APUNTES DE CLASE DE ALGORITMOS

7/23/2019 APUNTES DE CLASE DE ALGORITMOS

1/216

GAF[@G BYNGKD[K@IAF\YG BYNGK@

Af knu|qf` 1 la k-- {a la{knyon la fn uodgn wai& k`

fn kfnra ~qa {a {qhdgd{|yn ag af h`hag|` la fn k`huynlaf fdiy`' nf doqnf ~qa f`{ kldo`{ la LBL t la Lark--

4 ? : 4 1 : < < : 4 : ? 2

D[IG 4?:(41:(


2/216

Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a laNfo`yd|h`{


3/216


4/216

Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a laNfo`yd|h`{

Gaf{`g Byngkd{k`

Iaf|yg Byngk`


5/216

Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{

Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`

Layakj`{ Ya{ayrnl`{ 95>> u`y Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`

A{|n ìyn a{ uyùdalnl dg|afak|qnf la {q nq|`y t af ald|`y la fn uqifdknkdg'

Uy`jdidln {q yauy`lqkkdg unykdnf ` |`|nf u`y kqnf~qday hald` {dg uayhd{`

a{kyd|` laf uyùda|nyd` la f`{ layakj`{ laf kùtydoj|'

G`|n dhu`y|ng|a3

Fn dgb`yhnkdg k`g|agdln ag a{|n ìyn |daga qg bdg azkfq{drnhag|a ldlk|dk`&

g` a{| uyard{|n {q q|dfdsnkdg n gdraf uy`ba{d`gnf ` dglq{|ydnf' Fn{

dgldknkd`ga{ |kgdkn{ t uyòynhn{ dgkfqdl`{& jng {dl` afni`ynl`y k`g

n|agkdg t kqdlnl` u`y af nq|`y t yauy`lqkdl`{ inc` a{|ydk|n{ g`yhn{ la

k`g|y`f' Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`& g` {ay cqyldknhag|a ya{u`g{nifa

u`y ayy`ya{ q `hd{d`ga{= ln`{ t uaycqdkd`{ ~qa {a uqalng n|ydiqdy nf q{` la

fn dgb`yhnkdg k`huyagldln ag a{|a fdiy`& gd u`y af q{` dglaidl` ~qa {a fal'

Dg|ayga|3 j||u3//www'gabyniaf'ga|/fdiy`{/nfo`yd|h`{'uju

Ahndf3 nfo`yd|h`{Egabyniaf'ga|

D[IG3 4?:(41:(>

Dhuya{` ag Iò`| L'K'& K`f`hidn u`y

Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`'


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N Hnyn \aya{n t Noq{|g& u`y qg uy`g|` yaagkqag|y`'

F`{ kyld|`{ la a{|a |yninc` dgld{kq|difahag|a {f` fa k`yya{u`glag n

Ld`{& n ~qdag fa noynlask` u`y lnyha knln ln qgn gqarn

`u`y|qgdlnl' F`{ ayy`ya{ t a~qdr`knkd`ga{ {d {`g la hd nq|`yn'


7/216


8/216

Knu|qf`


9/216


10/216

Knu|qf`

Knu|qf` >3 Uy`ka{`{ {akqagkdnfa{ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1

> Uy`ka{`{ {akqagkdnfa{ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1

>'> Dg|y`lqkkdg ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1

>'9 Ngfd{d{ la fn dgb`yhnkdg '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2

>'; Nfo`yd|h` ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 4

>'< [aql`kldo` '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >5

>'1 Ldnoynhn la bfqc` '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >>

>'2 Uyqain la a{kyd|`yd` ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >'? @uaynl`ya{ nyd|h|dk`{ ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >2

>': Azuya{d`ga{ fodkn{ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 95

>':'> @uaynl`ya{ yafnkd`gnfa{ ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 95

>':'9 @uaynl`ya{ fodk`{ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 99

>'4 \nifn{ la kay|asn la f`{ `uaynl`ya{ fodk`{ ''''''''''''''''''''''''' 9'>5 Uy`ka{`{ {akqagkdnfa{ ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 92

ACAYKDKD@[ LA DGDKDNKDG ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 9?

A'>'> '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 9?

A'>'9 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;5


11/216

z Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`

z

A'>'; '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;9

A'>'< '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;1

A'>'1 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;4

>'>> Ya{qhag ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 5 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 15

Knu|qf` 93 Uy`ka{`{ la lakd{dg ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1>

9 Uy`ka{` la |`hn la lakd{d`ga{ ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1>

9'> Uy`ka{` [d PPPPP= jnon PPPPP '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1>

ACAYKDKD@[ LA DGDKDNKDG ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 19

A'9'> '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 19


12/216

Knu|qf` 5 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 41

A'9'>> '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 44

A'9'>9 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >5;

9'< Ya{qhag '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >>;

ACAYKDKD@[ UY@UQA[\@[ ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >>1

AU'9'> ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >>1

AU'9'9 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >>1

AU'9'; ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >>1

AU'9'>2

AU'9'2 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >>2


13/216

zdd Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`

zdd

AU'9'? '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >>2

AU'9': '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >>2

AU'9'4 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >>?

Knu|qf` ;3 Uy`ka{`{ yaua|d|dr`{ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >>4

; Uy`ka{`{ yaua|d|dr`{''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >>4

;'> Uy`ka{` Unyn PPPPPPPP jn{|n PPPPPPPP la n PPPPPPPP''''' >>4

A';'> '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >95

A';'9 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >92

A';'; '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >9:

A';';;

A';'1 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >;:

;'9 Uy`ka{` Hdag|yn{ ^q PPPPPPPPPP jnon ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >15

A';': '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >11

A';'4 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >25

A';'>5 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >22:

ACAYKDKD@[ UY@UQA[\@[ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >24

AU';'> '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >24


14/216

Knu|qf` ?5

AU';'?5

AU';'2 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >?>

AU';'? ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >?>

AU';': ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >?>

Knu|qf` ?1

A':5

A':1

45

AU'45

AU'45

AU'45

AU'4>

AU'49

AU'49

AU'4;


15/216

zdr Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`

zdr

AU'41

1'> A{|qld` la qg uy`oynhn ag K-- '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >41

A'1'> '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >41

1'9 K`hag|nyd`{ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >42

1'; Knynk|aya{ la dhuya{dg a{uakdnfa{ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >44

Idifd`oynbn ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 95>

gldka ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 951


16/216

Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`

>

Dg|y`lqkkdgA{|a fdiy` {a a{kydid unyn ~qa {an a{|qldnl` t k`g{qf|nl`& u`y f`{a{|qldng|a{ la alqknkdg |kgdkn& |akg`fodkn t qgdray{d|nydn ~qa

gaka{d|ag kqy{ny hn|aydn{ yafnkd`gnln{ k`g fn k`huq|nkdg ` fn

labdgdkdg la nfo`yd|h`{' Fn fd|ayn|qyn yafnkd`gnln k`g f`{ |ahn{

uyard`{ n fn uyòynhnkdg a{ a{kn{n'

F`{ fdiy`{ ~qa {a agkqag|yng ag af hayknl`& ni`ylng fn

uyòynhnkdg ag ldbayag|a{ fagoqnca{& uay` g` |dagag ag kqag|n ~qa

f`{ a{|qldng|a{ uqalng |agay lqln{ ` rnk`{ ag af la{nyy`ff` `

ufng|anhdag|` la qg nfo`yd|h`& unyn fqao` {ay |ynlqkdl` n qg

fagoqnca la uyòynhnkdg a{uakbdk`' Kqngl` a{|nin ahuasngl` n

yanfdsny a{|a |yninc`& nfoqg`{ a{|qldng|a{ la dgoagdayn la {d{|ahn{

t la |akg`fòn{ ag {d{|ahn{& yard{ny`g f`{ i`yynl`ya{ t

k`hag|ny`g& {d ag fn qgdray{dlnl jqidayn agk`g|ynl` qg fdiy` ~qa

azufdknyn k`h` ufng|any qg nfo`yd|h` |ng bkdf& g` jniyn yaua|dl` fn

hn|aydn t nuyaglay n uyòynhny jqidayn {dl` h{ {agkdff`'

Ag{any n uag{ny a{ k`hufdknl`& knln uay{`gn& yanfdsn a{|nnk|drdlnl la nkqayl` n {q{ azuaydagkdn{ rdrdln{& nf ag|`yg` ag af kqnf

bqa alqknl` t ag af hald` ag ~qa {a jn la{agrqaf|`& {dg `frdlny {q

jayagkdn oag|dkn' K`g a{|a |yninc` {f` ~qday` h`{|ynyfa nf fak|`y

kqfa{ {`g f`{ un{`{ ~qa uqala {aoqdy unyn labdgdy k`yyak|nhag|a qg

nfo`yd|h`& t k`huyìny {q bqgkd`gnhdag|` ng|a{ la |ynlqkdyf` n qg

fagoqnca la uyòynhnkdg'

\`ln{ fn{ uay{`gn{ nufdkng dgk`g{kdag|ahag|a nfo`yd|h`{ ag fn{

nk|drdlnla{ ~qa la{nyy`ffn ag {q rdln k`|dldngn' Unyn k`kdgny& unyn|ynincny& a{|qldny& jnkay {q{ `bdkd`{& uay` ag af h`hag|` ag ~qa {a

fa udla ~qa a{kydin qg nfo`yd|h`& {a ~qalng if`~qanln{& g` {niag

u`y l`gla ahuasny'

U`y a{|n ynsg& ng|a{ la ahuasny n k`ldbdkny qg nfo`yd|h` ag

kqnf~qday fagoqnca la uyòynhnkdg& {a fa laia ag{any nf

a{|qldng|a kh` a{kydidy {q{ nfo`yd|h`{ t k`huyìny {q

bqgkd`gnhdag|`' T g` k`h` nk`{|qhiyng fn hnt`yn la f`{


17/216

9 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`

hna{|y`{& {nf|ny{a fn uny|a la f`{ nfo`yd|h`{& unyn ahuasny k`g qg

fagoqnca la uyòynhnkdg& lacngl` rnk`{ ag fn b`yhnkdg |kgdkn

la f`{ a{|qldng|a{ ~qa h{ nlafng|a {a rqafrag dg{nfrnifa{'

Uag{ngl` ag f`{ a{|qldng|a{ ~qa {a agkqag|yng k`g a{|`{ uyìfahn{

ag af kqy{` la {q b`yhnkdg |kgdkn t qgdray{d|nydn& {a a{kydid a{|a

fdiy`' Af k`g|agdl` laf fdiy`& k`g{d{|a ag qgn uny|a |aydkn uqg|qnf& t

acaykdkd`{ ya{qaf|`{ k`g kday|` oynl` la ldbdkqf|nl& ~qa fa uayhd|ag nf

a{|qldng|a ì{ayrny k`h` {a nufdkng f`{ k`gkau|`{ ~qa {a azu`gag

ag f`{ knu|qf`{'

Af uydhay knu|qf` |ynincn f`{ uy`ka{`{ {akqagkdnfa{& t fn

ha|`l`fòn ~qa {a laia nufdkny unyn ya{`fray f`{ uyìfahn{ ~qa {a

uya{ag|ng kqngl` {a rn n labdgdy qg nfo`yd|h`'

Af {aoqgl` knu|qf` k`g|daga f`{ uy`ka{`{ la lakd{dg' [a

agkqag|yng rnyd`{ acaykdkd`{ ya{qaf|`{& ag |`ln{ {q{ a|nun{& ~qa fa

uayhd|ag nf fak|`y k`huyìny ~qa a{|`{ un{`{ yanfhag|a {`g

nuyùdnl`{ unyn ffaony n qgn ya{uqa{|n k`yyak|n'

Af knu|qf` |aykay` la{nyy`ffn f`{ uy`ka{`{ {akqagkdnfa{& nufdkngl` f`{k`gkau|`{ a{|qldnl`{ ag f`{ l`{ uydhay`{ knu|qf`{& q|dfdsngl` fn

ha|`l`fòn la acaykdkd`{ ya{qaf|`{'

Af kqny|` knu|qf` hngacn f`{ k`gkau|`{ yafnkd`gnl`{ k`g f`{

nyyaof`{& la{nyy`ffngl` acaykdkd`{ ~qa fa uayhd|ag nf a{|qldng|a

nuyaglay n labdgdy nfo`yd|h`{ unyn hngacny r`fhaga{ la

dgb`yhnkdg qg u`k` h{ k`hufdknl`{'

Af ~qdg|` knu|qf` |yn|n f`{ |ahn{ yafnkd`gnl`{ k`g K--' Ag a{|aknu|qf` {a rng n nufdkny f`{ k`g`kdhdag|`{ nl~qdydl`{ ag f`{ kqn|y`

uydhay`{& unyn nuyaglay n hngacny a{|a fagoqnca' [a rn n |yn|ny

jn{|n uyòynhnkdg `ydag|nln n ìca|`{' Uqala {ay la{knyonl` ag

b`yhn|` ULB& la fn uodgn wai laf nq|`y'

Unyn la{nyy`ffny f`{ acaykdkd`{ ya{qaf|`{ t uyùqa{|`{& la knln

knu|qf` {a q|dfds af uyòynhn [hny|LBL& ~qa a{ la ld{|ydiqkdg


18/216

Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`

;

oyn|qd|n t {a uqala la{knyony la fn uodgn la dg|ayga| la f`{

nq|`ya{ laf uy`oynhn j||u3//wdmd'byanm{(qgdl`{'ga|/byaalbl/dglaz

F`{ acaykdkd`{ la{nyy`ffnl`{ ag knln knu|qf`& uqalag {ayla{knyonl`{ la j||u3//www'gabyniaf'ga|/fdiy`{/nfo`yd|h`{'uju& nff

|nhidg agkqag|yn fn `ukdg la jnkay k`g{qf|n{ ag fgan la f`{

|ahn{ laf fdiy`'

F`{ acaykdkd`{ yanfdsnl`{ ag af knu|qf` 1& bqgkd`gng k`g kqnf~qday

k`hudfnl`y la K--& uay` kqngl` {a a{kydid a{|a fdiy`& {a q|dfds

Lar(K-- ray{dg


19/216


20/216

Knu|qf` >3 Uy`ka{`{ {akqagkdnfa{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`

1

> Uy`ka{`{ {akqagkdnfa{

>'> Dg|y`lqkkdgAg af ld{a` la uyòynhn{ unyn k`huq|nl`ya{ jnt |ya{ afahag|`{~qa a{ gaka{nyd` |agay ag kqag|n3

