AP US HISTORYSeptember 24 - 28 2018

✓ Beginning Historical Period 4 1800 --1848 However we will not have a single test over this Time Period because it is simply too long and detailed. We will have a unit test later this week see below for details.

✓ Hope you didn’t forget the quia.com quiz from the weekend…of course if you’re only seeing this Monday morning then you’re already too late ☹

MONDAY● Analyze the causes and effects of the War of 1812 (NAT-2) (POL-2) (WOR-3,4)

Materials Strategy/FormatPPT Lecture-discussion (SL.CCR.1)

Student ActivitiesI Chronological Reasoning (3)

II Comparison and context (5)III Crafting Arguments (6,7)IV Historical Interpretation (9)

Introduction

● Some historians have called the War of 1812 America’s “second revolution” while others have termed it “the forgotten war.” There is strong legitimacy for both monikers. The defeat or at least not loss to the British did justify the nation’s existence. In addition, people tend to lose sight of this conflict between the Revolution and Civil War.

● The causes of the war really go back to the Washington’s years and his desire to walk the middle ground of neutrality. Adams of course fought an undeclared war with the French that war largely inconclusive. Jefferson (after the moderate success against the Barbary Pirates) completed the Louisiana Purchase party out of foreign policy concerns that a strong European power would situate itself across the Mississippi River. But once again, events in Europe intensified as Britain and France returned to war after a brief cease-fire called the Peace of Amiens 1802.

● American foreign policy has always claimed the right of this nation to freely trade on the high seas. Now, in an epic decade of war, the US will no longer be able to straddle the line and the pressure for war will become too intense to resist

Foreign Policy Issues 1803 - 1808

● During the Napoleonic Wars France had largely defeated all of the major powers with the exception of

Great Britain. Napoleon discovered as Hitler will later that defeat of Britain must start with defeat of the British Navy. This Napoleon could not do following the Battle of Trafalgar October 1805 when the cream of the fleet was destroyed. His response was the Continental System, an attempt to blockade Britain (which is of course tough without a fleet but Napoleon was not an admiral after all.) Continental System would allow no European “ally” (those defeated and integrated into Napoleon’s empire) to trade outside of the continent. This was a shot at Britain that mistakenly hit America too. The British counter-attack was called the Orders in Council 1806 that would not allow any French client state to trade outside of the continent. And again, this was dreadful for Americans because this got in the way of all US import and export markets. Both Britain and France claimed the right to sink any ship violating the blockades.

● As stated before, American position was that we claimed the right to trade as neutrals and freedom of the

seas. This however was impossible without running the risk of war with one or the other European combatants. Jefferson’s decision was that the US will abide by both countries’ demands. This was what Jefferson announced with the signing of the Embargo Act of 1807. This was the result of several acts of impressments by the British and the outright attack in American waters of an American warship the Chesapeake by the British Leopard. In 1807 some of the acts of impressment British ships captured who they believed to be runaway British sailors executing them on the spot.

● Jefferson called this “peaceable coercion” feeling that both sides would be so hurt from the lack of trade

that they would be “coerced to end their blockades. However, his actions severely crippled the economy. In some circles talk of secession by New Englanders was rampant. The Hartford Convention later during the war was a manifestation of this anger. The legacy of the Embargo Act was one of the darkest moments in Jefferson’s Presidency. He was forced to use the US Navy to stop our own ships from trade.

● Some sailors attempt to run our own blockade of ourselves by a process known as “broken voyages”

whereby ships would be sailed to French islands and they would remove cargo and leave payment similar to silent bartering. This too was deemed illegal and anyone attempting to do this had their cargo seized.

● The embargo was an unpopular and costly failure. It hurt the American economy far more than the British

or French, and resulted in widespread smuggling. Exports fell from $108 million in 1807 to just $22 million in 1808. Farm prices fell sharply. Shippers also suffered. Harbors filled with idle ships and nearly 30,000 sailors found themselves jobless

● The Embargo Act or “peaceable coercion” was a nearly revocation of trade. The trade hurt the British

economy in the long run and ours in the short run. Both the US and Britain searched and found new markets. But none was as profitable as with each other! This was actually the origins of America’s interest in the Far East.

