Upload
duonghanh
View
230
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Appropriate Arsenic Mitigation Strategies for Rural Bihar
1
Ashok Ghosh
A.N.College, Patna
2
High arsenic release byMining Activity - Anthropogenic
High arsenic concentrationin groundwater - Geogenic
Arsenic – Global Distribution
Origin of arsenic crisis in Indian subcontinent [switching from surface water to underground water]
www.ancollege.org
East ChamparanSitamarhi Madhubani
SupaulAraria
Kishanganj
Purnia
Katihar
Darbhanga
Muzaffarpur
Sheohar
Saran
Siwan
Vaishali Samastipur Saharsa
Madhepura
Gopalganj
Bhojpur
RohtasKaimur
Buxar Patna
Jehanabad
GayaAurangabad
Nalanda
Nawada
Jamui
Banka
Munger
Lakhisarai
Sheikhpura
Begusarai
Bhagalpur
Khagaria
West Champaran
Arsenic Map of Bihar - 2002
1 Arsenic Affected District
www.ancollege.org
East ChamparanSitamarhi Madhubani
SupaulAraria
Kishanganj
Purnia
Katihar
Darbhanga
Muzaffarpur
Sheohar
Saran
Siwan
Vaishali Samastipur Saharsa
Madhepura
Gopalganj
Bhojpur
RohtasKaimur
Buxar Patna
Jehanabad
GayaAurangabad
Nalanda
Nawada
Jamui
Banka
Munger
Lakhisarai
Sheikhpura
Begusarai
Bhagalpur
Khagaria
West Champaran
Arsenic Map of Bihar -2004
2 Arsenic Affected Districts
www.ancollege.org
East ChamparanSitamarhi Madhubani
SupaulAraria
Kishanganj
Purnia
Katihar
Darbhanga
Muzaffarpur
Sheohar
Saran
Siwan
Vaishali Samastipur Saharsa
Madhepura
Gopalganj
Bhojpur
RohtasKaimur
Buxar Patna
Jehanabad
GayaAurangabad
Nalanda
Nawada
Jamui
Banka
Munger
Lakhisarai
Sheikhpura
Begusarai
Bhagalpur
Khagaria
West Champaran
Arsenic Map of Bihar -2005
4 Arsenic Affected Districts
www.ancollege.org
East ChamparanSitamarhi Madhubani
SupaulAraria
Kishanganj
Purnia
Katihar
Darbhanga
Muzaffarpur
Sheohar
Saran
Siwan
Vaishali Samastipur Saharsa
Madhepura
Gopalganj
Bhojpur
RohtasKaimur
Buxar Patna
Jehanabad
GayaAurangabad
Nalanda
Nawada
Jamui
Banka
Munger
Lakhisarai
Sheikhpura
Begusarai
Bhagalpur
Khagaria
West Champaran
Arsenic Map of Bihar -2007
12 Arsenic Affected Districts
www.ancollege.org
East ChamparanSitamarhi Madhubani
SupaulAraria
Kishanganj
Purnia
Katihar
Darbhanga
Muzaffarpur
Sheohar
Saran
Siwan
Vaishali Samastipur Saharsa
Madhepura
Gopalganj
Bhojpur
RohtasKaimur
Buxar Patna
Jehanabad
GayaAurangabad
Nalanda
Nawada
Jamui
Banka
Munger
Lakhisarai
Sheikhpura
Begusarai
Bhagalpur
Khagaria
West Champaran
Arsenic Map of Bihar -2009
16 Arsenic Affected Districts
East Champaran Sitamarhi Madhubani
Supaul Araria
Kishanganj
Purnia
Katihar
Darbhanga
Muzaffarpur
Sheohar
Saran
Siwan
Vaishali Samastipur Saharsa
Madhepura
Gopalganj
Bhojpur
Rohtas Kaimur
Buxar Patna
Jehanabad
Gaya Aurangabad
Nalanda
Nawada
Jamui
Banka
Munger
Lakhisarai
Sheikhpura
Begusarai
Bhagalpur
Khagaria
West Champaran
Arsenic Map of Bihar -2011
18 Arsenic Affected Districts
Gang
a
Kos
i
Ben
gal B
asin
NEPAL
Kosi Allu
vial Fan
Indian Craton
BIHAR - Play Ground of
Rivers
Arsenic in Bihar
Two highly contaminat
ed zones
Population Exposed to arsenic laced water in Bihar• Bihar shows a large spatial variability in
arsenic concentration in the upper 50 m
of Holocene fluvial sediments in the
Ganges channel belt.