Ag|ynln la ln|`{'Uy`ka{nhdag|` la ln|`{@i|agkdg la ya{qf|nl`{

F`{ ln|`{ la ag|ynln k`yya{u`glag n fn dgb`yhnkdg dgdkdnf ~qa {a

|daga la qgn {d|qnkdg la|ayhdgnln& ~qa {a ~qdaya nq|`hn|dsny `h`ldbdkny fn b`yhn k`h` a{| {d{|ahn|dsnln ` k`h` bqgkd`gnhngqnfhag|a'

Af uy`ka{nhdag|` la ln|`{ k`g{d{|a ag af ngfd{d{ t hngac` ~qa {alaia jnkay n f`{ ln|`{ la ag|ynln& unyn ì|agay nfoqg`{ ya{qf|nl`{dg|ayhald`{& ~qa uayhd|ag ffaony n fn ya{uqa{|n la{anln ` uy`lqk|`bdgnf'

Fn ì|agkdg la ya{qf|nl`{& a{ af un{` bdgnf laf uy`ka{` ~qa {ayanfdsn t uyù`ykd`gn fn dgb`yhnkdg ~qa {a a{uayn ì|agay la{uq{la jniay ngnfdsnl` t |ynincnl` k`g f`{ ln|`{ dgdkdnfa{'

Kqngl` {a |ynincn {`fqkd`gngl` f`{ dgk`gragdag|a{ ~qa {a uya{ag|ngag f`{ uyòynhn{ la k`huq|nl`ya{& a{ gaka{nyd` k`g`kay |`ln{ fn{a{|yqk|qyn{ fodkn{ ~qa {a uqalag q|dfdsny unyn jnkay ~qa afk`huq|nl`y acakq|a la fn hngayn h{ yudln t abdkdag|a f`{ kldo`{&{dg uya{ag|ny ayy`ya{ ~qa jnong bnffny f`{ uyòynhn{' A{|n{ bnffn{ `

ayy`ya{ {`g fn k`g{akqagkdn la jniay{a a~qdr`knl` ag af h`hag|`la a{kydidy af nfo`yd|h` ~qa rn n {ayrdy unyn ya{`fray af uyìfahn& àg af h`hag|` la a{kydidy af kldo` ag af fagoqnca ~qa {a a{||ynincngl`' A{|n{ {d|qnkd`ga{ ayygan{ {a uya{ag|ng u`y~qa afuyòynhnl`y la{k`g`ka ` g` {nia nufdkny fn{ a{|yqk|qyn{ i{dkn{&unyn jnkay f`{ nfo`yd|h`{ ~qa labdgag f`{ ldbayag|a{ knhdg`{ t un{`{~qa laia {aoqdy af k`huq|nl`y unyn acakq|ny af k`yyak|ùy`ka{nhdag|` la f`{ ln|`{'


21/216

2 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg ByngkÀg a{|a fdiy` {a rng n |yn|ny fn{ a{|yqk|qyn{ q|dfdsnln{ unyn a{kydidyk`yyak|nhag|a qg nfo`yd|h`'

Unyn ard|ny a{|`{ dgk`gragdag|a{ ag af h`hag|` la acakq|ny qguyòynhn& a{ dhu`y|ng|a k`g`kay |`l`{ f`{ uy`ka{`{ fodk`{ ~qa {aq|dfdsng unyn af uy`ka{nhdag|` la fn dgb`yhnkdg& n{ k`h` f`{ un{`{~qa {a ya~qdayag unyn raydbdkny ~qa f`{ nfo`yd|h`{ a{kyd|`{ u`y afuyòynhnl`y a{|g idag q|dfdsnl`{ t nyy`cng f`{ ya{qf|nl`{a{uaynl`{'

Ag a{|a uydhay knu|qf`& {a rn n azufdkny af bqgkd`gnhdag|` lafuy`ka{` {akqagkdnf t fn{ jayynhdag|n{ ` uy`kaldhdag|`{ ~qa

uayhd|ag uyìny& ~qa af |yninc` ~qa {a a{| jnkdagl` a{ k`yyak|` tuy`ka{n fn dgb`yhnkdg la fn hngayn ~qa {a a{| uag{ngl`'

[a nufdkn qgn ha|`l`fòn ~qa fa uayhd|n nf uyòynhnl`y& {aoqdyqgn {akqagkdn fodkn nlakqnln unyn ya{`fray f`{ uyìfahn{ ~qa {auya{ag|ng ag af h`hag|` uyard` n a{kydidy af kldo` la qg uyòynhnag kqnf~qday fagoqnca= a{|`{ un{`{ {`g3 af ngfd{d{ la fn dgb`yhnkdg&labdgdy kqf a{ af nfo`yd|h` n nufdkny& a{kydidy af {aql`kldo`& yanfdsnyaf ldnoynhn la bfqc` t jnkay fn uyqain la a{kyd|`yd` unyn k`huyìny

~qa af |yninc` a{| idag jakj` t a{| ag|yaongl` f`{ ya{qf|nl`{a{uaynl`{'

>'9 Ngfd{d{ la fn dgb`yhnkdg

Kqngl` {a gaka{d|n qg uyòynhnl`y la k`huq|nl`ya{& a{ u`y~qa {a~qdaya {d{|ahn|dsny qg uy`kaldhdag|` ~qa {a a{| acakq|ngl`hngqnfhag|a ` {a gaka{d|n h`ldbdkny qg kldo` tn azd{|ag|a'

Oagaynfhag|a af q{qnyd` g` {nia labdgdy kqf a{ af uyìfahn' [f`ldka ~qday` {d{|ahn|dsny a{|n nk|drdlnl& ` ~qday` ~qa h`ldbd~qag a{|auyòynhn& ` a{|n uodgn wai& unyn ~qa jnon fn{ k`{n{ la `|ynb`yhn ldbayag|a n k`h` fn{ a{| acakq|ngl`= uay` f g` labdga afuyìfahn ag |yhdg`{ uyakd{`{ ~qa ag|dagln af uy`ba{d`gnf ` azuay|`~qa rn n k`g|yn|ny unyn ~qa yanfdka a{|n |nyan' A{|n labdgdkdg lafuyìfahn fn laia jnkay af uyòynhnl`y ~qa a{| acakq|ngl` af


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?

uy`tak|`& la fn hngayn h{ uyakd{n u`{difa& |agdagl` ag kqag|n|`ln{ fn{ u`{didfdlnla{ t ya~qaydhdag|`{ ~qa la{an af kfdag|a'

A{|a uy`ka{` la ngnfdsny fn dgb`yhnkdg a{ hqt dhu`y|ng|a t {a|`hn hqt n fn fdoayn& u`y~qa {a laia |agay idag kfny` ~q a{ f` ~qa~qdaya t gaka{d|n fn uay{`gn ` fn ahuya{n ~qa rn n hnglny jnkay qguyòynhn& t ~q a{ f` ~qa jn ag|agldl` ~qdag rn n jnkay fnuyòynhnkdg' U`y~qa a{ hqt byakqag|a ~qa kqngl` {a |ayhdgn af|yninc` la fn uyòynhnkdg t {a rn n ag|yaony af uyòynhn tnbqgkd`gngl`& af kfdag|a ~qa jn hnglnl` jnkay fn nufdknkdg ldka&uay` t` ~qayn ~qa jdkdayn a{|` ` n~qff` t g` f` a{| jnkdagl`& t afuyòynhnl`y k`g|a{|n& uay` a{` bqa f` ~qa q{|al ha ldc` ~qajdkdayn& ` bqa f` ~qa t` fa ag|agl'

Unyn ard|ny ~qa {a uya{ag|a a{|n {d|qnkdg& a{ k`gragdag|a ~qa {ayanfdka qg l`kqhag|` u`y a{kyd|` ~qa k`g|agon fn dgb`yhnkdg ~qa{qhdgd{|yn af kfdag|a& ~q ~qdaya ~qa jnon af uyòynhn ` ~q ~qdaya~qa {a jnon k`g a{|n dgb`yhnkdg t u`y f|dh` ~q ya{qf|nl`{ ~qdaya~qa fa ag|yaoqa af uyòynhn tn |ayhdgnl` t bqgkd`gngl`'

A{ nf uyòynhnl`y la k`huq|nl`ya{ ` la{nyy`ffnl`y la {`b|wnya& n~qdag fa k`yya{u`gla ufng|any af uyìfahn n {`fqkd`gny& k`g in{a ag|`l`{ f`{ ln|`{ {qhdgd{|ynl`{ u`y af kfdag|a t f`{ ì{ayrnl`{ u`y fag fn{ ldbayag|a{ rd{d|n{ yanfdsnln{ unyn jnkay af farng|nhdag|` la fndgb`yhnkdg t uy`ka{`{ ag af knhu` la |yninc`'

Kqngl` tn {a k`g`ka kqf a{ fn {d|qnkdg uyìfahn& af un{` n {aoqdya{ la|ayhdgny k`g ~q {a kqag|n unyn ahuasny af |yninc`& a{|`~qdaya lakdy ~q laiah`{ k`g`kay& kqf a{ fn dgb`yhnkdg dgdkdnf ~qa

{a |daga unyn ahuasny n jnkay af a{|qld` ` ngfd{d{'

Fqao` {a laia {niay kqfa{ {`g f`{ uy`ka{`{ ~qa jnt ~qa yanfdsny t~q ln|`{ dg|ayhald`{ {a laiag k`g`kay= ~qa g` {`g f`{ ya{qf|nl`{bdgnfa{& uay` {`g un{`{ ` ln|`{ ~qa rng n uayhd|dy ffaony n f`{ya{qf|nl`{ bdgnfa{ ~qa {a ~qdayag ì|agay'

U`y acahuf`& {d {a ~qdaya uyaunyny qg {qkqfag|` {ngk`kj` laua{knl`& g` {a rng n dg|y`lqkdy |`l`{ f`{ dgoyaldag|a{ ag af


23/216

: Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`yakdudag|a t fqao` k`f`knyf`{ ag af bqao`& u`y~qa f` ~qa {a |aglyn nfbdgnf g` {ayn qg {ngk`kj` la ua{knl` t hqkj` hag`{ {qkqfag|`' A{kfny` ~qa jnt |`ln qgn {ayda la un{`{ t uy`kaldhdag|`{ ~qa {a

laiag {aoqdy unyn ~qa a{|a ufn|` {an af a{uaynl`' [d {a nf|ayng ` {a`hd|ag& af ya{qf|nl` a{ dgkday|` a dga{uaynl`'

Unyn {`fqkd`gny qg uyìfahn la uyòynhnkdg la k`huq|nl`ya{ à{kydidy af kldo` la qg uyòynhn& {a laia {aoqdy qg uy`kaldhdag|`fodk`& k`g`kdagl` kqfa{ un{`{ rng uydhay`& kqfa{ la{uq{ t ~qjnka knln qg` la aff`{& u`y~qa g` {a uqalag yanfdsny la hngaynla{`ylagnln laidl` n ~qa af ya{qf|nl` a{ {`yuya{dr`& t k`yyaodyf`k`gffarn yald{any af nfo`yd|h` t yaa{kydidy af kldo` t a{|`

yauya{ag|n |dahu` t ldgay` ~qa g` rn n n{qhdy af kfdag|a& {dg` afuyòynhnl`y ` fn ahuya{n ~qa a{| yanfdsngl` af uy`tak|`' [d a{|`{ayy`ya{ {`g k`ha|dl`{ u`y qg uyòynhnl`y ~qa |ynincn ag qgnahuya{n& a{ hqt uyìnifa ~qa udayln {q ahufa` t& {d a{ af lqa` lafn k`hunn& uqa{ g` rn n |agay zd|` ag {q |yninc`'

[d {a |dagag ag kqag|n a{|n{ dgldknkd`ga{ ng|a{ la ahuasny na{kydidy af nfo`yd|h`& {a uqala a{|ny {aoqy` la ~qa {a a{|gk`g|ahufngl` fn{ ldbayag|a{ nf|aygn|drn{ t {a a{| hdgdhdsngl` af

ghay` la u`{didfdlnla{ la ~qa af nfo`yd|h` a{| ayynl` ` uya{ag|adgk`g{d{|agkdn{'

Acahuf`

Ag qgn `bdkdgn f`{ ahufanl`{ {a agkqag|yng |ynincngl`g`yhnfhag|a& uay` dga{uaynlnhag|a& fn `bdkdgn {a ~qaln n `{kqyn{'Qgn la fn{ uay{`gn{ uya{ag|a{ uyagla t nunon gqarnhag|a af

dg|ayyqu|`y laf bfqdl` afk|ydk` ag fn `bdkdgn t uqala k`huyìny ~qaaf i`hidff` g` uyagla t& nf {nfdy la fn `bdkdgn& k`huyqain ~qa fn{`|yn{ `bdkdgn{ nfalnn{ |dagag dfqhdgnkdg'

^q bqa f` ~qa jds` af ahufanl` nf raydbdkny {d uyagln af i`hidff` tk`huyìny {d fn{ `|yn{ `bdkdgn{ k`g|doqn{ a{|ning dfqhdgnln{0


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4

A{|nin yak`fak|ngl` fn dgb`yhnkdg gaka{nydn unyn {niay ~q a{|ninun{ngl` t kqfa{ {`g fn{ nf|aygn|drn{ unyn {`fqkd`gny af uyìfahn'Ag u`kn{ unfniyn{ a{|nin yak`fak|ngl` fn dgb`yhnkdg la knhu`'

K`g a{|n dgb`yhnkdg tn a{| uyaunynl` unyn labdgdy af uyìfahn t{niay ~q gaka{d|n unyn {`fqkd`gnyf`'

Af uyìfahn a{3 {a ln fn i`hidffn ~qa a{| k`f`knln& jnt ~qaknhidnyfn u`y qgn gqarn'

^q {a gaka{d|n unyn {`fqkd`gnyf`0

qg i`hidff`'qgn ingkn ` qgn a{knfayn unyn unyny{a t u`lay knhidny afi`hidff`'

Tn {a {nia ~q a{| un{ngl`& ~q {a gaka{d|n t kh` {a laiajnkay& ag|`gka{ nj`yn {d {a uqala ahuasny n labdgdy af nfo`yd|h`'

