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6/19/2010
1
Appropriate postharvest technology
Michael Reid, Lisa Kitinoja
& Adel Kader
Postharvest Short Course
Davis, 2010
Postharvest operations
• Harvest and preparation for market• CuringCuring• Packinghouse operations• Packing and packaging materials• Decay and insect control• Temperature and relative humidity control• StorageT i• Transportation
• Handling at destination• Food safety practices
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Harvest and preparation for market
• Small‐scale producers’ advantage ‐ intelligent harvest– Earlier (succulent vegetables)
– Later (tree‐ripe fruits)
– More often (all products –better, more uniform maturity)
• Harvest carefully, use simple y, pimplements– Shears, knives, clippers, ladders, poles
Maturity standards
• Simple maturity indices are often very ff tieffective
– Shape/size
– Color charts
– Refractrometer
– Firmness testerFirmness tester
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Harvest containers
• Buckets or crates better than soft bags
• Small containers better than large bins
• Harvest and pack in field where possible
Packinghouse operations• Dumping
• Pre‐sorting
Cl i• Cleaning
• Waxing
• Sizing/sorting
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Packing and packaging material
– Local materials are often rough, and unsanitary
C t i b if– Containers may be non‐uniform
– Fiberboard, returnable crates
`
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Decay and insect control
• Good management during production
– Field sanitation
• Care, cleanliness postharvest
• Simple sanitation, NaOCl
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Temperature and relative humidity control
• Measure and RECORD
• Shade to reduce solar heating• Shade to reduce solar heating
• Mechanical refrigeration is the optimal technology– Coolbot
– Forced air pre‐coolers
• Evaporative coolers can work
• Night air cooling
• Well water
• High altitude
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The Coolbot
Storage
• Best not to!
• Store on the plant• Store on the plant
• Clamps
• Night air storage
• Cave storage
M h i l f i ti• Mechanical refrigeration
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Transportation• Critical link
• Major source of loss
T l• Temperature control
– Passive
– Active
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Food safety practices
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What is the Horticulture CRSP?Funded by USAID in 2009, the UC Davis Horticulture Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) provides funds for US Universities and their international partners to conduct research and outreach to improve incomes and health of the rural poor through high value horticulture, with a particular focus on reducing postharvest losses.
Gates project – proposed interventions
• Improved containers to better protect produce from damage
• Providing shade to reduce temperature and provide a natural source of cooling
• Improved field packing methods during harvest to reduce handling damage and add value
• Improved Curing of root and tuber cropsI d i i U f• Improved sanitation: Use of water disinfection methods and other sanitation procedures
• Effective insect control: Disinfestation and protection against reinfestation
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Shading to Shading to Protect Produce Protect Produce from the Sunfrom the Sun
Proposed Interventions‐2
• Low cost cooling methods: Evaporative forced air cooling or hydro‐cooling with well watera coo g o yd o coo g t e ate
• Low energy cool storage practices (bricks and sand model cool chambers, "pot‐in‐pot" designs)
• Small‐scale cool transport• Cool & Ship portable forced air coolerp p• Small‐scale Cold room with CoolBot• Alternative cooling technologies
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Refrigerated Truck
Proposed Interventions‐3• Improved ripening practices: Methods to slow or speed ripening of fruits
• Improved solar drying methods: low‐cost, low‐technology solar drying methodstechnology solar drying methods
• Improved small scale food processing methods: low‐cost, low‐technology food processing methods
• Production practices that affect postharvest losses and qualityq y
• Marketing strategies that help maintain quality and reduce postharvest losses
• Extension and training strategies for outreach and promotion of appropriate postharvest technologies
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Strategies for Improving Handling of Fresh Produce Worldwide
• Application of current knowledge to improve the handling
t f h ti lt l i h bl d th i litsystems of horticultural perishables and assure their quality
and safety
• Removing the socioeconomic constraints, such as
inadequacies of infrastructure, poor marketing systems, and
weak R&D capacity.
• Overcoming the limitations of small‐scale operations by
encouraging consolidation and vertical integration among
producers and marketers of each commodity or group of
commodities.
Reducing Postharvest Losses by 50% by 2025 is an attainable goal
Reducing land, chemical, energy and other inputs needed for production of agronomic and horticultural crops
Conserving natural resources (land, water, energy, etc.) and protecting the environment