthgkae, serm%%m steth kghotrm

phssk%kom veouterm oe bkvmrskt6 bk epprhaakh gmamsserke pmreccrhgterm oh stubkh bk hnnmttk bk bkjmgskhgk ahsObkccmrmgtk.

1. Jmt#!# m $t")m'tk

1. E&k$k(k#'m !mk !etk

*(ea/ukskkhgm bmk betk < evvmgute, pmr mgtrej%k kshnnmttk samotk, jmbkegtm oe reaahote bk ug smt bk chthnreckmbknkteok saettetm ruhtegbh kgthrgh eoo(hnnmtth, kg jhbh bemsmnukrm uge ahjpomte rkahstrukhgm e 1:=bmoo(momjmgth, be bkvmrsk pugtk bk vkste.

Ko bksphsktkvh utkoketh pmr o(ea/ukskkhgm bmoom kjjenkgk< stete uge chthaejmre rmcom& bknkteom Q*T Aeghg;Q==, aerettmrkete be ug smgshrm AJ;Q, )!Q-Abe >.1 jmnepk&mo, AA 22.1 & >.B jj, ahg ugerkshoukhgm bmoom kjjenkgk 32 & 1>:E p&. *m rkprmsm

shgh stetm msmnuktm mccmttuegbh ugh saetth hngk > nrebk,kg jhbh a#m hngk momjmgth aejpkhgeth chssm prmsmgtm kgeojmgh trm kjjenkgk. Ko gujmrh bk chth thteok ea/uksktmshgh stetm :1 pmr oe stetue bmo *mhgm, 1E chth pmr oeA#kmse bk Qeg Nkhveggk Dettkste.

!mr oe bhaujmgtekhgm chthnreckae kg sktuom rkprmsm shghstetm vhoutejmgtm msmnuktm eo jettkgh prmsth, kg ugenkhrgete guvhohse, kg jhbh be rksahgtrerm bmoom %uhgmahgbkkhgk bk ouam, aerettmrketm be ug(httkje ugkchrjkt6bk kooujkgekhgm pmr tuttm om egnhoekhgk bk rkprmse.

!mr ko *mhgm om prh%omjetka#m pkF rkomvegtk sk shghrksahgtretm e aeuse bmoom bkcckahot6 ohnkstka#m m bk

phskkhgm bmo jegucetth, m pkF prmaksejmgtm e aeuse

bmooe pertkahoerm phskkhgm eooe shjjkt6 bmooe saeoeprkgakpeom bmooe *hnnke bmk *egk. $eom phskkhgm kgcettk#e pmrjmssh bk chthnrecerm ahg ceakokt6 ko rmtrh bmooestetue +kn. >, je ghg oe pertm crhgteom, kg /uegthkjphssk%kom be rkprmgbmrm eb uge bkstege revvkakgete, gC/umooe supmrkhrm. Kghotrm oe prmsmge revvkakgete bk ugeahohgge #e rmsh phssk%kom ug aejpkhgejmgth shohoetmreom m ghg crhgteom bmooe phrkhgm jerjhrme pkF

ebkeamgtm eooe ahohgge stmsse. !mr hvvkerm e teok bkcckahot6shgh stetm msmnuktm pkF prhvm bk rkprmse, kgbkvkbuegbhbmoom phstekhgk suoom saeom m gmooe shtthstegtm pkee a#mahgsmgtkssmrh uge %uhge kg/uebreture bmooe pertmcrhgteom.

*m kjjenkgk rkphrtetm kg +kn. 2 jhstregh oe phskkhgm

Ckn. 5. Omhgm bk Coejkgkh Seaae sktueth eooe shjjkt bmooe

nrebkgete b'kgnrmssh bmooe Ohnnke bmk Oegk (Ckrmgm).

Ckn. 4. !hskkhgm bmoom aejmrm bk rkprmse.



11/97

bmoom aejmrm rkspmtth eo jegucetthG < mvkbmgtm oerhtekhgm e 1:= m oe verkekhgm eotkjmtrkae bmoomkg/uebreturm kg cugkhgm bmooe prmsmge bmoom saeom.

ge strutture era#ktmtthgkae ahjpomsse ahjm oe A#kmse bkQeg Nkhveggk Dettkste #e rka#kmsth kgvmam uge bkvmrsejhbeokt6 bk rkprmse, vhote, pmr /uegth phssk%kom, emsmnukrm ug ahrrmtth m ahjpomth smt chthnreckah, a#m

pmrjmttmssm bk rkburrm eo jesskjh phssk%kok vuhtk hjegaegm struttureok gmooe jms# ckgeom.

*m bkcckahot6 jennkhrk sk shgh rksahgtretm e aeuse bmoompertkahoerk aerettmrkstka#m ej%kmgteok bmooe strutture,kgsmrkte kg ug ohtth vmrbm, ahg ug momveth gujmrh bk

pkegtm uokvk kg pertkahoerm a#m akrahgbegh tutte oe a#kmse+kn. 1 m kjpmbksahgh rkprmsm revvkakgetm bmoom bkvmrsmceaaketm bmoo(mbkckakh.

$eom prh%omjetkae, ugkte eoo(momvete eotme bmooe strutture

oe ahpmrture rennkugnm ug(eotme jesskje bk 2: j #ermsh gmamsserkh ug eujmgth bmooe bkstege bk rkprmse mkgskmjm ug kgarmjmgth bmo gujmrh bk kg/uebreturmoetmreok, ahsO be httkjkerm eo jmnokh ko aejpkhgejmgthbmoom ermm bk jureture ahpmrtm beooe prmsmge bmooevmnmtekhgm gmoom kg/uebreturm crhgteok.

1.9 Moe/#"e(k#'m !mk !etk

*(moe%hrekhgm bmk betk < evvmgute trejktm bkvmrsm cesk bkoevhrh a#m #eggh pmrjmssh bk httmgmrm uge rkahstrukhgmnreckae 1 bmk jegucettk e pertkrm beo smt chthnreckahreaahoth.

9mooe prkje cesm bk moe%hrekhgm < steth kjpkmneth

!"t#hg !#hthnrejjmtr" $hho%h& !!$, ug shct'ermaepeam bk bmtmrjkgerm k perejmtrk bmooe aejmre bk rkprmsephskkhgm m hrkmgtejmgth bmo pugth bk saetth m bkrkahstrukrm uge guvhoe bk pugtk e %esse bmgskt6 pertmgbhbeo shoh smt bk kjjenkgk kjphrtetm. Ko prhamssejmgth kg!!$ < evvmguth utkokegbh ug ghtm%hhH )QQ +10smrkms, ahg prhamsshrm )J $urkhg : \2 bueo-ahrm$*E, T)J 2 N%, skstmje hpmretkvh 7kgbh's Skste 12

%kt. !!$ sk %ese su sarkpt bk !"t#hg a#m ahgsmgthgh bkeuthjetkerm ko prhamssh bk rkahstrukhgm 1,rkbuamgbhoh e bum hpmrekhgk prkgakpeokG oe aeok%rekhgmmsmnukte trejktm Dugbomr m oe rkahstrukhgm bmooe guvhoebk pugtk trejktm AJSQU!JSQ. *(hpmrethrm pu

perkeojmgtm ahgtrhooerm ko rksuoteth ckgeom trejktm oesamote bk bum perejmtrk kgkkeokG oe rkshoukhgm e aukDugbomr rksaeoe om kjjenkgk m ko cmeturm bmtmathr kgnmgmrm S*+met, a#m kgaoubm uge vmrskhgm rksarktte mhttkjkete bmoo(eonhrktjh QK+$, Qaeom Kgverkegt +meturm$regschrj. Dugbomr msmnum ko prhamssh e pertkrm be ugsmt bk kjjenkgk m be eoaugk perejmtrk aerettmrkstkak bmooejeaa#kge chthnreckae kjpkmnete pmr om rkprmsm, m pkF

prmaksejmgtm ko veohrm chaeom a#m mstremeuthjetkaejmgtm bek betk .pn m oe bkjmgskhgm bmosmgshrm AA kg jj, a#m pu mssmrm nk6 prmsmgtm gmobete%esm Q/oktm esshaketh h mssmrm kgtrhbhtthbeoo(hpmrethrm. Desegbhsk suo prkgakpkh pmr auk nok hnnmttkvkakgk eo pugth bk hssmrvekhgm sk sphstegh gmooh spekh

pkF vmohamjmgtm rkspmtth enok momjmgtk ohgtegk, Dugbomrrkahghsam k pugtk ahjugk bmoom chth, treaake ohsphstejmgth bk ahrrksphgbmgm tre uge chth m o(eotre mrkahstruksam oe guvhoe bk pugtk. *e ahgvmrskhgm bmk betkbeo chrjeth Dugbomr e AJQSU!JSQ vkmgm mccmttuetetrejktm Dugbom2!JSQ m Tebkeogbksthrt. hph oe prkjecesm, a#m kjpkmne ahjm kgput om kjjenkgk ea/uksktm m om

phsm bmooe aejmre pmr rkahghsamrm om ahrrksphgbmgm treom chth jeta#, !JSQ !eta# JuotkSkm' Qtmrmhmspegbm ohaeojmgtm om rmnkhgk m&pegb, m kgckgm skeppokae ug ckotrh bk ahrrmkhgm a#m rkjuhvm om mvmgtueokahrrksphgbmgm mrretm rksahgtretm ckotmr J;*;9, DK2=>2.

*m prmstekhgk m k rksuotetk httmgutk beoo(kjpkmnh bk !!$shgh /ukgbk ahggmssm e jhotmpokak perejmtrk /ueokG om

prhprkmt6 bmoom kjjenkgk ea/uksktm, oe rkshoukhgm, kogujmrh bk kjjenkgk m om prmstekhgk bmo !A kjpkmneth.!mr veouterm ahjm o(kgskmjm bk /umstm verke%kok pukgcoukrm suooe /ueokt6 bmooe guvhoe bk pugtk ckgeom sk 2== pk&mosbk bmceuot pmr rksaeoerm om kjjenkgk kg !!$ m cmeturmbmtmathr S*+met. Ko smahgbh pessennkh AJSQU!JSQ =.

*e smahgbe prhve < evvmgute prhvegbh eb eujmgterm oerkshoukhgm mb moe%hregbh /ukgbk o(kgtmrh smt chthnreckah:1 chth eb uge rkshoukhgm bk >E== pk&mos.

9mooe tmre prhve, ahgskbmretk k ougn#k tmjpk bkmoe%hrekhgm rksahgtretk pmr prhamsserm :1 chth, sk chth m bk oegakerm koprhamssh bk Dugbomr e 2=== pk&mos.

*m suaamsskvm prhvm shgh stetm msmnuktm kg jhbh jhothrepkbh kjphrtegbh uge shoe chth pmr tmsterm om

phtmgkeokt6 bmo !A m bmtmrjkgerm oe rkshoukhgm jesskjeahg auk phtmr moe%hrerm k betk. Ko veohrm okjktm kgbkvkbueth< steth perk e 2:32 pk&mosG kgsmrmgbh veohrk jennkhrk ko

prhamssh sk %ohaae begbh ug mrrhrm esshaketh eooh QK+$Qaeom Kgverkegt +meturm $regschrj.

Kjphstegbh oe rkshoukhgm e 2:32 pk&mos om kjjenkgkshgh stetm rksaeoetm be Dugbomr e 2:32 & >3E> pk&mos mburegtm ko prhamssh ko jhgkthrennkh bk skstmje #ejhstreth ug kjpkmnh /uesk smjprm ahstegtm bmoom A!,

Ckn. 1. !ertkahoerm bmoo'erme "mrbm a`m akrahgbe oe #`kmse bk $eg

%kh"eggk &ettkste.



12/97

perk e akrae ko :=R ahg gmssug(eotre eppokaekhgm epmrte.9moo(moe%hrekhgm bmoom :1 chthnreckm bmo *mhgm eooerkshoukhgm bk 2:32 pk&mos k tmjpk bk prhamssejmgth shgheppersk trhpph ougn#k, /ukgbk sk < bmaksh bk bkvkbmrm omchth kg nruppk, hngugh rmoetkvh eb uge pertkahoermkg/uebreture bmooe sauoture egtmrkhrm, phstmrkhrm,oetmreok, m jegtmgmgbh om gmamsserkm shvrepphskkhgk.

!mr o(moe%hrekhgm bmoom kjjenkgk bmooe A#kmse, kg %esm ekprmambmgtk tmst, sk < samoth bk kjphsterm oe rkshoukhgm bkDugbomr bkrmttejmgtm e 2:32 pk&mos.

*e ahjpomsskt6 bmoom chrjm m o(mstmgskhgm bmo jegucetthera#ktmtthgkah ghg #eggh ahgsmgtkth bk mccmttuerm ugesmomkhgm bk kjjenkgk 1E chth m om chth shgh stetm/ukgbk bkvksm m prhamssetm kg 1= nruppk bkstkgtk e smahgbebmoo(egnhoekhgm bk rkprmse. ( steth gmamsserkh prhamssermkgskmjm shoh nruppk bk chth ahg eote shvrepphskkhgm,

pmra#C vkstm om ejpkm bkjmgskhgk bmoo(mbkckakh, kg ugeprkje prhve rmeokete ahg chth bksphstm aesueojmgtm koshct'erm ghg < rksuoteth kg nrebh bk mstrerrm kgchrjekhgkskngkckaetkvm.

9moo(moe%hrekhgm bmk 1= nruppk bk chth ghg shgh jegaetkceookjmgtk bmo prhamssh bk !!$, e aeuse bk mrrhrk bkbmvkekhgm. Kg teok aesk shgh stetm rksmomkhgetm omkjjenkgk kg nmgmrm bkjkguktm gmo gujmrh h saeoetm gmooerkshoukhgm m ko prhamssh < steth rkpmtuth, phrtegbh erksuotetk jknokhrk. *m ermm pkF shnnmttm e /umsth prh%omjeshgh stetm om pertk bmooe a#kmse rkprmsm pkF be vkakgh m ahg

pertkahoerk era#ktmtthgkak ahjpomssk eb msmjpkh o(ejpkevmtrete rkprhamssete 1 vhotm pmr httmgmrm uge %uhgeguvhoe ckgeom m oe strutture e s%eoh ahg om trm aejpegm.

*m ermm rkprmsm pkF be ohgtegh m ahg ejpkm kg/uebreturmeb msmjpkh ko ougnh prhspmtth phstmrkhrm m oe ahpmrture#eggh beth kgvmam httkjk rksuotetk.

*m guvhom bk pugtk httmgutm ahg !!$ shgh stetm kg smnukthmoe%hretm jmbkegtm hpphrtugm hpmrekhgk bk phst-

prhamsskgn msmnuktm ahg ug ghtm%hhH JeaDhhH!rh B.>Kgtmo k3, Tej N%.

*(ush bmo shct'erm AohubAhjperm #e pmrjmssh omhpmrekhgk bk puokture bete aomegkgn bmk pugtk ghgeppertmgmgtk eoo(hnnmtth, eookgmejmgth ugkhgm bmoombkvmrsm supmrckak m cuskhgm bk tuttm om guvhom.

