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22/04/2016 1 Approaches to Improving Irrigation Performance and Water Use Ian W Makin Vice President (ICID) Lead Specialist - Irrigation (IWMI) 1 Indian Irrigation Forum (7 April 2016) – New Delhi OVERVIEW Context of irrigated agriculture Key messages Innovations Conclusions

Approaches to Improving Irrigation Performance and Water Use22/04/2016 1 Approaches to Improving Irrigation Performance and Water Use Ian W Makin Vice President (ICID) Lead Specialist

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Page 1: Approaches to Improving Irrigation Performance and Water Use22/04/2016 1 Approaches to Improving Irrigation Performance and Water Use Ian W Makin Vice President (ICID) Lead Specialist

22/04/2016

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Approaches to Improving Irrigation Performance and Water Use

Ian W MakinVice President (ICID)Lead Specialist - Irrigation (IWMI)

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Indian Irrigation Forum (7 April 2016) – New Delhi

OVERVIEW

• Context of irrigated agriculture

• Key messages

• Innovations

• Conclusions

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Context of Irrigated Agriculture

Why performance of irrigation and agriculture is important.

• Growing population – changing diets• Rural:Urban transition – increasing food and energy demands,

rural labour shortages• Falling contribution of agriculture to employment and GDP• Changing role of agriculture in many HH livelihoods (ageing

farmers, changing roles of women)• Agriculture is largest user and consumer of H2O; climate change• Multiple and Competing uses of water • Growing water constraints (quantity and quality)

4

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SECTOR CONTRIBUTION TO GDP (%) & EMPLOYMENT

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1950

-51

1954

-55

1958

-59

1962

-63

1966

-67

1970

-71

1974

-75

1978

-79

1982

-83

1986

-87

1990

-91

1994

-95

1998

-99

2002

-03

2006

-07

2010

-11

Agriculture Industry Services

http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%202.pdf

GDP contribution (%)Agricultural employment (%)

ARUN JAITLEY - 2016 INDIAN BUDGET SPEECH

“We need to think beyond ‘food security’ and

give back to our farmers a sense of ‘income

security’. Government will, therefore, reorient its

interventions in the farm and non-farm sectors to

double the income of the farmers by 2022. Our

total allocation (FY 2016/17) for Agriculture and

Farmers’ welfare is INR 35,984 crore (USD 5.42

bln).” Arun Jaitley Minister of Finance February 29, 2016

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Different farmers have different needs

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• Improving I&D services will impact the rural community – not just farmers –support for transformation must include increasing off-farm employment.

Farm SizeFarmer orientation

Subsistence Semi-commercial Commercial

Small XXX X X

Medium XXX XX

Large XX XXX

Definitions

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Definitions: Irrigation Efficiency:

• Defined: estimated water requirement (m3) relative to water applied or withdrawn (m3) from a source.

• Application: to assess “losses” in the distribution, conveyance, and application of irrigation water.

• Appropriate for:

o Farm-scale irrigation investment and management decisions

o Design of irrigation conveyance and application systems

o “real-time” M&E of irrigation system operational performance

• Limitations:

o Does not account for the capture and reuse of water within broader hydrologic systems (e.g., basins)

o Can lead to incorrect water allocation and investment decisions, faulty public policy at the basin scale

Definitions: Irrigation Efficiency:

• Defined: estimated water requirement (m3) relative to water applied or withdrawn (m3) from a source.

• Application: to assess “losses” in the distribution, conveyance, and application of irrigation water.

• Appropriate for:

o Farm-scale irrigation investment and management decisions

o Design of irrigation conveyance and application systems

o “real-time” M&E of irrigation system operational performance

• Limitations:

o Does not account for the capture and reuse of water within broader hydrologic systems (e.g., basins)

o Can lead to incorrect water allocation and investment decisions, faulty public policy at the basin scale

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• Defined: Output (in kg, $, or kcal) in relation to water use (in terms of water withdrawn, applied or consumed).

• Application: To assess water allocation including accounting for:

o Multiple sources of water

o Multiple scales

o Multiple, sequential (re)use within a basin.

• Appropriate for:

o Water allocation decisions between uses (basin and farm scale)

o Post-season performance assessment of irrigated agriculture

• Limitations:

o Not applicable for operational management decisions

o More complex to evaluate

Definitions: Water productivity:

Molden 1997

• Defined: Output (in kg, $, or kcal) in relation to water use (in terms of water withdrawn, applied or consumed).

• Application: To assess water allocation including accounting for:

o Multiple sources of water

o Multiple scales

o Multiple, sequential (re)use within a basin.