• As per our database an estimated 24% of the population of Bihar is exposed directly or indirectly to arsenic-contaminated drinking and irrigation water.
BIHAR FINDINGS 36,680 hand pumps tested -35%
had arsenic contaminated water of >10 ppb.
Highest As. Value Recorded – 1861 ppb
A total of 18 Bihar districts (< 65 blocks) are affected by high level of arsenic in the groundwater
Trivalent arsenic 87 % in ground water of Bihar
Worst-affected districts are Bhojpur, Bhagalpur, Buxar, Patna, Vaishali, Khagaria and Samastipur.
Arsenic has entered food chain through irrigation water
Hand Pump with Arsenic Concentration of 1861 ppb
Bihar Findings………. Considerable differences exist in the hydro-geochemistry between
the different geologic/geomorphic terrains
Younger Alluviums (80%) and Himalayan Piedmonts (75%) have the most As contaminated groundwater
Pre-Cenozoic samples don’t have any As >5 µ g/L
Groundwater in all terrains are mostly Ca-HCO3 type
Pre-Cenozoic Metamorphic and Younger Alluviums have the highest concentrations of Ca and HCO3
Younger Alluviums are more influenced by carbonate dissolution than Silica weathering
Bihar Findings…..
Younger Alluviums and Himalyan Piedmonts have higher concentrations of redox-sensitive solutes (e.g As, Fe, Mn, NH4)
Fe(II) and As(III) are the predominant Fe and As species in all terrains
Younger Alluviums only show possible genetic relationship between Fe(II) and As(III)
The groundwater in all terrains are probably in equilibrium with surface water stable isotope chemistry
Arsenic in food chain
of BiharFood Chain
Maize:Total As - 0.24 ug As g-1
Rice - 0.36 ug As g-1
Irrigation Tube well =As 980 ppb
Arsenic Ingestion Routes
•Drinking Water
•Irrigation Water - Food Chain
•Burning Cowdung Cake
Consequences of arsenicosis (Health )
Health consequences
Dermatological
Respiratory
Gastrointestinal
Cardiovascular
Hepatic
Neurological
Haematological
Renal
Mutagenesis
Reproductive
Cancer
Mental health
www.ancollege.org
Ram Ashan Panday – Ex Army Man – Developed Symptoms after his Return to native village - Panday Tola,Bhojpur
Gift of home coming………Keratosis
Keratosis
www.ancollege.org
Diffuse and Spotted Keratosis on Palm
www.ancollege.org
Gift of home coming……
Kisan PandayEx army man developed symptoms after his return to native village,PandayTola,Bhojpur six years ago.
Keratosis
www.ancollege.org
Wife of Munna Panday [25 years oldwith 4 children] –Arsenicosis with low Blood Pressure – Panday Tola,Bhojpur,Bihar
Low Blood Pressure and Anemic
www.ancollege.org
Aunty of Munna Panday [45 years] – Panday Tola,Bhojpur,Bihar
And Anaemia – Panday Tola ,Bihar
Arsenicosis with Low BP
www.ancollege.org
Anuj Panday ofPanday Tola withearly symptom ofarsenicosis hasvery high BP and depression - due to uncertain future??
Hypertension – Depression
www.ancollege.org
Arsenic Patients – Bhaglpur- Kahalgaon
www.ancollege.org
Arsenic Patients – Khagaria
www.ancollege.org
Arsenic Patients – Bhaglpur- Pirpainti
Management of arsenicosis
Arsenic free safe water Dietary Supplement and anti-oxidant
fruits/vegetables/protein is important along with application of ointment (5 – 20% Urea and salicylic)
Complicated cases like skin cancer, ulcer, gangrene needs specialized medical and surgical management
Social, economic and physical rehabilitation. Mass community awareness and support to develop
community based rehabilitation system.
Arsenic Mitigation Options
Arsenic mitigation strategies and sustainability
Pond
Surface
•Pollution•Accessibility•Acceptability
Low
Rainwater harvesting
Rain
•Collection•Preservation
•Seasonal variability
Low
Dug well
Sub-surface
•Bacterial contamination•Acceptability
Better
Options
Water source
Problems
Feasibility
Arsenic mitigation strategies and ……………
Deep tube well
Deep aquifers
•Uncertain•Expensive
Better but…….