) smnukrm Jms#*e% v.>.1.2, shct'erm bk jms# prhamsskgnm jms# mbktkgn, #e ahgsmgtkth oe rkahstrukhgm vmre m

prhprke bmoom supmrckak ahgtkgum bmk jegucettk, trejktm oenmgmrekhgm mb moe%hrekhgm bk jms# httmgutm ahg

hpphrtugk eonhrktjk bk aeoahoh AKN9;9K mt eo. 2==E,0)?)9mt eo.2==:.

?. Tk$otetk

*m guvhom bk pugtk httmgutm beoo(moe%hrekhgm kg !!$bmoom kjjenkgk ea/uksktm pmr oe sauoture bmo *mhgm shghrkphrtetm kg +kn. .

*m bkvmrsm jmthbhohnkm bk prhamssejmgth bmo smtchthnreckah, pmr kgtmrh evvmguth e >2== m >E== pk&mos m

pmr nruppk bk chth evvmguth e 2:32 pk&mos, #egghprhbhtth rksuotetk jhoth skjkok, prh%e%kojmgtm nrekm eoomgujmrhsm shvrepphskkhgk jegtmgutm tre k nruppk

ebkeamgtk.

)oo(eujmgterm bmooe rkshoukhgm, tuttevke, sk hssmrve ugkgarmjmgth bmo gujmrh bk pugtk rkspmttkvejmgtm bk>E.B12, 1=.B32 m 31.B31 vmrtkams eoom rkshoukhgk bk>2==, >E== m 2:32 pk&mos e auk < phssk%kom esshakerm ugahrrksphgbmgtm eujmgth bk bmttenokh bmk jhbmook ckgeok.

!mr oe a#kmse bk Q.Nkhveggk Dettkste om kjjenkgk kg +kn. jhstregh oe guvhoe bk pugtk ckgeom mstrephoete e pertkrm

e

%

a

Ckn. . u"hom bk pugtk mstrettm be !! pmr oe sauoture bmo Omhgm

eooe rkshoukhgm bk 54** (e)+ 5,** (d)+ 4-4 pk/mos (a).



13/97

Ckn.


14/97

bek 1= skgnhok prhamssk bk moe%hrekhgm kg !!$.

Ahjm prkje hpmrekhgm tuttm om guvhom bk pugtk #egghrka#kmsth uge puokture pkutthsth ahjpomsse e aeuse bmooe

prmsmge bk gujmrhsk pugtk mstregmk pugtk pkF saurkesshake%kok prh%e%kojmgtm e bkstur%k mUh mrrhrk scunnktk eockotmrkgn bk !JSQ2 a#m rkahprkvegh nreg pertm bmoomsupmrckak bmk jegucettk +kn. : e, %.

!mr oe stetue bmo *mhgm e 2:32 pk&mos m pmr o(kgtmre A#kmse< steth kg smnukth gmamsserkh msmnukrm ega#m o(eookgmjmgthm phk oe cuskhgm bmoom guvhom, kg /uegth httmgutm beo

prhamssejmgth kg !!$ bk nruppk bk chth smperetk.

*(eookgmejmgth kg AohubAhjperm < evvmguth ahg oesmomkhgm bk eojmgh trm pugtk bk rkcmrkjmgth ahjugk ebum guvhom ebkeamgtk +kn. : a, b.

*m guvhom bk pugtk shgh stetm suaamsskvejmgtm kjphrtetmkg Jms#oe%, bhvm eppokaegbh o(eonhrktjh jetmjetkah bk5!hksshg surceam rmahgstruatkhg4 < steth phssk%komrkahstrukrm om supmrckak trkbkjmgskhgeok +knn. 3, Ee.

*e cesm ckgeom bmoo(moe%hrekhgm #e prmvkstho(essmngekhgm bmk ahohrk eooe jms# trejktm kotrescmrkjmgth bmk ahohrk beooe guvhoe bk pugtk ek vmrtkakbmooe supmrckakm armete. $eom hpmrekhgm < stete msmnuktejmbkegtm ko ahjegbh 5Smrtm& ettrk%utm tregscmr4 a#mahgsmgtm bk trescmrkrm eooe supmrckakm ghg shoh ko ahohrm

je ega#m eotrm prhprkmt6 bmk pugtk ahjm oe nmhjmtrke, oe/ueokt6, maa. +kn. E%.

*m jms# ckgeok shgh stetm puoktm guhvejmgtm ahgAohubAhjperm, pmr rkjuhvmrm eoaugm bmoom ceaam ghgahrrksphgbmgtk eooe rmeom ahgchrjekhgm bmk jegucettk.!mr ko jhbmooh bmo *mhgm sk < samoth bk rkjuhvmrm oe pertmsupmrkhrm jegtmgmgbh vksk%kom ko vuhth bhvuth eooe

Ckn. -. pmrekhgk bk puokture (e+ d) m eookgmejmgth (a+ b) bmoom gu"hom bk pugtk jmbkegtm ko shterm #ohub #hjperm.

Ckn. . !hksshg suream rmahgstruatkhg eppokaete suooe gu"hoe bk pugtk

bmo Omhgm (rkshoukhgm 54** pk/mos).

e %

ba



15/97

jegaege bk bhaujmgtekhgm chthnreckae beoo(eoth. *msupmrckak armetm suk vuhtk bmooe %esm jerjhrme m bmo

prhckoh bmo *mhgm suo rmtrh m suooe ejpe phstmrkhrmskgkstre shgh stetm kgvmam jegtmgutm, kg /uegthahgchrjk eooe rmeot6 bmo jegucetth.

!mr oe jms# bmooe A#kmse bk Q.Nkhveggk shgh stetmjegtmgutm tuttm om supmrckak a#m #eggh kgtmnreth omjegaegm a#m mregh prmsmgtk suk jurk kg pkmtre e aeusebmooe prmsmge bmooe vmnmtekhgm eo%mrk gmoomkg/uebreturm crhgteok m amspunok ebkeamgtk om jureturm.*e pertm bmooe ahpmrture < stete rkpuokte kg jhbh besmj%rerm ko pkF skjkom phssk%kom eooe strutture

era#ktmtthgkae rmeom.

K jhbmook 1 ckgeok httmgutk pmr oe stetue bmo *mhgm eoom

trm rkshoukhgk bk >2==, >E== m 2:32 pk&mos shgh rkphrtetkkg +kn. B. *m guvhom bk pugtk ahg jennkhrm bmgskt6#eggh prhbhtth uge jms# a#m mvkbmgke kg jhbh pkFjeraeth k bmttenok m k bkvmrsk egbejmgtk bmoom supmrckakoevhretm.

;ttkjh momjmgth pmr epprmerm /umste verkekhgm < oesarktte prmsmgtm suooe pertm jerjhrme crhgteom %esseGeppmge pmramttk%kom suo jhbmooh e >2== pk&mos, %mgvksk%kom e >E==, bk httkje omnnk%kokt6 e 2:32 pk&mos.

Ko

Ckn. 2. =hbmook 1B kgeok bmooe stetue bmo Omhgm eoom rkshoukhgk bk 54** (e)+ 5,** (d) m 4-4 pk/mos (a).

Ckn. ,. !hksshg suream rmahgstruatkhg (e) m Smrtm/ ettrkdutm tregsmr (d) eppokaetk eoom gu"hoe bk pugtk bmooe a`kmse bk $.%kh"eggk &ettkste.

%e

Ckn. 5*. Skste rhgteom+ oetmreom m phstmrkhrm bmo jhbmooh 1B kgeom bmooe stetue bmo Omhgm (rkshoukhgm bk 4-4 pk/mos).



16/97

Ckn. 55. =hbmooh 1B kgeom bmooe a`kmse bk $.%kh"eggk &ettkste.



17/97

jhbmooh ckgeom httmguth eooe jesskje rkshoukhgm pmr ko*mhgm jerjhrmh epperm ahjm ug rksuoteth bmo tutthshbbksceamgtm, ahgskbmretm om kgkkeok bkcckahot6 bkea/ukskkhgm bmoom kjjenkgk m oe ahjpomsskt6 bmnokegbejmgtk bmoom supmrckak sahopktm.

*(eonhrktjh bk !hksshg #e pmrjmssh bk ahojerm eoaugmbmoom oeaugm prmsmgtk gmooe guvhoe bk pugtk kgkkeom m kovmrtm& ettrk%utm tregscmr #e ahgcmrkth eo jhbmooh ugeahohrekhgm jhoth hjhnmgme m skjkom eo getureom espmtthbmo jerjh vmgeth +kn. >=.

Ko rksuoteth ckgeom bmo jhbmooh 1 httmguth pmr oe A#kmserksuote ega#(mssh shbbksceamgtm, vkste oe ahjpomsskt6era#ktmtthgkae bmoo(mbkckakh, oe bkcckahot6 hpmretkvegmoo(ea/ukskkhgm bmoom kjjenkgk m oe ougne moe%hrekhgmbk 1= guvhom bk pugtk kgkkeok +kn. >>.

)o tmrjkgm bmo oevhrh tuttk k jhbmook shgh stetkahrrmttejmgtm saeoetk jmtrkaejmgtm utkokegbh jksurm bkrkcmrkjmgth ea/uksktm kg sktu m o(epphskth strujmgth5$regschrj saeom4 prmsmgtm kg Jms#oe%.

:. A#'&o$k#'k)o tmrjkgm bmo prmsmgtm oevhrh < phssk%kom trerrm bkvmrsmahgaouskhgk kjphrtegtk pmr oe veoutekhgm bmoom

phtmgkeokt6 bmoom tmagka#m bk Kjenm-Desmb Jhbmokgn pmrko rkokmvh trkbkjmgskhgeom bk hpmrm b(ertm.

K aesk bk stubkh egeoketk #eggh mvkbmgketh ahjm korkokmvh 1 rka#kmbe uge bkvmrskt6 bk epprhaakhspmrkjmgteom, ske gmooe cesm bk ea/ukskkhgm a#m kg /umooebk moe%hrekhgm bmk betk, e smahgbe bmoom aerettmrkstka#m mbmoom bkjmgskhgk bmk jegucettk be repprmsmgterm.

*e cesm bk ea/ukskkhgm bmk betk bmvm mssmrm eccrhgtetetmgmgbh kg ahgskbmrekhgm oe rkshoukhgm bmoom kjjenkgk

be ea/ukskrm, om ahgbkkhgk ej%kmgteok m bk ouam, oeahgchrjekhgm bmoo(hnnmtth be rkomverm. Qm pertkahoerkbkstur%k ej%kmgteok eo%mrk, vmnmtekhgm h momjmgtkstruttureok ahjm eb msmjpkh om saeom m oe ahohgge suormtrh bmo *mhgm kgtmrcmrksahgh suoom rkprmsm kg sktu BB=, %kh"eggk =ka mouaak.#eteohnh bmoom hpmrm, Jkoegh.

AKN9;9K !., A)**KTK J., A;TQK9K J., **!K)9 J.,



18/97

N)9;S**K+., T)9N*K)N., 2==E,=msÒed> eg hpmg0shuramjms` prhamsskgn thho+ kg QA)T)9;S., A?K)T)T., TT).mbs., ;% 6t 4**, 0 ;urhnrep`kas 6teokeg #èptmr #hgmrmgam.!rhammbkgnsQeomrgh, Kteo", uo" 2-, 2==E, pp. >2B->1:.

A;9+;T$K A., 2==: Oe sthrke bk ug thrjmgteth aephoe"hrh+%kh"eggk =ka`mouaak m oe a`kmse bmoo3Euthstrebe, Âese%mooe^,3E, pp. :->3, >>>-1.

T., !*$QN., ST?;S9N., D)$QJ., A?TT$$PD.,

J)8T7., QJ$!., A;989A0., ?TTJ)9Q.,*)*;;!., S)9JKTS99J., A*TAM7. 2=>1, herbs et`rmm0bkjmgskhgeo ahst0mmatk"m rmnkstretkhg h t`m

eraèmhohnkaeo `mrktenm+5hurgeo hc )rae#mhohnkaeo Qakmgam4,= 2, pp. >>=E->>2>.

*-?)0KJ Q)DT8 +., TJ;9K9; +., N;9; *., S;*$;*K9K +.2==E,;matk"m `kn` rmshoutkhg 1B nmhjmtrka rmahgstruatkhg h`mrktenm egb eraèmhohnkaeo sktms rhj kjenms+ kg !;Q*QA?98)., *)JDTQ 0., ?T;N K. mbs., Oe9mrs h !mramptkhg,!rhammbkgns hc t#m 1t# Kgtmrgetkhgeo Ahgcmrmgam hgAhjputmr )ppokaetkhgs egb Muegtktetkvm Jmt#hbs kg)ra#emhohn" A)), Dmrokg, Nmrjeg", )prko 2:, 2==3, Dhgg,pp. 1-=.

+)S)**KJ., +;T9)AK)K)., KQ;*)). ., $)TMK9KQ., 9)99K!KTK*., 2=>2, =uotk"km 1B rmahgstruatkhg kg nmhsakmgams,5Ahjputmrs [ Nmhsakmgams4, , pp. >:E>3:.

NKT**K S. ). 2==3, magka m bknkteok pmr ko rkokm"h+ oejhbmooekhgm trkbkjmgskhgeom m oe repprmsmgtekhgm gmo aejph

bmk dmgk auotureok, $msk bk bhtthreth Qakmgm nmhbmtka#m mthphnrecka#m, )oje Jetmr Qtubkhruj gkvmrskt6 bk Dhohnge.

0)?)9J., D;*K$?; J., ?;!! ?. 2==:, !hksshg sureamrmahgstruatkhg+ kg !rhammbkgns h t`m hurt` ;urhnrep`kas$9jphskuj hg %mhjmtr9 !rhamsskgn, pp. :>-3=2.

0TQ$9, $.!., *K9Q$)$ J. 2=>2, 6jenm0&esmb Oh #hst$9stmjs hr Euthjetka 1B ?mahrbkgn egb =hbmookgn hEraèmhohnkaeo Ckgbs egb d:mats+ kgK;)99KQ, J., +TK$QA?,

., *KQQ9T, ., )SKQ, T., TJ;9K9;, +., A)++;, T. mbs.,!rhnrmss kg #uotureo 7mrktenm !rmsmr"etkhg. ` 6gtmrgetkhgeo#hgmrmgam ;urh=mb 4*54 (*kjessho, A"prus, ;ath%mr 2B 9hvmj%mr 1, 2=>2, *maturm 9htms kg Ahjputmr Qakmgam, 3:>:,?mkbmo%mrn, pp. >->=.

0;*A0) 9., 2=>>, !`hth0desmb 1b saeggkgn "s. oesmrsaeggkgn 8 ahjpmtktk"m bete eaLuksktkhg jmt`hbs hr bknkteotmrrekg jhbmookgn h stmmp jhugtekg sohpms+ 5Kgtmrgetkhgeo

)ra#kvms hc t#m !#hthnrejjmtr", Tmjhtm Qmgskgn egb QpetkeoKgchrjetkhg Qakmgams4, 1= U7>B, pp. 2=1-2=E.