>'; Nfo`yd|h`

Af {aoqgl` un{` unyn iq{kny fn {`fqkdg n qg uyìfahn lauyòynhnkdg la k`huq|nl`ya{ a{ yanfdsny af nfo`yd|h` ~qa labdgnf`{ un{`{ bdgd|`{ ~qa {a laiag acakq|ny ag qg `ylag fodkà{|nifakdl`& la{uq{ la |agay kfnyn fn dgb`yhnkdg ~qa {a |daga unynahuasny& n{ k`h` ~q uy`ka{`{& jayynhdag|n{ ` ln|`{ {a ya~qdayagk`h` dgb`yhnkdg dg|ayhaldn& unyn u`lay ffaony n f`{ ya{qf|nl`{bdgnfa{'

Ag u`kn{ unfniyn{& qg nfo`yd|h` a{ qgn yaka|n ~qa {a laia yanfdsnyk`g un{`{ bdgd|`{& `ylagnl`{& ~qa uayhd|ag ì|agay qg ya{qf|nl`

a{uakbdk`& |agdagl` ag kqag|n f`{ dgoyaldag|a{ gaka{nyd`{ unyn afya{uak|dr` ufn|dff` ~qa dgldkn fn yaka|n t ag ~q b`yhn t h`hag|` {alaiag nufdkny unyn g` ffaony nf bdgnf n qg ya{qf|nl` ldbayag|a tnlah{ dga{uaynl`& |agdagl` ya{qf|nl`{ a~qdr`knl`{& ~qa rng njnkay ~qa {a |agon ~qa ahuasny gqarnhag|a af |yninc`&`kn{d`gngl` uyldln la |dahu` t ldgay`'


25/216

>5 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg ByngkÀcahuf`

K`g|dgqngl` k`g af acahuf` ng|ayd`y& t nufdkngl` fn labdgdkdg la

nfo`yd|h`& {a laiag labdgdy f`{ un{`{ ~qa {a rng n acakq|ny unynu`lay ya{|nifakay gqarnhag|a fn dfqhdgnkdg la fn `bdkdgn' F`{ un{`{gaka{nyd`{ n {aoqdy& {`g f`{ {doqdag|a{3

Un{` >3 Iq{kny af i`hidff` la yauqa{|Ùn{` 93 La{k`gak|ny af bfqdl` afk|ydkÙn{` ;3 K`f`kny qgn a{knfayn& kncg ` ingkn lainc` laf i`hidffÙn{`


26/216


>>

Af yanfdsny af {aql`kldo` uayhd|a bkdfhag|a a{kydidy la{uq{ `|ynlqkdy af kldo` ag qg fagoqnca la uyòynhnkdg la|ayhdgnl`& k`ghnt`y bfqdlas t ynudlas'

Acahuf`

Iq{kny af i`hidff` la yauqa{|`'La{k`gak|ny af bfqdl` afk|ydk`'K`f`kny qgn a{knfayn& kncg ` ingkn lainc` laf i`hidff`'Unyny{a {ìya fn a{knfayn& kncg ` ingkn'La{agy`{kny af i`hidff` nraydnl`'Agy`{kny af gqar` i`hidff`'Incny la fn a{knfayn& kncg ` ingkn'Agkaglay af bfqdl` afk|ydk`'

>'1 Ldnoynhn la bfqc`

[d {a azuya{ng fn{ dlan{ u`y hald` la ldiqc`{ t ldnoynhn{& a{ h{{agkdff` ~qa {ang k`huyagldln{ u`y fn{ uay{`gn{ n fn{ kqnfa{ {a fn{uya{ag|nh`{'

F`{ ldnoynhn{ la bfqc` {`g yauya{ag|nkd`ga{ oybdkn{ la f`{

nfo`yd|h`{' A{|n jayynhdag|n jnka ~qa kqngl` {a |ynincn k`gnfo`yd|h`{ k`hufdknl`{& {a uqaln ray k`g h{ kfnydlnl af knhdg` n{aoqdy t {an bkdf raydbdkny kqf a{ fn b`yhn k`h` {a rn n k`hu`y|nyaf bfqc` la fn dgb`yhnkdg'

K`h` {q g`hiya f` dgldkn& qg ldnoynhn la bfqc` hqa{|yn kqfa{ {`gf`{ knhdg`{ ~qa {a laiag {aoqdy unyn acakq|ny qgn nk|drdlnl ` qg

uy`ka{`' Uayhd|a ray fn {afakkdg la nf|aygn|drn{ la lakd{dg& lankqayl` n f`{ ya{qf|nl`{ dg|ayhald`{ ~qa {a rng uya{ag|ngl` nhaldln ~qa {a jnka af yak`yydl` u`y af ldnoynhn& t n{ u`layraydbdkny ~qa {a a{|g yanfdsngl` fn{ dg{|yqkkd`ga{ k`yyak|nhag|a'

Af yanfdsny af ldnoynhn la bfqc` kqngl` {a a{| |ynincngl` ag qguy`tak|` la uyòynhnkdg la k`huq|nl`ya{& a{ |df u`y~qa fauayhd|a nf uyòynhnl`y agk`g|yny gqarn{ nf|aygn|drn{ ~qa uqala

q{ny ag af nfo`yd|h` tn ~qa a{ h{ bkdf rayfn{ oybdknhag|a'


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>9 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`

Azd{|ag ag af hayknl` uyòynhn{ ~qa uayhd|ag yanfdsny f`{ldnoynhn{ la bfqc` t raydbdkny f`{ ya{qf|nl`{ dg|ayhald`{ t bdgnfa{ laf

nfo`yd|h`' F`{ acaykdkd`{ ~qa {a yanfdsny`g ag a{|a fdiy` bqay`guyìnl`{ k`g af uyòynhn [hny| LBL >'5& a{ qg {`b|wnya oyn|qd|`la fdiya ld{|ydiqkdg& ~qa {a uqala la{knyony la dg|ayga| ` fn ray{dgfdiya nk|qnfdsnln ByaaLBL>'>& |nhidg oyn|qd|n {a uqala la{knyonyla j||u3//wdmd'byanm{(qgdl`{'ga|/byaalbl/dglaz+k(ldo`(bqag|a' Bqayanfdsnl` u`y a{|qldng|a{ la fn Qgdray{dlnl laf Hnolnfagn ag [ng|nHny|n ( K`f`hidn'

Unyn af ld{a` la f`{ ldnoynhn{ la bfqc` {a q|dfdsng ldbayag|a{ldiqc`{ ` {hi`f`{ ~qa {dyrag unyn dgldkny fn{ ùaynkd`ga{ ~qa {aacakq|ng ag qg uyòynhn la k`huq|nkdg' A{|`{ ldiqc`{ fa uayhd|agnf uyòynhnl`y dlag|dbdkny ~q |du` la dg{|yqkkdg |daga ~qa acakq|ny&{d {a laia |`hny qgn lakd{dg& yanfdsny qg kdkf` yaua|d|dr`& {aoqdy qguy`ka{` {akqagkdnf& faay qg nyyaof`& acakq|ny qgn ùaynkdg&uya{ag|ny qg hag{nca u`y ung|nffn ` yanfdsny qgn dhuya{dg'

Ag fn \nifn >'> {a uqalag ray fn{ k`gragkd`ga{ t {hi`f`{ q|dfdsnl`{

unyn af ld{a` la f`{ ldnoynhn{ la bfqc`' [d {a agkqag|yn fn hd{hnk`gragkdg ag l`{ ldnoynhn{ la bfqc` ldbayag|a{& {|n |daga afhd{h` {dogdbdknl` t yauya{ag|n fn hd{hn nkkdg'

rnf` Unyn dgdkdny t|ayhdgny

Yak|goqf` Unyn yanfdsnykfkqf`{ ` uy`ka{`{

\ynuakd` Unyn ag|ynlnhngqnf la ln|`{

Unynfafòynh` Unyn ag|ynln laln|`{


28/216

>'>

Ag fn Bdoqyn >'> laf acahuf`& {a uqala ray fn b`yhn k`h` {a nufdkngnfoqg`{ la f`{ {hi`f`{ ~qa {a agkqag|yng ag fn \nifn >'>'

A{|a {hi`f` {a q|dfdsn unyn dgldkny af uqg|` la dgdkd` lafldnoynhn la bfqc` ` af bdgnf laf hd{h`'

Fn bfakjn dgldkn fn k`gazdg ag|ya l`{ {hi`f`{ t fn ldyakkdg ~qa{doqa fn dgb`yhnkdg ag af ldnoynhn'

Af yak|goqf` yauya{ag|n fn acakqkdg la qgnùaynkdg& dg{|yqkkdg ` fn n{dognkdg la qg rnf`y n qgn rnydnifa'

>'2 Uyqain la a{kyd|`yd`

Kqngl` {a jn yanfdsnl` af ngfd{d{ laf uyìfahn t {a |daga kfny` ~qùaynkd`ga{ {a laiag jnkay& ~q lakd{d`ga{ {a laiag |`hny& n{k`h` ~q rnydnifa{ dg|ayrdagag t ~q ya{qf|nl`{ {a a{uayng

[qidy{a {ìya fn

a{knfayn ` kncg

La{agy`{kny af

i`hidff` nraydnl`

Agy`{kny af

gqar` i`hidff`

Incny laf kncg

Agkaglay af bfqdl`

afk|ydk`

\ayhdgny

Dgdkd`

Incny laf kncg

N


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>1

ì|agay& tn {a a{| fd{|` unyn labdgdy af nfo`yd|h`' \agdagl` kyanl` afnfo`yd|h`& {a uqala a{kydidy af {aql`kldo`& yanfdsny af ldnoynhn labfqc` t u`y f|dh` jnkay fn uyqain la a{kyd|`yd` unyn k`huyìny {q

bqgkd`gnhdag|` t bdgnfhag|a raydbdkny f`{ ya{qf|nl`{ ~qa nyy`cn'

Ag k`gkfq{dg fn uyqain la a{kyd|`yd` a{ fn uyqain bdgnf laf nfo`yd|h`&ng|a{ la un{ny nf fagoqnca la uyòynhnkdg' Af |yninc` yanfdsnl`jn{|n a{|a h`hag|`& a{ uyard` n a{kydidy af kldo` ag kqnf~qdayfagoqnca la uyòynhnkdg'

Ag af la{nyy`ff` la f`{ nfo`yd|h`{ unyn ya{`fray uyìfahn{ la ld{a`la uyòynhn{ unyn k`huq|nl`yn{ ` la{nyy`ff` la {`b|wnya& {a rng nq|dfdsny rnydnifa{ t k`g{|ng|a{'

Qgn rnydnifa a{ qg a{unkd` |ahu`ynf la hah`ydn& l`gla {a rn n

nfhnkagny fn dgb`yhnkdg hdag|yn{ {a a{| acakq|ngl` af nfo`yd|h` `

af uyòynhn' A{|n dgb`yhnkdg {a uqala knhidny lqyng|a fnacakqkdg laf uyòynhn'

Qgn k`g|ng|a a{ qg rnf`y bdc` ~qa {a oqnyln ag qg a{unkd` la

hah`ydn ag b`yhn |ahu`ynf& hdag|yn{ {a a{| acakq|ngl` afnfo`yd|h` ` af uyòynhn' A{|n dgb`yhnkdg g` {a uqala knhidnylqyng|a fn acakqkdg laf uyòynhn'

Qg uyòynhn a{ qg k`gcqg|` la dg{|yqkkd`ga{ ~qa {doqa af

k`huq|nl`y& unyn u`lay nfkngsny qg ya{qf|nl` a{uakbdk`' F`{

uyòynhn{ a{|g a{kyd|`{ ag fagoqnca{ la uyòynhnkdg& ~qa

uqalag {ay ag|agldl`{ u`y af k`huq|nl`y'

Kqngl` {a a{| a{kydidagl` qg uyòynhn la k`huq|nl`y& a{gaka{nyd` q|dfdsny ldbayag|a{ a{|yqk|qyn{ unyn k`g|y`fny af bfqc` la fn{ùaynkd`ga{ n yanfdsny t la fn{ lakd{d`ga{ ~qa {a laiag |`hny' Jnt

uy`ka{`{ ~qa {`g {akqagkdnfa{& k`gldkd`gnfa{ t yaua|d|dr`{' Fnk`yyak|n nufdknkdg la a{|`{ uy`ka{`{ {a k`g`ka k`h` uyòynhnkdg

a{|yqk|qynln' Unyn knln qg` la a{|`{ uy`ka{`{ a{ gaka{nyd` q|dfdsny{hi`f`{ ldbayag|a{ t a{|yqk|qyn{ fodkn{ ldbayag|a{& tn ~qa ag knlnqg` la aff`{ f`{ ln|`{ {a hngacng la hngayn k`hufa|nhag|a

ldbayag|a'


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>2 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`>'? @uaynl`ya{ nyd|h|dk`{

Unyn yanfdsny fn{ ùaynkd`ga{ hn|ah|dkn{ a{ gaka{nyd` q|dfdsny f`{

ùaynl`ya{ nyd|h|dk`{& ~qa uayhd|ag jnkay fn{ ùaynkd`ga{nyd|h|dkn{ ag|ya k`g{|ng|a{& ghay`{ t rnydnifa{' Kqngl` {ayanfdsng a{|n{ ùaynkd`ga{ {a ì|daga k`h` ya{qf|nl` qg ghay`'

Ag fn \nifn >'9 {a agkqag|yng f`{ ùaynl`ya{ nyd|h|dk`{& t {a dgldkn~q kfn{a la ùaynkdg {a uqala yanfdsny k`g knln qg` la aff`{'A{|`{ ùaynl`ya{ {a q|dfdsng ag f`{ nfo`yd|h`{& {aql`kldo`{ tldnoynhn{ la bfqc`'

@uaynl`ya{ nyd|h|dk`{@uaynl`y @uaynkdg

## Azu`gagkdnkdg# Hqf|dufdknkdg / Ldrd{dg- [qhn( Ya{|n

H`l Hlqf` *ya{dlq`$Ldr Ldrd{dg ag|ayn

\nifn >'9

Nfoqg`{ acahuf`{ la fn nufdknkdg la a{|`{ ùaynl`ya{ {`g3

Azu`gagkdnkdg3 ? ## 9 8 > 8 44

Ldrd{dg3 >1 / 9 8 ?'1

[qhn3 ; - 9'1 8 1'1

Ya{|n3 ; ( 9'1 8 5'1

Hlqf`3 ? h`l 9 8 >


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>: Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`

Acahuf`3***?'1


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>4

Acahuf`3

< ## 9 # ; - ? / 2 # ; - ? / 9

94'1 67 (1>5'22?

