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Aim: Review for the Midterm Exam
April 1, 2013
Do Now: In your notebooks, write out one question you have about the midterm material. Topics covered include toxicology and toxicity, controlled substances and other toxins, drug testing and drug identification, blood components, blood typing, and blood spatter. The exam is out of 100 points.
Exam TopicsToxicology + ToxicityControlled SubstancesDrug CategoriesDrug Overdose Symptoms and IdentificationUrinalysis LabDrug Identification LabBlood ComponentsBlood TypingBlood Spatter
Toxicology + ToxicityToxicology
The study of poisons and identification of drugs
ToxicityMeasure of how poisonous a substance is
Factors affecting toxicityDoseDurationExposure
Types of Exposure• Intentional • Treat illness or relieve pain
• Accidental • Ingested or exposed, unintentional OD
• Deliberate • Intention to harm or kill others, suicide
Poisoning and Overdose• Acute •High dose & short time
•Chronic• Low dose & long time
•Overdose • Accidental drug exposure above normal doses
Controlled Substances• Controlled Substances • Drugs whose sale, possession, and use are under legal control.• Includes both illegal and prescription drugs• Hallucinogens, Stimulants, Narcotics, Anabolic Steroids, Depressants
HallucinogensAffect perception, self-awareness,
and emotions.• Mescaline• Marijuana• Mushrooms• LSD• MDMA• PCP
Overdose Symptoms• General
• Increased Heart Rate, Hallucinations• Mescaline
• diarrhea, vomiting • MDMA
• seizures, panic attack, stroke, death• LSD
• sleeplessness, sweating• PCP
• convulsions, death, psychosis, numbness
NarcoticsReduce pain by suppressing CNS ability to relay pain signals to brain.• Heroin• Codeine• Hydrocodone (Vicodin)• Morphine• Oxycodone (OxyContin)
Narcotics Overdose• General Symptoms – difficulty
breathing, coma• Opium –confusion, weakness
• Heroin, Codeine, Morphine –constipation, vomiting, death • Oxycodone – seizures, dizziness,
small pupils
Stimulants• Increase feelings of energy and
alertness while suppressing appetite. • Depression as effects wear off.AmphetaminesCocaineCrack CocaineMethamphetamine
Stimulant Overdose• General Symptoms – rapid heart
rate, death• Amphetamines (Speed) –stroke,
seizure, coma• Cocaine/Crack –seizures, stroke,
heart attack bleeding in the brain• Methamphetamines – dilated
pupils, high BP, bleeding in the brain
Anabolic Steroids• Promote cell and tissue growth• Chemically Manufactured• Similar to testosterone• Used to treat some medical cases
Anabolic Steroid AbuseAcneIncreased body hairBaldnessSterility in malesHeart attacksCancer
Depressants• Barbiturates – relieve anxiety and produce sleep• Reduce body functions by increase of neurotransmitter GABA, causing drowsiness.
Depressant Effects•Side effects •Slurred speech•Loss of coordination
•Overdose may cause slow heart rate, coma, and death.
Organic Toxins• Substances produced by
living organisms• Absorbed and interfere
with metabolism• Venom
Alcohol• Conversion of ethanol to acetic acid causes dehydration• Side Effects - Hangover, headache, nausea• Overdose - Liver damage & Alcohol poisoning
Bacterial Toxins•Botulism – most poisonous biological substance•Destroyed by cooking
Heavy Metals and Pesticides• Metals include cyanide, arsenic, lead, and mercury• Also include gases• Hydrogen Cyanide • Carbon Monoxide
• Inhibit production of ATP
Bioterrorism AgentsRicin and AnthraxVery small amounts needed to be toxic
Effects are dependent on the exposure
Drug TestingTesting for
Drugs and their metabolitesTest hair, saliva, blood, and urine
Detection time varies from drug to drug
Urine Analysis LabPositive Control – Sample known to
contain the drug. In our experiment, this sample changed color
Negative Control – Sample known to not contain the drug. In our experiment, this sample did not change color
Why are they necessary?So we have a benchmark to compare our results to
Urine Analysis LabHow were we able to identify what samples contained the drug?
How were we able to prevent bias from interfering with our results?
Why might a scientist testing urine check the temperature of the sample?
Drug Identification LabWhat were our controls in this
experiment?What was the aim of this
experiment?How did you go about identifying
your unknown?
Drug IdentificationIn – class assignment:
You have found an unknown substance at the scene of the crime. The victim is having difficulty breathing, and is not responsive. They may be in a coma. Write out your own experimental procedure, including all controls and steps. Do not worry about writing all materials.
BloodKnow all blood components – plasma, RBC, WBC, and platelets
Blood Typing – if agglutination is occurring, that protein is present
Blood SpatterAngle of Impact = sin^-1(W/L)Point of Origin = tan(angle of impact) x D