J);99)J.*. >BB1,?hje bk $ksth S. Om ertk m oe auoture,Thje .

J;*;9!., DK). 2=>2,!9t`hg !`hthnrejjmtr9 hhodh/>E rmm shoutkhg hr `rmm0Bkjmgskhgeo Bhaujmgtetkhg, kgA)9$;9+. mb.,E?#7;C$$. pmg $huram+ Crmm $htermm pmg Chrjet gmk prhamssk bk rkamrae era`mhohnkae. Ettk bmo S6hrDs`hp9ephok, B->= Nkungh, !huhok, pp. >1->3=.

;$$)SK A)SK9) ). >B:E, A`kmse bmoo3euthstrebe bmo $hom+ $.%kh"eggk &ettkste+^Ko Tmsth bmo Aerokgh^, Dhohnge.

!KT)$$;9K . 2==1, #`kmse bmoo3euthstrebe bmo $hom A$eg%kh"eggk &ettkste+ eppugtk+ rkahrbk m sthrke+Aejpk Dksmgkh.

!;T$;N?QK !. >B:, Oe a`kmse bmoo'Euthstrebe bmo $hom+^*()ra#ktmtture, arhgea#m m sthrke^, >=>.

TJ;9K9;+., *-?)0KJQ. 2==:,6jenm0desmb 1B jhbmookgn>e rm"km+5$#m !#hthnrejjmtrka Tmahrb4, 2> >>, pp. 2:B-2B>.

$T9T. >BB:, `m bkatkhger9 h ert, 1>, 9m' 8hrH, Nrhvm.

S9$TK T . >BE=, #hjpomsskt m ahgtrebbkkhgm kgera`ktmtture, Derk, p. 22.

7Q$;D8J. ., DT)QK9N$;9., N*)QQT,9. +., ?)JDT8J. .,T89;*Q . J . 2=>2, '$truaturm0rhj0=htkhg'p`hthnrejjmtr9> E oh0ahst+ mmatk"m thho hr nmhsakmgameppokaetkhgs+5Nmhjhrchohn"4, >3B, pp. 1==-1>.



19/97

BEOOMCHRHNTECKMEOOEJMQ@RMPR]TKVVERE, Q\MTKJMGREVKHGK

Qhcke Jmgahgmrh

shcke.jmgahgmrh Lnjeko.ahj

EDQRTEARGmoo'ejdkth mo !kokm"h #B mk Dm$k A%ot%!eok,

Qt!%&t%!m(!hjJhtkh$ m Kje)mde*m Jhmok$) *h$h

o'eotm!$etk"e eoom +k &hj%$k tm&$k&-m k oe*m!

*&e$$k$) m (hth)!ejjmt!ke. Eo +h*th k

*t!%jm$te/kh$m k$)hjd!e$tm, &h*th*e h )m*tkdkom &h$

%$e +!m+e!e/kh$m tm&$k&e *+m&keok//ete, h((!h$h %$

jmthh +k k$t%ktk"h )!e/km eoo'%tkok//h k ett!m//et%!e

&hj%$mjm$tm k((%*e e$&-m t!e %tm$tk $h$ m*+m!tk,


20/97

mrrhrk scunnktk eo ckotmrkgn bk !J7Q=, rmeokerm uge

su&mrckakm trkbkjmgskhgeom nrekm e bkvmrsk eonhrktjk,

ahjm ko \hksshg mahgstruatkhg m ko !eoo \k"htkgn, m

ugkrm, saeoerm, eookgmerm su&mrckak bkvmrsm.

Evmgbh ahjm strujmgth bk ea*ukskkhgm uge chthaejmre,

m ghg ug oesmr, ko okjktm bk *umste tmagkae bk ghg

rmstktukrm uge guvhoe bk &ugtk bkrmttejmgtm saeoete. Ko

&rhdomje sk rkshovm bkjmgskhgegbh o+hnnmtth kg &hst&rhbukhgm. !mr *umsth h&&hrtugh &rmbks&hrrm, eo

jhjmgth bmooe aej&enge chthnreckae, bmk ternmt

nmhrmcmrmgketk, gmo aesh bk eraktmtturm, h ug skstmje bk

ahhrbkgetm aertmskegm, gmo aesh bk hnnmttk bk bkjmgskhgk

rkbhttm. "g eotrh okjktm rknuerbe oe bkcckakom veoutekhgm

bmnok mrrhrk, ske ohaeok am bk bmchrjekhgm nohdeom bmo

jhbmooh.

'e &rmsmgtm rkamrae, am rkseom eb e&rkom =3>1

5J8A(8T( =3>14, gesam *ukgbk beooe vhohgt bk

kgbenerm k okjktk m om &htmgkeokt bk *umste tmagkae, kg

rmoekhgm eooe strujmgtekhgm èrbwerm e bks&hskkhgm,

&kutthsth jhbmste, m &rmbkoknmgbh oe *ueokt bmk bmttenok

&kutthsth am o+mstmgskhgm bmo rkokmvh.

3. H))mtth mo !kokm"h

'+hnnmtth bmooe rkamrae o+urge mtrusae bk Règke Skpkgmk

5ckn. >4, chrjete be uge aesse kg eoedestrh m ug ah&mrakh

kg trevmrtkgh, betedkom eo KK smahoh e.A. m &rhvmgkmgtm beo

tmrrkthrkh bk Akusk. '+urge ce &ertm bmooe ahoomkhgm bmo

Jusmh Eramhohnkah bk !mrunke mb aeteohnete aho g6 >

bmoo+Kgvmgterkh Dmoouaak 5sk rkgnreke oe Qh&rkgtmgbmge

&mr k Dmgk Eramhohnkak bmoo+"jdrke &mr oe bks&hgkdkokt4.

Ko jegucetth e bkjmgskhgk bk akrae ;3 % ?3 amgtkjmtrk bk

desm m &rmsmgte, gmooe &ertm crhgteom, ug desshrkokmvh ahg

cknurm egtrh&hjhrcm m egkjeok, jhoth bmnrebetm je

rkahghsakdkok, ko *ueom kooustre ko jkth bmo akgnkeom

aeokbhgkh. Kg &ertkahoerm shgh rkahghsakdkok bmk aeaakethrk

erjetk m ko akgnkeom. Ko jkth reaahgte am Jmomenrh,

cknokh bmo rm bk Aeokbhgm, uaakbm ahg ugh s&kmbh ko cmrham

akgnkeom am Ertmjkbm e saetmgeth ahgtrh oe aktt. Eooe

aeaake &ertmak&e egam Eteoegte, eo amgtrh, erjete bk

saurm. E omk, bmooe *ueom smnrmtejmgtm kggejhreth, mnok

bhgmr oe &rmbe, begbh kgkkh eooe aetmge bk trenkak mvmgtk

am oh &hrt eooe jhrtm. 'e &ertm crhgteom bmo ah&mrakh

rmae oe sarktte #egke "kpkgmk tutgese, am skngkckae

$egke 7k&kgmk, jhnokm bk $utge.

#. @e!2e!m m *h(t2e!m

:ok strujmgtk èrbwerme bks&hskkhgm, mahghjkaejmgtm

m tmagkaejmgtm eooe &hrtete bk tuttk, shgh stetk uge

chthaejmre Aeghg (Q 933B be >9,1 jmne&k%mo ahg

httkae Aeghg -Q 93 jj cM>.? "QJ am e &rhbhtth

chth bk ?9= % 1>;C &k%mo bk bkjmgskhgm< m ug ghtmdhhiQhg# 7ekh Kgtmo Ahrm = Buh A!" $C>33 L=.>3 :N ahg

1 :D bk TEJ, oe sambe vkbmh E$K Jhdkokt# Tebmhg

@=133, m bum skstmjk h&mretkvk kgbh/s 7kste e 1=-dkt m

:8"M'kgu% =.;.1= ahg Eram(Q ?.

K shctwerm utkoketk shgh stetk !#thg !hthnrejjmtr#

$hhodh% 5b+hre kg &hk eddrmvketh !!$4 5J("'(8, D22K

=3>=4 v. 3.> kg Eram(Q, uge smj&okam kgtmrceaake &mr

msmnukrm Dugbomr m !J7Q=< AohubAhj&erm v. =.? kg

kgbh/s m, smj&rm kg kgbh/s, Jms'ed v. >.1.=, am

shgh kgvmam &rhnrejjk bk jms` prhamsskgn m jms`

mbktkgn.

>. Hdkmttk"k

!mr e&&rmgbmrm k okjktk m om &htmgkeokt bmooe QcJ m

bmoo+KdJ o+hdkmttkvh &rkgak&eom steth *umooh bk rkusakrm e

&rhburrm uge guvhoe bk &ugtk ahj&omte m &k) bmttenokete

&hsskdkom ahg o+èrbwerm e bks&hskkhgm. '+hdkmttkvh

suaamsskvh steth *umooh bk bkjmgskhgerm jmtrkaejmgtm

oe guvhoe &uokte, armerm uge su&mrckakm m, kgckgm, ettrkdukrm

oe tmxturm.

0. Jmthh m !k*%otetk

smnumgbh oe aej&enge chthnreckae kg uge nkhrgete

oujkghse je guvhohse, m es&mttegbh o+hrerkh kg auk

o+hnnmtth ghg vmgkve aho&kth bkrmttejmgtm beo shom, sk rkusaktk eb evmrm uge duhge ouam ejdkmgteom bkccuse m ghg

sk evuth dkshngh bmoo+euskokh bk ug trm&&kmbm, gF bk ug

coes. Kgvmam, e aeuse bmooe ahoohaekhgm gmo akhstrh bmo

jusmh, e rkbhssh bk ug jurh, ghg steth &hsskdkom

chthnrecerm ko shnnmtth &mr kgtmrh, jegaegbh oe &ertm

&hstmrkhrm 5ckn. =4.

8hg evmgbh &ebrhgege bmooe tmagkae bk rkokmvh

chthnreckah, sk shgh msmnuktk bkvmrsk tk&k bk rk&rmsm &mr

$kn. %. &' urge mtrusae bk$egke 7k&kgmk.

$kn. (. Ko a`khstrh bmo Jusmh )ra`mhohnkah *e+khgeom bmoo',jdrke

bh"m ahgsmr"ete o'urge.



21/97

evmrm &k) samote m bmakbmrm kg cesm bk moedhrekhgm *ueomchssm ko jknokhrm smt bk chth. Ko &rkjh nru&&h bk =>

kjjenkgk steth saetteth be ohgtegh, ceamgbh kg jhbh bk

kg*uebrerm tutth o+hnnmtth m s&hstegbhsk kg smjkamrakh

be ug oeth eoo+eotrh, ckg bhvm mre &hsskdkom errkverm. Ko

smahgbh nru&&h bk chth, =9 saettk, shgh stetk &rmsk &k)

revvkakgetk, kg*uebregbh &erkeojmgtm o+hnnmtth m

&ugtegbh su uge jennkhrm bmckgkkhgm bmk bmttenok.

'+uotkjh nru&&h bk == chth steth saetteth jhoth

revvkakgeth mb msaouskvejmgtm vmrsh oe &ertm crhgteom, &mr

aetturerm k &ertkahoerk bmo desshrkokmvh. Kg thteom shgh

stetm saettetm ;C chthnreckm m oe samote bk mccmttuerm bkvmrsk

tk&k bk rk&rmse sk rkvmoete utkom &mraF sk sah&mrth am ko

jknokhr rksuoteth sk httmguth &rmgbmgbh chth be &k)

nru&&k 5ckn. 14.

'e cesm bk &hst &rhbukhgm ahjkgakete ahg !!$. Ko

jmthbh am sk smnukth &mr rennkugnmrm o+hdkmttkvh &hsth

&rmvmbmve bk ae&krm, kgkkeojmgtm, e am rkshoukhgm

jesskje chssm &hsskdkom &rhamsserm om chthnreckm, kg

smnukth ae&krm *ueom chssm ko jknokhrm smt bk chth &mr

&rhburrm oe guvhoe bk &ugtk &k) bmgse e &erkt bk

rkshoukhgm, kgckgm vmrkckaerm sm ko shctwerm evmssm

bkjhstreth jknokhrk &rmstekhgk kg ejdkmgtm 'kgu% h

kgbh/s. Qk bmaksh bk ahjkgakerm kg 'kgu% 5ckn. ?4.

Ko &rkjh tmgtetkvh bk Dugbomr steth msmnukth ahg =9chth, tuttm &rhvmgkmgtk beo smahgbh nru&&h 5revvkakgetm4,

eb uge rkshoukhgm bk 1.933 &k%mo. 'e guvhoe bk &ugtk

&rhbhtte mre ahj&hste be ;3.?>I momjmgtk, ug duhg

rksuoteth, je uge bmoom chth ghg stete &rhamssete. Qk

bmaksh, ahjm tmgtetkvh suaamsskvh, bk eddesserm oe

rkshoukhgm ckgh e 1.333 &k%mo, jegtmgmgbh oh stmssh smt

bk chth. Kg *umsth aesh oe guvhoe &rmsmgteve ;>.=CC

vmrtkak. Oukgbk ko &essh suaamsskvh steth *umooh bk ae&krm

e *ueom rkshoukhgm jesskje, ahj&rmse tre 1.333 m 1.933,

ko shctwerm rkusakssm e &rhamsserm tuttm om chth. Ko tmrh

tmgtetkvh ahg oh stmssh smt bk chth steth cetth e 1.?33

&k%mo m kg mccmttk *umste rksuotete mssmrm oe rkshoukhgm

jesskje bmskbmrete, &rhbuamgbh ;C.1=1 &ugtk.

Ko rksuoteth ghg mre egahre shbbksceamgtm &mraF ko

jhbmooh &rmsmgteve bmoom jegaegm kg ahrrks&hgbmge

bmnok s&knhok kgcmrkhrk bmk oetk ahrtk bmoo+urge.

8mo *uerth tmgtetkvh sk bmaksh bk aejdkerm smt bk chth m

sk shgh utkoketm om => e&&ertmgmgtk eo &rkjh nru&&h,

*umoom saettetm be ohgtegh. Kg *umsth aesh ko jhbmooh

vmguth ahj&omth je oe guvhoe gm e rksmgtkth kg

bmckgkkhgm 5;;.CC vmrtkak4.

8mo *ukgth tmgtetkvh sk bmaksh bk &rhverm eb moedhrerm

tuttm om chth bk tuttk k

nru&&k, ;C kg thteom. Ko

&rhamssh e evuth uge

burete dmg su&mrkhrm

eoom bum hrm bmoom

&rmambmgtk cesk, je oe

guvhoe moedhrete

&rmsmgteve =>.>=I

vmrtkak, *uettrh vhotm

su&mrkhrk rks&mtth ek

vmaak jhbmook.

8hg &htmgbh

rennkugnmrm rksuotetk

jknokhrk kg

$kn. . K smt bk chthnreckm utkok++etm pmr ko rkokm"h.

