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Approximation Schemes for the Restricted Shortest Path Problem Hauptvortrag. Mai 28, 2018 Mazen Ebada KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association I NSTITUTE OF T HEORETICAL I NFORMATICS · ALGORITHMICS GROUP www.kit.edu Betreuer : Tobias Z¨ undorf

Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

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Page 1: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Approximation Schemes for the Restricted Shortest Path Problem

Hauptvortrag. Mai 28, 2018Mazen Ebada

KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg andNational Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association

INSTITUTE OF THEORETICAL INFORMATICS · ALGORITHMICS GROUP

www.kit.edu

Betreuer : Tobias Zundorf

Page 2: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Gliederung

Definition

Erstes FPTAS ( Rounding) von Komplexitat :

O(log(log(B)) . (|E|(n/ε) + log(log(B))

Zweites FPTAS (Interval Partitioning) von Komplexitat :O(|E|(n2/ε) . log(n/ε))

”Partition” Hilfsmethode fur das zweite FPTAS

Zwei exakte Pseudopolyomial-Algorithmen

”TEST(V)” Hilfsmethode fur das erste FPTAS

1

Page 3: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Definition

Gegeben : Graph G = (V,E) mit Knotenmenge V = {1, .... ,n} undKantenmange E, wobei jede Kante hat lange und Ubergangszeit ti j .

Gesucht : Der kurzeste Weg von einem Knoten zum anderen mit einerUbergangszeit ≤ T fur ein gegebenes T.

ci j ti j .

2

Page 4: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Definition

Gegeben : Graph G = (V,E) mit Knotenmenge V = {1, .... ,n} undKantenmange E, wobei jede Kante hat lange und Ubergangszeit ti j .

Gesucht : Der kurzeste Weg von einem Knoten zum anderen mit einerUbergangszeit ≤ T fur ein gegebenes T.

Z

ci j

S Z

ti j .

2

Page 5: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Definition

Gegeben : Graph G = (V,E) mit Knotenmenge V = {1, .... ,n} undKantenmange E, wobei jede Kante hat lange und Ubergangszeit ti j .

Gesucht : Der kurzeste Weg von einem Knoten zum anderen mit einerUbergangszeit ≤ T fur ein gegebenes T.

(5, )

(7,

) (7,)

(3,)

(4, )

(9,)

(1, )

(11, )

(7, )

(3,

)

(5,)

(10,)

Z

(4,

)

ci j

S Z

ti j .

2

Page 6: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Definition

Gegeben : Graph G = (V,E) mit Knotenmenge V = {1, .... ,n} undKantenmange E, wobei jede Kante hat lange und Ubergangszeit ti j .

Gesucht : Der kurzeste Weg von einem Knoten zum anderen mit einerUbergangszeit ≤ T fur ein gegebenes T.

(5, )

(7,

) (7,)

(3,)

(4, )

(9,)

(1, )

(11, )

(7, )

(3,

)

(5,)

(10,)

3

2 110

8

1

15176

8

6

20

Z

4(4

,)

ci j

S Z

ti j .

2

Page 7: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Definition

Gegeben : Graph G = (V,E) mit Knotenmenge V = {1, .... ,n} undKantenmange E, wobei jede Kante hat lange und Ubergangszeit ti j .

Gesucht : Der kurzeste Weg von einem Knoten zum anderen mit einerUbergangszeit ≤ T fur ein gegebenes T.

(5, )

(7,

) (7,)

(3,)

(4, )

(9,)

(1, )

(11, )

(7, )

(3,

)

(5,)

(10,)

3

2 110

8

1

15176

8

6

20

Z

4(4

,)

ci j

S Z

Denken Sie an einen Autofahrer, der so schnell

wie moglich sein Ziel mit seinem Elektroauto

erreichen will und (gleichzeitig!) eine bestimmte

Menge von Elektrizitat nicht uberschreitet

ti j .

2

Page 8: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Definition - (2)

Shortest Path ProblemRestricted Shortest Path Problem With T = 25Restricted Shortest Path Problem With T = 20...

(5, )(7

,) (7,

)

(3,)

(4, )

(9,)

(1, )

(11, )

(7, )

(3,

)

(5,)

(10,)

32 1

10

8

1

15

176

8

6

20

Z

4

(4,

)

ZS

3

Page 9: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Definition - (2)

Shortest Path ProblemRestricted Shortest Path Problem With T = 25Restricted Shortest Path Problem With T = 20...

Shortest Path Problem

(5, )(7

,) (7,

)

(3,)

(4, )

(9,)

(1, )

(11, )

(7, )

(3,

)

(5,)

(10,)

32 1

10

8

1

15

176

8

6

20

Z

4

(4,

)

ZS

OPT = 13

3

Page 10: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Definition - (2)

Shortest Path ProblemRestricted Shortest Path Problem With T = 25Restricted Shortest Path Problem With T = 20...Restricted Shortest Path Problem With T = 25

(5, )(7

,) (7,

)

(3,)

(4, )

(9,)

(1, )

(11, )

(7, )

(3,

)

(5,)

(10,)

32 1

10

8

1

15

176

8

6

20

Z

4

(4,

)

ZS

OPT = 13OPT = 14OPT = 13

3

Page 11: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Definition - (2)

Shortest Path ProblemRestricted Shortest Path Problem With T = 25Restricted Shortest Path Problem With T = 20...Restricted Shortest Path Problem With T = 20

(5, )(7

,) (7,

)

(3,)

(4, )

(9,)

(1, )

(11, )

(7, )

(3,

)

(5,)

(10,)

32 1

10

8

1

15

176

8

6

20

Z

4

(4,

)

ZS

OPT = 13OPT = 14OPT = 19OPT = 14OPT = 13

3

Page 12: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Pseudopolynomial Algorithmen

Es gibt sind zwei Pseudopolynomial Algorithmenfur das problem

Aber, was ist ” Pseudopolynomial” ?

4

Page 13: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Pseduopolynomial Zeit

Was ist polynomial zeit ?Generale Intuition : Zeit O(nk ) fur einige k, und Eingabegroße n

5

Page 14: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Pseduopolynomial Zeit

Was ist polynomial zeit ?Generale Intuition : Zeit O(nk ) fur einige k, und Eingabegroße n

Aber gilt das fur den Algorithmus, der in O(n4) testet ob n einePrimzahl ist? Nein!

5

Page 15: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Pseduopolynomial Zeit

Was ist polynomial zeit ?Generale Intuition : Zeit O(nk ) fur einige k, und Eingabegroße n

Aber gilt das fur den Algorithmus, der in O(n4) testet ob n einePrimzahl ist? Nein!

Um n darzustellen, brauchen wir O(log(n)) bitsSei x die Anzahl von Bits, die benotigt werden, um n darzustellen

D.h. n = 2x O(24x )

5

Page 16: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Pseduopolynomial Zeit

Was ist polynomial zeit ?Generale Intuition : Zeit O(nk ) fur einige k, und Eingabegroße n

Aber gilt das fur den Algorithmus, der in O(n4) testet ob n einePrimzahl ist? Nein!

Um n darzustellen, brauchen wir O(log(n)) bitsSei x die Anzahl von Bits, die benotigt werden, um n darzustellen

D.h. n = 2x O(24x )

Zeit O(nk ) fur einige k, wobei n ist die Anzahl der Bits, die zumAusgeben die Eingabe erforderlich sind

Polynomial Zeit

5

Page 17: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Pseudopolynomial Zeit

Die Laufzeit ist ein Polynom im numerischen Wert der Eingabe undnicht in der Anzahl der Bits, die fur die Darstellung benotigt werden

Pseudopolynomial

6

Page 18: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Pseudopolynomial Zeit

Die Laufzeit ist ein Polynom im numerischen Wert der Eingabe undnicht in der Anzahl der Bits, die fur die Darstellung benotigt werden

Pseudopolynomial

In vielen Fallen sind Pseudopolynomialzeitalgorithmen in Ordnung→ wenn eine obere Grenze bekannt ist

6

Page 19: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Pseudopolynomial Zeit

Die Laufzeit ist ein Polynom im numerischen Wert der Eingabe undnicht in der Anzahl der Bits, die fur die Darstellung benotigt werden

Pseudopolynomial

In vielen Fallen sind Pseudopolynomialzeitalgorithmen in Ordnung→ wenn eine obere Grenze bekannt ist

Beispiel : Counting-Sort mit Laufzeit O(n+U)( n : Große des Arrays, U : Die großte Zahl im Array)

6

Page 20: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Pseudopolynomial Zeit

Die Laufzeit ist ein Polynom im numerischen Wert der Eingabe undnicht in der Anzahl der Bits, die fur die Darstellung benotigt werden

Pseudopolynomial

In vielen Fallen sind Pseudopolynomialzeitalgorithmen in Ordnung→ wenn eine obere Grenze bekannt ist

Beispiel : Counting-Sort mit Laufzeit O(n+U)( n : Große des Arrays, U : Die großte Zahl im Array)

U beschranken→ Laufzeit von O(n)

6

Page 21: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Pseudopolynomial Algorithmen

Es gibt sind zwei Pseudopolynomial Algorithmenfur das problem

Aber, was ist ” Pseudopolynomial” ?

7

Page 22: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Pseudopolynomial Algorithmen

Es gibt sind zwei Pseudopolynomial Algorithmenfur das problem

Aber, was ist ” Pseudopolynomial” ?