Madison’s Presidency 1808 – 1816

Unlike Jefferson, we will not delve deeply into the Madison years on domestic policy as his administration was generally shaped by the War of 1812. The pull toward war became irresistible for Madison both because of foreign policy developments and domestic intrigues

Tecumseh and Native attacks in the Ohio Valley and Mississippi River Valley

● Tecumseh and his brother known as “The Prophet", advocated a return of the Shawnee and other American

Indians to their ancestral lifestyle and rejection of the colonists and Americans. He attracted a large following among Indians who had already suffered major epidemics and dispossession of their lands. With Americans continuing to encroach on Indian territory after the British ceded the Ohio Valley to the new United States.

● There were rumors that the British were inspiring and arming Native to rise against American control of the

region. Of course, the British style maintained forts in the west violating the Treaty of Paris 1783. . With a vision of establishing an independent American Indian nation east of the Mississippi, Tecumseh worked to recruit tribes to the confederacy from the southern United States. The Prophet went to war with confederacy warriors although much outnumbered by an attack by future President William Henry Harrison and his forces, and was defeated in the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe.

● Once the War of 1812 erupted Tecumseh and his confederacy allied with the British in Canada and helped

in the capture of Fort Detroit. They sought British support for continuing to defend their lands against the Americans. Harrison led a much larger counter assault and invaded Canada. The British faded away before his forces, but Tecumseh and the outnumbered Shawnee Confederacy fought on. Tecumseh was killed in the Battle of the Thames.

The War hawks

The "war hawks" were a group of congressman who put pressure on President James Madison to declare war against Britain in 1812.The war hawks tended to be from southern and western states, and were prompted by expansionist tendencies, in particular the desire to add Canada and Florida to the territory of the United States. In December 1811 the U.S. Congress elected Henry Clay of Kentucky as speaker of the house, and Clay pushed the agenda of war against Britain.

Failed Diplomacy

● Non-Intercourse Act 1809 was an attempt by the Madison administration to address the grievances of

American farmers and business interests by restarting European trade. While Jefferson’s embargo precluded trade with the whole continent of Europe as a way to avoid impressments, the Non-Intercourse Act (I know I know…..hahaha) was designed restart trade with all except Britain and France. This was of course largely ineffective as the blockade was still in place.

● In one of the greatest diplomatic blunders in American History Congress then passed Macon's Bill No. 2.

This policy reopened trade with France and Britain. It stated, however, that if either Britain or France agreed to respect America's neutral rights, the United States would immediately stop trade with the other nation. This was a problem because Napoleon seized on this new policy in an effort to entangle the United States in his war with Britain. He announced a repeal of all French restrictions on American trade. Even though France continued to seize American ships and cargoes, President Madison snapped at the bait. In early 1811, he cut off trade with Britain and recalled the American minister.

● For 19 months, the British went without American trade. Food shortages, mounting unemployment, and

increasing inventories of unsold manufactured goods finally convinced Britain to end their restrictions on American trade. But the decision came too late. On June 1, 1812, President Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war. A divided House and Senate concurred. Obviously the decision to make war on Britain

was an example of poor communications and an overly patriotic rush to war; one that very nearly cost this nation its freedom.

The Coming of the War

● As we saw yesterday, The United States was woefully unprepared for war. The army consisted of fewer

than 7,000 soldiers, few trained officers, and a navy with just 6 warships. In contrast, Britain had nearly 400 warships and while their army was weakened by nearly 11 years of war, they were much improved from the Revolutionary War days.

● The American strategy clearly reflected a belief that Britain had no ability to fight a two-continent war. In

addition, the influence of the war hawks upon American strategy was clearly discernable. The American strategy called for a three-pronged invasion of Canada and heavy harassment of British shipping. The attack on Canada, however, was a disastrous failure. At Detroit, 2,000 American troops surrendered to a much smaller British and Indian force. An attack across the Niagara River, near Buffalo, resulted in 900 American prisoners of war. Along Lake Champlain, a third army retreated into American territory after failing to cut undefended British supply lines.