$kn. /. Redmooe bk ahgcrhgth tre om bkccmrmgtk moedhre+kgk rmeok++etm kg cesm bk phst prhbu+khgm.



22/97

:8"M'kgu%, sk &essetk eooe s&mrkjmgtekhgm bmnok stmssk

betk kg ejdkmgtm kgbh/s. Qk sudkth e&&ureth am !!$

kg kgbh/s, ahg ko ghtmdhhi e bks&hskkhgm, ghg

oevhreve eb uge rkshoukhgm jennkhrm bk =.;I3 &k%mo,

*ukgbk, sm&&ur ahg oh stmssh smt bk chth, sk httmgute uge

guvhoe bk &ugtk jmgh bmckgkte, ahj&hste be =19.1;1

momjmgtk. Qk ahs0 bmaksh bk thrgerm kg :8"M'kgu% &mr

ahgtkguerm ahg oe suaamsskve cesm bmo &rhamssh bk !!$,

httkjkstkaejmgtm armbmgbh bk evmr trhveth ko betesmtbmckgktkvh.

'e cesm !J7Q= ahg ko smt be ;C chth, samnokmgbh ug

aoustmr&erk e >3, bh&h *uettrh nkhrgk bk moedhrekhgm ghg

evmve egahre &rhbhtth ko &rkjh aoustmr, *ukgbk steth

gmamsserkh rkthrgerm e Dugbomr m bkjkgukrm ko gujmrh bk

chth. 8m shgh stetm samotm =?, beo &rkjh m smahgbh

nru&&h, amraegbh bk httmgmrm ko nkusth m*ukokdrkh tre om

chth be ohgtegh m *umoom be vkakgh. 'e guvhoe httmgute

evmve C=.=?C &ugtk. Ko suaamsskvh &rhamssh !J7Q= ghg

e beth &rhdomjk m e &rhbhtth uge guvhoe eb eote

rkshoukhgm be C>.C?I &ugtk.

Qk bmaksh bk cerm ug uotkjh tmgtetkvh kg Dugbomr,eujmgtegbh ko gujmrh bk kjjenkgk m &rmgbmgbhgm ?;,

smj&rm beo &rkjh m beo smahgbh nru&&h. 'e guvhoe bk

&ugtk &rhbhtte evmve >93.91 vmrtkak m oe suaamsskve

guvhoe bk !J7Q= dmg 1.3I>.9CC. Ko rksuoteth bmo

&rhamssh bk QcJ m KdJ steth kgckgm eaamtteth m sk

ahgskbmreth rennkugth ko &rkjh hdkmttkvh 5ckn. 94.

Ko smahgbh shctwerm utkoketh steth AohubAhj&erm.

'+hdkmttkvh mre rkusakrm e bkjmgskhgerm jmtrkaejmgtm oe

guvhoe &uokte 5ckn. ;4 &mr &hk armerm oe jms`. Ko jmthbh

am sk smnukth steth *umooh bk &uokrm jegueojmgtm oe

guvhoe bk &ugtk be tuttm om &ertk mstregmm eoo+urge, trejktm

ko ahjegbh Qmnjmgt. Bh&h *umste h&mrekhgm ko jhbmooh

&esseth be 1.3I=.9CC e =.=>.?? &ugtk.

Kgckgm ahg ko pounkg < \hksshg Jms` mahgstruatkhg,

smttegbh ko veohrm bk Hatrmme >3, sk httmgute uge jms`

ahg >.I31.=>= ceaam 5ckn. 4. Qhgh stetm msmnuktm m

rk&uoktm om su&mrckak ske bmooe guvhoe gmooe &hskkhgm

hrknkgeom am bk *umooe saeoete, &mr &rhverm

suaamsskvejmgtm oe tm%turkekhgm ske euthjetkae am

jegueom. !urtrh&&h ghg &hsskdkom utkokerm oh

strujmgth bk tmxturmeuthjetkae sm oe jms` stete saeoete

m s&hstete beooe &hskkhgm hrknkgeom bk Dugbomr, kg *uegth

ko shct/erm ghg &k) kg nrebh bk esshakerm om verkm

kjjenkgk eo ohrh &ugth bk rk&rmse.

Kgckgm, steth utkoketh ko shct/erm Jms'ed eooh sah&h

bk armerm oe su&mrckakm &hoknhgeom 5ckn. 54, ahgcrhgtegbhoe

ahg *umooe moedhrete kg AohubAhj&erm, m bk tm%turkerm

ko jhbmooh. !hkaF ko ghtmdhhie bks&hskkhgm rkusakve e

oevhrerm ahg ko ahjegbh Qurceam mahgstruatkhg4

\hksshg eo jesskjh veohrm bk Hatrmm


23/97

rksuoteth, steth gmamsserkh rkahrrmrm eo su&&hrth bk ug

eotrh ghtmdhhiahg om smnumgtk aerettmrkstkam Eamr Kgtmo

Ahrm k9-=?93J L=.9 :N ahg $urdh Dhhst ckgh e 1.>

:N, ? :D bk TEJ, sambe vkbmh 87KBKE :mhram :$

;13J ahg > :D bk TEJ bmbkaete, m kgbh/s e ;?-dkt.

Kg *umsth jhbh steth &hsskdkom oevhrerm ahg ko smttennkh

bk teok veohrk &erk e >3 m httmgmrm ug rksuoteth eaamttedkom.

Ahgcrhgtegbh oe jms`bk AohubAhj&erm ahg *umooe bk

Jms'ed, sk &mram&ksam e vkste oe jknokhrm *ueokt bmooe&rkje rks&mtth eooe smahgbe, ahgcmrjete egam beooe

bkccmrmge bmo gujmrh bmoom ceaam 5>.I31.=>= ahgtrh

>.?=.=3=4.

Qk *ukgbk bmaksh bk utkokerm oe su&mrckakm bk

AohubAhj&erm &mr &rhsmnukrm om s&mrkjmgtekhgk.

Qmj&rm kg Jms'ed stete &rhvete o+ettrkdukhgm bmo

ahohrm trejktm bum ahjegbk Smrtmx ettrkdutm tregscmr m

\rh>mat eatk"m restmr ahohr th aurrmgt jms`, ahg duhgk

rksuotetk kg mgtrejdk k aesk 5ckn. I4.

Ahjm uotkjh oevhrh stete armete oe tmxturm&mr jmh

bmo ahjegbh \erejmtmrk+etkhg 0 tmxturkgn crhj

rmnkstmrmb restmr, ahg tmxturm sk+m e >C33 &k%mo, veohrmjesskjh eaamtteth beoo+`erbwerm. Ko rksuoteth duhgh oe

*ueokt bk bmckgkkhgm am sk rkusaktk eb httmgmrm

momvete 5ckn.>34.

;. Ah$&o%*kh$k

Ahjm &hsskdkom vmbmrm beoom kjjenkgk eoomnetm nok

hdkmttkvk &hstk eoo+kgkkh bmooe rkamrae shgh stetk rennkugtk

ahg suaamssh ko jhbmooh 1B rmeoketh e ug ghtmvhom

bmttenokh ghghstegtm oe strujmgtekhgm e bks&hskkhgm

ghg chssm bmoom &k) evegetm. Kg jmrkth eooe tmagkae bk

rkokmvh utkokete oe ahgaouskhgm e auk sk nkugtk am&u mssmrm uge veokbe eotmrgetkve eo ahsthsh oesmr saeggmr

gmo aej&h bmoo+eraktmtture, m jmnokh egahre kg *umooh

bmoo+eramhohnke, *uegbh ghg sk gmamsskte bk uge

&rmakskhgm jkookjmtrkae. Eb hngk jhbh oe samote bmooe

tk&hohnke bk rkokmvh ve cette egeokegbh aesh &mr aesh,

bh&h evmrgm veouteth om ckgeokt, om tmj&kstkam, ko dubnmt,

oe ohnkstkae.

Bk smnukth eoaugm ahgskbmrekhgk trettm beoom

s&mrkjmgtekhgk, am sk s&mre &hssegh mssmrm utkok e ak

bmakbmr bk akjmgtersk kg *umste tmagkae bk rkokmvh 1b

chth &k) bkstegketm &rhbuahgh guvhom bk &ugtk

jmgh bmgsm rks&mtth e chth &k) revvkakgetm>, =hjputmr Skskhg mQtruaturm crhj Jhtkhg9 guh"m jmthbhohnkm pmr oebhaujmgte+khgm era`mhohnkae trkbkjmgskhgeom4 ug epprhaakhe&mrth, kg B 'KA :., QKDK'E8( J. :. 5mbs.4,)=?:H$HQQ. Hpmg Qhuram9 $rmm Qhctwerm m Hpmg $hrjet

gmk prhamssk bk rkamrae era`mhohnkae 5Ettk bmo 7 hrGsh&,hnnke 9-; Jennkh =3>34, Derk.

J8A(8T(Q. =3>1,


25/97

KOTKOKMSHBMOOESMTEBE\HVVHKGAEJ\HQEGJETA]HOEE

SMGMVKE

Qkjhgm Jkgth

skjjkgthLnjeko.ahj

EDQRTEARKo prmsmgtm ertkahoh kooustre k rksuotetk bk ug mspmrkmge

s!hote eoo"kgtmrgh bmo Jestmr Hpmg R#a$gm %

Rmaghoh&km Hpmg Qhuram pmr k Dmgk Auotureok 'e(e(

)*+),)*+-.( Qahph bk teom mspmrkmge mre oe

rmeokekhgm bk ug /hbmooh -B eb eote rkshoukhgm

pertmgbh be uge ahoomkhgm bk k//e&kgk bk&kteok m

utkokegbh o"epprhaakh bmoo"K/e&m%Desmb Jhbmokg& m

sh;>" m sk `e ghtk%ke a`m

o(ea+ue reaahote gmooe akstmrge shtthstegtm )hssm rksmr$ete

ek ph$mrk bmooe %hge. e $mre sk prmsmgte ahg ug

rknhg)kejmgth amgtreom m oe supmr)kakm ' jh$kjmgtete be

+uettrh prhthjk omhgkgm )kega`mnnketm be $houtm oetmreom m

reaahrbetm eooe pertm kg)mrkhrm be %ejpm smjprm e )hrjeomhgkge. =mrsh oe a`kmse prmsmgte trm saubk eaaerthaaketk6 e

bmstre +umooh 3hsaerk, eo amgtrh +umooh 0rkttk m e skgkstre

ugh saubh ghg kbmgtk)kaeth. h saubh 0rkttk, bk jennkhrk

prhphr%khgk rkspmtth enok eotrk bum, ' shrjhgteth be uge

tmste ujege m gmooe pertm kg)mrkhrm be ug aertknokh

senhjeth ahg sarktth6 G.@. JKQQKMT EN]QRKG NTKRRK

C] BM JKQQKMT EOMQQEGBTH \THSMBKRHT BM

AHJ]G M AEQQKMT EGGH 5>51.

)( H>kmttk!k

*hddkmttk$h bmo prhnmtth mre +umooh bk httmgmrm ug

jhbmooh trkbkjmgskhgeom eb eote rkshou%khgm tmxturk%%eth,

jmtrkaejmgtm ahrrmtth m nmhrm)mrmg%keth rkspmtth eb ugskstmje bk rk)mrkjmgth.

-( Jmthbh m stru/mgtk

=homgbh ahg)rhgterm +umste guh$e tmagkae ahg +umoom a`m

nk9 ahghsah, jk shgh prm)ksseth skg beoo(kgk%kh bk httmgmrm

ug rksuoteth jmtrkah m phsskdkojmgtm nmhrm)mrmg%keth ahg

ug skstmje bk ahhrbkgetm nohdeom h ahjug+um ahg ko pk2

usueom 0euss-Dhene. 1hg e$mgbh jhbh bk utkok%%erm g'

ug 0\Q g' uge ste%khgm thteom, `h h$$keth ahg tmagka`m

pk2 aoesska`m. 3hrtugetejmgtm gmnok uotkjk eggk =mgm%ke

sk ' bhtete bk uge )ktte rmtm bk aephseobk m, beo skth kgtmrgmt

bmooe nmstkhgm bmo tmrrkthrkh bk =mgm%ke, kg prhsskjkt9 bmo

Ckn.5. Aejph Qeg Jer!h"e# kg prkjh pkegh "e $%re &e ph''h.

CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4-45

5>


26/97

ph%%h gm `h kgbk$kbuetk bum /!1?::, !1?:75. &ukgbk,

utkok%%egbh rubkjmgteok tmagka`m bk trkoetmre%khgm m

ok$mooe%khgm `h rennkugth ko jkh hdkmttk$h.

-(+ Ea4ukskkhgm betk

m hpmre%khgk bk aejpenge sk shgh bkstkgtm kg bum )esk6

o(ea+uksk%khgm bmk betk jmtrkak m bk +umook )hthnre)kak.

1.5.5 E(!k)k'khg% &%k &e*k J%*rkk

e prkje hpmre%khgm ' stete +umooe bk $mrk)kaerm kg "hh

a`m k aephseobk !1?:: m !1?:7 )hssmrh egahre prmsmgtk.

Qu bk ug mkbhtkph /3knn. ",85 `h rkphrteth uge poegkjmtrke

bmoo(erme ahg k aephseobk, ko ph%%h m nok mbk)kak akrahstegtk.

#hph bk a`m `h phsk%khgeth jermr ebmsk$k suo ph%%h

/3kn. ?56 bum eooe desm /RE>, RE?5 pmr httmgmrm oe

nmhrm)mrmg%ke%khgm poegkjmtrkae m trm /E8, E:,E75 e

bmtmrjkgerm ug pkegh hrk%%hgteom eb uge amrte +uhterkspmtth eo $eohrm bmo aephseobh /!1?::5. !hg uge smrkm

bk trkoetmre%khgk `h ahoomneth k aephseobk ek jermr RE>-

RE?.

1htm /0euss-Dhene56

AG)006 st A ?">>EBM.88, 1hrb A :E":7>:.M?C

AG)0;6 st A ?">>>?".>;, 1hrb A :E":7:?.M7.

kae$kejh6

R*+6 st A ?">>EB>.>8, 1hrb A :E":7?".>MC

R*)6 st A ?">>EB>.8;, 1hrb A :E":7?:.>;.

\mr httmgmrm ug pkegh hrk%%hgteom `h utkok%%eth ug

ahjugm tudh pmr ok$mooe%khgm eb ea+ue, m))mttuegbh

+uettrh trettm E8-E:, E:-E7, E7-E8 /pmr $mrk)kae5,

E7-!1?::. 1mo aephseobh `h jksureth ega`m oe

bk))mrmg%e bk +uhte, a`m shjjete eooe +uhte esshoute bk

!1?:: ak ahgsmgtm bk httmgmrm oe +uhte bmo pkegh

hrk%%hgteom pessegtm pmr E8, E:, E7. \mr oe +uhte

esshoute bk !1?:: ghg `h utkok%%eth oe 0euss-Dhene

/0mgh$e >B8?5, kg +uegth e =mgm%ke pmr om +uhtm skutkok%%e ug skstmje ohaeom rk)mrkth eo jmbkh jerm bk \ugte

bmooe #hnege m +umsth rksuote pk2 eoth bmo skstmje

ge%khgeom bk ?" aj6

&uhte bmo pkegh pessegtm pmr E8-E:-E7C

&uhte !1?:: N ?"aj N @ A >."7NE.?"N>.EBA?.7M.