Raylnlay`

>':'9 @uaynl`ya{ fodk`{

A{|`{ ùaynl`ya{ jnkag u`{difa a{|nifakay k`gldkd`ga{ k`hufacn{&uny|dagl` la azuya{d`ga{ {agkdffn{' F`{ ùaynl`ya{ fodk`{ {`g *T$~qa k`yya{u`gla n fn k`gcqgkdg& *@$ n fn ld{tqgkdg t *G@$ n fngaonkdg' Ag fn \nifn >'1& {a agkqag|yng f`{ ùaynl`ya{ fodk`{& fnuyd`ydlnl ` cayny~qn ~qa acaykag ag fn{ azuya{d`ga{ fodkn{ t ~q

{dogdbdkng'

Cayny~qn ùaynl`ya{ fodk`{@uaynl`y @uaynkdg Cayny~qn [dogdbdknl`

G` U= G` U= U Hnt`y G` a{ kday|` UT U t ^= U " ^= U ^ U |nhidg ^@ U ` ^= U ^ Hag`y Nf hag`{ U nf hag`{ ^

\nifn >'1


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9;

Af ùaynl`y G`& jnka fn{ raka{ la |yhdg` la agfnka t gdaon fnuyù`{dkdg'

Acahuf`3

[an fn uyù`{dkdg U Af ln a{|n {`fanl`' Nf {nfdy n fn knffa {a

raydbdkn ~qa af kdaf` a{| gqifnl` t a{| ff`rdagl`' Ag|`gka{ fnuyù`{dkdg g` a{ kday|n& t {a azuya{n la fn {doqdag|a b`yhn3

G` *Af ln a{| {`fanl`'$

U

U

Ln k`h` ya{qf|nl`3 Af ln g` a{| {`fanl`'

Af ùaynl`y G`& a{ qgn gaonkdg la fn uyù`{dkdg t a{ af |yhdg` laagfnka'

Acahuf`3

Fn fqgn g` a{| jakjn la ~qa{`'

Fn uyù`{dkdg a{ fn fqgn a{| jakjn la ~qa{`& af |yhdg` laagfnka a{ g`' [a |daga k`h` ya{qf|nl` qgn gaonkdg'

Af ùaynl`y T b`yhn qgn k`gcqgkdg& |nhidg kqhufa fn bqgkdg la|yhdg` la agfnka& u`y acahuf` {d {a |dagag fn{ uyù`{dkd`ga{ U af

ln a{| {`fanl`t fn uyù`{dkdg â{| jnkdagl` knf`y& ag|`gka{af unuaf ~qa la{ahuan af ùaynl`y ` |yhdg` la agfnka a{3

U ^

U " ^

U t ^


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92 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg ByngkÀ{|n dgb`yhnkdg a{ dhu`y|ng|a ag uyòynhnkdg t k`huq|nkdg g`{f` ag af ld{a` la nfo`yd|h`{& |nhidg {a q|dfdsn ag k`huqay|n{ `kdykqd|`{ fodk`{& hn|ah|dkn{ ld{kya|n{ t fodkn'

N k`g|dgqnkdg a{| fn \nifn >'4 ~qa k`g|daga fn{ uyd`ydlnla{ `cayny~qn{ la f`{ ùaynl`ya{ nyd|h|dk`{& yafnkd`gnfa{ t fodkn{'

Cayny~qn la f`{ ùaynl`ya{@uaynl`y Cayny~qn

*$ Hnt`y##

#& /& h`l& ldr

-& (8& 67& 6& 7& 68& 78G`T@ Hag`y

\nifn >'4

>'>5 Uy`ka{`{ {akqagkdnfa{

Fn hngayn h{ {agkdffn la yanfdsny qg uy`ka{` a{ la b`yhn{akqagkdnf& t a{|` {a uya{ag|n kqngl` g` {a |dagag ~qa arnfqnyrnydn{ ùkd`ga{ ` yanfdsny qg k`gcqg|` la ùaynkd`ga{ rnydn{ raka{k`g{akq|drn{' Af gdk` ya~qd{d|` la a{|a uy`ka{`& a{ ~qa fn{dg{|yqkkd`ga{ a{|g laidlnhag|a `ylagnln{ t {a yanfdkag qgn nk`g|dgqnkdg la fn `|yn& unyn ard|ny {`yuya{n{ la{noynlnifa{ ag afh`hag|` la |agay fn{ ya{uqa{|n{ ` ya{qf|nl`{' A{|n a{ fn a{|yqk|qynh{ {agkdffn ~qa {a q|dfdsn ag af h`hag|` la a{|ny uyòynhngl`' Af

acahuf` ng|ayd`y la knhidny qg i`hidff`& k`yya{u`gla n qg uy`ka{`{akqagkdnf& u`y~qa g` jqi` gaka{dlnl la arnfqny gdgog rnf`y unyn{aoqdy qgn yq|n a{uakbdkn lag|y` laf nfo`yd|h` ` yanfdsny uy`ka{`{yaua|d|dr`{'

[a dgdkdng f`{ acaykdkd`{ a{|qldngl` a{|n kfn{a la uy`ka{`{ tazufdkngl` la b`yhn kfnyn t {agkdffn& ag ~q k`g{d{|a knln qgn la fn{dg{|yqkkd`ga{ t ~q ya{qf|nl`{ {a ì|dagag k`g affn{& la fn hd{hn


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9?

hngayn k`h` {a nufdkng f`{ ùaynl`ya{ nyd|h|dk`{& fodk`{ tyafnkd`gnfa{ ~qa {a rng n q|dfdsny ag af |yng{kqy{` laf fdiy`'

ACAYKDKD@[ LA DGDKDNKDG

A'>'> Kyaa qg nfo`yd|h` unyn {qhny l`{ ghay`{'

Ngfd{d{ la fn dgb`yhnkdg

[a |dagag l`{ ghay`{ t {a {nia ~q ùaynkdg {a la{an yanfdsnyk`g aff`{' Ag a{|a kn{` {a k`g`kag f`{ ln|`{ la ag|ynln& ~q {a laiajnkay k`g aff`{ t ~q ya{qf|nl`{ {a a{uayn ~qa uya{ag|a af nfo`yd|h`nf bdgnf'

Nfo`yd|h`

K`h` {a |daga kfny` k`g ~q dgb`yhnkdg {a ahudasn n |ynincny t~q {a laia jnkay k`g affn& tn {a uqala a{kydidy af nfo`yd|h`'

Un{` >3 Fan af uydhay ghay`

Un{` 93 Fan af {aoqgl` ghayÙn{` ;3 Yanfdka fn {qhn laf uydhay ghay` t laf {aoqgl` ghay`&fqao` oqylaf` ag qgn rnydnifa ffnhnln {qhnUn{`


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;5 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`[a k`huyì ~qa af nfo`yd|h` {d acakq|n fn {qhn la l`{ ghay`{ tu`y f|dh` uya{ag|n af ya{qf|nl` ì|agdl`'

A'>'9 Kyany qg nfo`yd|h` ~qa knfkqfa af yan la qg kykqf`'


Unyn yanfdsny af kfkqf` laf yan la qg kykqf`& {a gaka{d|n k`g`kay afynld` laf kykqf` t fqao` yaahufnsny a{|a rnf`y ag fn byhqfn laf yanla qg kykqf` ~qa a{ {dag|` Y af ynld` laf kykqf` t 8;'>149' Nj`yn tn {a uqalag yanfdsny fn{ ùaynkd`ga{ dgldknln{unyn ì|agay af rnf`y iq{knl`'

Nfo`yd|h`

Un{` >3 K`g`kay af rnf`y laf ynld` laf kykqfÙn{` 93 Yaahufnsny af rnf`y laf ynld` ag fn byhqfnUn{` ;3 Uya{ag|ny af yan laf kykqf`

[aql`kldo`

Faay rnf`y laf ynld`JnonUya{ag|ny af rnf`y la N

Ldnoynhn la bfqc`

Bdoqyn >';

Dgdkdny

Ynld`

N8 Ynld`

N

\ayhdgny


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;9 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`Af nfo`yd|h` dgldkn ~qa {a laia yaahufnsny af rnf`y laf ynld` t laag fn b`yhqfn ' Af uy`lqk|` la a{|n{ l`{ kng|dlnla{ lnk`h` ya{qf|nl` af yan laf kykqf` ~qa {a nfhnkagn ag fn rnydnifa N'

Ynld` N> ;'>149 ;'>149

\nifn >'>'; Kyany qg nfo`yd|h` ~qa knfkqfa fn {qhn la l`{ ghay`{& lafuydhay` ya{|a af {aoqgl` t af uy`lqk|` la aff`{' U`y f|dh` ~qauya{ag|a f`{ rnf`ya{ k`g|agdl`{ ag fn{ rnydnifa{ [qhn& Ya{|n tUy`lqk|`'


Dgdkdnfhag|a {a gaka{d|n k`g`kay af rnf`y la f`{ l`{ ghay`{ unyn

yanfdsny fn {qhn& fqao` laf uydhay ghay` ya{|ny af {aoqgl`& t u`yf|dh` hqf|dufdkny af uydhay ghay` u`y af {aoqgl`' Af rnf`y la fn{qhn {a nfhnkagn ag qgn rnydnifa [qhn& fn ya{|n ag qgn rnydnifaffnhnln Ya{|n t af uy`lqk|` ag qgn ffnhnln Uy`lqk|`'

Nfo`yd|h`

Un{` >3 K`g`kay uydhay ghay`Un{` 93 K`g`kay {aoqgl` ghay`

Un{` ;3 [qha af uydhay ghay` nf {aoqgl` ghay` t nfhnkgaf` ag[qhnUn{`


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;;

[aql`kldo`

Fan ghay` uydhay`

Fan ghay` {aoqgl`Jnon [qhn 8 uydhay` - {aoqgl`Jnon Ya{|n 8 uydhay` {aoqgl`Jnon Uy`lqk|` 8 uydhay` # {aoqgl`Uya{ag|ny [qhn& Ya{|n& Uy`lqk|`\ayhdgny

Ldnoynhn la bfqc`

Bdoqyn >''>1

La nkqayl` k`g af nfo`yd|h`& {a laia yanfdsny fn {qhn la a{|n{ l`{rnydnifa{ t oqnylny a{|a ya{qf|nl` ag qgn rnydnifa ffnhnln [qhn~qa a{ doqnf n ;'

Uydhay` [aoqgl` [qhn> 9 ;

\nifn >'>2

[a k`g|dgn k`g fn dg{|yqkkdg {doqdag|a a{|nifakdln ag af nfo`yd|h`&~qa k`g{d{|a ag ya{|ny laf rnf`y la fn rnydnifa Uydhay` af rnf`y la fnrnydnifa [aoqgl` t oqnylnyf` ag fn rnydnifa Ya{|n ~qa a{ doqnf n (>'

Uydhay` [aoqgl` [qhn Ya{|n> 9 ; (>

\nifn >'>?

Fn {doqdag|a dg{|yqkkdg k`g{d{|a ag yanfdsny af uy`lqk|` la f`{rnf`ya{ nfhnkagnl`{ ag fn{ rnydnifa{ Uydhay` t [aoqgl`' A{|aya{qf|nl` {a nfhnkagn ag fn rnydnifa Uy`lqk|` t a{ doqnf n 9'


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;1

Uydhay` [aoqgl` [qhn Ya{|n Uy`lqk|`> 9 ; (> 9

\nifn >'>:

Unyn bdgnfdsny& {a laia uya{ag|ny af rnf`y la fn{ rnydnifa{ [qhn&Ya{|n t Uy`lqk|`'

Uydhay` [aoqgl` [qhn Ya{|n Uy`lqk|` Uya{ag|ny[qhn

Uya{ag|nyYa{|n

Uya{ag|nyUy`lqk|`

> 9 ; (> 9 ; (> 9

\nifn >'>4

La a{|n b`yhn ~qalng acakq|nln{ |`ln{ fn{ ùaynkd`ga{ dgldknln{ agaf nfo`yd|h`' F`{ rnf`ya{ ì|agdl`{ ag knln qgn la fn{ ùaynkd`ga{&{`g k`goyqag|a{ k`g f`{ rnf`ya{ a{uaynl`{ unyn a{|a nfo`yd|h`'

A'>'< A{kydin qg nfo`yd|h` ~qa dgld~qa fn hngayn k`h` {a uyaunynqgn hng|aknln'


Unyn uyaunyny qgn hng|aknln& uydhay` {a laiag |agay n hng` |`l`{f`{ dgoyaldag|a{ ~qa {a gaka{d|ng t fqao`& {niay kqf a{ fn b`yhnaznk|n la uyaunynkdg'

F`{ dgoyaldag|a{ ~qa {a laiag |agay n hng` unyn uyaunyny fnhng|aknln {`g3

la fdiyn la hng|a~qdffn ` hnyonydgn ` hng|akn lahnyyng`'> fdiyn la nskny'9 kùn{ la noqnyldag|a'>5 jqar`{'|nsn{ yn{n{ la bkqfn la hns' |nsn la jnydgn la |ydo`

>/: la kqkjnynld|n la {nf'


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;2 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`Tn {a {nia kqfa{ {`g f`{ hn|aydnfa{ ` dgoyaldag|a{ gaka{nyd`{ unynuyaunyny fn hng|aknln& nj`yn {a gaka{d|n {niay ~q {a laia jnkayk`g a{|`{ afahag|`{& ag ~q b`yhn {a laiag haskfny& ag ~q

h`hag|` t n ~q |ahuayn|qyn {a laiag k`kdgny' [a gaka{d|ngnlah{ f`{ {doqdag|a{ dhufahag|`{ unyn fn uyaunynkdg la fnhng|aknln'

> j`yg` ~qa uqaln knfag|ny n ;15 B> fn|n ` h`fla unyn u`lay noyaony fn hn{n ng|a{ la ha|ayfnnf j`yg`'> yakdudag|a nqzdfdny& unyn jnkay af in|dl` t haskfn la f`{dgoyaldag|a{'

Nfo`yd|h`

A{|a a{ af h`hag|` la dgldkny ~q uy`kaldhdag|` {a laia {aoqdy k`g|`l`{ a{|`{ dgoyaldag|a{ a dhufahag|`{'

Un{` >3 Knfdag|a af j`yg` n ;15 B *h`laynl`$'Un{` 93 Agoyn{a qgn fn|n'

Un{` ;3 In|n fn hnyonydgn k`g af nskny jn{|n b`yhny kyahn {qnra tnoyaoqa f`{ jqar`{'Un{` 53 Tn uqala {nkny fn fn|n laf j`yg`'


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;?