Dynamische Programmierung A mit Laufzeit O(|E|T)

Dynamische Programmierung B mit Laufzeit O(|E|OPT)

wobei OPT is die Lange des kurzesten 1-n T-Wegs

7

Page 23: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Abkurzungen und Annahmen

Vor wir anfangen :

ci j → lange von Kante zwischen i und j

8

Page 24: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Abkurzungen und Annahmen

Vor wir anfangen :

ci j → lange von Kante zwischen i und j

ti j → ubergangszeit von Kante zwischen i und j

8

Page 25: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Abkurzungen und Annahmen

Vor wir anfangen :

ci j → lange von Kante zwischen i und j

ti j → ubergangszeit von Kante zwischen i und j

Annahme : Langen und Ubergangszeiten werden positive undganze Zahlen

8

Page 26: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Abkurzungen und Annahmen

Vor wir anfangen :

ci j → lange von Kante zwischen i und j

ti j → ubergangszeit von Kante zwischen i und j

Annahme : Langen und Ubergangszeiten werden positive undganze Zahlen

c(S)→ summe von Langen von den Kanten in Set S.

8

Page 27: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Abkurzungen und Annahmen

Vor wir anfangen :

ci j → lange von Kante zwischen i und j

ti j → ubergangszeit von Kante zwischen i und j

Annahme : Langen und Ubergangszeiten werden positive undganze Zahlen

c(S)→ summe von Langen von den Kanten in Set S.

t(S)→ summe von Ubergangzeiten von den Kanten in Set S.

8

Page 28: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Abkurzungen und Annahmen

Vor wir anfangen :

ci j → lange von Kante zwischen i und j

ti j → ubergangszeit von Kante zwischen i und j

Annahme : Langen und Ubergangszeiten werden positive undganze Zahlen

c(S)→ summe von Langen von den Kanten in Set S.

t(S)→ summe von Ubergangzeiten von den Kanten in Set S.

Annahme : der Graph ist azyklisch.

8

Page 29: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Abkurzungen und Annahmen

Vor wir anfangen :

ci j → lange von Kante zwischen i und j

ti j → ubergangszeit von Kante zwischen i und j

Annahme : Langen und Ubergangszeiten werden positive undganze Zahlen

c(S)→ summe von Langen von den Kanten in Set S.

t(S)→ summe von Ubergangzeiten von den Kanten in Set S.

Annahme : der Graph ist azyklisch.

Die Erweiterung auf allgemeine Graphen ist unkompliziert

8

Page 30: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Algorithmus A Laufzeit O(|E |T)

Wir nehmen an, dass die Knoten so nummeriert sind, dass Kante (i, j) ∈E impliziert dass i < j ist. Das kann in O(|E |) gemacht werden

Algorithm A. ( Denote by fj (t) the length of a shortest 1 - j t-path )f1(t) = 0, t = 0,..., T.fj (0) =∞, j = 2,..., n.fj (t) = min{fj (t − 1), mink|tkj≤t{fk (t − tkj ) + ckj}}

j = 2,...n , t = 1,...,T

9

Page 31: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Algorithmus A Laufzeit O(|E |T)

Wir nehmen an, dass die Knoten so nummeriert sind, dass Kante (i, j) ∈E impliziert dass i < j ist. Das kann in O(|E |) gemacht werden

( , )

( , )

( , )( , )( , )

S

S

Z

3

41

5

1

33

2

2

6

Algorithm A. ( Denote by fj (t) the length of a shortest 1 - j t-path )f1(t) = 0, t = 0,..., T.fj (0) =∞, j = 2,..., n.fj (t) = min{fj (t − 1), mink|tkj≤t{fk (t − tkj ) + ckj}}

j = 2,...n , t = 1,...,T

9

Page 32: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Algorithmus A Laufzeit O(|E |T)

Wir nehmen an, dass die Knoten so nummeriert sind, dass Kante (i, j) ∈E impliziert dass i < j ist. Das kann in O(|E |) gemacht werden

( , )

( , )

( , )( , )( , )

S

S

Z

( , )

( , )

( , )( , )( , )

1

4

2

3

O(|E |)

Sei T = 5

3 3

41

5

1 1

1453 333

2 2

6

22

6

Algorithm A. ( Denote by fj (t) the length of a shortest 1 - j t-path )f1(t) = 0, t = 0,..., T.fj (0) =∞, j = 2,..., n.fj (t) = min{fj (t − 1), mink|tkj≤t{fk (t − tkj ) + ckj}}

j = 2,...n , t = 1,...,T

9

Page 33: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Algorithmus A Laufzeit O(|E |T)

Sei T = 5

( , )

( , )

( , )( , )( , )

1

4

2

3

3

1

145 33

2

6

2

Algorithm A. ( Denote by fj (t) the length of a shortest 1 - j t-path )f1(t) = 0, t = 0,..., T.fj (0) =∞, j = 2,..., n.fj (t) = min{fj (t − 1), mink|tkj≤t{fk (t − tkj ) + ckj}}

j = 2,...n , t = 1,...,T

9

Page 34: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Algorithmus A Laufzeit O(|E |T)

t=0 t=1 t=2 t=3 t=4 t=5j=1 0 0 0 0 0 0j=2 ∞ ∞ 3 3 3 3j=3 ∞ ∞ ∞ 5 5 5j=4 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 6

Sei T = 5

( , )

( , )

( , )( , )( , )

1

4

2

3

3

1

145 33

2

6

2

Algorithm A. ( Denote by fj (t) the length of a shortest 1 - j t-path )f1(t) = 0, t = 0,..., T.fj (0) =∞, j = 2,..., n.fj (t) = min{fj (t − 1), mink|tkj≤t{fk (t − tkj ) + ckj}}

j = 2,...n , t = 1,...,T

9

Page 35: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Algorithmus A Laufzeit O(|E |T)

t=0 t=1 t=2 t=3 t=4 t=5j=1 0 0 0 0 0 0j=2 ∞ ∞ 3 3 3 3j=3 ∞ ∞ ∞ 5 5 5j=4 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 6

Sei T = 5

( , )

( , )

( , )( , )( , )

1

4

2

3

3

1

145 33

2

6

2

Algorithm A. ( Denote by fj (t) the length of a shortest 1 - j t-path )f1(t) = 0, t = 0,..., T.fj (0) =∞, j = 2,..., n.fj (t) = min{fj (t − 1), mink|tkj≤t{fk (t − tkj ) + ckj}}

j = 2,...n , t = 1,...,T

9

Page 36: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Algorithmus A Laufzeit O(|E |T)

t=0 t=1 t=2 t=3 t=4 t=5j=1 0 0 0 0 0 0j=2 ∞ ∞ 3 3 3 3j=3 ∞ ∞ ∞ 5 5 5j=4 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 6

Sei T = 5

( , )

( , )

( , )( , )( , )

1

4

2

3

3

1

145 33

2

6

2

Algorithm A. ( Denote by fj (t) the length of a shortest 1 - j t-path )f1(t) = 0, t = 0,..., T.fj (0) =∞, j = 2,..., n.fj (t) = min{fj (t − 1), mink|tkj≤t{fk (t − tkj ) + ckj}}

j = 2,...n , t = 1,...,T

9

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Algorithmus A Laufzeit O(|E |T)

t=0 t=1 t=2 t=3 t=4 t=5j=1 0 0 0 0 0 0j=2 ∞ ∞ 3 3 3 3j=3 ∞ ∞ ∞ 5 5 5j=4 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 6

Sei T = 5

( , )

( , )

( , )( , )( , )

1

4

2

3

3

1

145 33

2

6

2

Algorithm A. ( Denote by fj (t) the length of a shortest 1 - j t-path )f1(t) = 0, t = 0,..., T.fj (0) =∞, j = 2,..., n.fj (t) = min{fj (t − 1), mink|tkj≤t{fk (t − tkj ) + ckj}}

j = 2,...n , t = 1,...,T

9

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Algorithmus B Laufzeit O(|E |OPT)

Algorithm B. (Denote by gj (c) the time of the quickest 1-j t-path with length is at most c)

g1(c) = 0, c = 0,..., OPT.gj (0) =∞, j = 2,..., n.gj (c) = min{gj (c − 1), mink|ckj≤c{gk (c − ckj ) + tkj}}

j = 2,...n , c = 1,....OPT

10

Page 39: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Algorithmus B Laufzeit O(|E |OPT)

( , )

( , )

( , )( , )( , )

S

Z

( , )

( , )

( , )( , )( , )

1

4

2

3

O(|E |)

Sei T = 5

3 3

41

5

1 1

1453 333

2 2

6

22

6

Algorithm B. (Denote by gj (c) the time of the quickest 1-j t-path with length is at most c)

g1(c) = 0, c = 0,..., OPT.gj (0) =∞, j = 2,..., n.gj (c) = min{gj (c − 1), mink|ckj≤c{gk (c − ckj ) + tkj}}

j = 2,...n , c = 1,....OPT

10

Page 40: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Algorithmus B Laufzeit O(|E |OPT)

Algorithm B. (Denote by gj (c) the time of the quickest 1-j t-path with length is at most c)

g1(c) = 0, c = 0,..., OPT.gj (0) =∞, j = 2,..., n.gj (c) = min{gj (c − 1), mink|ckj≤c{gk (c − ckj ) + tkj}}

j = 2,...n , c = 1,....OPT

Sei T = 5

( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

10

Page 41: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Algorithmus B Laufzeit O(|E |OPT)

