APPSYCH Chapter 9 Intelligence

8/3/2019 APPSYCH Chapter 9 Intelligence

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AP Psychology Mr. Duez

Chapter 9 Intelligence

How much of intelligence is

inherited, and how much is due toupbringing?

What exactly is intelligence, and

what dotest scores mean?Why do some people with high IQ

scores become underachievers,

while others with average IQ scores

become leaders?

How does intelligence related to

creativity andartistic orathletic

abilities?


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IntelligenceThe ability to learn from

experience, solve problems,

and use knowledge to adaptto new situations.

Is sociallyconstructedthus

Can be culturallyspecific.

According to this definition, are

both Einstein and Ruth intelligent?

Human beings are uniquely

intelligent, and the form ofthat intelligence is unique in

all of us.


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What is Intelligence?Intelligence is a palette of colors we're born

with, learn to use, and add to. Intelligencecolors our lives. Our survival - but more than

that, our enjoyment of life - depends on it.Individual differences in intelligence can be

measured through tests. IQ tests arepowerful, but perhaps limited, barometersof intelligence.

Some psychologists believe that there are other

kinds of intelligences and that our value tosociety should not be reduced to onenumber, the IQ.

Psychologists don't agree, and perhapsnever will, on exactly what intelligence is.It is much more complicated than simplywhether one is "smart" or not.

Debate continues in psychology over themeaning of intelligence, but agenerallyaccepted definition is the mental capacityto solve problems and adapt to theenvironment.


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Is itNatureorNurture?


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Is itNatureorNurture?


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Development of PsychometricsPrompted by the achievements of his half-

cousin Charles Darwin, Sir Francis Galtonin the mid-1800s became interested in whataccounts for individual differences. From hiswork emerged the concept of measuringintelligence.

Because Galton believed that intelligencewas inherited, his work also sparked a greatdeal of controversy, which has followed thisfield of study for over a century.

Francis Galton, who originally coined the phrasenature versus nurture

, researched thehereditary basis of intelligence bystudying twins.

He developed the field of psychometrics byapplying key statisticalconcepts includingcorrelation and percentile rank to studieson human intelligence and other factors.


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Binet-Simon to Stanford-BinetThe first intelligence measure, the

Binet-Simon scale created byAlfred Binet and Theodore

Simon, was designed for Frenchschools to identify students whowould benefit from additionalsupport.

Binet also developed the concepts ofmental age, which indicated anindividual was capable of reasoning atthe level of a typical person at thatchronological age.

They discovered that by discoveringsomeones mental age they can predictfuture performance.

Hoped they could use test to helpchildren, not label them.


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Lewis Terman (1916) revised and expandedBinet's test for use in the US and renamed itthe Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (which

became the gold standard of all IQ tests thatfollowed).

The test increased the number of tasks requiredfrom Binet's 54 to 90. It is an individual test,which means that a trained psychologist givesthe test one-on-one to each test-taker.

It scores in 4 areas of cognitive ability:Verbalreasoning (understandingwords and their use)

Abstract/visualreasoning(forming mental pictures)Quantitativereasoning (usingnumbers and measurements)Short-termmemory(remembering things just taught)

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale


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The new test included a formula for determiningintelligence quotient (IQ), developed byWilliam Stern, and allowed for testing ofadults.

IQ was determined by dividing mental age by

chronological age and multiplying the resultsby 100, providing a method for comparingindividuals.


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Lewis Terman and his IQ TestUsed Binets research to construct the modern day IQ test called the

Stanford-Binet Test.

IQ = Mental age/Chronological age X 100A 8 year old has a mental age

of 10, what is his IQ?

A 12 year old has the mentalage of 9, what is his IQ?

A boy has the mental age of10 and an IQ of 200, howold is he?

75

125

P bl ith th IQ


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Problems with the IQ

FormulaIt does not really work well

on adults, why?

then his IQ would be 50!!!!!!

If a 60 year old man

does as well as an average 30 year old

That makes no sense!!!!!

D id W h l (1896 1981) t d IQ t t


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David Wechsler (1896-1981) suggested IQ testswere limited because they measured intelligenceonly verbally; he devised a test that included bothverbal and performance components to computea total IQ score.

Wechsler developed separate intelligence tests foradults (WAIS) and children (WISC) and used ascoring system based on normal distribution.

Rather than one final score, the Wechsler gives 3scores:

Verbal scale (language, reasoning, and memory skillsas are found in Binet)

Nonverbal performance scale (spatial relations, suchas putting puzzle pieces together, sequencing, andproblem solving)

Full score (adding the two scores together)

Unlike Stanford-Binet, which used a ratio IQ (mentalage divided by chronological age), the Wechslertests based their score on a standard deviationIQ. This means that a person's mental ability isscored in comparison with the average person of

his or her age.


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I i lli hi


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Is intelligence one thing or

several different abilities?