• Appropriate for:

o Water allocation decisions between uses (basin and farm scale)

o Post-season performance assessment of irrigated agriculture

• Limitations:

o Not applicable for operational management decisions

o More complex to evaluate

Definitions: Water productivity:

Molden 1997

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OBJECTIVES OF IRRIGATION: Simply:

i. provide essential moisture and transport of essential nutrients for plant growth, and

ii. leach and/or dilute salts in the soil

MODERNIZATION IS THE:

“Process of upgrading infrastructure, operations and management of irrigation and drainage systems to sustain the water delivery service requirements of farmersand optimize production and water productivity.”

Source: - Lance Gore, Arnaud Cauchois (ADB), Beau Freeman, Mike Chegwin (Lahmeyer), Ian Makin (IWMI), September 2015

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MODERNIZATION

• Understand the real constraints before investing– MASCOTTE – FAO guidelines on modernization of irrigation service:

• What level of water delivery service does the system currently provide?

• What hardware (infrastructure) and software (operational procedures, institutional setup, etc.) features affect this level of service?

• What improvements in the various components could make a significant difference in service delivery to users?

• Manage Irrigation Assets for long-term performance

– Current practice tends towards deferred maintenance (build-ignore-rehabilitate-ignore)

• Expand use of ICT to improve information and decision making

Innovations

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Key message

Improving agricultural performance in irrigation requires:

• Capacity at farms and fields;

• Technologies to improve operation of canals and drains;

• Enhanced management of irrigation services

• Leadership and integrated actions

INNOVATIONS – FARM AND FIELD

• Surface irrigation often performs poorly, but:

– Improved farmer knowledge and simple tools work;

– Laser grading and levelling can transform performance and reduce energy costs;

– Sprinkler, drip and trickle systems can reduce labour, fertilizer and water requirements.

• On-farm storage and/or access to groundwater enables farmers to get better performance from irrigation services

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INNOVATIONS – FARM AND FIELD

• Surface irrigation often performs poorly, but:

– Improved farmer knowledge and simple tools work;

– Laser grading and levelling can transform performance and reduce energy costs;

– Sprinkler, drip and trickle systems can reduce labour, fertilizer and water requirements.

• On-farm storage and/or access to groundwater enables farmers to get better performance from irrigation services

Laser levelling

Zero tillage

BUT IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGY ARE NOT HOMOGENOUS

Different farms – different benefits

Ahmad et al., 2007

Different technologies – different benefits

Water Labor Fertilizer

SMALL MEDIUM LARGE ALL FARMS

Cropping intensity (%) before and after adoption of conservation agriculture

Cro

pp

ing

Inte

nsi

ty

Lesson: When examining water productivity’s contributions to broader development objectives, we must look not only at the overall benefits but also their distribution and trade-offs.

176 %

198 %

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INNOVATIONS – SYSTEM OPERATIONS

Technology can:

• Provide real-time data

• Remote operations

• Improved access to information

• Offer new tools for manual system operations

INNOVATIONS – SYSTEM OPERATIONS

Technology can:

• Provide real-time data

• Remote operations

• Improved access to information

• Offer new tools for manual system operations

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MODERNIZING IRRIGATION SERVICES

Time

Man

agem

ent

effo

rt

Simple flood irrigation:

• Construct channels

• Flood land

Supply orientated management:

• Fix cropping at design stage

• Enforce designed cropping pattern

• Control by level, maintain FSL in main canals

Modern management:

• Agree cropping pattern with water users at

start of season based on available water

supply

• Schedule to match demands

• Measure and monitor allocations

• Assess performance

Additional effort

required to move from

one level to the next

Burton, Martin. 2011. Water Management in India: Options for Change. Presentation at the 2011 FAO Investment Days Meeting, December 15-17.

IMPROVING IRRIGATION PERFORMANCE

• Requires:

– strengthening links between main system and farmers' fields.

– problems identified by Chambers, Cernea in 1980s -Still is an issue

– Results

• Expansion of groundwater use and local storage

• Poor cost recovery, etc, etc

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IMPROVING IRRIGATION PERFORMANCE

• But the solutions are not isolated in system O&M, but require:

– Leadership to:

• Set and support clear objectives for system managers and operators

• Provide timely resources for operations, maintenance and repairs

• Rewards for performance

Conclusions

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Improving irrigation performance:

– will not automatically and/or substantially reduce (& may increase) agricultural water consumption!

– should enable reduced diversions from water bodies – reducing impacts on flow-regimes

– will reduce return flows and agricultural pollution (lost agrichemicals)

– must increase farmers livelihoods and food security

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Thank You

Ian W Makin

[email protected]

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