OPT = min {c ‖ gn(c) ≤ T }.gn(c) wird von c = 1 bis zum ersten Wert von c berechnet, furden gilt gn(c) ≤ T

c=0 c=1 c=2 c=3 c=4 c=5 c=6j=1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0j=2 ∞ ∞ ∞ 2 2 2 2j=3 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 3 3j=4 ∞ 6 6 6 6 6 5

Algorithm B. (Denote by gj (c) the time of the quickest 1-j t-path with length is at most c)

g1(c) = 0, c = 0,..., OPT.gj (0) =∞, j = 2,..., n.gj (c) = min{gj (c − 1), mink|ckj≤c{gk (c − ckj ) + tkj}}

j = 2,...n , c = 1,....OPT

Sei T = 5

( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

10

Page 42: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Algorithmus B Laufzeit O(|E |OPT)

OPT = min {c ‖ gn(c) ≤ T }.gn(c) wird von c = 1 bis zum ersten Wert von c berechnet, furden gilt gn(c) ≤ T

c=0 c=1 c=2 c=3 c=4 c=5 c=6j=1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0j=2 ∞ ∞ ∞ 2 2 2 2j=3 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 3 3j=4 ∞ 6 6 6 6 6 5

Algorithm B. (Denote by gj (c) the time of the quickest 1-j t-path with length is at most c)

g1(c) = 0, c = 0,..., OPT.gj (0) =∞, j = 2,..., n.gj (c) = min{gj (c − 1), mink|ckj≤c{gk (c − ckj ) + tkj}}

j = 2,...n , c = 1,....OPT

Sei T = 5

( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

10

Page 43: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Algorithmus B Laufzeit O(|E |OPT)

OPT = min {c ‖ gn(c) ≤ T }.gn(c) wird von c = 1 bis zum ersten Wert von c berechnet, furden gilt gn(c) ≤ T

c=0 c=1 c=2 c=3 c=4 c=5 c=6j=1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0j=2 ∞ ∞ ∞ 2 2 2 2j=3 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 3 3j=4 ∞ 6 6 6 6 6 5

Algorithm B. (Denote by gj (c) the time of the quickest 1-j t-path with length is at most c)

g1(c) = 0, c = 0,..., OPT.gj (0) =∞, j = 2,..., n.gj (c) = min{gj (c − 1), mink|ckj≤c{gk (c − ckj ) + tkj}}

j = 2,...n , c = 1,....OPT

Sei T = 5

( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

10

Page 44: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Algorithmus B Laufzeit O(|E |OPT)

OPT = min {c ‖ gn(c) ≤ T }.gn(c) wird von c = 1 bis zum ersten Wert von c berechnet, furden gilt gn(c) ≤ T

c=0 c=1 c=2 c=3 c=4 c=5 c=6j=1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0j=2 ∞ ∞ ∞ 2 2 2 2j=3 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 3 3j=4 ∞ 6 6 6 6 6 5

Algorithm B. (Denote by gj (c) the time of the quickest 1-j t-path with length is at most c)

g1(c) = 0, c = 0,..., OPT.gj (0) =∞, j = 2,..., n.gj (c) = min{gj (c − 1), mink|ckj≤c{gk (c − ckj ) + tkj}}

j = 2,...n , c = 1,....OPT

Sei T = 5

( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

10

Page 45: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Algorithmus B Laufzeit O(|E |OPT)

OPT = min {c ‖ gn(c) ≤ T }.gn(c) wird von c = 1 bis zum ersten Wert von c berechnet, furden gilt gn(c) ≤ T

c=0 c=1 c=2 c=3 c=4 c=5 c=6j=1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0j=2 ∞ ∞ ∞ 2 2 2 2j=3 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 3 3j=4 ∞ 6 6 6 6 6 5

Algorithm B. (Denote by gj (c) the time of the quickest 1-j t-path with length is at most c)

g1(c) = 0, c = 0,..., OPT.gj (0) =∞, j = 2,..., n.gj (c) = min{gj (c − 1), mink|ckj≤c{gk (c − ckj ) + tkj}}

j = 2,...n , c = 1,....OPT

Sei T = 5

( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

10

Page 46: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Algorithmus B Laufzeit O(|E |OPT)

OPT = min {c ‖ gn(c) ≤ T }.gn(c) wird von c = 1 bis zum ersten Wert von c berechnet, furden gilt gn(c) ≤ T

c=0 c=1 c=2 c=3 c=4 c=5 c=6j=1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0j=2 ∞ ∞ ∞ 2 2 2 2j=3 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 3 3j=4 ∞ 6 6 6 6 6 5

Algorithm B. (Denote by gj (c) the time of the quickest 1-j t-path with length is at most c)

g1(c) = 0, c = 0,..., OPT.gj (0) =∞, j = 2,..., n.gj (c) = min{gj (c − 1), mink|ckj≤c{gk (c − ckj ) + tkj}}

j = 2,...n , c = 1,....OPT

Sei T = 5

( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

10

Page 47: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Algorithmus B Laufzeit O(|E |OPT)

OPT = min {c ‖ gn(c) ≤ T }.gn(c) wird von c = 1 bis zum ersten Wert von c berechnet, furden gilt gn(c) ≤ T

c=0 c=1 c=2 c=3 c=4 c=5 c=6j=1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0j=2 ∞ ∞ ∞ 2 2 2 2j=3 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 3 3j=4 ∞ 6 6 6 6 6 5

Algorithm B. (Denote by gj (c) the time of the quickest 1-j t-path with length is at most c)

g1(c) = 0, c = 0,..., OPT.gj (0) =∞, j = 2,..., n.gj (c) = min{gj (c − 1), mink|ckj≤c{gk (c − ckj ) + tkj}}

j = 2,...n , c = 1,....OPT

Sei T = 5

( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

25

10

Page 48: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Gliederung

Definition

”TEST(V)” Hilfsmethode fur das erste FPTAS

O(log(log(B)) . (|E|(n/ε) + log(log(B))

Zweites FPTAS (Interval Partitioning) von Komplexitat :O(|E|(n2/ε) . log(n/ε))

Zwei exakte Pseudopolyomial-Algorithmen vorstellen

”Partition” Hilfsmethode fur das zweite FPTAS

Erstes FPTAS ( Rounding) von Komplexitat :

11

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test Hilfsmethode

Hauptidee :

Statt direct Opt-wert zu berechnen,wir haben eine Test-Methode die entscheidet, ob Opt ≥ V fur gegeben V

12

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test Hilfsmethode

Hauptidee :

Statt direct Opt-wert zu berechnen,wir haben eine Test-Methode die entscheidet, ob Opt ≥ V fur gegeben V

Wenn diese Methode polynomial ist, dann kann sie auf andere erweitert,die Exact wert von OPT berechnet.

→ Mittels Binarsuche auf { 0, ... , UB }

12

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test Hilfsmethode

Wir stellen nun vor, wie man einenPolynom-Zeit-εApproximationstest erstellt, mit 0 < ε < 1

Hauptidee :

Statt direct Opt-wert zu berechnen,wir haben eine Test-Methode die entscheidet, ob Opt ≥ V fur gegeben V

Wenn diese Methode polynomial ist, dann kann sie auf andere erweitert,die Exact wert von OPT berechnet.

→ Mittels Binarsuche auf { 0, ... , UB }

12

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test Hilfsmethode

Wir stellen nun vor, wie man einenPolynom-Zeit-εApproximationstest erstellt, mit 0 < ε < 1

Wenn Test(V) Ja zuruckgibtWenn Test(V) Nein zuruckgibt

OPT ≥ V

OPT < V(1+ ε)

Hauptidee :

Statt direct Opt-wert zu berechnen,wir haben eine Test-Methode die entscheidet, ob Opt ≥ V fur gegeben V

Wenn diese Methode polynomial ist, dann kann sie auf andere erweitert,die Exact wert von OPT berechnet.

→ Mittels Binarsuche auf { 0, ... , UB }

12

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test(V) Procedure

Hauptidee :

Rundung ci j ’ = bci j/(Vε

n − 1)c( Vε

n − 1)

Dies verringert hochstens jede Kantenlange um (Vε

n − 1) und jede Pfadlange um (Vε)

13

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test(V) Procedure

Wir berechnen gj (c) fur jedes c bis :

Hauptidee :

Rundung ci j ’ = bci j/(Vε

n − 1)c( Vε

n − 1)

Algorithmus B auf die skalierte-Kantenlangen bci j/((Vε)/(n − 1))c

Dies verringert hochstens jede Kantenlange um (Vε

n − 1) und jede Pfadlange um (Vε)

gn(c) ≤ T fur c = c’ < (n − 1)/ε c ≥ (n − 1)/εODER

13

Page 55: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test(V) Procedure

Wir berechnen gj (c) fur jedes c bis :

Hauptidee :

Rundung ci j ’ = bci j/(Vε

n − 1)c( Vε

n − 1)

Algorithmus B auf die skalierte-Kantenlangen bci j/((Vε)/(n − 1))c

Dies verringert hochstens jede Kantenlange um (Vε

n − 1) und jede Pfadlange um (Vε)

gn(c) ≤ T fur c = c’ < (n − 1)/ε c ≥ (n − 1)/εODER

c’ <n − 1ε⇒ c′

Vεn − 1

<n − 1ε

Vεn − 1

⇒ c′Vε

n − 1+ Vε < V + Vε = V (1 + ε)