[aql`kldo`3

Knfag|ny af j`yg` n ;15 B *h`laynl`$'

Agoyn{a qgn fn|n ` h`fla'In|n fn hnyonydgn k`g af nskny jn{|n b`yhny kyahn {qnra'Noyaoqa f`{ jqar`{'Haskfa t nnln u`k` n u`k` fn bkqfn la hns'Nnln fn jnydgn la |ydo`'Nnln fn {nf t yarqafrn'Nnln af noqnyldag|a'In|n jn{|n k`g{aoqdy ~qa {a dgk`yu`yag |`l`{ f`{ dgoyaldag|a{ `{a k`g{don qgn haskfn f`{ h{ j`h`ogan u`{difa'Rday|n fn hn{n ag fn fn|n agoyn{nln t laca k`kdgny ag af j`yg`knfag|nl` uyardnhag|a u`y nuy`zdhnlnhag|a ;1 hdgq|`{'Tn fn uqala {nkny laf j`yg`'

Ldnoynhn la bfqc`

Dgdkdny

Knfag|ny j`yg`

n ;15 B

Agoyn{ny fn|n `

h`fla

In|n fn hnyonydgn

k`g af nskny& jn{|n

b`yhn kyahn {qnra

Noyaoqa f`{ jqar`{

N


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;: Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`

Bdoqyn >'1

Haskfa t nnlnu`k` n u`k` fn

bkqfn la hns

Nnln fn

jnydgn la |ydo`

Nnln fn {nf

t yarqafrn

N

Nnln af

noqnyldag|a

In|n jn{|n k`g{aoqdy

~qa {a dgk`yu`yag

|`l`{ f`{ dgoyaldag|a{

` {a k`g{don qgn

haskfn f`{ h{

j`h`ogan u`{difa

Rday|n fn hn{n ag fn fn|n

agoyn{nln t laca k`kdgny ag af

j`yg` knfag|nl` uyardnhag|a

u`y nuy`zdhnlnhag|a ;1

hdgq|`{

Tn fn uqala {nkny

laf j`yg`

\ayhdgny


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;4

Ag a{|a acaykdkd` {a q|dfdsn u`y uydhayn ras a{|a {hi`f`& ~qadgldkn ~qa af ldnoynhn la bfqc` k`g|dgn ag fn uodgn {doqdag|a' A{qg k`gak|`y& ~qa |daga k`h` bqgkdg uya{ag|ny ag ~q uqg|` {a

dg|ayyqhud af ldnoynhn ag fn uodgn ag ~qa {a ahuas n a{kydidy tfqao` ag fn uodgn {doqdag|a ag l`gla k`g|dgn af bfqc` la fndgb`yhnkdg' Ag a{|a acaykdkd`& {a ra hqt {agkdff`& uay` agnufdknkd`ga{ h{ k`hufacn{& ag l`gla {a rng n agk`g|yny rnydn{yq|n{ laf bfqc` la fn dgb`yhnkdg& {a rn n k`huyaglay hac`y {qdhu`y|ngkdn'

Af ldnoynhn la bfqc` la fn Bdoqyn >'1 dgldkn |`l`{ f`{ un{`{ unynuyaunyny qgn hng|aknln' La fn hd{hn b`yhn {a jnka af nfo`yd|hùnyn a{kydidy qg uyòynhn la k`huq|nl`ya{& {a a{uakdbdkngkfnynhag|a f`{ un{`{ ~qa {a laiag yanfdsny& ag qg `ylaga{|nifakdl`& unyn ard|ny {`yuya{n{ t uyldln la |dahu` nf bdgnf&u`y~qa {d q{|al ~qdaya& uqala knhidny f`{ un{`{ unyn uyaunyny fnhng|aknln t k`huyìny {d ì|daga af hd{h` ya{qf|nl`'

Uyqain la a{kyd|`yd`

Kya` ~qa unyn a{|a acaykdkd` fn hac`y uyqain la a{kyd|`yd` a{ u`layuyìny qgn u`ykdg la fn {qkqfag|n hng|aknln'

Tn a{| kfny` kh` {a q|dfdsng f`{ uy`ka{`{ {akqagkdnfa{& kqfa{ {`gf`{ ldbayag|a{ un{`{ ~qa {a laiag {aoqdy unyn u`lay yanfdsny qgnfo`yd|h`& qg {aql`kldo` t af ldnoynhn la bfqc`= u`y f|dh` kh`k`huyìny ~qa f`{ ya{qf|nl`{ ~qa {a ì|dagag {`g f`{ k`yyak|`{& u`yhald` la fn uyqain la a{kyd|`yd`'

A'>'1 A{kydin qg nfo`yd|h` ~qa fan 9 ghay`{ k`hufac`{ t fqao`knfkqfa fn {qhn& fn ldbayagkdn laf uydhay` hag`{ af {aoqgl`& afuy`lqk|` t af k`kdag|a laf uydhay` ag|ya af {aoqgl`'


Ng|a{ la ahuasny n a{kydidy af nfo`yd|h`& a{ k`gragdag|al`kqhag|ny{a unyn u`lay ya{`fray a{|a acaykdkd`' F`{ ghay`{

k`hufac`{ {`g la fn b`yhn & k`yya{u`gla n fn uny|a yanf t

N


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Un{` fn {qhn la N t KUn{` >53 Oqnylny ag fn rnydnifa [qhn9 fn {qhn la I t LUn{` >>3 Oqnylny ag fn rnydnifa Ya{|n> fn ya{|n la N t KUn{` >93 Oqnylny ag fn rnydnifa Ya{|n9 fn ya{|n la I t LUn{` >;3 Oqnylny ag fn rnydnifa Uy`lqk|`> fn ya{|n la N u`y K t Iu`y LUn{` >13 Oqnylny ag fn rnydnifa K`kdag|a> fn {qhn la N u`y K t Iu`y LUn{` >23 Oqnylny ag fn rnydnifa K`kdag|a9 fn ya{|n la I u`y K t Nu`y LUn{` >?3 Oqnylny ag fn rnydnifa K`kdag|a; fn {qhn la K9 t L9Un{` >:3 Uya{ag|ny Fn {qhn a{ & [qhn>&-& [qhn9& Un{` >43 Uya{ag|nyFn ya{|n a{ & Ya{|n>&(& Ya{|n9&

Un{` 953 Uya{ag|ny Af uy`lqk|` a{ & Uy`lqk|`>&-& Uy`lqk|`9& Un{` 9>3 Uya{ag|ny Af k`kdag|a a{ & K`kdag|a>/K`kdag|a;&-&K`kdag|a9/K`kdag|a;& Un{` 993 \ayhdgny

[aql`kldo`

Fan nN 8 n

Fan iI 8 iFan kK 8 kFan lL 8 l[qhn> 8 N-K[qhn9 8 I-L

Ya{|n> 8 N(K


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'2


Fn uyqain la a{kyd|`yd` {a rn n yanfdsny unyn f`{ {doqdag|a{ ghay`{k`hufac`{3

1-; t 9(

Ag|`gka{ {a faag f`{ ghay`{ n& i& k t l& t {a oqnylng ag fn{rnydnifa{ N& I& K& L ya{uak|drnhag|a'

n i k l N I K L1 ; 9 (> 1 ; 9 (>

\nifn >'95

J

[qhn> 8 N-K

[qhn9 8 I-L

Ya{|n> 8 N(K

K`kdag|a9 8 I#K(N#L

K`kdag|a; 8 K9-L

9

Fn {qhn a{ & [qhn>&-& [qhn9& = Fn ya{|n a{

& Ya{|n>&(& Ya{|n9& = Af uy`lqk|` a{ &

Uy`lqk|`>&-& Uy`lqk|`9& = Af k`kdag|a a{ &

K`kdag|a>/K`kdag|a;& -& K`kdag|a9/K`kdag|a;&

\ayhdgny

[D Q[\AL A[\ DG\AYA[NL@ AG [AOQDY K@G[QF\NGL@ A[\A FDIY@& F@UQALA K@HUYNY AG FN UODGN ___'GABYNIAF'GA\ k`g|nk|ny nf nq|`y ag fnkqag|n la k`yya` nfo`yd|h`{Egabyniaf'ga|


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'?

A{|a {hi`f` {a q|dfdsn kqngl` {a ~qdaya dgldkny ~qa af hag{nca {a rnn uya{ag|ny u`y ung|nffn'

Fn {qhn a{ & [qhn>&-& [qhn9& ' A{|n hngayn la uya{ag|nyf`

a{ qg u`k` uny|dkqfny' F`{ |az|`{ ~qa a{|g a{kyd|`{ ag|ya k`hdffn{lìfa{& ~qdaya lakdy ~qa rng n nunyakay k`h` a{|g a{kyd|`{& fnk`hn *&$ dgldkn ~qa n k`g|dgqnkdg rn `|y` ln|`' Ag a{|a kn{`nunyaka [qhn>& ag|`gka{ rn n nunyakay af rnf`y ~qa a{|nfhnkagnl` ag a{|n rnydnifa& g` af g`hiya la fn rnydnifa& ~qa a{doqnf n ?' Fqao` nunyaka af {dog` - u`y~qa a{| ag|ya k`hdffn{& ag{aoqdln af rnf`y la fn rnydnifa [qhn9 ~qa a{ doqnf n 9 t u`y f|dh`fn fa|yn d ~qa {a agkqag|yn ag|ya k`hdffn{& ag|`gka{ af q{qnyd` ray

a{|a hag{nca3

Ag knln acaykdkd` rn n agk`g|yny afahag|`{ ~qa g` gaka{nydnhag|a{a rng n a{|ny g`hiyngl` uay` {q ì{ayrnkdg& knunkdlnl ngnf|dkn&dglqk|drn(lalqk|drn t u`lay la {g|a{d{& uayhd|a ~qa nf q{|alla{kqiydyf`{& ag|yag n b`yhny uny|a h{ uy`g|` la {q dhnodgnyd`& tuqaln nrngsny bkdfhag|a ag af nuyagldsnca laf ld{a` la nfo`yd|h`{

unyn fn uyòynhnkdg la k`huq|nl`ya{ t kyankdg la nfo`yd|h`{'

Fn {qhn a{ & [qhn>&-& [qhn9& = Fn ya{|n a{

& Ya{|n>&(& Ya{|n9& = Af uy`lqk|` a{ &

Uy`lqk|`>&-& Uy`lqk|`9& = Af k`kdag|a a{ &K`kdag|a>/K`kdag|a;& -& K`kdag|a9/K`kdag|a;&


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A{kydin qg nfo`yd|h` ~qa la{kydin af uy`ka{` ~qa yanfdsn

unyn nfh`ysny'

Yanfdka af ngfd{d{ la fn dgb`yhnkdg& nfo`yd|h`& {aql`kldo`&ldnoynhn la bfqc` t uyqain la a{kyd|`yd`'

AU'>'9 A{kydin qg nfo`yd|h` unyn knfkqfny af r`fqhag t fn {quaybdkdala qgn a{bayn'


AU'>'; A{kydin qg nfo`yd|h` unyn knhidny fn yqaln la qg rajkqf`'


AU'>'< A{kydin qg nfo`yd|h` unyn uyaunyny qg knb k`g fakja'


AU'>'1 A{kydin qg nfo`yd|h` unyn nhnyyny{a f`{ k`yl`ga{ la f`{snun|`{'


AU'>'2 A{kydin qg nfo`yd|h` unyn dgldkny |`ln{ fn{ nk|drdlnla{ ~qayanfdsn la{la af h`hag|` ag ~qa {a farng|n la fn knhn ag fnhnngn& jn{|n af h`hag|` ~qa {nfa la fn kn{n unyn dy n a{|qldny `|ynincny'



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15 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`AU'>'? A{kydin qg nfo`yd|h` unyn knfkqfny fn a~qdrnfagkdn ag|yaoynl`{ Mafrdg *M$ t oynl`{ Kaf{dq{ *K$& fatagl` dgdkdnfhag|a fn|ahuayn|qyn ag oynl`{ M'


AU'>': A{kydin qg nfo`yd|h` unyn knfkqfny fn a~qdrnfagkdn ag|yaoynl`{ Mafrdg *M$ t oynl`{ Bnjyagjad| *B$& fatagl` dgdkdnfhag|a fn|ahuayn|qyn ag oynl`{ B'


AU'>'4 A{kydin qg nfo`yd|h` unyn knfkqfny af r`fqhag t fn {quaybdkdala qgn udyhdla la in{a |ydngoqfny t nf|qyn j'


AU'>'>5 A{kydin qg nfo`yd|h` unyn nhnyyny{a fn k`yin|n'



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19 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`ACAYKDKD@[ LA DGDKDNKDG

A'9'> A{kydin qg nfo`yd|h` ~qa fan qg ghay` t raydbd~qa {d a{

u`{d|dr`' [d a{ n{& ag|`gka{ ~qa uya{ag|a qg hag{nca nf q{qnyd` Afghay` a{ hnt`y ~qa kay`' Af ghay` fal` laia {ay nfhnkagnl`

ag qgn rnydnifa la g`hiya Ghay`'


Ag a{|a acaykdkd`& {a rn n faay qg ghay` t {a nfhnkagn ag qgnrnydnifa la g`hiya Ghay`' Af k`g|agdl` la a{|n rnydnifa& {a rn nk`hunyny k`g kay`& t {d a{ hnt`y ag|`gka{ {a uya{ag|n qg hag{nca&dgb`yhngl` ~q kfn{a la ghay` a{& fqao` {a |ayhdgn af uy`ka{`'

Nfo`yd|h`

Un{` >3 Faay ghay`'Un{` 93 Nfhnkaga ag fn rnydnifa Ghay` af rnf`y laf ghay` fal`'Un{` ;3 [d Ghay` a{ hnt`y ~qa kay`& k`g|dga& {d g` rntn nf Un{`31

Un{`


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Knu|qf` 93 Uy`ka{`{ la |`hn la lakd{d`ga{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`

1;

Ag af {aql`kldo` ng|ayd`y& {a uqala ray ~qa ag af uy`ka{` [d Bdg{d& {a yanfdsn fn k`hunynkdg la fn rnydnifa Ghay` unyn {niay {d a{hnt`y ~qa 5& {d a{ n{& {a k`g|dgn k`g fn dg{|yqkkdg ~qa {a

agkqag|yn dglaznln n fn layakjn& {|n a{ qgn hngayn la dgldkny ~qaa{n dg{|yqkkdg uay|agaka nf uy`ka{` [d& t {d g` a{ kday|`& {a k`g|dgnk`g fn dg{|yqkkdg Bdg {d& unyn {nfdy laf uy`ka{` t |ayhdgny afnfo`yd|h`'

Ldnoynhn la bfqc`

Bdoqyn 9'9

A{|a {hi`f` dgldkn ~qa {a a{| fatagl` af rnf`yk`yya{u`gldag|a nf ghay` ~qa {a ~qdaya arnfqny'

Ag a{|n dg{|yqkkdg& {a a{| n{dogngl` `oqnylngl` af rnf`y ~qa {a nknin la faay& ag fn rnydnifa Ghay`' [alaia |agay ag kqag|n ~qa fn{ n{dognkd`ga{ la f`{ rnf`ya{ la fn{rnydnifa{ {a yanfdsng la layakjn n ds~qdayln' Af g`hiya la fnrnydnifa laia a{|ny ag af fnl` ds~qdayl` la fn n{dognkdg'

G`

[d

Dgdkdny

ghay`

Ghay` 7 5

Af ghay` a{

hnt`y ~qa kay`

\ayhdgny

Ghay`

Ghay` 8 ghay`

Ghay` 8 ghay`


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11

ghay` Ghay` Uya{ag|ny hag{nca> > Af ghay` a{ hnt`y ~qa kay`

\nifn 9';

[a yanfdsn ag|`gka{ fn uyqain unyn af rnf`y (>'

ghay`(>

\nifn 9'3 Fan af uydhay ghay`'Un{` 93 Gqhaynl`y a{ doqnf nf uydhay ghay`'Un{` ;3 Fan af {aoqgl` ghay`'Un{`


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1?