The Tide Turned….a little

● A series of unexpected victories at the end of the year raised American spirits. On September 10,

1813, America won a major naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie near Put-in-Bay at the western end of Lake Erie. Oliver Hazard Perry, who had built a fleet at Presque Isle (Erie, Pennsylvania) successfully engaged six British ships. Though Perry's flagship, the Lawrence, was disabled in the fighting, he went on to capture the British fleet.

● Also in the area near Canada On October 5, 1813, Major General William Henry Harrison (future

President) overtook the retreating British army and their Indian allies. The Battle of the Thames marked the end of native and British influence in that region.

The War Enters a Dangerous Phase

● In the spring of 1814, Britain defeated Napoleon in Europe, freeing 18,000 veteran British troops to

participate in an invasion of the United States. The British planned to invade the United States at three points: upstate New York across the Niagara River and Lake Champlain, the Chesapeake Bay, and New Orleans.

● On the Niagara front Niagara, however, American forces, outnumbered more than three to one, halted

Britain's invasion from the north. Britain. Once again more able leadership and knowledge of the terrain turned the tide. However the thrust toward the Chesapeake was devastating.

● Britain then landed 4,000 soldiers on the Chesapeake Bay coast and marched on Washington, D.C., where

untrained soldiers lacking uniforms and standard equipment were protecting the capital. The result was chaos. President Madison narrowly escaped capture by British forces. On August 24, 1814, the British humiliated the nation by capturing and burning Washington, D.C. This came to be called the “Bladensburg Races” and is a black mark on American military history. From there the remains of the British Army attacked Baltimore but, lacking strength (a freak tornado spawned by an hurricane wiped out part of the British force….hand of God….you decide) they were repulsed. Francis Scott Key was so moved by the American victory that he wrote a poem entitled "The Star-Spangled Banner" on the back of an old envelope. The song was destined to become the young nation's national anthem.

● To the south a huge fleet was poised to attack New Orleans country still faced grave threats in the South.

On January 8, 1815, the British fleet and a battle-tested 10,000-man army finally attacked New Orleans. To

defend the city, Tennessean Andrew Jackson assembled a ragtag army, including French pirates, Choctaw Indians, western militia, and freed slaves. Although British forces outnumbered Americans by more than 2 to 1, American artillery and sharpshooters stopped the invasion. American losses totaled only 8 dead and 13 wounded, while British casualties were 2,036. As embarrassing as the burning of Washington DC had been this was one of the most lopsided victories in US history. The perceptive student might have noticed that this happened after the treaty was signed ending the war. Again, poor communications was the culprit.

The Effects of the War and the Treaty of Ghent 1815

● The British were convinced that the American war was so difficult and costly that nothing would be gained

from further fighting, agreed to return to the conditions that existed before the war on the matter of territory and the Americans agreed. Ironically none of the causes of the war were even addressed as Britain had already disavowed impressments before the first shots and the US abandoned any claims to Canada.

● However there was land to be gained from the Indians who reluctantly ceded most of their lands north of

the Ohio River and in southern and western Alabama to the U.S. government. Perhaps the biggest loser was sad old Spain. The war allowed the United States to rewrite its boundaries with Spain and solidify control over the lower Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. Although the United States did not defeat the British Empire, it had fought the world's strongest power to a draw. Spain recognized the significance of this fact, and in 1819 Spanish leaders abandoned Florida and agreed to an American boundary running clear to the Pacific Ocean (The Adams-Onis Treaty and the Transcontinental Treaty)

● The Federalist Party never recovered from its opposition to the war. Many Federalists believed that the War

of 1812 was fought to help Napoleon in his struggle against Britain, and they opposed the war by refusing to pay taxes, boycotting war loans, and refusing to furnish troops. In December 1814, delegates from New England gathered in Hartford, Connecticut to discuss seceding from the US and forming a pro-British New England….how ironic!

HomeworkDue WEDNESDAY

➢ The most important phase of the early Supreme Court was under the Chief Justice John Marshall. During the Early Republic Period the Marshall Court established an important trend of rulings that generally favored Federal power over states rights and protected the idea of contracts in civil cases. The rulings were an example of Nationalism because the cases tended to weaken advocates of state's rights.