13

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test(V) Procedure

Wir berechnen gj (c) fur jedes c bis :

Hauptidee :

Rundung ci j ’ = bci j/(Vε

n − 1)c( Vε

n − 1)

Algorithmus B auf die skalierte-Kantenlangen bci j/((Vε)/(n − 1))c

Dies verringert hochstens jede Kantenlange um (Vε

n − 1) und jede Pfadlange um (Vε)

gn(c) ≤ T fur c = c’ < (n − 1)/ε c ≥ (n − 1)/εODER

2 .Fall : Jeder T-Pfad hat c” ≥ n − 1ε⇒ c”

Vεn − 1

≥ n − 1ε

Vεn − 1

⇒ Jeder T-Pfad hat c ≥ V , damit ist OPT ≥ V

13

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test(V) Procedure

Wir berechnen gj (c) fur jedes c bis :

Hauptidee :

Rundung ci j ’ = bci j/(Vε

n − 1)c( Vε

n − 1)

Algorithmus B auf die skalierte-Kantenlangen bci j/((Vε)/(n − 1))c

Dies verringert hochstens jede Kantenlange um (Vε

n − 1) und jede Pfadlange um (Vε)

gn(c) ≤ T fur c = c’ < (n − 1)/ε c ≥ (n − 1)/εODER

1.Fall : T-Pfad von lange maximalVε/(n − 1)c′ + Vε < V (1 + ε) istgefunden

2 .Fall : Jeder T-Pfad hat c ≥ V .Damit ist OPT ≥ V

13

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test(V) Procedure - Beispiel

Sei V = 4, ε = 0.5

1. Set c← 0For all (i,j) ∈ E :Ifci j > V , then set E ← E \{(i , j)}Else, then set ci j ← bci j(n − 1)/Vεc

If gn(c) ≤ T then outputNO.

2. If c≥ (n−1)/ε then output YES.

mit T = 5( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

( , )3 2

Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.

Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.

14

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test(V) Procedure - Beispiel

Sei V = 4, ε = 0.5

1. Set c← 0For all (i,j) ∈ E :Ifci j > V , then set E ← E \{(i , j)}Else, then set ci j ← bci j(n − 1)/Vεc

If gn(c) ≤ T then outputNO.

1. Set c← 0

c = 0

2. If c≥ (n−1)/ε then output YES.

mit T = 5( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

( , )3 2

Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.

Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.

14

Page 60: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test(V) Procedure - Beispiel

Sei V = 4, ε = 0.5

1. Set c← 0For all (i,j) ∈ E :Ifci j > V , then set E ← E \{(i , j)}Else, then set ci j ← bci j(n − 1)/Vεc

If gn(c) ≤ T then outputNO.

c12 = bc12(n − 1)/Vεc = b3(4− 1)/(4 ∗ 0.5)c = 4

c = 0

2. If c≥ (n−1)/ε then output YES.

mit T = 5( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

1

4

2

3

( , )3 2

( , )4 2

Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.

For all (i,j) ∈ E :Ifci j > V , then set E ← E \{(i , j)}Else, then set ci j ← bci j(n − 1)/Vεc

Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.

14

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test(V) Procedure - Beispiel

Sei V = 4, ε = 0.5

1. Set c← 0For all (i,j) ∈ E :Ifci j > V , then set E ← E \{(i , j)}Else, then set ci j ← bci j(n − 1)/Vεc

If gn(c) ≤ T then outputNO.

c12 = bc12(n − 1)/Vεc = b3(4− 1)/(4 ∗ 0.5)c = 4c13 wird aus dem Set entfernt

c = 0

2. If c≥ (n−1)/ε then output YES.

mit T = 5( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

1

4

2

3

( , )3 2

( , )4 2

Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.

For all (i,j) ∈ E :Ifci j > V , then set E ← E \{(i , j)}Else, then set ci j ← bci j(n − 1)/Vεc

Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.

14

Page 62: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test(V) Procedure - Beispiel

Sei V = 4, ε = 0.5

1. Set c← 0For all (i,j) ∈ E :Ifci j > V , then set E ← E \{(i , j)}Else, then set ci j ← bci j(n − 1)/Vεc

If gn(c) ≤ T then outputNO.

c12 = bc12(n − 1)/Vεc = b3(4− 1)/(4 ∗ 0.5)c = 4c13 wird aus dem Set entferntc14 = bc12(n − 1)/Vεc = b1(4− 1)/(4 ∗ 0.5)c = 1

c = 0

2. If c≥ (n−1)/ε then output YES.

mit T = 5( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

( , )1

4

2

3

1 6

( , )3 2

( , )4 2

Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.

For all (i,j) ∈ E :Ifci j > V , then set E ← E \{(i , j)}Else, then set ci j ← bci j(n − 1)/Vεc

Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.

14

Page 63: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test(V) Procedure - Beispiel

Sei V = 4, ε = 0.5

1. Set c← 0For all (i,j) ∈ E :Ifci j > V , then set E ← E \{(i , j)}Else, then set ci j ← bci j(n − 1)/Vεc

If gn(c) ≤ T then outputNO.

c12 = bc12(n − 1)/Vεc = b3(4− 1)/(4 ∗ 0.5)c = 4c13 wird aus dem Set entferntc14 = bc12(n − 1)/Vεc = b1(4− 1)/(4 ∗ 0.5)c = 1

c24 = bc12(n − 1)/Vεc = b4(4− 1)/(4 ∗ 0.5)c = 6

c = 0

2. If c≥ (n−1)/ε then output YES.

mit T = 5( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

( , )( , )

1

4

2

3

16 3

6

( , )3 2

( , )4 2

Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.

For all (i,j) ∈ E :Ifci j > V , then set E ← E \{(i , j)}Else, then set ci j ← bci j(n − 1)/Vεc

Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.

14

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test(V) Procedure - Beispiel

Sei V = 4, ε = 0.5

1. Set c← 0For all (i,j) ∈ E :Ifci j > V , then set E ← E \{(i , j)}Else, then set ci j ← bci j(n − 1)/Vεc

If gn(c) ≤ T then outputNO.

c12 = bc12(n − 1)/Vεc = b3(4− 1)/(4 ∗ 0.5)c = 4c13 wird aus dem Set entferntc14 = bc12(n − 1)/Vεc = b1(4− 1)/(4 ∗ 0.5)c = 1

c24 = bc12(n − 1)/Vεc = b4(4− 1)/(4 ∗ 0.5)c = 6

c34 = bc12(n − 1)/Vεc = b1(4− 1)/(4 ∗ 0.5)c = 1

c = 0

2. If c≥ (n−1)/ε then output YES.

mit T = 5( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

( , )

( , )( , )

1

4

2

31

16 3

6

2

( , )3 2

( , )4 2

Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.

For all (i,j) ∈ E :Ifci j > V , then set E ← E \{(i , j)}Else, then set ci j ← bci j(n − 1)/Vεc

Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.

14

Page 65: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test(V) Procedure - Beispiel

Sei V = 4, ε = 0.5

1. Set c← 0For all (i,j) ∈ E :Ifci j > V , then set E ← E \{(i , j)}Else, then set ci j ← bci j(n − 1)/Vεc

If gn(c) ≤ T then outputNO.

c = 0

2. If c≥ (n−1)/ε then output YES.

mit T = 5( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

( , )3 2

( , )

( , )( , )

1

4

2

31

16 3

6

2

( , )4 2

Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.

Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.

14

Page 66: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test(V) Procedure - Beispiel

Sei V = 4, ε = 0.5

1. Set c← 0For all (i,j) ∈ E :Ifci j > V , then set E ← E \{(i , j)}Else, then set ci j ← bci j(n − 1)/Vεc

If gn(c) ≤ T then outputNO.

c=0 c=1 c=2 c=3 c=4 c=5j=1 0 0 0 0 0 0j=2 ∞ ∞ ∞ 2 2 2j=3 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 3j=4 ∞ 6 6 6 6 6

c = 0

2. If c≥ (n−1)/ε then output YES.

mit T = 5( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

( , )3 2

( , )

( , )( , )

1

4

2

31

16 3

6

2

( , )4 2

Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.

Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.

14

Page 67: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test(V) Procedure - Beispiel

Sei V = 4, ε = 0.5

1. Set c← 0For all (i,j) ∈ E :Ifci j > V , then set E ← E \{(i , j)}Else, then set ci j ← bci j(n − 1)/Vεc

If gn(c) ≤ T then outputNO.

c=0 c=1 c=2 c=3 c=4 c=5j=1 0 0 0 0 0 0j=2 ∞ ∞ ∞ 2 2 2j=3 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 3j=4 ∞ 6 6 6 6 6

c = 1

2. If c≥ (n−1)/ε then output YES.

mit T = 5( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

( , )3 2

( , )

( , )( , )

1

4

2

31

16 3

6

2

( , )4 2

Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.

Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.

14

Page 68: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test(V) Procedure - Beispiel

Sei V = 4, ε = 0.5

1. Set c← 0For all (i,j) ∈ E :Ifci j > V , then set E ← E \{(i , j)}Else, then set ci j ← bci j(n − 1)/Vεc

If gn(c) ≤ T then outputNO.

c=0 c=1 c=2 c=3 c=4 c=5j=1 0 0 0 0 0 0j=2 ∞ ∞ ∞ 2 2 2j=3 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 3j=4 ∞ 6 6 6 6 6

c = 2

2. If c≥ (n−1)/ε then output YES.

mit T = 5( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

( , )3 2

( , )

( , )( , )

1

4

2

31

16 3

6

2

( , )4 2

Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.

Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.

14

Page 69: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test(V) Procedure - Beispiel

Sei V = 4, ε = 0.5

1. Set c← 0For all (i,j) ∈ E :Ifci j > V , then set E ← E \{(i , j)}Else, then set ci j ← bci j(n − 1)/Vεc

If gn(c) ≤ T then outputNO.

c=0 c=1 c=2 c=3 c=4 c=5j=1 0 0 0 0 0 0j=2 ∞ ∞ ∞ 2 2 2j=3 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 3j=4 ∞ 6 6 6 6 6

c = 3

2. If c≥ (n−1)/ε then output YES.

mit T = 5( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

( , )3 2

( , )

( , )( , )

1

4

2

31

16 3

6

2

( , )4 2

Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.

Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.

14

Page 70: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test(V) Procedure - Beispiel

Sei V = 4, ε = 0.5

1. Set c← 0For all (i,j) ∈ E :Ifci j > V , then set E ← E \{(i , j)}Else, then set ci j ← bci j(n − 1)/Vεc

If gn(c) ≤ T then outputNO.

c=0 c=1 c=2 c=3 c=4 c=5j=1 0 0 0 0 0 0j=2 ∞ ∞ ∞ 2 2 2j=3 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 3j=4 ∞ 6 6 6 6 6

c = 4

2. If c≥ (n−1)/ε then output YES.

mit T = 5( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

( , )3 2

( , )

( , )( , )

1

4

2

31

16 3

6

2

( , )4 2

Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.

Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.

14

Page 71: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test(V) Procedure - Beispiel

Sei V = 4, ε = 0.5

1. Set c← 0For all (i,j) ∈ E :Ifci j > V , then set E ← E \{(i , j)}Else, then set ci j ← bci j(n − 1)/Vεc

If gn(c) ≤ T then outputNO.

c = 5

c=0 c=1 c=2 c=3 c=4 c=5j=1 0 0 0 0 0 0j=2 ∞ ∞ ∞ 2 2 2j=3 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 3j=4 ∞ 6 6 6 6 6

2. If c≥ (n−1)/ε then output YES.

mit T = 5( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

( , )3 2

( , )

( , )( , )

1

4

2

31

16 3

6

2

( , )4 2

Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.

Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.

14

Page 72: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test(V) Procedure - Beispiel

Sei V = 4, ε = 0.5

1. Set c← 0For all (i,j) ∈ E :Ifci j > V , then set E ← E \{(i , j)}Else, then set ci j ← bci j(n − 1)/Vεc

If gn(c) ≤ T then outputNO.

c=0 c=1 c=2 c=3 c=4 c=5j=1 0 0 0 0 0 0j=2 ∞ ∞ ∞ 2 2 2j=3 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 3j=4 ∞ 6 6 6 6 6

c = 6

2. If c≥ (n−1)/ε then output YES.

mit T = 5( , )

( , )( , )

( , )1

4

2

31

145 33

6

2

( , )3 2

Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.

2. If c≥ (n−1)/ε then output YES.Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.Else use Algorithm B to compute gj(c) for j = 2,... n.

( , )

( , )( , )

1

4

2

31

16 3

6

2

( , )4 2

14

Page 73: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Test(V) Procedure - Analyse

Procedure TEST(V).1. Set c← 0

for all (i,j) ∈ E :If ci j > V , then set E← E \{(i , j)}Else, set ci j ← bci j (n − 1)/Vεc

2. If c ≥ (n − 1)/ε then output YES.Else use Algorithm B to compute gj (c) for j = 2,... n.

If gn(c) ≤ T then output NO.Else set c← c + 1 and repeat Step 2.

Analyse :schritte 1 ( Rundung ) :

von oben durch V begrenztSchritte 2 :

O(n/ε) Iterationen von Algorithmus B

O(|E | log(n/ε))

O(|E |n/ε)

O(|E |n/ε) ist die Komplexitat des gesamten Verfahrens

15

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Erste FPAS : Rounding and Scaling

Um OPT zu approximieren

→ berechenbare obere und untere Grenzen.

16

Page 75: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Erste FPAS : Rounding and Scaling

Um OPT zu approximieren

UB kann auf die summe der (n-1) langsten Kanten gesetzt werden.LB kann einfach auf 1 gesetzt werden.

→ berechenbare obere und untere Grenzen.

16

Page 76: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Erste FPAS : Rounding and Scaling

Um OPT zu approximieren

Falls UB ≤ (1+ε)LB dann ist UB eine ε-Approximation von OPTFalls UB > (1+ε)LB dann sei V existiert damit LB < V < UB(1 +ε)−1

Hauptidee vom Algorithmus :1- Das Verhaltnis UB/LB zu reduzieren.

→ Test(V) benuzten2- Algorithmus B auf skalierte Kantenlangen anwenden

UB kann auf die summe der (n-1) langsten Kanten gesetzt werden.LB kann einfach auf 1 gesetzt werden.

→ berechenbare obere und untere Grenzen.

16

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Erste FPAS : Rounding and Scaling - Pseudo Code

Rounding Algorithm.0. Set LB and UB to their initial values.(For example, set LB = 1, UB = sum of (n-1) longest edge-lengths.)1. If UB ≤ 2LB go to Step 2.

Let V = (LB.UB)1/2 .If TEST(V) = YES, set LB = V.If TEST(V) = NO, set UB = V (1 + ε).Repeat Step 1.

2. Set ci j ← bci j (n − 1)/εLBcApply Algorithm B to compute an optimal T-path.Output this path.

17

Page 78: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Erste FPAS : Rounding and Scaling - Pseudo Code

V berechnen→O(

log(

log(UBLB

)))

Rounding Algorithm.0. Set LB and UB to their initial values.(For example, set LB = 1, UB = sum of (n-1) longest edge-lengths.)1. If UB ≤ 2LB go to Step 2.

Let V = (LB.UB)1/2 .If TEST(V) = YES, set LB = V.If TEST(V) = NO, set UB = V (1 + ε).Repeat Step 1.

2. Set ci j ← bci j (n − 1)/εLBcApply Algorithm B to compute an optimal T-path.Output this path.

Analyse :

17

Page 79: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Erste FPAS : Rounding and Scaling - Pseudo Code

V berechnen→O(

log(

log(UBLB

)))

Test(V)→O(|E |n/ε)

Rounding Algorithm.0. Set LB and UB to their initial values.(For example, set LB = 1, UB = sum of (n-1) longest edge-lengths.)1. If UB ≤ 2LB go to Step 2.

Let V = (LB.UB)1/2 .If TEST(V) = YES, set LB = V.If TEST(V) = NO, set UB = V (1 + ε).Repeat Step 1.

2. Set ci j ← bci j (n − 1)/εLBcApply Algorithm B to compute an optimal T-path.Output this path.

Analyse :

}

17

Page 80: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Erste FPAS : Rounding and Scaling - Pseudo Code

V berechnen→O(

log(

log(UBLB

)))

Um die Ratio unter 2 zu reduzieren→O(

log(

log(UBLB

)))

TestsTest(V)→O(|E |n/ε)

Rounding Algorithm.0. Set LB and UB to their initial values.(For example, set LB = 1, UB = sum of (n-1) longest edge-lengths.)1. If UB ≤ 2LB go to Step 2.

Let V = (LB.UB)1/2 .If TEST(V) = YES, set LB = V.If TEST(V) = NO, set UB = V (1 + ε).Repeat Step 1.

2. Set ci j ← bci j (n − 1)/εLBcApply Algorithm B to compute an optimal T-path.Output this path.

Analyse :

}17

Page 81: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Erste FPAS : Rounding and Scaling - Pseudo Code

V berechnen→O(

log(

log(UBLB

)))

Um die Ratio unter 2 zu reduzieren→O(

log(

log(UBLB

)))

TestsTest(V)→O(|E |n/ε)

Laufzeit : O(

log(

log(UBLB

))) (

|E |n/ε + log(

log(UBLB

)))

Rounding Algorithm.0. Set LB and UB to their initial values.(For example, set LB = 1, UB = sum of (n-1) longest edge-lengths.)1. If UB ≤ 2LB go to Step 2.

Let V = (LB.UB)1/2 .If TEST(V) = YES, set LB = V.If TEST(V) = NO, set UB = V (1 + ε).Repeat Step 1.