Ldnoynhn la bfqc`

Bdoqyn 9';


Unyn k`huyìny ~qa af nfo`yd|h` bqgkd`gn k`yyak|nhag|a& {a rn nuyìny k`g l`{ rnf`ya{& > t 9 fqao` k`g > t 5' [a ahudasn nk`huyìny k`g > t 9' [a faa af uydhay ghay` ~qa a{ doqnf n >'

uydhay`>

\nifn 9'2

[d

G`

Dgdkdny

Uydhay`

Gqhaynl`y 8 Uydhay`

[aoqgl`

Lag`hdgnl`y 8 [aoqgl`

Lag`hdgnl`y675

Ldrd{dg 8 Gqhaynl`y/Lag`hdgnl`y

Ldrd{dg

\ayhdgny



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1: Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`[a oqnyln af uydhay ghay` ag fn rnydnifa Gqhaynl`y'

uydhay` Gqhaynl`y

> >

\nifn 9'?

Nj`yn {a faa af {aoqgl` ghay` ~qa a{ doqnf n 9'

uydhay` Gqhaynl`y {aoqgl`> > 9

\nifn 9':

[a oqnyln af {aoqgl` ghay` fal` ag fn rnydnifa Lag`hdgnl`y'

uydhay` Gqhaynl`y {aoqgl` Lag`hdgnl`y> > 9 9

\nifn 9'4

Rdaga nj`yn fn k`huy`inkdg laf Lag`hdgnl`y' Af rnf`y la fnrnydnifa Lag`hdgnl`y a{ ldbayag|a la 5& ag|`gka{ {a yanfdsn fnldrd{dg laf Gqhaynl`y ag|ya af Lag`hdgnl`y t {a nfhnkagn a{|arnf`y ag fn rnydnifa Ldrd{dg' Af ya{qf|nl` la a{|n ldrd{dg a{ 5'1'

uydhay` Gqhaynl`y {aoqgl` Lag`hdgnl`y Ldrd{dg> > 9 9 5'1

\nifn 9'>5

^qal k`huy`inl` ~qa bqgkd`gn af nfo`yd|h`& unyn l`{ ghay`{ldbayag|a{ la kay`' Nj`yn {a rn n jnkay fn uyqain la a{kyd|`yd` unynl`{ ghay`{ ldbayag|a{ > t 5' [a faa af uydhay ghay` ~qa a{ doqnfn >'


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25 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`qgn rnydnifa ~qa yauya{ag|a af ya{qf|nl` la fn k`hunynkdg& afhnt`y ag fn rnydnifa Hnt`y& af dg|ayhald` ag fn rnydnifa Dg|ayhald`t af hag`y ag fn rnydnifa Hag`y t n k`g|dgqnkdg uya{ag|a qg

hag{nca k`g f`{ ghay`{ `ylagnl`{'

Ngfd{d{ la fn Dgb`yhnkdg

[a rng n faay |ya{ ghay`{& n haldln ~qa {a faag {a rng oqnylnglàg fn{ rnydnifa{ Hnt`y& Hald` Hag`y= fqao` {a rng k`hunyngl`hnt`y k`g hald` unyn {niay kqf a{ af hnt`y& {d g` a{ n{& {a laiagdg|ayknhidny f`{ rnf`ya{ nfhnkagnl`{ ag fn{ rnydnifa{ q|dfdsngl` qgnrnydnifa dg|ayhaldn ffnhnln k& fqao` {a jnka fn k`hunynkdg ag|yahnt`y t hag`y& t {d a{ gaka{nyd` {a jnka af dg|ayknhid` la f`{rnf`ya{ la fn{ rnydnifa{'

U`y f|dh` {a k`hunyng fn{ rnydnifa{ hald` t hag`y& {d a{ gaka{nyd`{a yanfdsn af dg|ayknhid` la f`{ rnf`ya{ la fn{ rnydnifa{' A{|a

uy`kaldhdag|` {a k`g`ka k`h` af h|`l` la fn iqyiqcn'

Fn{ rnydnifa{ kqhufag bqgkd`ga{ la k`g|nl`ya{ ` nkqhqfnl`ya{'

[`g nkqhqfnl`ya{& kqngl` nf rnf`y la qgn rnydnifa {a fa {qhn qgn

kng|dlnl& t fqao` af rnf`y la a{n {qhn {a oqnyln ag fn rnydnifa

dgdkdnf'

Acahuf`3 Rnydnifa 8 Rnydnifa -1'

[`g k`g|nl`ya{& kqngl` nf rnf`y la qgn rnydnifa {a fa {qhn qg`& t

fqao` af rnf`y la a{n {qhn {a oqnyln ag fn rnydnifa dgdkdnf'

Acahuf`3 K`g| 8 K`g| - >'

Nfo`yd|h`

Un{` >3 K`g`kay uydhay ghayÙn{` 93 Oqnylny uydhay ghay` ag fn rnydnifa Hnt`yUn{` ;3 K`g`kay {aoqgl` ghayÙn{`


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2>

Un{` 13 K`g`kay |aykay ghay`Un{` 23 Oqnylny |aykay ghay` ag fn rnydnifa Hag`yUn{` ?3 K`hunyny Hnt`y k`g Hald`

Un{` :3 [d Hnt`y a{ hag`y ~qa Hald`& dg|ayknhidny f`{ rnf`ya{ lafn{ rnydnifa{= la f` k`g|ynyd` k`g|dgqny'Un{` 43 K`hunyny Hnt`y k`g Hag`y'Un{` >53 [d Hnt`y a{ hag`y ~qa Hag`y& dg|ayknhidny f`{ rnf`ya{ lafn{ rnydnifa{= la f` k`g|ynyd` k`g|dgqny'Un{` >>3 K`hunyny Hald` k`g Hag`y'Un{` >93 [d Hald` a{ hag`y ~qa Hag`y& dg|ayknhidny f`{ rnf`ya{ lafn{ rnydnifa{= la f` k`g|ynyd` k`g|dgqny'Un{` >;3 Uya{ag|ny Hnt`y 8& Hnt`y'Un{` >23 \ayhdgny

[aql`kldo`

Fan uydhay`Hnt`y 8 uydhay`

Fan {aoqgl`Hald` 8 {aoqgl`Fan |aykay`Hag`y 8 |aykay`[d Hnt`y 6 Hald` jnon

K 8 Hnt`yHnt`y 8 Hald`Hald` 8 K

Bdg {d

[d Hnt`y 6 Hag`y jnonK 8 Hnt`yHnt`y 8 Hag`yHag`y 8 K

Bdg {d[d Hald` 6 Hag`y jnon

K 8 Hald`Hald` 8 Hag`y

Hag`y 8 K


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29 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`

Bdg {dUya{ag|a Hnt`y 8& Hnt`yUya{ag|a Hald` 8& Hald`

Uya{ag|a Hag`y 8& Hag`y\ayhdgny

Ldnoynhn la bfqc`

G`

[d

Dgdkdny

uydhay`

Hnt`y 6 Hald`

K 8 Hnt`y

Hnt`y 8 Hald`

Hald` 8 K

Hnt`y 8 uydhay`

{aoqgl`

Hald` 8 {aoqgl`

|aykay`

Hag`y 8 |aykay`

N

G`

[d

Hnt`y 6 Hag`y

K 8 Hn `y

Hn `y 8 Hag`y

Hag`y 8 K



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2;

Bdoqyn 9' 9 ; > 9 ;

\nifn 9'>1

Tn a{|g fal`{ t nfhnkagnl`{ ag {q{ ya{uak|drn{ rnydnifa{ f`{rnf`ya{ dgdkdnfa{' [a jnka fn uydhayn k`hunynkdg unyn {niay {d afrnf`y la fn rnydnifa Hnt`y a{ hag`y ~qa af k`g|agdl` la fn rnydnifa

[d

G`

Hald` 6 Hag`y

Hnt`y&

Hald`& Hag`y

\ayhdgny

N

K 8 Hald`

Hald` 8 Hag`y

Hag`y 8 K[D Q[\AL A[\ DG\AYA[NL@ AG [AOQDY K@G[QF\NGL@ A[\A FDIY@& F@UQALA K@HUYNY AG FN UODGN ___'GABYNIAF'GA\ k`g|nk|ny nf nq|`y ag fnkqag|n la k`yya` nfo`yd|h`{Egabyniaf'ga|


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22

K`g|dgqngl` k`g fn {doqdag|a k`hunynkdg& {a raydbdkn {d af rnf`y lafn rnydnifa Hnt`y a{ hag`y ~qa af rnf`y la fn rnydnifa Hag`y' [d a{|`g` a{ kday|`& {a k`g|dgn k`g fn |aykayn k`hunynkdg laf nfo`yd|h`&uay` {d a{ kday|`& ag|`gka{ {a laia jnkay af dg|ayknhid` la fn{rnydnifa{' [a oqnyln dgdkdnfhag|a af rnf`y la fn rnydnifa Hnt`y ag fnrnydnifa |ahu`ynf K& fqao` af rnf`y la fn rnydnifa Hag`y ag fnrnydnifa Hnt`y t u`y f|dh`& af rnf`y ~qa {a oqnyl |ahu`ynfhag|aag fn rnydnifa K& {a oqnyln ag fn rnydnifa Hag`y& af rnf`y la fnrnydnifa Hald` {doqa doqnf'

Hnt`y Hald` Hag`y K> 9 ;

9 > ; >; > 9 9

\nifn 9'>?

Fn f|dhn k`hunynkdg n yanfdsny a{ {d af rnf`y la fn rnydnifa Hald`a{ hag`y ~qa af rnf`y la fn rnydnifa Hag`y' Kqngl` a{|` g` a{kday|`& {a k`g|dgn k`g fn {doqdag|a dg{|yqkkdg& uay` {d a{ kday|` {ajnka af f|dh` knhid` la rnydnifa{ laf nfo`yd|h`' Af rnf`y la fn

rnydnifa Hald` {a oqnyln ag fn rnydnifa |ahu`ynf K& fqao` af rnf`y la


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2?

K`hu`gag|a ag fn ldyakkdg la 8 H#K`{* $\agdagl` a{|n dgb`yhnkdg& af rak|`y {a azuya{n la fn {doqdag|ab`yhn3

H 8 H#K`{* $ - H#K`{* $ - H#K`{* $ '

Nfo`yd|h`

Un{` >3 Fan fn hnogd|ql laf rak|`yUn{` 93 Oqnylnyfn ag fn rnydnifa HUn{` ;3 Fan af goqf` ~qa af rak|`y b`yhn k`g af aca zUn{` k`g|dga& la f` k`g|ynyd`rntn af Un{` >53 Oqnyla ag fn rnydnifa Hz fn ùaynkdg H#K`{*N$Un{` >>3 Oqnyla ag fn rnydnifa Ht fn ùaynkdg H#K`{*I$Un{` >93 Oqnyla ag fn rnydnifa Hs fn ùaynkdg H#K`{*K$Un{` >;3 Uya{ag|a H 8 & Hz& - )& Ht& -)& Hs& Un{` >


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2: Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`

Uya{ag|aH 8 & Hz& - )& Ht& - )& Hs& Bdg {d

\ayhdgny

Ldnoynhn la bfqc`

Bdoqyn 9'2

G`

[d

Dgdkdny

hnogd|ql

H 8 hnogd|ql

Z

N 8 Z

T

I 8 T

S

8

Hz 8 H#K`{ N

H 8 H#K`{ I

Hs 8 H#K`{ K

\ayhdgny

K`{9*N$ - K`{

9*I$ -

K`{9*K$ 8 >

H 8 & Hz& - )& Ht& - )& Hs&



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24


Fn k`huy`inkdg laf nfo`yd|h` {a rn n jnkay k`g f`{ {doqdag|a{

ln|`{3 Hnogd|ql3 >5 qf& 3 25 2'559&a{|` dgldkn ~qa a{|g k`yyak|`{ f`{ goqf`{ t k`yya{u`glag nf hd{h`rak|`y' [a {doqa k`g af kfkqf` la fn{ k`hu`gag|a{ rak|`ydnfa{'

hnogd|ql H Z N T I S K>5 >5 2


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?5 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`

5

\nifn 9'9;

A{|a acaykdkd`& hqa{|yn la qgn hngayn {agkdffn kh` {a yanfdsn fnk`hunynkdg unyn rnfdlny qgn `uaynkdg t u`lay la|ayhdgny ~qknhdg` {a laia {aoqdy& {d {a kqhufa fn k`gldkdg& ag|`gka{ {aacakq|ng kday|n{ dg{|yqkkd`ga{& la f` k`g|ynyd` {a {doqa k`g fn{ `|yn{{ag|agkdn{ laf ldnoynhn la bfqc`'