➢ Here is the assignment: Find the information below and make a chart that answers the questions about the given cases. They should be easy to find as they are all famous cases. Regrettably your textbook has very few of these.

The Case The Ruling Significance1. Marbury v Madison (1803)

2. Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)

3. Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

4. Dartmouth College v. Woodard (1819)

5. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

6. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

7. Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY● Examine key characteristics of the Era of Good Feelings and explain why the above term is a misnomer

(NAT-2) (PEO-3) (WOR-2) (WTX-2)

● Analyze political cartoon and artwork as partners (CUL-2) (NAT-2)

Materials Strategy/FormatPPT and video Lecture-discussion (SL.CCR.1)

Discussion groups (SL Standard 1)

Student ActivitiesI Chronological Reasoning (3)II Comparison and context (5)III Crafting Arguments (6,7)IV Historical Interpretation (9)

Introduction

● This week we transition out of the Early Republic Period into the more expansive Antebellum Period. The painting below was called American Progress. It is seen as a visual representation of Manifest Destiny, an ultra-nationalist ideology of territorial expansion. The irony lies in the fact that the Era of Good Feelings was a highly nationalistic period embodied by Manifest Destiny. Yet, Missouri’s petition to join the union will raise the specter of civil war because it reawakened the slavery debate.

● The Era of Good feeling resulted in some economic gains and that too will be fraught with irony. The same rapid expansion will also create the first major depression in 1819.

● One of the main reasons why this period earned the misnomer was because it featured the demise of the Federalist Party as a national force. James Monroe's two terms were stable despite the issues below that we will discuss. Later this week as we move into the antebellum period we will look at the strange Election of 1824 confirming the end of the "good feelings."

The Missouri Crisis 1819-20

● In 1819 Missouri was the first territory of the Louisiana Purchase to reach 60,000 settlers and apply for statehood. This was usually greeted with great celebrations as an emblem of national growth and prosperity. But the problem was that the citizens petitioned for statehood with the institution of slavery. The Northwest Ordinance had established a precedent of gradual emancipation because as a territory slavery was no permitted but as a state, popular sovereignty was allowed.

● East of the Mississippi, the Mason-Dixon line and the Ohio River formed an unwritten boundary between the North and South. States south of this line were slave states; states north of this line had either abolished slavery or adopted gradual emancipation policies. West of the Mississippi, however, no clear line demarcated the boundary between free and slave territory

● The crisis over slavery erupted with stunning suddenness. It was, Thomas Jefferson who wrote, like "a fire bell in the night." The issue was problematic because this was no longer the Northwest Territory.

Advocates of slavery, argued that slaves were property and that meant slavery was permissible everywhere. On the other side were those who believed that the intent of the founders (including Jefferson) meant for slavery to stay quarantined in the south.

● James Tallmadge, a New York Democratic-Republican, provoked the crisis in February 1819 by introducing an amendment to restrict slavery in Missouri as a condition of statehood. The amendment prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and provided for emancipation of all children of slaves at the age of 25. Voting along ominously sectional lines (Slave state and Free State), the House approved the Tallmadge Amendment, but the amendment was defeated in the Senate.

● Southern states for the first time developed a siege mentality about slavery believing that there existed an abolitionist plot to end slavery not simply contain it. Abolitionism was in fact quite rare. There was a concept that while slavery might be detestable, it was legal under property laws.

● This was not the first congressional crisis over slavery. In 1790, a bitter dispute had arisen over whether Congress should accept antislavery petitions. In 1798, a furor had erupted over a proposal to extend the Northwest Ordinance prohibition on slavery to Mississippi. In 1804, a new uproar had broken out over a proposal to ban new slaves from immigrating to Louisiana. In 1801 and again in 1814-1815, Federalists had protested the three-fifths compromise, but never before had passions been so heated or sectional antagonisms so overt. Part of the reason for the sudden intensification lay in economics itself because cotton production was starting to be seen as a profitable venture. In Mississippi, Alabama, and West Tennessee cultivation was just beginning. The feeling was that, without slaves, no profits were possible.