2. Set ci j ← bci j (n − 1)/εLBcApply Algorithm B to compute an optimal T-path.Output this path.

Analyse :

17

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Gliederung

Definition

”TEST(V)” Hilfsmethode fur das erste FPTAS

O(log(log(B)) . (|E|(n/ε) + log(log(B))

Zweites FPTAS (Interval Partitioning) von Komplexitat :O(|E|(n2/ε) . log(n/ε))

Zwei exakte Pseudopolyomial-Algorithmen vorstellen

”Partition” Hilfsmethode fur das zweite FPTAS

Erstes FPTAS ( Rounding) von Komplexitat :

18

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Partioning Hilfsmethode

Idee : Gegeben Set Q = {p1, ..., pm}, X und K ∈ N+

Ziel ist Verteilung von Q in Subsets R1, ...., Rk+1 sodass :

pi ∈ Rj nur wenn X(j − 1)

k≤ Pi ≤ X

jk

und pi ∈ Rk+1 nur wenn pi > X

19

Page 84: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Partioning Hilfsmethode

Idee : Gegeben Set Q = {p1, ..., pm}, X und K ∈ N+

Ziel ist Verteilung von Q in Subsets R1, ...., Rk+1 sodass :

pi ∈ Rj nur wenn X(j − 1)

k≤ Pi ≤ X

jk

und pi ∈ Rk+1 nur wenn pi > XDas kann einfach in O(m log(k )) Operationen durchgefuhrt

→ pi ∈ Rj fur j = min { k+1, dkp1/Xe }

19

Page 85: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Partioning Hilfsmethode

Idee : Gegeben Set Q = {p1, ..., pm}, X und K ∈ N+

Ziel ist Verteilung von Q in Subsets R1, ...., Rk+1 sodass :

pi ∈ Rj nur wenn X(j − 1)

k≤ Pi ≤ X

jk

und pi ∈ Rk+1 nur wenn pi > X

Sie Q = { 1 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 } , X = 7 und K = 3p1= 1 , j = min{4, d3 ∗ 1/7e} = min{4,1} = 1→ p1 ∈ R1p2= 3 , j = min{4, d3 ∗ 3/7e} = min{4,2} = 2→ p2 ∈ R2p3= 4 , j = min{4, d3 ∗ 4/7e} = min{4,2} = 2→ p3 ∈ R2p4= 6 , j = min{4, d3 ∗ 6/7e} = min{4,3} = 3→ p4 ∈ R3p5= 8 , j = min{4, d3 ∗ 8/7e} = min{4,4} = 4→ p5 ∈ R4p6= 10 , j = min{4, d3∗10/7e} = min{4,5} = 4→ p6 ∈ R4

Beispiel :

Das kann einfach in O(m log(k )) Operationen durchgefuhrt→ pi ∈ Rj fur j = min { k+1, dkp1/Xe }

19

Page 86: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Partioning Hilfsmethode

Idee : Gegeben Set Q = {p1, ..., pm}, X und K ∈ N+

Ziel ist Verteilung von Q in Subsets R1, ...., Rk+1 sodass :

pi ∈ Rj nur wenn X(j − 1)

k≤ Pi ≤ X

jk

und pi ∈ Rk+1 nur wenn pi > X

Diese Art von Verteilung brauchen wir in unser FPTAS

Das kann einfach in O(m log(k )) Operationen durchgefuhrt→ pi ∈ Rj fur j = min { k+1, dkp1/Xe }

19

Page 87: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Partioning Hilfsmethode

Idee : Gegeben Set Q = {p1, ..., pm}, X und K ∈ N+

Ziel ist Verteilung von Q in Subsets R1, ...., Rk+1 sodass :

pi ∈ Rj nur wenn X(j − 1)

k≤ Pi ≤ X

jk

und pi ∈ Rk+1 nur wenn pi > X

Diese Art von Verteilung brauchen wir in unser FPTAS

Das kann einfach in O(m log(k )) Operationen durchgefuhrt→ pi ∈ Rj fur j = min { k+1, dkp1/Xe }

Fur jede pi , pm ∈ Rj ist |pi − pm|≤Xk

19

Page 88: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Partioning Hilfsmethode

Idee : Gegeben Set Q = {p1, ..., pm}, X und K ∈ N+

Ziel ist Verteilung von Q in Subsets R1, ...., Rk+1 sodass :

pi ∈ Rj nur wenn X(j − 1)

k≤ Pi ≤ X

jk

und pi ∈ Rk+1 nur wenn pi > X

Angenommen dass X nicht bekannt ist, aber ein Test ist vorhanden,der entscheidet ob X ≥ V oder X < V fur beliebig V

→ Das fuhrt zu der Partition Hilfsmethode

Diese Art von Verteilung brauchen wir in unser FPTAS

Das kann einfach in O(m log(k )) Operationen durchgefuhrt→ pi ∈ Rj fur j = min { k+1, dkp1/Xe }

Fur jede pi , pm ∈ Rj ist |pi − pm|≤Xk

19

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Partioning Hilfsmethode

Pi ,(j−1) > πg ≥ Pi j Pi ,(j−1) ≥ πg+1 ≥ X ≥ Pi j

KPi

(j − 1)≥ X ≥ K

Pi

(j)X

(j − 1)k≤ Pi ≤ X

jk

Procedure PARTITION ( Q,X,K ).0. Let P = { pi j | pi j = kpi/j , j = 1,...,k, i = 1,...,m }1. Sort P in increasing order.

Let π = (π1, .... , πl ) be the resulting sequence of distinct values.Extend π by adding π0 = 0, πl+1 =∞ .

2. Perform binary search on π to locate the interval[πg , πg+1) containing X

3. For i = 1,...,m : insert pi into Rj if pi ,(j−1) > πg ≥ pi j , j = 1, ... ,k.Insert pi into Rk+1 if πg < pik = pi

Warum funktioniert der Algorithmus ?

19

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Partioning Hilfsmethode

Pi ,(j−1) > πg ≥ Pi j Pi ,(j−1) ≥ πg+1 ≥ X ≥ Pi j

KPi

(j − 1)≥ X ≥ K

Pi

(j)X

(j − 1)k≤ Pi ≤ X

jk

Procedure PARTITION ( Q,X,K ).0. Let P = { pi j | pi j = kpi/j , j = 1,...,k, i = 1,...,m }1. Sort P in increasing order.

Let π = (π1, .... , πl ) be the resulting sequence of distinct values.Extend π by adding π0 = 0, πl+1 =∞ .

2. Perform binary search on π to locate the interval[πg , πg+1) containing X

3. For i = 1,...,m : insert pi into Rj if pi ,(j−1) > πg ≥ pi j , j = 1, ... ,k.Insert pi into Rk+1 if πg < pik = pi

Warum funktioniert der Algorithmus ?

19

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Partioning Hilfsmethode

Pi ,(j−1) > πg ≥ Pi j Pi ,(j−1) ≥ πg+1 ≥ X ≥ Pi j

KPi

(j − 1)≥ X ≥ K

Pi

(j)X

(j − 1)k≤ Pi ≤ X

jk

Procedure PARTITION ( Q,X,K ).0. Let P = { pi j | pi j = kpi/j , j = 1,...,k, i = 1,...,m }1. Sort P in increasing order.

Let π = (π1, .... , πl ) be the resulting sequence of distinct values.Extend π by adding π0 = 0, πl+1 =∞ .

2. Perform binary search on π to locate the interval[πg , πg+1) containing X

3. For i = 1,...,m : insert pi into Rj if pi ,(j−1) > πg ≥ pi j , j = 1, ... ,k.Insert pi into Rk+1 if πg < pik = pi

Warum funktioniert der Algorithmus ?

19

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Partioning Hilfsmethode

Pi ,(j−1) > πg ≥ Pi j Pi ,(j−1) ≥ πg+1 ≥ X ≥ Pi j

KPi

(j − 1)≥ X ≥ K

Pi

(j)X

(j − 1)k≤ Pi ≤ X

jk

Procedure PARTITION ( Q,X,K ).0. Let P = { pi j | pi j = kpi/j , j = 1,...,k, i = 1,...,m }1. Sort P in increasing order.

Let π = (π1, .... , πl ) be the resulting sequence of distinct values.Extend π by adding π0 = 0, πl+1 =∞ .

2. Perform binary search on π to locate the interval[πg , πg+1) containing X

3. For i = 1,...,m : insert pi into Rj if pi ,(j−1) > πg ≥ pi j , j = 1, ... ,k.Insert pi into Rk+1 if πg < pik = pi

Warum funktioniert der Algorithmus ?

19

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Partioning Hilfsmethode

Pi ,(j−1) > πg ≥ Pi j Pi ,(j−1) ≥ πg+1 ≥ X ≥ Pi j

KPi

(j − 1)≥ X ≥ K

Pi

(j)X

(j − 1)k≤ Pi ≤ X

jk

Procedure PARTITION ( Q,X,K ).0. Let P = { pi j | pi j = kpi/j , j = 1,...,k, i = 1,...,m }1. Sort P in increasing order.

Let π = (π1, .... , πl ) be the resulting sequence of distinct values.Extend π by adding π0 = 0, πl+1 =∞ .

2. Perform binary search on π to locate the interval[πg , πg+1) containing X

3. For i = 1,...,m : insert pi into Rj if pi ,(j−1) > πg ≥ pi j , j = 1, ... ,k.Insert pi into Rk+1 if πg < pik = pi

Warum funktioniert der Algorithmus ?

19

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Partioning Hilfsmethode

Pi ,(j−1) > πg ≥ Pi j Pi ,(j−1) ≥ πg+1 ≥ X ≥ Pi j

KPi

(j − 1)≥ X ≥ K

Pi

(j)X

(j − 1)k≤ Pi ≤ X

jk

Procedure PARTITION ( Q,X,K ).0. Let P = { pi j | pi j = kpi/j , j = 1,...,k, i = 1,...,m }1. Sort P in increasing order.

Let π = (π1, .... , πl ) be the resulting sequence of distinct values.Extend π by adding π0 = 0, πl+1 =∞ .

2. Perform binary search on π to locate the interval[πg , πg+1) containing X

3. For i = 1,...,m : insert pi into Rj if pi ,(j−1) > πg ≥ pi j , j = 1, ... ,k.Insert pi into Rk+1 if πg < pik = pi

Warum funktioniert der Algorithmus ?