A'9'1 Yanfdka qg nfo`yd|h` ~qa fan |ya{ ghay`{ t la|ayhdga {dk`yya{u`glag n f`{ fnl`{ la qg |ydgoqf`& {d a{ n{& ag|`gka{

kfn{dbd~qa af |du` la |ydgoqf`3 a{knfag`& d{{kafa{& a~qdf|ay`'


Qgn ras k`g`kdl`{ f`{ rnf`ya{ k`yya{u`gldag|a{ n f`{ |ya{ fnl`{& {anfhnkagng ag |ya{ rnydnifa{ ffnhnln{ Fnl`>& Fnl`9 t Fnl`;ya{uak|drnhag|a' Fqao` {a raydbdkn ~qa yanfhag|a k`yya{u`glng nqg |ydgoqf` jnkdagl` ~qa fn {qhn la l`{ la f`{ fnl`{ {an hnt`y

~qa af |aykay fnl`' A{|n k`hunynkdg {a yanfdsn unyn *Fnl`> -Fnl`9$ 7 Fnl`;& fqao`& *Fnl`> - Fnl`;$ 7 Fnl`9 t u`y f|dh`*Fnl`; - Fnl`9$ 7 Fnl`>& tn |a |dagag |`ln{ fn{ k`hunynkd`ga{u`{difa{ unyn {niay ~q |du` la |ydgoqf` a{& d{{kafa{& a~qdf|ay` `a{knfag`' Ag af kn{` ~qa g` {a kqhufng a{|n{ |ya{ rnfdlnkd`ga{ la fndgb`yhnkdg& f`{ fnl`{ g` k`yya{u`glag n qg |ydgoqf`'

Nfo`yd|h`

Un{` >3 K`g`kay af uydhay ghay`'Un{` 93 Fn rnydnifa Fnl`> a{ doqnf n uydhay ghay`'Un{` ;3 K`g`kay af {aoqgl` ghay`'Un{`


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?>

Un{` :3 [d f` ng|ayd`y g` a{ kday|`& ag|`gka{ g` a{ qg |ydgoqf`& rntnnf Un{` >:'Un{` 43 K`hunyny ~qa fn {qhn la Fnl`> h{ Fnl`; a{ hnt`y ~qa

Fnl`9'Un{` >53 [d f` ng|ayd`y g` a{ kday|`& ag|`gka{ g` a{ qg |ydgoqf`&rntn nf Un{` >:'Un{` >>3 K`hunyny ~qa fn {qhn la Fnl`9 h{ Fnl`; a{ hnt`y ~qaFnl`>'Un{` >93 [d f` ng|ayd`y g` a{ kday|`& ag|`gka{ g` a{ qg |ydgoqf`&rntn nf Un{` >:'Un{` >;3 K`huyìny ~qa af Fnl`> a{ doqnf n Fnl`9 t n Fnl`;'Un{` >13 [d fn k`huyìnkdg g` bqa kday|n& ag|`gka{ k`huyìny ~qaFnl`> a{ ldbayag|a la Fnl`9 t a{|`{ l`{ n {q ras {`g ldbayag|a{ laFnl`;'Un{` >23 [d fn k`huyìnkdg a{ kday|n ag|`gka{ a{ qg |ydgoqfà{knfag`'Un{` >?3 [d fn k`huyìnkdg g` a{ kday|n& a{ qg |ydgoqf` d{{kafa{'Un{` >:3 \ayhdgny'

[aql`kldo`

Fan af ghay` uydhay`Fnl`> 8 uydhay`Fan af ghay` {aoqgl`Fnl`9 8 {aoqgl`Fan af ghay` |aykay`Fnl`; 8 |aykay`[d *Fnl`> - Fnl`9$ 7 Fnl`; jnon

[d *Fnl`9 - Fnl`;$ 7 Fnl`> jnon[d *Fnl`> - Fnl`;$ 7 Fnl`9 jnon

[d *Fnl`> 8 Fnl`9 8 Fnl`;$ jnonUya{ag|a Af |ydgoqf` a{ a~qdf|ay`

[d g`[d *Fnl`> Fnl`9 Fnl`;$ jnon

Uya{ag|a Af |ydgoqf` a{a{knfag`

[d g`


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?9 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`

Uya{ag|a Af |ydgoqf` a{d{{kafa{

Bdg {d

Bdg {d[d g`

Uya{ag|a G` a{ qg |ydgoqf`Bdg {d

[d g`Uya{ag|a G` a{ |ydgoqf`

Bdg {d[d g`

Uya{ag|a G` a{ qg |ydgoqf`Bdg {d\ayhdgny

Ldnoynhn la bfqc`

Dgdkdny

uydhay`

N

{aoqgl`

Fnl`> 8 uydhay`

Fnl`9 8 {aoqgl`

|aykay`

Fnl`; 8 |aykay`



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?;

Bdoqyn 9'?

[d

G`

[d

G`

G`

[d

G`

[d

[d

N

\ydgoqf`

a~qdf|ay`

\ydgoqf`

d{{kafa{

\ayhdgny

G` a{ qg

\ydgoqf`

*Fnl`9 - Fnl`;$

7 Fnl`>

Fnl`> 8 Fnl`9

8 Fnl`;

\ydgoqf`

a{knfag`

Fnl`> Fnl`9

Fnl`;

G`*Fnl`> - Fnl`9$

7 Fnl`;

*Fnl`> - Fnl`;$

7 Fnl`9



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?2 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`[aql`kldo`

Fan rag|n{

Rag|n 8 rag|n{[d Rag|n 6 , 155&555 jnon

K`hd{dg 8 5Bdg {d[d ,155&555 68 Rag|n Rag|n 68 ,9155&555 jnon

K`hd{dg 8 Rag|n # 5'>Bdg {d[d Rag|n 7 , 9555&555 jnon

K`hd{dg 8 K`hd{dg - , >55&555 - *Rag|n ( , 255&555$# 5'5?

Bdg {dUya{ag|a Rag|n{ 8 & Rag|nUya{ag|a K`hd{dg 8 & K`hd{dg\ayhdgny

Ldnoynhn la bfqc`

[d

[d

Dgdkdny

rag|n{

Rag|n 8 rag|n{

Rag|n 6 , 155&555

K`hd{dg 8 5

N

,155&555 68 Rag|n Rag|n

68 ,9155 555

K`hd{dg 8 Rag|n#5'>



91/216


??

Bdoqyn 9':


\`hny af rnf`y la fn{ rag|n{ doqnf n , 9


92/216

?: Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`

rag|n{ Rag|n K`hd{dg, 9


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?4

9'9 Uy`ka{` [d PPPPP = jnon PPPPP = {dg` jnon PPPPP

@|yn u`{didfdlnl ~qa {a uya{ag|n kqngl` {a yanfdsn qgn k`hunynkdg

la ln|`{& rnydnifa{& la f`{ ya{qf|nl`{ la qgn ùaynkdg& ` fnk`huyìnkdg la qgn azuya{dg& {a uqalag uya{ag|ny l`{ ùkd`ga{` yq|n{ fodkn{ ag af nfo`yd|h`' [d {a kqhufa fn k`gldkdg& jnon àcakq|a la|ayhdgnln ùaynkdg= la f` k`g|ynyd` jnon n~qaffn `|yn' Fnhngayn la yauya{ag|ny a{|a uyòya{` oybdknhag|a a{ fn {doqdag|a3

Bdoqyn 9'4

A{ qg uy`ka{` {agkdff`& uay` la hqkjn q|dfdlnl kqngl` {a a{|uyòynhngl` ` a{kydidagl` nfo`yd|h`{ t {a a{| nufdkngl` fn

uyòynhnkdg a{|yqk|qynln' Unyn nufdkny a{|a uy`ka{`& {a laia |agaykqdlnl` la g` k`ha|ay nfoqg`{ ayy`ya{ la k`gkau|`& kqngl` {a

|ynincn k`g a{|a uy`ka{` ngdlnl` lag|y` la `|y`= a{|` {a rn nagk`g|yny ag f`{ {doqdag|a{ acaykdkd`{'

A'9'? Kyany qg nfo`yd|h` unyn k`hunyny l`{ ghay`{ ldbayag|a{ tlakdy kqf a{ af hnt`y t kqf af hag`y' Af rnf`y laf uydhay ghay`nfhnkagnyf` ag qgn rnydnifa ffnhnln Uydhay` t af rnf`y laf {aoqgl`ghay` ag qgn rnydnifa ffnhnln [aoqgl`' Nf bdgnf uya{ag|ny qghag{nca ~qa ldon Af hnt`y a{3 t n k`g|dgqnkdg af ghay`={aoqdl` la Af hag`y a{3 t ag{aoqdln af ghay`'


[a rng n faay l`{ ghay`{& t fqao` {a yanfdsng fn{ k`hunynkd`ga{gaka{nydn{ unyn la|ayhdgny kqf a{ af hnt`y t kqf a{ af hag`y& tu`y f|dh` {a uya{ag|n nf q{qnyd` ~qa a{| |ynincngl` k`g afnfo`yd|h`& qg hag{nca dgldkngl` ~q ghay` a{ af hnt`y t ~qghay` a{ af hag`y' [a uqala |ynincny k`g fn k`hunynkdg la ~qa

G` [d[d PPPP0


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:5 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`af uydhay` {an hnt`y ~qa af {aoqgl` ` ~qa af uydhay` {an hag`y~qa af {aoqgl`' Nhin{ {`g rfdln{'

Nfo`yd|h`

Un{` >3 K`g`kay af uydhay ghay`'Un{` 93 Oqnylnyf` ag fn rnydnifa Uydhay`'Un{` ;3 K`g`kay af {aoqgl` ghay`'Un{`


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:>

Af hnt`y ghay` a{ af {aoqglÀf hag`y ghay` a{ af uydhay`

A{ qgn b`yhn la lnyfa hnt`y kfnydlnl nf {aql`kldo` ag kn{` la ~qaf` fan qgn uay{`gn ldbayag|a n ~qdag jds` af nfo`yd|h`' A{ dhu`y|ng|a|agay uya{ag|a ~qa f`{ kldo`{ ` nfo`yd|h`{ rng n {ay a{|qldnl`{ tfal`{ u`y `|yn{ uay{`gn{ ldbayag|a{ n ~qdag f`{ a{kydia& ag|`gka{ a{qgn iqagn k`{|qhiya la uyòynhnkdg& lacny |`l` f` ~qa {a a{kydinla fn hngayn h{ bkdf la ag|aglay u`y kqnf~qday uay{`gn t ngunyn af hd{h` uyòynhnl`y& u`y~qa la{uq{ la qg |dahu` uqala{ay gaka{nyd` nk|qnfdsny qgn nufdknkdg ` uyòynhn la k`huq|nkdgt& {d g` a{ kfny` af nfo`yd|h`& g` rn n {ay hqt bkdf yanfdsny a{|n|nyan& n{ {an af hd{h` nq|`y laf kldo` ~qdag f` rn n h`ldbdkny'

Ldnoynhn la bfqc`

Bdoqyn 9'>5

Dgdkdny

uydhay`

G` [d

{aoqgl`

Uydhay` 7 [aoqgl`

Af hnt`y a{3

[aoqgl`= Af hag`y

a{3 Uydhay`

Af hnt`y a{3

Uydhay`= Af hag`y

a{3 [aoqgl`

\ayhdgny

Uydhay` 8 uydhay`

[aoqgl` 8 {aoqgl`



96/216

:9 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`K`h` {a uqala ray& fn k`hunynkdg ag|ya fn rnydnifa Uydhay` t[aoqgl` {a yauya{ag|n lag|y` laf y`hi` ~qa uayhd|a fn{ l`{nf|aygn|drn{ ag l`{ la {q{ ry|dka{'

Bdoqyn 9'>>

La nkqayl` k`g fn ya{uqa{|n ~qa {a yakdin ag af h`hag|` la jnkayfn k`hunynkdg& n{ hd{h` {a acakq|n qgn dg{|yqkkdg ldbayag|a&lauagldagl` la ~qa fn ya{uqa{|n {an [d ` G`' Ag a{|a acaykdkd` {ak`huny Uydhay` 7 [aoqgl`& uay` |nhidg {a uqala jnkay Uydhay`6 [aoqgl`' Nhin{ azuya{d`ga{ {`g k`yyak|n{'


A{ af h`hag|` la raydbdkny {d fn fodkn q|dfdsnln unyn a{kydidy afnfo`yd|h` a{| k`yyak|n t f`{ rnf`ya{ ~qa uya{ag|n {`g rfdl`{' [a

|`hng dgdkdnfhag|a l`{ ghay`{ kqnfa{~qdayn t {a fa n{dogng n fn{rnydnifa{ uydhay` t {aoqgl` yaod{|ygl`f`{ ag qgn |nifn' [a q|dfdsngf`{ ghay`{ (> t 9

uydhay`(>

\nifn 9';>

[doqdagl` af `ylag la fn{ dg{|yqkkd`ga{ laf ldnoynhn la bfqc`& {anfhnkagn a{a rnf`y ag qgn rnydnifa la g`hiya Uydhay`'

uydhay` Uydhay`(> (>

\nifn 9';9

[a yaud|a af hd{h` uy`kaldhdag|` unyn faay af {aoqgl` ghay`'

[dG`Uydhay` 7 [aoqgl`


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:;

uydhay` Uydhay` {aoqgl`(> (> 9

\nifn 9';;

[a nfhnkagn a{|a rnf`y ag qgn rnydnifa la g`hiya [aoqgl`'

uydhay` Uydhay` {aoqgl` [aoqgl`(> (> 9 9

\nifn 9'; Af hnt`y a{3 9= Af hag`y a{3 (>

\nifn 9';?