K $eohrk httmgutk /phst-prhamsskgn5 ok `h utkok%%etk kg

smnukth pmr oe nmhrm)mrmg%ke%khgm bmo rkokm$h m pmr bermug ahrrmtth $eohrm jmtrkah eoo*hnnmtth.

1.5.+ E(!k)k'khg% &e*k Ch*hnre,kk

\mr o(ea+uksk%khgm bmk betk )hthnre)kak `h utkok%%eth uge

)hthaejmre bknkteom !eghg HQ ::E# ahg hdkmttk$h

%hhj Rejrhg >E-?8jj, utkok%%egbh smjprm oe )haeom e

?8jj.

(ea+uksk%khgm ' stete enm$hom pmra`< pmr ko aejph

tregskte$egh pha`m pmrshgm, o(ugkae bk))kahot9 mregh om

ahgbk%khgk bk ouam a`m $erke$egh hngk $hote a`m om gu$hom

h))usae$egh ko shom. ssmgbh ug pkaahoh hnnmtth phsth eo

amgtrh bk ug nregbm spe%kh ' rksuoteth ohnkah ea+ukskrm om

kjjenkgk nkregbhak etthrgh /3kn. :5, shgh stetk ahsmsmnuktk pk2 pessennk jmbkejmgtm bk >?->7 saettk

akesaugh6

\essennkh >6 nmgmreom e :j >7 )hth

\essennkh ?6 nmgmreom e :j >7 )hth

\essennkh "6 pertm desse e "j >8 )hth

\essennkh 86 desejmgth e "j >7 )hth

\essennkh :6 ahrgkam e ?j >7 )hth

\essennkh 76 pertm eote e "j >? )hth

\essennkh ;6 ahpmra`kh e ?j >? )hth

Rhteom >E? )hth

Ckn. 1. Mk&h*kph &%""e er%e p%r "e n%hr%,%r%g'ke'khg% p"egkj%*rke.

Ckn.+. \h)k'khgej%g*h &%k jer-%r e&%)k$k p%r "e n%hr%,%r%g'ke'khg%p"egkj%*rke % e"*kj%*rke.

Ckn. . Mk&h*kph &%n"k e"'e*k p%r "e n%hr%,%r%g'ke'khg% e"*kj%*rke.


50


27/97

1moo(ea+uksk%khgm )hthnre)kae ghg ak shgh stetm bk))kahot9

bmttetm be )etthrk mstmrgk, je o(ugkae bk))kahot9 ' stete

o(ea+uksk%khgm bmooe pertm supmrkhrm bmo ph%%h6 sk sermddm

rk$moeth utkom o(utkok%%h bk uge saeoe h jhgterm oe

)hthaejmre shpre ug este m )hthnre)erm kg rmjhth.

\urtrhpph om ahgbk%khgk jmtmh ghg èggh ahgsmgtkth bk

m))mttuerm uotmrkhrk rkprmsm. 1moo(moedhre%khgm bmoom

gu$hom bk pugtk bk )etth oe pertm supmrkhrm ghg ' stete

rmstktukte.

-() Moe>hrekhgm betk

(moedhre%khgm betk, ahjm o(ea+uksk%khgm, sk ' bk$kse kg

bum )esk6 oe prkje a`m prm$mbm$e oe rmstktu%khgm bmk betk

nmhjmtrkak, hsske om ahhrbkgetm esshoutm bmk jermr

phsk%khgetk suoo(hnnmtthC oe smahgbe a`m è rknuerbeth

o(moedhre%khgm bmoom kjjenkgk eo )kgm bk httmgmrm uge

rmstktu%khgm trkbkjmgskhgeom bmoo(hnnmtth.

Qk shgh utkok%%etk bum pmrshgeo ahjputmr6

ug ghtmdhh pmr o(moedhre%khgm bmoom

ahhrbkgetm, rkahstru%khgk !F#, hpmre%khgk bk

puok%ke bmoom gu$hom bk pugtk m jms` m oe stmsure

bk rmoe%khgk m prmsmgte%khgk6

-Ip \e$kookhg b$ B:M:moC-\rhamsshrm Kgtmo !hrm ? #uh R;"EE be ? 0`%C

-8 0D bk jmjhrke ##?C

-1=K#KF 0m3hram M7EEJ.

ug \! bmsthp pmr om moedhre%khgk pmsegtk6

moedhre%khgm )hth ahg \yt`hg \`hthnrejjmtry

Rhhodhx, =ksueoQ3J, \`hthQaeg, moedhre%khgm

jms` ahg !ohub!hjperm m Jms oed,

tmxturk%%e%khgm6

-#msthp Fsus \MO7M #G01"C

-!\ Kgtmo !hrm k;-?7EE ".8E0I%C

-ej >70D ##" ?>""JI%C

-1$kbke &uebrh ?EEE >0D 0##:.

\mr o(moedhre%khgm bmoom kjjenkgk `h $houth tmsterm

bk))mrmgtk sh)t4erm6 ugh hpmg shuram /\yt hg

\`hthnrejjmtry Rhhodhx - \\R5, ugh )rmm4erm

/=ksueoQ3J5 mb ugh prhprkmterkh /Fnksh)t \`hthQaeg5.

\\R m =ksueoQ3J sk m+uk$eonhgh ahjm rksuotetk, m

smppurm =ksueoQ3J rksuote pk2 usmr-)rkmgboy, `h

ahjug+um prm)mrkth userm \\R /DOOK%*. e".?E>>C DOOK,

JHH1?E>?5 pmra`< mre ko sh)t4erm utkok%%eth buregtm

ko ahrsh m pmra`< prmsmgte$e uge gu$hoe bk pugtk pk2

puokte. \`hthQaeg è beth rksuotetk jknokhrk shprettutth

gmooe pertm supmrkhrm bmo ph%%h, bh$m \\R ghg rkusak$e e

nmgmrerm pugtk.

!hg \\R `h s$hoth $erk mspmrkjmgtk. Foaugk kg ejdkmgtm

01kgux /Fra`mHQ5 a`m neregtk$e, gmooe prkje

moedhre%khgm D1#, bk kjphsterm uge jennkhrm

rkshou%khgm kg pkxmo eoom kjjenkgkC eotrk kg ejdkmgtm

Ukgbh4s /Ukgbh4s ;5 bh$m kg$mam sk bh$m$e essmngerm

eoom kjjenkgk rkshou%khgk pk2 dessm.

Era$mhs -) >kt kshou%khgm Dugbomr ":EEC

? nruppk bk )hthC

\rhdomjk bk jmjhrke ahg !J=Q\J=Q.

6kgbh5s 9 ;? >kt

kshou%khgm Dugbomr ?7BBC

Ruttm om )hthC

1mssug prhdomje !J=Q\J=Q.

Fooe )kgm `h samoth bk utkok%%erm Ukgbh4s pmra`"> kjjenkgk e ?7BB kg B` ?EjkgC

AJSQ,\JSQ2 moedhre%khgm kg ug ugkah !oustmr />">5 kg

"7jkg.

e gu$hoe httmgute ' stete jhoth shbbks)eamgtm

shprettutth pmr oe pertm kg pkmtre bmo ph%%h, jmgtrm oe

pertm jmteookae bk ahohr gmrh è rmstktukth pha`k pugtk kg

ahrrksphgbmg%e bmoom bksahgtkgukt9 bmooe supmr)kakm.

e puok%ke bmooe gu$hoe ' stete msmnukte kg

!ohub!hjperm, thnokmgbh ko ahgtmsth bmo aejph m eoaugk

pugtk bk sphrah kg prhsskjkt9 bmooe gu$hoe.

-(- :mhrm6 ->.E?8"BE, -E.7>EEBE, -:.M8>;:EC

RE?6 E.78>?B", -E.:>7?7E, -:.;M;E?EC

E86 -E.M7:8BM, E.:7>>>>, -;.?E?87EC

E:6 E.?;8;B7, E.7:?M"M, -;.""B;BEC

E76 -E.">;8MM, E.""?EB?, -7.E:E7>E.

#e +umstm ahhrbkgetm, ahg om smnumgtk hpmre%khgk, shgh

nkugth ek $eohrk esshoutk rk)mrktk kg 0euss-Dhene m jmbkh

jerm \ugte bmooe #hnege6

>. rhte%khgk eo )kgm bk httmgmrm a`m om ahhrbkgetm O bk E8-E:-

E7 ske su bk ug pkegh hrk%%hgteomC

?. tresoer%khgm bmk pugtk phgmgbh RE> perk eooe ahhrbkgetm

poegkjmtrka`m bk !1?::C

". rhte%khgm bmk pugtk kg jhbh a m RE? nkeaake gmooe

ahgnkugnmgtm !1?::-!1?:7C

8. seaoeture bmo skstmje kg jhbh a m RE? ahkgakbe ahg !1?:7C

:. tresoe%khgm bmo skstmje kg jhbh a`m om ahhrbkgetm O bk E8-

E:-E7 skegh perk e ?.7M.

Ckn. /. Q


28/97

Ahhrbkgetm kg :euss%Dhe&e m /mbkh /erm Smgmke2

RE>6 GA?">>EB>.>8 TA:E":7?".>M OA>.7;C

RE?6 GA?">>EB>.8; TA:E":7?:.>; OA>.7BC

E86 GA?">>EMB.?M TA:E":7?:.EB OA?.7MC

E:6 GA?">>EMB.?; TA:E":7?".7B OA?.7MC

E76 GA?">>EBE.;M TA:E":7?8.>: OA?.7M.

Qh)t4erm ahjm Jmsòed m !ohub!hjperm, je bk )etth

tuttk k sh)t4erm bk nmstkhgm bk gu$hom bk pugtk, ghg

nmstksahgh $eohrk ahsk eotk bk ahhrbkgetm, +ukgbk sk '

pmgseth bk utkok%%erm ug sh)t4erm 0KQ, kg +umsth aesh oe

)ug%khgmp".r%*k,bk 0FQQ ; /3kn. ;5.

Ko sh)t4erm arme kg euthjetkah ug )kom r%*k,nre%km eb ug

)kom bk ahhrbkgetm be kgtmrgh eb esshouth, je be ug mrrhrm

gmoo(kjphrte%khgm +uegbh sk tmgte bk eprkroh kg Jmsòed.

!hsk pmr phtmr utkok%%erm om phtmg%keokt9 bk Jmsòed `hprm)mrkth utkok%%erm ug skstmje bk rk)mrkjmgth ohaeom.

Ih tresoeth o(hrknkgm bmo skstmje esshouth kg RE> shoh pmr

k $eohrk poegkjmtrkak G m T jmgtrm pmr oe +uhte `h

oesaketh +umooe ohaeom bk =mgm%ke6

RE>6 GA E,EEE TA E,EEE OA >,7;?C

RE?6 GA E.""8 TA >.BB7 OA >.7B"C

E86 GA->.M7M TA E.:>M OA ?.7MEC

E:6 GA->.M:M TA >.B>: OA ?.7MEC

E76 GA-E."7" TA E.B;B OA ?.7ME.

e rhthtresoe%khgm m saeoeture bmooe gu$hoe bk pugtk bmo

ph%%h ' stete rmeok%%ete kg !ohub!hjperm.

?( Tksuotetk

\mr nmgmrerm oe jms` mb httmgmrm ahs ko jhbmooh "# `h

utkok%%eth Jmsòed s)ruttegbh o(eonhrktjh bk \hksshg.

#hph $erk tmgtetk$k oe jms` ' stete nmgmrete smttegbh

+umstk $eohrk6 Hatrmm #mptÀ>? Qho$mr #k$kbmA>? .

!hg $eohrk pk2 eotk ko sh)t4erm rkusak$e unueojmgtm e

nmgmrerm uge jms`, je phk ghg rkusak$e e armerm oe

rmoetk$e tmxturm. ge $hote nmgmrete oe jms` ak sk ' rmsh

ahgth a`m oe bmgskt9 bmk pugtk gmo ahpmra`kh bmo ph%%h

ghg mregh su))kakmgtk m sk ahsk bmaksh bk thrgerm eooe

gu$hoe m bk mokjkerm thteojmgtm +umooe pertmC

suaamssk$ejmgtm sk ' guh$ejmgtm nmgmrete oe jms` ahg

nok stmssk $eohrk. Ko rksuoteth ' steth6

gujmrh bk $mrtkak >"?M?E"C

gujmrh bk )eaam ?7:>E?E.

Ko pessennkh suaamssk$h ' stete oe arme%khgm bmooe tmxturm6ghg phtmgbh s)rutterm ko skstmje euthjetkah bmo sh)t4erm

/mssmgbh oe gu$hoe rhthtresoete rkspmtth eooe nmgmre%khgm

kg \\R5 o*ugkae shou%khgm mre prhambmrm ahg

o(eookgmejmgth jegueom bk M kjjenkgk, nmgmregbh uge

tmxturm +uebrete bk bkjmgskhgm 8EB7x8EB7 pkxmo /3kn. M5.

Ko pessh suaamssk$h ' steth +umooh bk ahojerm om oeaugm

bmo jhbmooh "#, akh' oe ahpmrture jmteookae, utkok%%egbh

Domgbmr, ug sh)t4erm bk jhbmooe%khgm hpmg shuram /3kn.

B5.

Ckn. 4. M)phr*e'khg% &%""% hhr&kge*% "he"k &%k jer-%r.

3kn.;6 0mhrm)mrmg%ke%khgm kg 0ress ahg oe )ug%khgm poy-

rmatk)y.

Ckn. . E"!g% $k)*% &%""e j%)< *%2*!rk''e*e.

Ckn. =. Jh&%""e'khg% &%n"k %"%j%g*k jegeg*k kg 3"%g&%r.


4


29/97

0( Ahgaouskhgk

Ko rksuoteth httmguth ahg +umste jmthbhohnke oh4-ahst '

be$$mrh httkjh ahgskbmregbh oe $mohakt9 bmoom hpmre%khgk

kg aejpenge m k prhamssk +uesk bmo tutth euthjetk%%etk pmr

o*moedhre%khgm bmo jhbmooh "# tmxturk%%eth.

*Kjenm-Desmb Jhbmokgn ' ug*httkje tmagkae pmr

httmgmrm gu$hom bk pugtk m jhbmook "# kg drm$m tmjph.

F))kegaeth eb ug skstmje bk nmhrm)mrmg%ke%khgm /ste%khgmthteom h nps5 ' pertkahoerjmgtm kgbkaeth pmr rkom$k ghg

trhpph ahjpomssk m ahg ahgbk%khgk hpmretk$m bk))kahothsm,

bh$m eotrk strujmgtk sermddmrh kgutkok%%edkok.