Piped water
Deep aquifers/treated Surface water
•Expensive•No infrastructure
Low
Arsenic removal filters
Arsenic contaminated water
•Effectiveness?•Expensive
•Environmentally problematic
Better
Options
Water source
Problems
Feasibility
Most of mitigation strategies have failed in Bihar
REDUNDENT RAINWATERHARVESTING UNIT
REDUNDENT RESTORED OPEN WELL
DEFUNCT OVERHEAD TANK TO TAPSAFE AQUIFER
Arsenic Removal community Filters - Defunct
www.ancollege.org
Ganga River Piped Water Scheme launched by GoB at Bhojpur
Rs.53 Crore GoB initiative in Bhojpur
• Ganga Water supply after treatment • Dependent on electric power , a scarce commodity in Bihar• Ganga is shifting from its current location as per our studies
All of afore-mentioned schemes, though well-conceived, could not be sustained The required structures for these mitigation schemes are being
constructed randomly, and are insufficient for the dense population.
Water quality monitoring units exist at Panchayat level, but there is a lack of follow-up action and lack of communication between the Panchayats. Hence the concept of a decentralised, demand driven water quality initiatives is being compromised.
Failure of the authorities to undertake monitoring and maintenance work in the post-construction phase has rendered the projects defunct.
District-level water quality monitoring laboratories are not well equipped.
All of afore-mentioned schemes………
There is a lack of awareness and sensitization to arsenic contamination, and lack of ownership among the largely illiterate population.
These factors have been the biggest contributory factors towards the absence of public participation in these government schemes.
Community mobilisation is the sole answer to proper implementation of these schemes, in which private ownership is to be promoted.
Sustainable arsenic mitigation technologies for rural population
[possible alternatives]
Possible alternative I: Gravity driven filter Gravity Driven Filter not
dependent on electricity Adsorbent based filter
developed by Aquapal,Sweden
Easy to maintain Easy to operate – 7
liters/hour Reduces arsenic from 600
ppb to > 10 ppb Low cost Household level water
supply
Possible alternative II: community-based wellhead arsenic removal unit – Adsorption based technology
Developed and Tested by Lehigh University, USA & A.N. College, Patna
A. N. College, Patna with the help of Lehigh University in Bethlehem has installed a community-based wellhead arsenic removal unit in a remote village of Bihar – Ramnagar, Maner
The unit is based on adsorption technology developed by Lehigh University, USA. The project has been funded by Tagore - Sen Gupta Foundation.
This unit is serving about 200 households of this village with approximately 7,000 litres of treated water produced per day, supplying nearly 1,000 villagers with arsenic-safe water.
This unit can provide water without requiring electricity or external addition of chemicals.
Possible alternative III -Arsenic remediation by decentralized Reverse Osmosis treatment
39
40
Arsenic Remova l- Double RO system
98 % Arsenic Removal
98 % Iron Removal
Abbildung 7: Wasserversorgungssystem Bind Toli [5]
Arsenic reduction throughout the system, Bind Toli Iron reduction throughout the system, Bind Toli
Possible Alternative III- TRADITIONAL DUGWELLS
Courtesy : Vishwanath Srikantaiah
AQUIFER - 1 (unconfined) <50 feet
AQUIFER - 2 Arsenic Contaminated
AQUIFER - 3 Arsenic Free
Dugwell
Dug Well in arsenic free zone
TRADITIONAL DUGWELLS PROPERLY SANITIZED [Project Well Initiative]
The pvc pipe is shortened after
insertion
Interior of the dugwell
The delivery pipe is flexible for self adjustable
water level
Possible Alternative IV- Bore-dugwell & Borewell
Bore-dugwell pvc pipe length - 20ft Borewell pvc pipe length - 30ft dia
(both have 10 ft of filter/perforated pipe)
© 2011 Peer Water Exchange 46
The Peer Water Exchange Addresses This Challenge
UNRESOLVED ISSUES RELATING TO ARSENIC CONTAMINATED DRINKING
WATER SOURCES Research into Arsenic speciation, mobilization largely
fragmented and repetitive Almost entire investigation into the hydro-geological
aspects of arsenic contaminated aquifers have been confined to Bengal basin, the geological variations along the entire river basins warranting immediate attention.
Lack of knowledge and medical infrastructure relating to diagnosis and treatment of arsenicosis.
Lack of comprehensive database on arsenic contaminated aquifers and its implications
Lack of maintenance and monitoring of mitigation structures
Lack of Community Participation in arsenic mitigation
YES Water resource matters
because survival of this civilization matters !
THANKS