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:


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:1

{nia ~qa {a uqalag |agay ynka{ yanfa{ t ynka{ k`hufacn{ t ag qgkn{` hqt uny|dkqfny lnyng ynka{ dhnodgnydn{' Ag ~q kn{` {ayn0

Kqngl` f`{ agqgkdnl`{ {a rng k`hufdkngl`& a{ dhu`y|ng|a& jnkay qgngfd{d{ la fn dgb`yhnkdg& t g` ahuasny n a{kydidy qg nfo`yd|h` n fnfdoayn ~qa g` k`g|ahufn |`ln{ fn{ u`{didfdlnla{'

Nfo`yd|h`

Un{` >3 Faay n'Un{` 93 Nfhnkagny ag fn rnydnifa N af rnf`y la n'Un{` ;3 Faay i'Un{` '

Un{` >53 Knfkqfa t oqylaf` ag qgn rnydnifa Z9'Un{` >>3 Uya{ag|a Z> 8& Z>= Z9 8& Z9' Rntn nf Un{` >2'

Un{` >93 Knfkqfa t oqnyla ag fn rnydnifaLd{kydhdgng|a>'Un{` >;3 Knfkqfa t oqnyla a{|a rnf`y ag fn rnydnifa Bnk|`y'Un{` > 8& Bnk|`y& -& Ld{kydhdgag|a>& 'Un{` >13 Uya{ag|a Z9 8& Bnk|`y& (& Ld{kydhdgag|a>& 'Un{` >23 \ayhdgny'

Ag af Un{` >9& unyn u`lay knfkqfny fn yns kqnlynln laf ghay`&uydhay` {a knfkqfn af rnf`y ni{`fq|` la fn kng|dlnl ~qa a{| lag|y`laf ynldknf t fqao` {d {a knfkqfn fn yns& u`y~qa k`yya{u`gla n qgghay` gaon|dr` t fn yns kqnlynln la f`{ ghay`{ gaon|dr`{ g`a{| k`g|ahufnln lag|y` laf k`gcqg|` la f`{ ghay`{ yanfa{'


100/216

:2 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`[aql`kldo`

Fan N

N 8 NFan II 8 IFan KK 8 KLd{kydhdgng|a 8[d Ld{kydhdgng|a 7 5 jnon

Z> 8

Z9 8Uya{ag|a Z> 8& Z>= Z9 8& Z9

[d g`

Ld{kydhdgng|a> 8Bnk|`y 8Uya{ag|a Z> 8& Bnk|`y& -& Ld{kydhdgag|a>& 'Uya{ag|a Z9 8& Bnk|`y& (& Ld{kydhdgag|a>& '

Bdg {d\ayhdgny

Ldnoynhn la bfqc`

Dgdkdn

N

N 8 N

I

I 8 I

K

N



101/216


:?

Bdoqyn 9'>9


A{|a a{ qg acaykdkd` dg|aya{ng|a& ~qa uayhd|a ray kfnynhag|a& ~qang|a{ la ahuasny n a{kydidy& {a laia ngnfdsny fn dgb`yhnkdg ~qa lngag af agqgkdnl` laf acaykdkd`& ~q {a |daga ~qa knfkqfny ng|a{ la

u`lay ffaony n fn ya{uqa{|n bdgnf t u`y ~q h|`l`{' Fn uyqain laa{kyd|`yd` {a jnka unyn fn akqnkdg3

[a faag f`{ |ya{ k`abdkdag|a{ t {a oqnylng ag |ya{ rnydnifa{& N& I t K'

[dG`

K 8 K

Ld{kydhdgng|a 8

Ld{kydhdgng|a 75

Z> 8

Z> 8

Z> 8& Z>= Z9 8& Z9

Ld{kydhdgng|a> 8

Bnk|`y 8

Z> 8& Bnk|`y& -& Ld{kydhdgag|a>& =

Z9 8& Bnk|`y& (& Ld{kydhdgag|a>&

\ayhdgny

N



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4;

Kldo` Aznhag Uy`hald` Dl Uqg|nca Uy`h4:?21 4:


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4


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41

A'9'>5 Kyaa qg nfo`yd|h` ~qa fan qg ghay` u`{d|dr` t fqao`uya{ag|a qg hag{nca ~qa dgld~qa kh` {a ffnhn af u`fo`g` ~qa|daga a{a ghay` la fnl`{& {dahuya t kqngl` af ghay` la fnl`{

{an hag`y ` doqnf n : fnl`{'


Unyn ahuasny& jnt ~qa k`g`kay af ghay` k`g ~qa {a rn n jnkay fnk`hunynkdg& la{uq{ la k`g`kayf`& {a laia |agay ag kqag|n ~qa g`jnt u`fo`g`{ la hag`{ la |ya{ fnl`{& nlah{ {d af ghay` la fnl`{a{ hnt`y n `kj` fnl`{& laia dgb`yhny{a nf q{qnyd` ~qa af ghay`fal` a{ hnt`y n `kj` fnl`{'

Nfo`yd|h`

Un{` >3 Fan af ghay` la fnl`{Un{` 93 Nfhnkagny ag fn rnydnifa Gfnl`{'Un{` ;3 K`hunya {d Gfnl`{ a{ doqnf n qg`' [D a{ n{& uya{ag|a qghag{nca ~qa ldon g` jnt u`fo`g`{ la qg fnl` t |ayhdga& la f`

k`g|ynyd`& {don k`g af un{` {doqdag|a

Un{`


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4?

[d Gfnl`{ 8 : jnonAf u`fo`g` a{ qg `k|o`g`

\ayhdga

[d gÀf u`fo`g` a{ la h{ la : fnl`{

Bdg {d\ayhdga

Ldnoynhn la bfqc`

G`

G`

G`

[d

[d

Dgdkdny

Ghay`

Gfnl`{ 8 >G` jnt u`fo`g`{

la > fnl`

N

Gfnl`{ 8 Ghay`

[dGfnl`{ 8 9

G` jnt u`fo`g`{la 9 fnl`

I

Gfnl`{ 8 ;Af u`fo`g` a{ qg

|ydg qf`

[dGfnl`{ 8 1


A{ af h`hag|` la uyìny {d fn fodkn nufdknln bqa fn k`yyak|n& kqngl`{a a{kydid af nfo`yd|h`' [a |`hn qg rnf`y la uyqain unyn ahuasny&{a nfhnkagn ag fn rnydnifa Gfnl`{ t {a yaod{|yn ag fn \nifn& unynahuasny n acakq|ny fn{ dg{|yqkkd`ga{ ~qa dgldkn af ldnoynhn la bfqc`'

Ghay` Gfnl`{

< 55 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg ByngkÙn{` ;3 [d G`|n a{ doqnf n 1& uya{ag|a Azkafag|a t |ayhdga afuy`ka{`& la f` k`g|ynyd` k`g|dga k`g fn k`hunynkdg {doqdag|aUn{`


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>5>

Ldnoynhn la bfqc`

Bdoqyn 9'>2


A{|a a{ af h`hag|` la uy`iny {d af |yninc` a{|qr` idag jakj`&yanfdsngl` fn uyqain la a{kyd|`yd`' [a |`hn qg rnf`y unyn fn g`|n ~qala|ayhdgn kqf a{ af la{ahua` k`yya{u`gldag|a t {a nfhnkagn agfn rnydnifa G`|n' A{|n n{dognkdg {a yanfdsn a{kydidgl`fn ag fn{doqdag|a |nifn'

G`

G`

G`

G`

Dgdkdny

Ghay`

G`|n 8 1 Azkafag|a[d

G`|n 8 < Iqag`[d

G`|n 8 ; Yaoqfny[d

G`|n 8 9 Labdkdag|a[d

Hnf`

\ayhdgny

G`|n 8 Ghay`[D Q[\AL A[\ DG\AYA[NL@ AG [AOQDY K@G[QF\NGL@ A[\A FDIY@& F@UQALA K@HUYNY AG FN UODGN ___'GABYNIAF'GA\ k`g|nk|ny nf nq|`y ag fnkqag|n la k`yya` nfo`yd|h`{Egabyniaf'ga|


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120/216

>52 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`

[d Ha{ 8 ; jnon[d Ln 68 95 jnkay

[dog` 8 Ud{kd{

{dg`[dog` 8 Nyda{

Bdg {dUya{ag|ny Q{|al a{ {dog` & [dog`\ayhdgny

Bdg {d[d Ha{ 8 < jnon

[d Ln 68 >4 jnkay[dog` 8 Nyda{

{dg`[dog` 8 \nqy`


Bdg {d[d Ha{ 8 1 jnon

[d Ln 68 95 jnkay

[dog` 8 \nqy`{dg`[dog` 8 Ohdgd{



[d Ln 68 >4 jnkay

[dog` 8 Ohdgd{{dg`

[dog` 8 KgkayBdg {dUya{ag|ny Q{|al a{ {dog` & [dog`\ayhdgny

Bdg {d[d Ha{ 8 ? jnon

[d Ln 68 99 jnkay



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>5?

[dog` 8 Kgkay{dg`

[dog` 8 Fa`


Bdg {d[d Ha{ 8 : jnon

[d Ln 68 99 jnkay[dog` 8 Fa`

{dg`[dog` 8 Rdyo`



[d Ln 68 99 jnkay[dog` 8 Rdyo`

{dg`

[dog` 8 FdiynBdg {dUya{ag|ny Q{|al a{ {dog` & [dog`\ayhdgny

Bdg {d[d Ha{ 8 >5 jnon

[d Ln 68 99 jnkay[dog` 8 Fdiyn

{dg`

[dog` 8 A{k`yudgBdg {dUya{ag|ny Q{|al a{ {dog` & [dog`\ayhdgny

Bdg {d[d Ha{ 8 >> jnon

[d Ln 68 9> jnkay[dog` 8 A{k`yudg

{dg`


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>54

G`

LK

[d

[dHa{ 8 1

Ln 68 95

[dog` 8 \nqy`[dog` 8 Ohdgd{

N

[d

G` [dLn 68 >:

[dog` 8 Nkqnyd`[dog` 8 Ud{kd{

Ha{ 8 9

Q{|al a{ {dog` & [dog`

[d

G` [dLn 68 95

[dog` 8 Ud{kd{[dog` 8 Nyda{

Ha{ 8 ;


[d

G` [dLn 68 >4

[dog` 8 Nyda{[dog` 8 \nqy`

Ha{ 8


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>>>

Bdoqyn 9'95


A{|a acaykdkd` a{ yauya{ag|n|dr` unyn ag|aglay fn ha|`l`fòn lakh` {a laia nufdkny laf uy`ka{` la {afakkdg hf|dufa' [a uqalaì{ayrny af u`lay ~qa |daga a{|a uy`ka{` t fn kng|dlnl la |yninc`~qa {a nj`yyn {d {a jnka q{` la f nuyùdnlnhag|a' F`{ ln|`{ la

G`

[d

[dLn 68 99

[dog` 8 Fdiyn[dog` 8 A{k`yudg

G`

[d

[dHa{ 8 >>

Ln 68 9>

[dog` 8 A{k`yudg[dog` 8 [nod|nyd`

\ayhdgny

Ha{ 8 >5

BA



G`

[d

[d

Ha{ 8 >9

Ln 68 9>

[dog` 8 [nod|nyd`[dog` 8 Knuydk`ygd`




126/216

>>9 Nuqg|a{ la kfn{a la nfo`yd|h`{Gaf{`g Byngkd{k` Iaf|yg Byngk`uyqain unyn rnfdlny af k`yyak|` bqgkd`gnhdag|` la a{|a nfo`yd|h`{`g3 ln 8 >9 t ha{ 8 9:'

ln Ln9: 9:

\nifn 9'15

[a k`g|dgn k`g fn fak|qyn laf ha{ t nfhnkagnhdag|` laf rnf`y ag fnrnydnifa Ha{'

ln Ln ha{ Ha{

9: 9: >9 >9

\nifn 9'1>

[a yanfdsng fn{ l`ka k`hunynkd`ga{ la nkqayl` n knln qg` la f`{ha{a{ t {a uqala raydbdkny ~qa ag knln qgn la affn{ {a k`g|dgn u`yfn `ukdg laf G`& tn ~qa {f` k`dgkdla k`g fn f|dhn ~qa a{ Ha{ 8>9' K`h` af ln a{ hnt`y ~qa 9>& {a {doqa u`y fn yq|n laf G`& ~qajnka ~qa fn rnydnifa [dog` oqnyla af rnf`y Knuydk`ygd`'

ln Ln ha{ Ha{ [dog`9: 9: >9 >9 Knuydk`ygd`

\nifn 9'19

Unyn |ayhdgny& gdknhag|a jnka bnf|n uya{ag|ny af hag{nca ~qa fadgldkn nf q{qnyd` kqf a{ {q {dog` s`ldnknf' Ag a{|a kn{` a{3 Q{|al

a{ {dog` & [dog`'

ln Ln ha{ Ha{ [dog` Hag{nca9: 9: >9 >9 Knuydk`ygd` Q{|al a{ {dog`& Knuydk`ygd`

\nifn 9'1;


127/216


>>;

9'< Ya{qhag

F`{ uy`ka{`{ la lakd{dg {a q|dfdsng kqngl` a{ gaka{nyd` |`hny

lakd{d`ga{ ag|ya rnyd`{ ya{qf|nl`{ ` nf|aygn|drn{& la nkqayl` k`gazuya{d`ga{ fodkn{ ~qa q|dfdsng ùaynl`ya{ yafnkd`gnfa{ tfodk`{'

Ag a{|a knu|qf` {a jn |ynincnl` k`g fn{ |ya{ h`lnfdlnla{ lauy`ka{`{ la lakd{dg3

` uy`ka{` [d PPPPjnon PPPP` uy`ka{` [d PPPPjnon PPPP {d g`PPPP` uy`ka{` k`ghq|nl`y unyn h{ la qgn u`{difa ùkdg la

lakd{dg'

Fn{ rnydnifa{ kqhufag bqgkd`ga{ la k`g|nl`ya{ ` nkqhqfnl`ya{'

[`g nkqhqfnl`ya{& kqngl` nf rnf`y la qgn rnydnifa {a fa {qhnqgn kng|dlnl& t fqao` af rnf`y la a{n {qhn {a oqnyln ag fnrnydnifa dgdkdnf'

[`g k`g|nl`ya{& kqngl` nf rnf`y la qgn rnydnifa {a fa {qhn qg`&t fqao` af rnf`y la a{n {qhn {a oqnyln ag fn rnydnifa dgdkdnf'[dyrag unyn k`g|y`fny af fhd|a la qg uy`ka{`'

Af uy`ka{` [d PPPPP jnon PPPPP& a{ la {afakkdg {dhufa& tuayhd|a ~qa af bfqc` laf nfo`yd|h` {don u`y qgn yq|n a{uakbdkn {dkqhufa k`g fn{ k`gldkd`ga{ arnfqnln{'

Af uy`ka{` [d PPPPP jnon PPPPP {dg` PPPPP& a{ la {afakkdglìfa& t uayhd|a ~qa af bfqc` laf nfo`yd|h` {don u`y kqnfa{~qdaynla fn{ l`{ yq|n{ a{uakdbdknln{& {d kqhufa k`g fn{ k`gldkd`ga{arnfqnln{' [d la{uq{ la jnkay fn arnfqnkdg& {|n ya{qf|n kday|n&am

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