\mr m))mttuerm om ea+uksk%khgk )hthnre)ka`m ak phsskejh

e$$eomrm bk bk))mrmgtk skstmjk, ahjm eb msmjpkh nok F=,

egahre bk))kakojmgtm utkok%%edkok ahg eotrm tmagka`m bk

rkokm$h /oesmr saeggmr5.

!hg o*m$ho$mrsk bmooe spmrkjmgte%khgm o*Kjenm-Desmb

Jhbmokgn phtrmddm shstktukrsk eoo*utkok%%h bk strujmgtk

oesmr saeggmr ega`m gmooe rmbe%khgm bk rkokm$k ahjpomssk.

K sh)t4erm prhprkmterk `eggh egahre ug duhg jernkgm kg

+ueokt9 bmk rksuotetk m )eakokt9 bk utkok%%h rkspmtth eksh)t4erm hpmg suram, eojmgh pmr +umook utkok%%etk kg

+umste mspmrkmg%e /Fnksh)t \`hthsaeg5, je bm$h bkrm a`m

ahg pkaahok eaahrnkjmgtk sk phsshgh httmgmrm bmk rksuotetk

ahjug+um shbbks)eamgtk.

Httmgmrm ahsk )eakojmgtm jhbmook "# bk hnnmttk,

gmoo*ejdkth bmk Dmgk !uotureok eprm eb kgtmrmssegtk

phsskdkokt9. #eooe )ruk%khgm juotkjmbkeom /sktk 4md,

ejdkmgtk $krtueok, rmeot9 eujmgtete5 eooe stejpe "# pmr

httmgmrm bmoom ahpkm a`m phsshgh mssmrm usetm ske pmro*msphsk%khgm, ske a`m pmr m$mgtueok stubk, +uegbh

o*utkok%%h bmoo*hrknkgeom ' sahgsknoketh.

;( Dk>okh&re>, Ahjp!*%r Sk)khg %Q*r!*!r% ,rhj Jh*khg# g!h$% j%*h&h"hnk% p%r "e&h!j%g*e'khg% er


30/97


31/97

AHJ\]RMTSKQKHGMKJENM-DEQMBJHBMOKGN

\MTOEBHA]JMGREVKHGMBMKDMGKA]OR]TEOK6 JHBMOOK

\HOKATHJK

Seomgtkge Thssmttkveomgtkge00.rhssmttkLnjeko.ahj

EDQRTEARQk samoth bk spmk!m"t#m om phssk$kokt% h&&mtm b#oo#

tma"ka# bk #a'(ksk)kh"m *B bk K!#+m-$#smb-Jhbmok"+ m

Qt(at(m-&h!-Jhtkh", mspoh#"bh"m ok!ktk m

#"t#++k, pm phsm+(km ("# kama# pmsh"#om6

#"#ok))#m ko !hbh k" a(k !(t# m sk mhom o.mspmkm")#

#tkstka# bmoo.(tm"tm "moo.mpha# bmoo# s(#kphb(ak$kokt% tma"ka#, ah" o.h$$kmttkh bk #k#m #b

("# sak# '(#"th pk/ #!pk# bk (tm"tk # a(k m0=hbsAhjputmr Skskhg, Kjenm-Desmb Jhbmokgn, hpmg shuram,Qtruaturm-crhj-Jhtkhg

;2 K"thb()kh"m

Bkgegk eooe smjprm pk! crm"umgtm msknmge bk rmeokermrkokmvk trkbkjmgskhgeok eaauretk m ecckbe#kok kg sktuekhgkbksenmvhok, phste kg mssmrm beoom jhotmpokak prh#omjetka$m

phoktka$m mb mahghjka$m a$m smjprm jmgh ahgsmgthgh bk

kgvmstkrm su strujmgtekhgk bkspmgbkhsm, % gete oe vhohgt&bk spmrkjmgterm guhvk epprhaak bk oevhrh eo pessh ahktmjpk, a$m rksphgbegh eoom aerettmrkstka$m bk phrte#kokt&,repkbkt& b'msmaukhgm, ceakokt& b'ush m #essk ahstk. ( shrthahs) o'kgtmrmssm vmrsh uge tmagkae bk rkokmvh kgtmrejmgtmhpmg shuram a$m sk ahjphgm bk bum cesk prkgakpeok,Kjenm-#esmb-Jhbmokgn *K#J+ m Qtruaturm-crhj-Jhtkhg*QcJ+, eo ckgm bk nmgmrerm ug jhbmooh trkbkjmgskhgeom bkug shnnmtth h bk uge samge e pertkrm be ug smt bkkjjenkgk #kbkjmgskhgeok. umste tmaghohnke ske evveombk eppokaekhgk $erberm oh ahst m eppokaekhgkshcterm ahg ahbkam shrnmgtm epmrth, bug"um ceakojmgtmennkhrge#kom, a$m oe "ueokckaegh ahjm jmthbkae bk rkokmvh

enmvhom m vmrsetkom. mr teok jhtkvk sk % samoth bkspmrkjmgterm om phssk#kokt& hccmrtm be "umste tmagkae,mspohregbhgm okjktk m vegtennk, pmr prhsmnukrm ugerkamrae pmrshgeom/ egeokerm ko jhbh kg auk jute m skmvhovm o'mspmrkmge ertkstkae bmoo'utmgtm gmoo'mphae bmooesue rkprhbuak#kokt& tmagkae, oe stmsse mphae kg auk guhvm

sckbm veggh eccrhgtetm pmr rkoegakerm "umo petrkjhgkhertkstkah tegth jkooegteth je saersejmgtm ahgskbmreth mveohrketh, eooe rkamrae bk guhvk jmthbk m jhbmook bkcruk#kokt&.


32/97

strutture e gkaa$ke errkaa$kte be omsmgm m #esshrkokmvkeaahnokm om trm nregbk stetum kg tmrreahtte bmooe Jebhggeahg #ej#kgh, Qeg ?regamsah m Qeg Thaah, k auk vhoujkshgh sepkmgtmjmgtm nmstktk beoo'ertkste gmooh spekhtegnk#kom a$m om akrahgbe. 3e vhoujmtrke bmoo'uotkjhhnnmtth prmsh kg msejm, oe ougmtte kg tmrreahtte kgvmtrketebk 3. bmooe Th##ke ahg oe repprmsmgtekhgmbmooe Jebhgge a$m bhge oe akgthoe e Q. :hjjesh,

ahgsmrvete suo phrteom amgtreom bmooe #eskokae bk Jerke QQ.Bmoom 7rekm kg Qeg 7khveggk Seobergh, eppmgeeaamggete beoo'ertkste, % bmckgkte gmooh spekh akrahstegtmbek #rkooegtk sjeotk a$m oe ahjphgnhgh *7=


33/97

3e Aeppmooe Qpeberk, phste eoo'kgtmrgh bmooeA$kmse, % kgvmam rmnhoete be ug skstmje bkkooujkgekhgm e kgtmrjkttmge a$m $e rkterbethghtmvhojmgtm o'ea"ukskkhgm bmo beth, oe auk"ueokt& rksuotegtm % bkrmttejmgtm prhphrkhgeom e"umooe bmooe ouam.

Kg uotkjh, oe tmrreahtte bmo Bmooe Th##ke %

sktuete suo phrteom bmo segtuerkh bmooe A$kmse,shpre eo "ueom sk ertkahoe o'mbkckakh stmssh/o'eotme, oe hge b'hj#re pmrmggm m oh spekhrkbhtth gmo "ueom sk % stetk ahstrmttk eb hpmrerm,$eggh rmsh ega$m kg "umsth aesh ahjpokaeteo'ea"ukskkhgm.

?2 B#t# phamssk"+

3m chth ea"uksktm shgh stetm phk smomkhgetm kg oe#hrethrkhmb moe#hretm jmbkegtm ko shcterm It$hg$hthnrejjmtrI :hho#h, a$m $e rmstktukth kg bum

pessennk rkspmttkvejmgtm uge guvhoe bk pugtk e #essebmgskt& *Kjenm #esmb jhbmokgn+ mb uge guvhoe bk pugtk

eb eote bmgskt& *Qtruturm crhj jhtkhg+. 1k ckgk bk tmsterm koahjphrtejmgth bmo shcterm rkspmtth eooe rkshoukhgm bkkgput m eo skstmje hpmretkvh utkoketh, shgh stetm cettm

pmr hngugh bmk shnnmttk rkomvetk bkvmrsm prhvm eb eote m#esse rkshoukhgm *ghg smjprm uge jennkhrm rkshoukhgmneregtksam ko rksuoteth bmskbmreth+ su skstmjk hpmretkvk2kgbhs m 3kgu/ tuttk k rksuotetk httmgutkbeoo'moe#hrekhgm su 6Q 3kgu-Bm#keg ghg shgh rksuotetkshbbksceamgtk e aeuse bk mrrhrk b'kgsteooekhgm bmoshcterm, kgbk pmr auk sk % samoth bk hpmrerm su 6Q2kgbhs ahg uge rkshoukhgm bmoom kjjenkgk kg kgput

perk e >E8jp, teom "umooe jesskje supphrtete ahgtrh kEjp bk 3kgu. jp m >E8 jp *?kn. >+.

Tkspmttkvejmgtm oe prkje moe#hrekhgm*;>jp+ $e rmstktukth uge guvhoe bk pugtk e

#esse bmgskt& perk e 80 vmrtkak *#ugbom+, muge guvhoe bk pugtk eb eote bmgskt& perk e>0 vmrtkak *pjvs+, jmgtrm oe smahgbemoe#hrekhgm *>E8jp+ $e rmstktukth gmooe prkjecesm EE; pugtk *#ugbom+ ahgtrh k 80

bmooe smahgbe cesm *pjvs+. 3'momveth okvmooh bkbmttenokh hccmrth be "umst'uotkje guvhoe bk pugtk% steth teom be rmstktukrm pmrskgh oe rmtm

prhtmttkve, momjmgth bk bkstur#h pmr oeahjprmgskhgm bmoo'hpmre. :eom jhtkvh $e

phrteth e samnokmrm pmr oe cesm bk oevhrhsuaamsskve ko betesmt prhamsseth e #esserkshoukhgm *;>jp+, a$m smppur rksuotegtmjhoth bmttenoketh ega$m gmooe rmse bmooe rmtmjmteookae, o'kgcmrkhrm gujmrh bk pugtk $e

pmrjmssh uge puokke eaaurete bmooe guvhoe a$meotrkjmgtk serm##m steth kjphssk#kom.

Aeppmooe Qpeberk. 3e ahjpomsskt& bmoo'hpmre,

rkaae bk bmttenok mb momjmgtk egnhoerk, $ehrkmgteth oe smomkhgm vmrsh ug betesmt jhothahrphsh, ahstktukth be ; saettk thteok m

prhamssetk eoo'ugkae rkshoukhgm bk >8 *oejesskje supphrtete be 6Q 2kgbhs gmo aeshspmakckah+. 3e guvhoe bk pugtk rksuotegtm beo

prkjh pessennkh *#ugbom+, perk e ;C>>;E vmrtkak,sk % gmttejmgtm bmckgkte gmo smahgbh pessennkh

*pjvs+, rmstktumgbh #mg 08E>C vmrtkak *?kn.+.

:mrreahtte kgvmtrkete. Jmgh ahgskstmgtm %rksuoteth ko betesmt samoth pmr o'uotkjh hnnmtth bk

Ckn. !. "uvhom bk pugtk mstrettm be ##R eooe rkshouzkhgm rkspmttkvejmgtmbk 5! jp $E% m !&' jp $(%) Qpkgmooh Ermtkgh, Eggugakezkhgm, 51>.


4=


34/97

stubkh, C saettk prhamssetk ske e #essksskjerkshoukhgm *0 jp+, ahg 0.EC; pugtk gmooe

prkje cesm *#ugbom+ m ;. pugtk gmooesmahgbe cesm *pjvs+, a$m e jmbke rkshoukhgm*>E8jp+, ahg >88.EC0 vmrtkak rksuotegtk beooecesm kgkkeom *#ugbom+ m #mg ;.E.CC gmooe cesmckgeom *pjvs+. 0 *trescmrkjmgth bmkahohrk e pertkrm beoom chthnreckm+ pmr tuttk m trm k jhbmook.


35/97

kgcmrkhrm e "umooe bmnok eotrk bum shnnmttk/ #kshnge tmgmrmkg ahgskbmrekhgm om ahgbkkhgk b'kooujkgekhgmbmoo'momjmgth mb ko cetth a$m o'ea"ukskkhgm ske stetemsmnukte smge o'euskokh bk ug aeveoomtth, chgbejmgteom

pmr o'ea"ukskkhgm bk kgtmrgk, ahgtrk#umgbhahgskbmrmvhojmgtm eooe pmrbkte bk kgchrjekhgk gmooe

pertm eote bmo jhbmooh, bhvm shgh vksk#kok phoknhgkjegaegtk *?kn. C+.

1o okvmooh bk bmckgkkhgm bmoom trm hpmrm % omneth o'mskthbmo smahgbh h##kmttkvh prmphsthsk/ eooe rkahstrukhgmjetmrkeom bmk shnnmttk *ckskae, jetmrkae m ahohrkstkae+ahrrksphgbm oe pmramkhgm a$m sk $e bk mssk. 3'utmgtm a$msk trhve bk crhgtm eb ug jhbmooh phah bmckgkth, ahg ouamkggetureom m pertk jegaegtk, ahjm rksuote "umooh bmooeAeppmooe Qpeberk, sk eaahrnm bk mssmrm bk crhgtm eb ugHceosh tmaghohnkahN/ kg "umsth aesh ko rkokmvh pu\ mssmrm

perkeojmgtm utkoketh ahjm bhaujmgth sthrkah "ueohreo'hpmre rmeom bhvmssm egber omse h pmrbute, je rkjegm kocetth a$m ghg % ug rkokmvh shbbksceamgtm. Qk hssmrvkkgvmam oe bmckgkkhgm httmgute gmoom eotrm bumrkahstrukhgk/ o'eraegnmoh 7e#rkmom bmoo'1rmtkgh smj#re

eggugakerm ko searh ahgampkjmgth kg ghstre prmsmge, jeko rksuoteth bevvmrh shrprmgbmgtm sk % pmr\ httmguth ahg oetmrreahtte kgvmtrkete bmo bmooe Th##ke *?kn. +. Ko shnnmtth

pktthrkah repprmsmgteth % oe /ebhgge bmooe akgthoe/Jerke ahgsmnge oe sue akgture, seare rmok"uke hnnkausthbkte gmo Buhjh bk reth, eoo'ephsthoh :hjjesh

prkje bmoo' 1ssugkhgm kg akmoh. Ko bmooe Th##kerepprmsmgte oe samge smahgbh o'kahghnrecke ahgsumte kg

auk oe Smrnkgm mgtrh uge nohrke bk egnmok sphrnm ko #reaakhm oesake aebmrm oe akgthoe eoo'ephsthoh, ecckegaeth kg"umste repprmsmgtekhgm bek Qegtk 3hrmgh m 7khveggkDettkste prhtmtthrk bk Qeg 7khveggk Seobergh, m oh ce ahgoe jemstrke a$m % prhprke bmnok ertkstk bmooe sue cejknoke/skejh bkgegk eb uge vmre m prhprke pktturetrkbkjmgskhgeom.