→ unser Ziel

19

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Partioning Hilfsmethode

Statt des Tests ” X ≥ V?” benutzen wir den ε-Approximierte Test(V).→ x leigt in das Interval [πg ,πg+1(1 + ε)]

Procedure PARTITION ( Q,X,K ).0. Let P = { pi j | pi j = kpi/j , j = 1,...,k, i = 1,...,m }1. Sort P in increasing order.

Let π = (π1, .... , πl ) be the resulting sequence of distinct values.Extend π by adding π0 = 0, πl+1 =∞ .

2. Perform binary search on π to locate the interval[πg , πg+1) containing X

3. For i = 1,...,m : insert pi into Rj if pi ,(j−1) > πg ≥ pi j , j = 1, ... ,k.Insert pi into Rk+1 if πg < pik = pi

Nach Durchfuhrung von Partition(Q,X,dk (1 + ε)e) :

pi ∈ Rj impliziert dass X(j − 1)

k≤ Pi ≤ X

jk (1 + ε)

und pi ∈ Rk (1+ε)+1 impliziert pi > X

19

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Partitioning Hilfsmethode - Analyse

Procedure PARTITION ( Q,X,K ).0. Let P = { pi j | pi j = kpi/j , j = 1,...,k, i = 1,...,m }1. Sort P in increasing order.

Let π = (π1, .... , πl ) be the resulting sequence of distinct values.Extend π by adding π0 = 0, πl+1 =∞ .

2. Perform binary search on π to locate the interval[πg , πg+1) containing X

3. For i = 1,...,m : insert pi into Rj if pi ,(j−1) > πg ≥ pi j , j = 1, ... ,k.Insert pi into Rk+1 if πg < pik = pi

Analyse :

20

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Partitioning Hilfsmethode - Analyse

Procedure PARTITION ( Q,X,K ).0. Let P = { pi j | pi j = kpi/j , j = 1,...,k, i = 1,...,m }1. Sort P in increasing order.

Let π = (π1, .... , πl ) be the resulting sequence of distinct values.Extend π by adding π0 = 0, πl+1 =∞ .

2. Perform binary search on π to locate the interval[πg , πg+1) containing X

3. For i = 1,...,m : insert pi into Rj if pi ,(j−1) > πg ≥ pi j , j = 1, ... ,k.Insert pi into Rk+1 if πg < pik = pi

Analyse :Schritte 2 hat Komplexitat von O(log(mk )) Tests

20

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Partitioning Hilfsmethode - Analyse

Procedure PARTITION ( Q,X,K ).0. Let P = { pi j | pi j = kpi/j , j = 1,...,k, i = 1,...,m }1. Sort P in increasing order.

Let π = (π1, .... , πl ) be the resulting sequence of distinct values.Extend π by adding π0 = 0, πl+1 =∞ .

2. Perform binary search on π to locate the interval[πg , πg+1) containing X

3. For i = 1,...,m : insert pi into Rj if pi ,(j−1) > πg ≥ pi j , j = 1, ... ,k.Insert pi into Rk+1 if πg < pik = pi

Analyse :

Schritte 3 hat Komplexitat von O(mlog(k ))Schritte 2 hat Komplexitat von O(log(mk )) Tests

20

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Partitioning Hilfsmethode - Analyse

Procedure PARTITION ( Q,X,K ).0. Let P = { pi j | pi j = kpi/j , j = 1,...,k, i = 1,...,m }1. Sort P in increasing order.

Let π = (π1, .... , πl ) be the resulting sequence of distinct values.Extend π by adding π0 = 0, πl+1 =∞ .

2. Perform binary search on π to locate the interval[πg , πg+1) containing X

3. For i = 1,...,m : insert pi into Rj if pi ,(j−1) > πg ≥ pi j , j = 1, ... ,k.Insert pi into Rk+1 if πg < pik = pi

Analyse :

Schritte 3 hat Komplexitat von O(mlog(k ))Insgesamt braucht Partition(Q,X,K) O(log(mk)) Tests undO(mlog(k )) zusatzliche Operationen

m = |Q|k = nummer von R Subsets

Schritte 2 hat Komplexitat von O(log(mk )) Tests

20

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Zweite FPAS : Interval Partioning

→ Das Algorithmus hat (n-1) Iterationen.→ In jeder Iteration i ein Set Si von einigen (1-i) Pfaden ist berechnet.→ Hauptidee ist das Verringern der Große von den Sets um weniger Komplexitat vonAlgorithmus zu erreichen

Idee :

21

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Zweite FPAS : Interval Partioning

→ Das Algorithmus hat (n-1) Iterationen.→ In jeder Iteration i ein Set Si von einigen (1-i) Pfaden ist berechnet.→ Hauptidee ist das Verringern der Große von den Sets um weniger Komplexitat vonAlgorithmus zu erreichen

Idee :

Partitioning Algorithm.0. Let S1 contain the path consisting of vertex 1.1. Set Qi = { the lengths of 1-i paths constructed by appending edge (j,i) to a 1-j path of

Sj for some j < i}If i = n→ set c(P∗) = min{c(p)|P ∈ Q∗} ,where Q∗ = {P ∈ Qn|t(P) ≤ T}, and STOP.( If Q∗ = φ→ then no feasible solution exists.Else, P∗ is a (1-n) T-path with length c(p∗) ≤ (1 + ε)OPT )

2. Apply Partition(Qi , OPT, d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εe) using the TEST procedure for the binarysearch on π in step 2

Form Si by picking up a quickest subpath from each Rj , j = 1,...,d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εeSet i← i + 1 and return to Step 1

21

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Zweite FPAS : Interval Partioning

Wie wird Si in Schritte 2 gebildet ?

Partitioning Algorithm.0. Let S1 contain the path consisting of vertex 1.1. Set Qi = { the lengths of 1-i paths constructed by appending edge (j,i) to a 1-j path of

Sj for some j < i}If i = n→ set c(P∗) = min{c(p)|P ∈ Q∗} ,where Q∗ = {P ∈ Qn|t(P) ≤ T}, and STOP.( If Q∗ = φ→ then no feasible solution exists.Else, P∗ is a (1-n) T-path with length c(p∗) ≤ (1 + ε)OPT )

2. Apply Partition(Qi , OPT, d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εe) using the TEST procedure for the binary search on π in step 2Form Si by picking up a quickest subpath from each Rj , j = 1,...,d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εeSet i← i + 1 and return to Step 1

21

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Zweite FPAS : Interval Partioning

Wie wird Si in Schritte 2 gebildet ?

Pfade von Qi , die langer als OPT (1 + ε)Pfade die langsamer als andere sind, die schon in Si sind, und die

Unterschied zwischen ihren langen nicht großer alsOPTε

(n − 1)(1 + ε)

→ Entfernen von :

Partitioning Algorithm.0. Let S1 contain the path consisting of vertex 1.1. Set Qi = { the lengths of 1-i paths constructed by appending edge (j,i) to a 1-j path of

Sj for some j < i}If i = n→ set c(P∗) = min{c(p)|P ∈ Q∗} ,where Q∗ = {P ∈ Qn|t(P) ≤ T}, and STOP.( If Q∗ = φ→ then no feasible solution exists.Else, P∗ is a (1-n) T-path with length c(p∗) ≤ (1 + ε)OPT )

2. Apply Partition(Qi , OPT, d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εe) using the TEST procedure for the binary search on π in step 2Form Si by picking up a quickest subpath from each Rj , j = 1,...,d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εeSet i← i + 1 and return to Step 1

21

Page 104: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Zweite FPAS : Interval Partioning

Wie wird Si in Schritte 2 gebildet ?

Pfade von Qi , die langer als OPT (1 + ε)Pfade die langsamer als andere sind, die schon in Si sind, und die

Unterschied zwischen ihren langen nicht großer alsOPTε

(n − 1)(1 + ε)

→ Entfernen von :

Partitioning Algorithm.0. Let S1 contain the path consisting of vertex 1.1. Set Qi = { the lengths of 1-i paths constructed by appending edge (j,i) to a 1-j path of

Sj for some j < i}If i = n→ set c(P∗) = min{c(p)|P ∈ Q∗} ,where Q∗ = {P ∈ Qn|t(P) ≤ T}, and STOP.( If Q∗ = φ→ then no feasible solution exists.Else, P∗ is a (1-n) T-path with length c(p∗) ≤ (1 + ε)OPT )

2. Apply Partition(Qi , OPT, d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εe) using the TEST procedure for the binary search on π in step 2Form Si by picking up a quickest subpath from each Rj , j = 1,...,d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εeSet i← i + 1 and return to Step 1

Der akkumulierte relative Fehler→ ε

1 + ε< ε

21

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Zweite FPAS : Interval Partioning

Große von Si ist d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εe = O(n/ε)

Partitioning Algorithm.0. Let S1 contain the path consisting of vertex 1.1. Set Qi = { the lengths of 1-i paths constructed by appending edge (j,i) to a 1-j path of

Sj for some j < i}If i = n→ set c(P∗) = min{c(p)|P ∈ Q∗} ,where Q∗ = {P ∈ Qn|t(P) ≤ T}, and STOP.( If Q∗ = φ→ then no feasible solution exists.Else, P∗ is a (1-n) T-path with length c(p∗) ≤ (1 + ε)OPT )

2. Apply Partition(Qi , OPT, d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εe) using the TEST procedure for the binary search on π in step 2Form Si by picking up a quickest subpath from each Rj , j = 1,...,d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εeSet i← i + 1 and return to Step 1