He saw using FA that doing well in one area of a

test predicted that you will do well in another.

THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCECharles Spearman presented a 2-factortheory of intelligence separating general andspecific mental abilities.

Utilizing the statistical method of factoranalysis, which identifies groups of associatedideas by combining like items.

G Factor Intelligence:Spearman discovered that most cognitive skills

are related to a single essential trait he calledgeneral mental ability. The g factor or generalintelligence is the ability of individuals tosolve complex problems

S Factor Intelligence:

Specific mental abilities is what he called theability of an individual to utilize math or verbalskills.

R b t St b d th


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Robert Sternberg proposed the

triarchic theory of intelligence, in whichintelligence was divided into 3 aspects

P.A.C:

Practical, the ability to adaptto changes in theenvironment

Analytical, the reasoning andproblem solving that isevaluated by mostintelligence tests

Creative, the capacity tocreate new ideas andunique solutions to

problems

Ho ard Gardner's


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Howard Gardner'smultipleintelligencestheory states that

intelligence is notfixed.

Individuals possessat least 8 differenttypes of

intelligences.


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Video:Stephen Wiltshire, An

Incredible Person


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Multiple IntelligencesHoward Gardner disagreed with

Spearmans g and instead came up with

the concept of multiple intelligences.He came up with the idea by studying

savants (a condition where a person

has limited mental ability but is

exceptional in one area).


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London, England

Madrid, Spain

Dubai, United Arab Emirates

New York, NY


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First called social intelligence.

The ability to perceive, express,understand, and regulateemotions.

Some studies show EQ to be a

greater predictor for future successthan IQ

Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

Does Intelligence


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Does Intelligence

Change Over Time?

By age 3, a childs IQ can predictadolescent IQ scores.

Depends on the type of intelligence,crystallized or fluid.


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The Flynn effect is the finding that IQ scores have been steadily improvingacross generations.

The reason for the Flynn effect has not been identified, but it is generallyconsidered to have an environmental basis such as better education andnutrition, since 100 years is not long enough to create an evolutionary change.

Another potential cause for the gap in intelligence scores among groups may

be stereotype threat.

Stereotype threat results when individuals are reminded of a negativestereotype about a group they belong to prior to a test, which results in theirscoring lower.

Psychologists today work to create culture-fair tests that eliminate racial, ethnic,socioeconomic, and gender bias.

Which graph represents the results of IQ tests across generations?


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Flynn Effect


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Speed and Efficiency

Studies have shown a biological basis for

general intelligence.

The speed of nerve conduction is related to IQ: the

brains of bright people use less energy during

problem solving. The brain waves of people with

higher IQs show a quicker and more consistent

reaction to simple triggers such as clicks.

This has led some researchers to suppose that

differences in G result from differences in the speed

and efficiency of information processing along nerve

pathways of the nervous system.

Much other work on the biological basis of intelligencepoints to the intelligence being the 'efficient functioning

of the brain, wrote Hans Eysenck in 1999. In his view,

G is the energy of the brain that enables it to do its

intellectual work.

A tit d A hi t T t


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Aptitude v. Achievement TestsA test designed to predict

a persons future

performance.

The ability for that personto learn.

A test designed to assess what a

person has learned.

H d t t I t lli T t ?


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How do we construct Intelligence Tests?

Tests must be:

StandardizedReliable

Valid

St d di ti


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StandardizationThe test must be pre-tested to a representative

sample of people and

Form a normal distribution or bell curve


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RELIABILITY is the degree to which apsychological test such as an IQ test isconsistent or dependable.

In order to determine if a test is reliable,psychologists utilize 3 main methods:

Test-retest reliability is computed byhaving the same individuals take thesame test at two different times.

Alternate form reliability involvestesting the same individuals twice butgiving a different version on the retakedate.

Split-half reliability involves checkingfor consistency between the scores ontwo halves of the same test, which canmean comparing the first half to the

second half of the test or even questionsto odd.

VALIDITY is the degree to which a particular


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VALIDITY is the degree to which a particular

psychological test is accurate and inferences

drawn from the results are correct.

Content validity evaluates how well a test

measures the total meaning of the conceptand if its a reasonably representative of the

material it is evaluating.

Construct validity refers to whether a test is

really evaluating an abstract psychologicalor theoretical idea. Constructs are difficult to

measure and define operationally and include

ideas such as extraversion or intelligence.

Criterion or predictive validityrefers to howwell test results relate to another measure of

what you are evaluating or how well they

predict success in the future.

Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores


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Group Differences in Intelligence Test ScoresThe Bell curve is different for ethnic group.

Math scores are different across genders and the highestscores are for Asian males.

Why?

Nature or Nurture?

Test Bias?Tests do discriminate.But some argue that there sole purpose is to

discriminate.

We have to look at the type of discrimination.


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APPSYCH Chapter 9 Intelligence