3'utmgtm a$m sk trhve bkgegk e "umste rkahstrukhgm ghgpu\ ghg mgtrerm bkrmttejmgtm kg ahgtetth ahg o'hpmre,epprmergm oe #rkooegtme arhjetkae, oe nrekeahjphsktkve m shprettutth oe vk#regtm mjhkhgm a$m skahnokm beo ahjpokam snuerbh bmk prhtenhgkstk. Gg trkpubkhbk mjhkhgk austhbktm ahjm ug prmkhsh tmshrh kg ugjhbmooh B, kg uge smjpokam rkahstrukhgm chthrmeokstkaecruk#kom kg hngk pertm bmo jhgbh kg "ueoskesk jhjmgth/ %

Ckn. &. /ms` ahg Rmturm $E% ahg jmgshoe rmeokzzete

kg (omgbmr $(%, Qpkgmooh Ermtkgh, Eggugakezkhgm,

51>.

Ckn. +. /ms` ahg tmturm, Enghoh bk #hoh, *eppmooe Qpeberk.


4>


36/97

"umsth ko phtmrm bmooe tmaghohnke, egguooerm k okjktktmjphreok m spekeok. =sse pmrjmttm bk rennkugnmrm ugecesake bk utmgtk smjprm jennkhrm e auk @ bmstkgete "umooeUUrmsurrmkhgm bmo pesseth a$m % o'h##kmttkvh prkjerkhbmnok mspmrtk kg aejph bk :utmoe, Ahgsmrvekhgm mSeohrkekhgm bmk Dmgk Auotureok ahs) be rkmvhaerm"umooe a$m gmoo'4K aegth bmo urnethrkh Begtm a$keje oeHsmahgbe okgnue bmnok kteokegkN, "umooe okgnue cette bk

cknurm, a$kmsm, strebm m peoek Hbeoom stmssm pmrshgmahotm ahgskbmrete ahjm ug moo4hrgejmgth, ug

shvreppk, ug 2kgeomtth, ug ahohp`hg, ug auo


37/97

E\\OKAEVKHGKBKKJENM-DEQMBJHBMOKGNGMOOEAEJ\ENGETHJEGE6 ERR]EOK\HRMGVKEOKR, OKJKRKM\THQ\MRRKSM

Nedrkmom AkaahgmakaahgmnedrkmomLnjeko.ahj

EDQRTEAREgeoksk bmnok mommg!k kg mom"e!# bk b$m kgsmbkemg!kbmo mbk#m"# %mg!&eom, sk!$e!k gmooe Ae'engeT#ege, mbkeg!m ko &kom"# !&kbkmgsk#geom, %#go(kg!mg!# bk &k%e"e&m g$#"m kg)#&e*k#gk s$ooms!&$!!$&m egeok**e!m m "eo$!e&m oe &meom '#!mg*keok!+ mbm))k%e%ke bmoom !m%gk%m bkKjenm-desmb Jhbmokgn %#gs#)!e&m hpmg shuram.

/m


38/97

a"m, kg qumooe bete, ko aeseom eppertmgmve eoo'kjphrtegtm!ejknoke rhjege bmk evmook.

Ko ahjpomssh era"ktmtthgkah rmoetkvh eo skth bmo aeseom bkRhr Jennkhrm ahstktukth be trm ahrpk bk !eddrkae oethrrm, ko rmakgth m o'mbk!kakh rmttegnhoerm ebbhssetheoo'egnhoh ghrb-hvmst bmo rmakgth. Oe thrrm prmsmgte !hrjequebrete ahg oetk bk 1. j pmr ug eotm


39/97

Oe jeote, ahjm gmo aesh bmooe thrrm, rkahprm pertm bmkdohaa"mttk krrmnhoerk pmr berm ugkterkmt3 eo perejmgthmstmrgh. (mo perejmgth kgtmrgh, oe jeote kgvmamrksperjkete shoh gmk nkugtk m, ghg !uhrkusamgbh erkahprkrm k dohaa"mttk, pmrjmttm bk hssmrverm jmnokh oeohrh !hrje krrmnhoerm. Oe smahgbe !esm aerettmrk


40/97

ahsH be aeteohnerm ug gutrkth smt bk !hthnre!km besmom


41/97

k bmaksh phk bk berm ko ahohrm eooe jms" pertmgbh beoom!hthnre!km #trejktm ko !kotrh Aejmre ] \rh%mat eatkvmrestmr ahohur th aurrmgt jms`$. Kg qumsth aesh ko

prhambkjmgth evvmguth pmr nrebk gmo tmgtetkvh bkerrkverm eo rksuoteth jknokhrm. Ko prkjh tmgtetkvh steth!etth utkok


42/97

Ko rkomvh trkbkjmgskhgeom "e kghotrm pmrjmssh bk evmrm ugejknokhrm ahgam


43/97

phtmg


44/97

bk !hthnre!km utkok


45/97

KJENM-DEQMBJHBMOKGNRTEETA@KRMRR]TEMQA]OR]TE

Jerkge Qkjhgmtte Rmrreghve

jerk.tmrreghveL`htjeko.ahj

EDQRTEAROm jhbmrgm tmagka`m bk Qtruaturm-crhj-Jhtkhg m bk

Kjem-De!mb Jhbm"kg !hgh !tetm kj#kmetm #mr k"

rk"km$h trkbkjmg!khge"m bk m"mjmgtk !au"thrmk m

era`ktmtthgkak% e" ckgm bk tm!tergm "e $mr!etk"kt& kg

ahgtm!tk bk$mr!k' ]g !hct(erm bk jhbm""e)khgm *B +

!teth kg !mukth utk"k))eth #mr "e rkah!tru)khgm ckge"m

bm"",ejkmgte)khgm' K !hmttk bm" "e$hrh !hgh !tetk ug

bmahrh era`ktmtthgkah m uge !au"ture jhbmrge gm""e

aktt& bk Jk"e))h'

.m/(hrb!Tkokmvh trkbkjmgskhgeom, bmahrh era`ktmtthgkah, sauoture

jhbmrge, \yt`hg \`hthnrejjmtry Rhhodhx,

AohubAhjperm, Jms`oed, Domgbmr, rkahstrukhgm

ahgtmsth


46/97

Qhnnmtth bmo prkjh rkokmvh 9 prhprkh ugh bmk bum

desejmgtk kg pkmtre bmo phrteom oetmreom.

Quo "rhgtm hpphsth bmoo$kshoeth, eoo$kgtmrgh bmk nkerbkgk

bmooe Jerkge m kg ahrrksphgbmge bmooe smbm jugkakpeom,

sk mrnm ko jhgujmgth e uknk Tkh. =mo 4037 oh sauothrm

jmsskgmsm /gthgkh Dhg"knokh rmeoke uge stetue kg

drhgh re""knuregtm o$ejjkrenokh, mpkah 8/""hgbethrm

bmooe prkje numrre jhgbkeom, bum vhotm jmbenoke b$hrh eoveohrm jkokterm, gmoo$etth bk saruterm o$hrkhgtm ?"kn. 2:.

$hpmre, e auk oh stmssh euthrm ettrkduksam ug aerettmrm

vhoutejmgtm phphoerm, 9 phste eo bk shpre bk ug eotksskjh

pkmbksteooh kg jerjh suo %ueom shgh re""knuretm kg

desshrkokmvh om kjprmsm geveok bmoo$mrhm.

5' Jmthbh m !trujmgtk

m ea%ukskkhgk bmoom kjjenkgk bk mgtrejdk k shnnmttkshgh stetm m""mttuetm gmoo$erah bk ug$ugkae nkhrgete

utkokegbh uge =kEhg (2>>>, uge "hthaejmre rm"omx ahg

smgshrm /\Q!A ?4.7x: be 4>.6 jmnepkxmos ?62.3 x 47.

jj:.

#o rkokmvh bmo desejmgth bmo phrteom 9 steth m""mttueth

smge pertkahoerk bk""kahot' ske pmr vke bmooe sue

ahoohaekhgm e rkbhssh bmooe permtm, o$essmge bk

kjpmbkjmgtk h momjmgtk bk bksturdh mstmrgk, a`m pmr om

ahgbkkhgk bk ouam prmssha`9 httkjeok. e rkprmse 9

evvmgute kg"ettk kg ahgbkkhgk bk ouam ugk"hrjmjmgtm

bk""use, ak è "etth s) a`m suoo$momjmgth ghg sk vmgkssmrh

e armerm hgm bk "hrtm ahgtresth m pertkahoerjmgtmhjdrmnnketm.

\ur mssmgbh bk bkjmgskhgk okjktetm oe ahjpomsskt' bmoom

"hrjm m oe rkaa`me gmk bmttenok è rka`kmsth o$msmaukhgm

bk pk+ smrkm bk saettk, gmooh spmak"kah shgh stetm m""mttuetm

trm sm%umgm pmr oe smkhgm amgtreom m bum rkspmttkvejmgtm

pmr %umooe kg"mrkhrm m supmrkhrm kg ennmtth, pmr ug thteom

bk 7 "hthnre"km.

e rkprmse 9 evvmgute prmssha`9 "rhgteojmgtm mb eb uge

bkstege jmbke bk akrae ug jmtrh, ahg uge sm%umge bk

saettk pk+ revvkakgetk kg ahrrksphgbmge bmk pugtk pk+

arktkak ?rkmgtregm m hgm b$hjdre: ?"knn. 1, 7:.

#o rkokmvh bmo jhgujmgth eo jkoktm è prmsmgteth kgvmam

bk""kahot' jennkhrk, bhvutm prkgakpeojmgtm eoom

bkjmgskhgk bmoo$hpmre m eooe sue ahoohaekhgm su ug eoth

desejmgth. m "hthnre"km shgh stetm ea%uksktm s"ruttegbh

ko jurmtth a`m akrahgbe ko jhgujmgth bmokjktegbhgm ko

pmrkjmtrh m phsth eb uge bkstege bk akrae 3 jmtrk gmo

pugth pk+ ohgtegh gmooh spmak"kah 9 steth msmnukth ug

nkrh ahjpomth bk 23>B ske pmr oe pertm supmrkhrm a`m pmr

%umooe kg"mrkhrm ?thteom bum nkrk ahjpomtk:, pk+ eoaugm

"hthnre"km bk bmttenokh e bkstege revvkakgete pmr ko vksh,

pmr ug thteom bk 46> ?"knn. 3, ;:.

Ckn 1 Jhgujmgth e $uknk Tk%%h

Ckn & Desejmgth' !hsk%khgejmgth "moom aejmrm

Ckn ( Desejmgth' !ertm "mooe sm)umg%e "k chthnreckm ea)uksktm

Ckn * +tetue' !hsk%khgejmgth "moom aejmrm

CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCRÊTM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4-244, Ahjputmr kskhg m+truaturm crhj Jhtkhg guhvm jmth"hohnkm pmr oe

"haujmgte%khgm era mhohnkae trk"kjmgskhgeom' ug epprhaakh

epmrth, kg (- -#A-


49/97


50/97

bmooe strebe amgtreom bmo pemsm $e rmsh prhomjetkae oe

rkprmse bk ug oeth bmoo%mbkckakh, ahjm sk kooustrmr' e rm!m.

Om chgtk sthrka$m ak kgchrjegh a$m oe thrrm bk Q. Jettmhcu ahstrukte gmo 3"3 pmr !hohgt' bmooe *mpuokae

Ckhrmgtkge ettre!mrsh ko suh kg!keth 4mrk epphgk, eoohsahph bk recchr(erm oe pertm haakbmgteom bmo aestmooh.

utte!ke, kg esm eooe stretknrecke jurerke egahre omnnkkom

suk prhspmttk m kg esm eooh stubkh jmgskharhghohnkah bmkoetmrk(k, sk puD kphtk((erm a$m mnok eke rkjegmnnketh ugmbkckakh prmmskstmgtm, prhekojmgtm trmamgtmsah.

O%hrknkgerke strutture bh!m!e prmstersk pmr uge cug(khgm

mjkgmgtmjmgtm bkcmgsk!eA hrknkgerkejmgtm jmroete, mreug ahrph bk cerkae ugkah, a$kush su trm oetk m epmrth

shoh suo oeth 4hrb-H!mst rk!hoth !mrsh o%kgtmrgh bmo hrnhjmbkm!eom, mb mre kghotrm mg bkcmse be uge akgte jurerke

a$m sk epphnnke!e su bum oetk bmooe thrrm stmsse.

Kg uge cesm suaamssk!e o%mbkckakh suB bk!mrsm jhbkcka$m,

prhekojmgtm pmr ebetteroh e uge guh!e cug(khgm bk tkphrmskbmg(keom, kgnohegbh k jmrok kg uge guh!h

rkeo(ejmgth ebetth e shstmgmrm ug tmtth e bhppke ceobe, m

tejphgegbh o%epmrture suo oeth bmo hrnh, hotrm eb eoaugmphrtm-ckgmstrm bk hrknkgm pk9 terbe :+EO#EQQE**K2=3=7.

Kg mt' jhbmrge $e sukth gujmrhsm treschrje(khgkA tre

&umstm ug kjphrtegtm kgtmr!mgth bk rmsteurh gmo 2==M pmrneregtkrgm oe ahgsmr!e(khgm struttureom m pmr rmgbmroe

eaamsskkom eo puokah. Hnnk 0 ugh bmk phok amgtreok bmo

Qkstmje Jusmeom Jhgthphomsm.

1. H/kttk"k bk #ert&eO hkmttk!h kgk(keom a$m ak sk mre prmckssetk mre bk httmgmrm

ug jhbmooh trkbkjmgskhgeom bmooe thrrm utkok((egbh omshou(khgk Hpmg Qhuram>Crmm Qhctwerm :HQ>CQ7 epprmsm

buregtm ko ahrsh, ettre!mrsh ko smnumgtm whr6chowA

rmeok((erm uge ahpmrture chthnreckae ahjpomtebmoombkckakhA

prhamsserm om chthnreckm rmeok((etm pmr httmgmrm

uge gu!hoe bk pugtk "#

puokrm m rebbrk((erm oe gu!hoe bk pugtk

armerm oe jms$ beooe gu!hoe bk pugtk

tm;turk((erm oe jms$ usegbh om chthnreckm

saettetm.

hjm hkmttk!h ennkugtk!h sk !hom!e ega$m rmgbmrm

jmtrkah ko jhbmooh ckgeom bmoombkckakh, saeoegbhoh kg esmeoom jksurm prmsm suo aejph.