21

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Zweite FPAS : Interval Partioning

Große von Qi ist maximal∑

j<i |Sj | = O(n2/ε)

Große von Si ist d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εe = O(n/ε)

Partitioning Algorithm.0. Let S1 contain the path consisting of vertex 1.1. Set Qi = { the lengths of 1-i paths constructed by appending edge (j,i) to a 1-j path of

Sj for some j < i}If i = n→ set c(P∗) = min{c(p)|P ∈ Q∗} ,where Q∗ = {P ∈ Qn|t(P) ≤ T}, and STOP.( If Q∗ = φ→ then no feasible solution exists.Else, P∗ is a (1-n) T-path with length c(p∗) ≤ (1 + ε)OPT )

2. Apply Partition(Qi , OPT, d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εe) using the TEST procedure for the binary search on π in step 2Form Si by picking up a quickest subpath from each Rj , j = 1,...,d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εeSet i← i + 1 and return to Step 1

21

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Zweite FPAS : Interval Partioning

Große von Qi ist maximal∑

j<i |Sj | = O(n2/ε)

Jede Application von Partition→O((n2/ε) log(n/ε)) elem. Oper. und O(log(n/ε)) Tests

Große von Si ist d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εe = O(n/ε)

Partitioning Algorithm.0. Let S1 contain the path consisting of vertex 1.1. Set Qi = { the lengths of 1-i paths constructed by appending edge (j,i) to a 1-j path of

Sj for some j < i}If i = n→ set c(P∗) = min{c(p)|P ∈ Q∗} ,where Q∗ = {P ∈ Qn|t(P) ≤ T}, and STOP.( If Q∗ = φ→ then no feasible solution exists.Else, P∗ is a (1-n) T-path with length c(p∗) ≤ (1 + ε)OPT )

2. Apply Partition(Qi , OPT, d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εe) using the TEST procedure for the binary search on π in step 2Form Si by picking up a quickest subpath from each Rj , j = 1,...,d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εeSet i← i + 1 and return to Step 1

21

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Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Zweite FPAS : Interval Partioning

Große von Qi ist maximal∑

j<i |Sj | = O(n2/ε)

Jede Application von Partition→O((n2/ε) log(n/ε)) elem. Oper. und O(log(n/ε)) Tests

Tests = O(|E |(n/ε) log(n/ε))

Große von Si ist d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εe = O(n/ε)

Jeder Test ist O(|E |(n/ε)) →

Partitioning Algorithm.0. Let S1 contain the path consisting of vertex 1.1. Set Qi = { the lengths of 1-i paths constructed by appending edge (j,i) to a 1-j path of

Sj for some j < i}If i = n→ set c(P∗) = min{c(p)|P ∈ Q∗} ,where Q∗ = {P ∈ Qn|t(P) ≤ T}, and STOP.( If Q∗ = φ→ then no feasible solution exists.Else, P∗ is a (1-n) T-path with length c(p∗) ≤ (1 + ε)OPT )

2. Apply Partition(Qi , OPT, d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εe) using the TEST procedure for the binary search on π in step 2Form Si by picking up a quickest subpath from each Rj , j = 1,...,d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εeSet i← i + 1 and return to Step 1

21

Page 109: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Zweite FPAS : Interval Partioning

Große von Qi ist maximal∑

j<i |Sj | = O(n2/ε)

Jede Application von Partition→O((n2/ε) log(n/ε)) elem. Oper. und O(log(n/ε)) Tests

Tests = O(|E |(n/ε) log(n/ε))Um Si zu bilden, es nimmt O(|Qi |) = O(n2/ε)

Große von Si ist d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εe = O(n/ε)

Jeder Test ist O(|E |(n/ε)) →

Partitioning Algorithm.0. Let S1 contain the path consisting of vertex 1.1. Set Qi = { the lengths of 1-i paths constructed by appending edge (j,i) to a 1-j path of

Sj for some j < i}If i = n→ set c(P∗) = min{c(p)|P ∈ Q∗} ,where Q∗ = {P ∈ Qn|t(P) ≤ T}, and STOP.( If Q∗ = φ→ then no feasible solution exists.Else, P∗ is a (1-n) T-path with length c(p∗) ≤ (1 + ε)OPT )

2. Apply Partition(Qi , OPT, d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εe) using the TEST procedure for the binary search on π in step 2Form Si by picking up a quickest subpath from each Rj , j = 1,...,d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εeSet i← i + 1 and return to Step 1

21

Page 110: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Zweite FPAS : Interval Partioning

Große von Qi ist maximal∑

j<i |Sj | = O(n2/ε)

Jede Application von Partition→O((n2/ε) log(n/ε)) elem. Oper. und O(log(n/ε)) Tests

Tests = O(|E |(n/ε) log(n/ε))Um Si zu bilden, es nimmt O(|Qi |) = O(n2/ε)

Große von Si ist d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εe = O(n/ε)

Jeder Test ist O(|E |(n/ε)) →

Insgesamt fur jedes i bei Schritte 2→O(|E |(n/ε)log(n/ε))→

Partitioning Algorithm.0. Let S1 contain the path consisting of vertex 1.1. Set Qi = { the lengths of 1-i paths constructed by appending edge (j,i) to a 1-j path of

Sj for some j < i}If i = n→ set c(P∗) = min{c(p)|P ∈ Q∗} ,where Q∗ = {P ∈ Qn|t(P) ≤ T}, and STOP.( If Q∗ = φ→ then no feasible solution exists.Else, P∗ is a (1-n) T-path with length c(p∗) ≤ (1 + ε)OPT )

2. Apply Partition(Qi , OPT, d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εe) using the TEST procedure for the binary search on π in step 2Form Si by picking up a quickest subpath from each Rj , j = 1,...,d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εeSet i← i + 1 and return to Step 1

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Page 111: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Zweite FPAS : Interval Partioning

Große von Qi ist maximal∑

j<i |Sj | = O(n2/ε)

Jede Application von Partition→O((n2/ε) log(n/ε)) elem. Oper. und O(log(n/ε)) Tests

Tests = O(|E |(n/ε) log(n/ε))Um Si zu bilden, es nimmt O(|Qi |) = O(n2/ε)

Große von Si ist d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εe = O(n/ε)

Jeder Test ist O(|E |(n/ε)) →

Insgesamt fur jedes i bei Schritte 2→O(|E |(n/ε)log(n/ε))→Die Laufzeit vom ganzen Algorithmus O(|E |(n2/ε)log(n/ε))

Partitioning Algorithm.0. Let S1 contain the path consisting of vertex 1.1. Set Qi = { the lengths of 1-i paths constructed by appending edge (j,i) to a 1-j path of

Sj for some j < i}If i = n→ set c(P∗) = min{c(p)|P ∈ Q∗} ,where Q∗ = {P ∈ Qn|t(P) ≤ T}, and STOP.( If Q∗ = φ→ then no feasible solution exists.Else, P∗ is a (1-n) T-path with length c(p∗) ≤ (1 + ε)OPT )

2. Apply Partition(Qi , OPT, d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εe) using the TEST procedure for the binary search on π in step 2Form Si by picking up a quickest subpath from each Rj , j = 1,...,d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εeSet i← i + 1 and return to Step 1

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Page 112: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Zweite FPAS : Interval Partioning

→ Die Komplexitat vom Rounding Algorithmus ( 1.FPAS ) hangt vonder Große von den Kantenlangen ( UB ) ab.

→ Bei Partitioning Algorithmus hangt die Komplexitat nur von n und1ε

ab

Vorteil beim zweiten FPAS ?

Partitioning Algorithm.0. Let S1 contain the path consisting of vertex 1.1. Set Qi = { the lengths of 1-i paths constructed by appending edge (j,i) to a 1-j path of

Sj for some j < i}If i = n→ set c(P∗) = min{c(p)|P ∈ Q∗} ,where Q∗ = {P ∈ Qn|t(P) ≤ T}, and STOP.( If Q∗ = φ→ then no feasible solution exists.Else, P∗ is a (1-n) T-path with length c(p∗) ≤ (1 + ε)OPT )

2. Apply Partition(Qi , OPT, d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εe) using the TEST procedure for the binary search on π in step 2Form Si by picking up a quickest subpath from each Rj , j = 1,...,d(n − 1)(1 + ε)/εeSet i← i + 1 and return to Step 1

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Page 113: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Zusammenfassung

Restricted Shortest Path Problem→ NP-Schwer

Erstes FPTAS ( Rounding) von Komplexitat :

O(log(log(B)) . (|E|(n/ε) + log(log(B))

Zweites FPTAS (Interval Partitioning) von Komplexitat :O(|E|(n2/ε) . log(n/ε))

Zwei exakte Pseudopolyomial-Algorithmen

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Page 114: Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem · 2018. 7. 9. · Mazen Ebada Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical

Mazen Ebada – Approximation Schemes For The Restricted Shortest Path Problem Institute of Theoretical InformaticsAlgorithmics Group

Zusammenfassung

Restricted Shortest Path Problem→ NP-Schwer

Erstes FPTAS ( Rounding) von Komplexitat :

O(log(log(B)) . (|E|(n/ε) + log(log(B))

Zweites FPTAS (Interval Partitioning) von Komplexitat :O(|E|(n2/ε) . log(n/ε))

Zwei exakte Pseudopolyomial-Algorithmen

Danke!

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