?mr ug ahrph bk cerkae bk &umsth tkph, bhteth bk ugeahjpomsse stretknrecke jurerke egahre omnnkkom m pmr ko

&ueom shgh egahre kg cesm bk stubkh om treschrje(khgk a$m

oh $eggh kgtmrmsseth gmo ahrsh bmk smahok, puD mssmrmkgtmrmssegtm e!mrm e bksphsk(khgm ug jhbmooh

trkbkjmgskhgeom bhteth bk aerettmrkstka$m jmtrka$mecckbekok m bk uge tm;turm bk &ueokt' pmr tmgterm uge

rkomtture bmooe stretkckae(khgm bmk prhspmttk, shpretutth pmrom pertk pk9 eotm m &ukgbk jmgh rennkugnkkok e ug msejm

euthptkah. eom rkomtture phtrmm mssmrm ekgete eb ugejksure bmk oetmrk(k bmoom bk!mrsm 5QJ bkrmttejmgtm suo

jhbmooh, pmr httmgmrm ug aejpkhgm jmgskharhghohnkah

ejpkh m beterm om bk!mrsm ettk!kt' m nruppk bk ettk!kt' a$m$eggh jhbkckaeth oe strutture bmoo%mbkckakh, beooe sueahstru(khgm kg mt' jmbkm!eom eo rmsteurh ahgtmjphregmh.

Chrsm ug prhnmtth trhpph ejk(khsh pmr ug prkjh

epprhaakh ahg &umstm tmagka$m bk rkokm!h, je eesteg(ekgtmrmssegtm be !homr cerm ug tmgtetk!h.

0. Qtr$tk $tkok&&etk?mr httmgmrm ug mcckaeam rkokm!h smahgbh teok jmthbhohnkm

ghg 0 gmamsserkh bksphrrm bk uge strujmgte(khgm$erbwerm spmakeokstkae, je 0 succkakmgtm &umooe a$m rkmgtre

hrjek gmoo%ettrm((eture ahjugm pmr ug &ueoskesk

prhcmsskhgkste bmk +mgk uotureok, m ghg shohA uge jeaa$kge chthnreckae ahg k suhk eaamsshrk

ug ahjputmr su auk kgsteooerm k prhnrejjk

gmamsserk

nok strujmgtk pmr pmrcm(khgerm ko rkom!ejmgth

bmoom aerettmrkstka$m jmtrka$m bmoo%hnnmtth berkom!erm :kgbmoom, jmtrh e stmaae, maa.7.

$kerejmgtm oe &ueokt' bmo jhbmooh trkbkjmgskhgeom a$m

sk rkusakr' eb httmgmrm ser' strmttejmgtm omneth eoomaerettmrkstka$m &ueoktetk!m :rkshou(khgm, phtmg(e, aepeakt'

bk prhamssejmgth7 bmnok $erbwerm shpre kgbkaetk.

Ckn. 5. Ohaeokzzezkhgm nmhnreckae bk Jhgthphok.

Ckn. 4. Oe Rhrrm bk Q. Jettmh.



51/97

Oe ahjphgmgtm shctwerm gmamsserke rksuote ceakojmgtm

eaamsskkom, kg &uegth ahgskstm kg prhnrejjkmsaousk!ejmgtm HQ>CQ okmrejmgtm saerkaekok beooe rmtm,

cug(khgegtk suk pk9 ahjugk skstmjk hpmretk!k kgakrahoe(khgm m bk utkok((h rmoetk!ejmgtm smjpokam 5g

!eohrm ennkugth bmk shctwerm HQ>CQ 0 repprmsmgtethega$m beooe bksphgkkokt' bk uge smrkm bk rkshrsm kg rmtm

ahjm tuthrkeo, ahh6hh6 m chruj kgchrjetk!k crm&umgtetk

be s!kouppethrk m eotrk usmrs, utkok pmr epprmgbmrgm kocug(khgejmgth m pmrcm(khgergm oush.

K shctwerm utkok((etk shgh stetkA

?Nt$hg ?$hthnrejjmtrN hhoh; :!. =.37 pmr

omoehre(khgm bmoom chthnreckm m oe arme(khgmbmooe gu!hoe bk pugtk "# :JH5OH4, +1@@K2=327

ohub hjperm :!. 2.7, pmr oe nmstkhgm bmooe

gu!hoe bk pugtk :puok(ke, cuskhgm,rebbrk((ejmgth, maa.7

Jms$Oe :!. 3.".27 pmr oe arme(khgm bmooe jms$

m oe sue tm;turk((e(khgm :K4H4K2==7.

Jmgtrm o%$erbwerm a$m sk e!m!e e bksphsk(khgm mreA

uge jeaa$kge chthnreckae bknkteom ahjpette,

jhbmooh Fhbe6 1esNQ$erm I3", bhtete bk uge

rkshou(khgm bk I.2 J?, ug smgshrm # bk tenoke3> 2. kg. kg nrebh bk rmeok((erm chth kg .pn ahg

oe rkshou(khgm jesskje bk "=;2G"2 pk;mo ughstrujmgth &ukgbk ghg phtmgtksskjh je a$m 0

rkusakth e s!honmrm ko suh ruhoh neregtmgbh ugeahpmrture chthnreckae ahjpomte bmoo%mbkckakh,

smppur ghg eb uge eotksskje rkshou(khgm

ug 4htmhh6 Eamr 1;tmgse 22= ahg prhamsshrm

Kgtmo momrhg J "= :3.M" (, 3J+ aea$m O2,CQ+ "" J( 7, sa$mbe !kbmh Kgtmo rep$kas

Jmbke Eaamomrethr :JE7 I= , *EJ be 32J+ ##*2, $erb bks6 be = +, bhteth bk 2

pertk(khgkA uge ahg kgsteooeth \kgbhws 8? mo%eotre ahg kgsteooeth Era$mHQ, ug skstmje

hpmretk!h eseth su 45>Okgu; #mkeg a$m 0steth useth pmr o%moehre(khgm bmoom chthnreckm m

oe arme(khgm bmoom gu!hom bk pugtk

ug 4htmhh6 jhbmooh ? ?e!kokhg b!G, ahg

prhamsshrm Kgtmo:*7 hrm:J7 ahg apu :2.GM$(, 2.GM $(, J =7, sa$mbe !kbmh EK

JhkoktN *ebmhg # G=, *EJ be ,== + m$erb bks6 be M== + ahg kgsteooeth ko skstmje

hpmretk!h \kgbhws M hjm ?rmjkuj a$m, pmroe sue jennkhrm phtmg(e m oe jknokhrm sa$mbe

!kbmh, 0 steth useth pmr oe rmeok((e(khgm mtm;turk((e(khgm bmooe jms$.

Kghotrm, suo aejph shgh stetm utkok((etm bmoom kgbmoom m

ug jmtrh e stmaae pmr prmgbmrm eoaugm jksurmsuoo%mbkckakh, a$m sereggh kgbkspmgsekok pmr saeoerm

ahrrmttejmgtm ko jhbmooh trkbkjmgskhgeom eo tmrjkgm bmowhr6cohw.

;. Ko rkok"h !$o ae#hOe thrrm bk Q.Jettmh 0 ug mbkckakh e esm &uebregnhoerms!kouppeth prm!eomgtmjmgtm kg eotm((e, ahstrukth

ahjpomtejmgtm kg oetmrk(k m aerettmrk((eth be chrjmprmssha$0 s&uebretm m okgmerkA 0 eppermgtmjmgtm ko

aegbkbeth kbmeom pmr ug prhnnmtth bk rkokm!h bk &umsthtkph. utte!ke, oe sue ahoohae(khgm gmoo%egnhoh mstrmjh bk

uge pke((mtte, kg phsk(khgm ecceaakete su ug pugthpeghrejkah m ecckegaete be ekte(khgk bk eotm((e mom!ete,

$e armeth eoaugm bkcckahot' ohnkstka$m gmooe rkprmsechthnreckae m gmoo%kooujkge(khgm bmk prhspmttk.

Jmgtrm pmr k prhspmttk Qub-1st m 4hrb-1st 0 stethphsskkom mccmttuerm uge rkprmse chthnreckae kgtmnreom,

rkusamgbh e ahjprmgbmrok pmr kgtmrh kg ug%ugkae

chthnrecke, pmr k prhspmttk 4hrb-H!mst m Qub-H!mst 0 stetermeok((ete uge ahpmrture chthnreckae pmr cesam m be pugtk

bk rkprmse re!!kakgetk m bkenhgeok rkspmtth ek prhspmttkstmssk. Kg cesm bk prhamssejmgth akD $e phrteth

eoo%msaouskhgm bk eoaugm chth, pmr om &ueok ko shctwerm ghg0 steth kg nrebh bk hpmrerm ahrrmttejmgtm, armegbh ahsB

uge gu!hoe bk pugtk jmgh bmgse rkspmtth enok eotrkprhspmttk, shprettutth pmr oe pertk supmrkhrm m eseom bmooe

thrrm :ckn. "7.

Eo prhomje sk 0 rkusaktk kg pertm e phrrm rkjmbkh

kgsmrmgbh k rksuotetk bk uge smahgbe rkprmse chthnreckae

a$m 0 stete mccmttuete pmr cesam ahgtkgum nkregbh etthrgheoo%mbkckakh be uge bksteg(e re!!kakgete, pmr amraerm bk

ahnokmrm eoaugk pertkahoerk bmooe stretknrecke jurerke m kprhckok kgtmrgk bmnok era$mttk hnk!eok phstk gmooe pertm

supmrkhrm bmooe thrrm.

Ko prhomje bmooe bkccmrmgtm kooujkge(khgm bmk prhspmttk$e kgtmrmsseth tutte oe phr(khgm 4hrb bmoo%mbkckakh,

ahstegtmjmgtm kg hjre, ahg o%ennre!egtm bmo pugth bkrkprmse chthnreckae kg ahgtrhouam. E teom bkcckahot' sk 0 kg

pertm rkusaktk e shppmrkrm saettegbh om chth bmk prhspmttk4hrb-H!mst m 4hrb-1st be bk!mrsm egnhoe(khgk mb

msmnumgbh bum smsskhgk bk rkprmse chthnreckae kg cesamhrerkm bkccmrmgtk :prkje jettkge m terbh phjmrknnkh7. Kg

cesm bk moehre(khgm om gu!hom bk pugtk httmgutm shghtutte!ke rksuotetm pk9 saurm, shprettutth suo prhspmtth

4hrb-1st.

O%uotkjh kgahg!mgkmgtm 0 stete o%kjphsskkokt' bk

Ckn. 1. Eoaugk bmoom kjjenkgk utkokzzetm pmr ko rkokmvh.



52/97

chthnrecerm oe pertm shjjkteom bmoo%mbkckakh, e aeuse bmooe

sue eotm((e m bmooe sue ohaeok((e(khgm, bkstegtm be ahookgmm pugtk bk !kste httkjeok h eaamsskkok.

?mr phtmr rkprmgbmrm chthnreckaejmgtm teom phr(khgm bk

jureture m ko tmtth e bhppke ceobe sermm steth gmamsserkhphtmr saetterm om chthnreckm be uge phsk(khgm shpremom!ete

ahjm ug aerrmooh mom!ethrm pmr oe phteture bmoom pkegtm, h

phtmr bksphrrm bk ug brhgm h bk ug eotrh $erbwermahoomneth e uge jeaa$kge chthnreckae kg nrebh bkrkprmgbmroh beoo%eoth kg uge jhbeokt' e !hoh.

6. Beooe $"hoe bk #$tk eooe !+?rkje bk e!!kerm ko prhamssejmgth kg ?Nt$hg

?$hthnrejjmtrN hhoh; bmoom 2=" chthnreckm saettetm, sk0 bmaksh bk smom(khgerm om chth m bk!kbmrom kg nruppk,

hrbkgegbhom kg jhbh be armerm uge sm&umg(e ahjm sm sknkressm kgthrgh eoo%mbkckakh, pertmgbh beo prhspmtth Qub-

1st m prhambmgbh kg smgsh egtkhrerkh. K nruppk bk chthahsB rmeok((etk :k &uettrh prhspmttk m om mstrmjkt' kgcmrkhrm

m supmrkhrm bmooe thrrm7 shgh stetk &ukgbk prhamssetk

kgbk!kbueojmgtm, saeoegbh om kjjenkgk eb ugerkshou(khgm bk "=== pk;mo bk oern$m((e pmr httkjk((ermo%moehre(khgm.

E!mgbh prhamsseth om kjjenkgk kg smk nruppk, 0 stethgmamsserkh aerkaerm kg ohubhjperm om bk!mrsm gu!hom

bk pugtk "# httmgutm. 5ge !hote rkpuoktm bek pugtk ghg

ceamgtk pertm bmooe thrrm, shgh stetm suaamssk!ejmgtmkjphrtetm kg Jms$Oe pmr rmeok((erm oe jms$ bk akesauge,

hsske pmr armerm oe supmrckakm phoknhgeom bk akesaugprhspmtth :cknn. , 7.

Om jms$ shgh stetm suaamssk!ejmgtm ahohretm trescmrmgbh

k ahohrk bmk !mrtkak bmooe gu!hoe bk pugtk "# m kg smnukthshgh stetm guh!ejmgtm kjphrtetm kg ohubhjperm pmr

ug%uotmrkhrm rkpuokture beoom supmrckak kg maamssh armetm beJms$Oe pmr rkmjpkrm k )!uhtk m om ermm ahg jkghr

bmgskt' bk pugtk :pmr msmjpkh shgh stetm mokjkgetm omsupmrckak ennkugtk!m armetm beo prhnrejje kg

ahrrksphgbmg(e bmo tmtth, msaoush beoom rkprmsm

chthnrecka$m m &ukgbk ghg ahjprmsh gmooe gu!hoe bkpugtk7.

9. Rtetk"k bk t?t$rk&&e&khE &umsth pugth, pmr ahgaoubmrm ko whr6cohw, jegae!e oermeok((e(khgm bmooe tm;turm.

Kggeg(ktutth, kg Jms$Oe sk 0 bmaksh bk prh!erm eb

utkok((erm ko skstmje euthjetkahA om bk!mrsm jms$ shghstetm euthjetkaejmgtm sh!repphstm eoom kjjenkgk beoom

&ueok shgh stetm httmgutm :aerkaegbh ko ckom ugbom.hutprhbhtth be ?Nt$hg ?$hthnrejjmtrN hhoh; m gmo &ueom

shgh ahgsmr!etm om kgchrje(khgk rmoetk!m eoom nmhjmtrke

bk prmse bmoom kjjenkgk7 m, kgckgm, shgh stetm rmeok((etm omtm;turm bk akesauge jms$.

eok jms$ tm;turk((etm shgh stetm eookgmetm tre ohrh.

utte!ke, ko rksuoteth ghg $e shbbkscetth om espmttetk!m kg&uegth om bk!mrsm tm;turm prmsmgte!egh thgeokt' jhoth

bkccmrmgtk tre ohrh, begbh eooe supmrckakm bmo jhbmooh

ckgeom ug espmtth maamssk!ejmgtm bkshjhnmgmh,rksuotegbh &ukgbk kgutkok pmr o%egeoksk stretknreckae a$m ak sk

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Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 luglio 2013)