● Compromise ultimately resolved the crisis of 1819. The Senate narrowly voted to admit Missouri as a slave state. To preserve the sectional balance, it also voted to admit Maine, which had previously been a part of Massachusetts, as a free state, and to prohibit the formation of any further slave states from the territory of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36- 30 north latitude line. Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky then skillfully steered the compromise through the House, where a handful of antislavery representatives, fearful of the threat to the Union, threw their support behind the proposals. This solved the issue but the Missouri Crisis was a sign of things to come.

● Southerners won a victory in 1820, but they paid a high price. While many states would eventually be organized from the Louisiana Purchase area north of the compromise line, only two (Arkansas and part of Oklahoma) would be formed from the southern portion. If the South was to defend its political power against an antislavery majority, it had but two options in the future. It would either have to forge new political alliances with the North and West, or it would have to acquire new territory in the Southwest. This opportunity would come in the 1845 with the Mexican War. The latter would inevitably reignite northern opposition to the further expansion of slavery.

The Panic of 1819

● Compromise had been possible in 1819 and 1820 because most northerners were apathetic to the Tallmadge Amendment and opponents of slavery were still disunited. Public attention was focused on the Panic of 1819 and the resulting depression.

● The Panic of 1819 had several causes, including a dramatic decline in cotton prices, a contraction of credit by the Bank of the United States designed to curb inflation, an 1817 congressional order requiring hard-currency payments for land purchases (specie), and the closing of many factories due to foreign competition. This sounds very familiar doesn’t it!!!!!!

● The financial panic swept across the country. The growth in trade that followed the War of 1812 came to an abrupt halt. Unemployment mounted, banks failed, mortgages were foreclosed, and agricultural prices fell by half. Investment in western lands collapsed. The panic was frightening in its scope and impact. In New York State, property values fell from $315 million in 1818 to $256 million in 1820. In Richmond, property values fell by half. In Pennsylvania, land values plunged from $150 an acre in 1815 to $35 in 1819. In

Philadelphia, 1,808 individuals were committed to debtors' prison. In Boston, the figure was 3,500. (digital history website)

● The panic unleashed a storm of popular protest. Many debtors agitated for "stay laws" to provide relief from debts as well as the abolition of debtors' prisons. Manufacturing interests called for increased protection from foreign imports, but a growing number of southerners believed that high protective tariffs, which raised the cost of imported goods and reduced the flow of international trade, were the root of their troubles. Many people clamored for a reduction in the cost of government and pressed for sharp reductions in federal and state budgets. Others, particularly in the South and West, blamed the panic on the nation's banks and particularly the tight-money policies of the Bank of the United States (including Andrew Jackson who lost money and who would one day destroy the Bank of the U.S.)

● By 1823 the panic was over. But it left a lasting imprint on American politics. The panic led to demands for the democratization of state constitutions, an end to restrictions on voting and office holding (by abolishing property requirements), and heightened hostility toward banks and other "privileged" corporations and monopolies. The panic also exacerbated tensions within the Democratic- Republican Party and aggravated sectional tensions as northerners pressed for higher tariffs while southerners abandoned their support of nationalistic economic programs. These tensions will reveal themselves in 1836 with the creation of the Second Party System as a new party supporting the above ideas will form, the Democrats.

HomeworkComplete the Marshall Supreme Court Supreme Court cases sheet

THURSDAY➢ In class review activity for the Unit 3 Test

Materials Strategy/FormatStudy guides and practice assignment Assessment and Review

Instructions

➢ On Friday you will be taking your unit 3 Test. This will cover a great deal of material and this day will be a chance to get in some review and, more importantly a chance to see some of the multiple choice questions that you will face on Friday.

➢ Look at the section below for the materials covered on this test. The essay component will be take home over the weekend and due on Monday. These will be LEQ style essays.

HomeworkStudy!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!MaterialsTextbook MaterialsChapter 6 pp:200 - 211Chapter 7 pp: 214 - 245Chapter 8 pp: 268 - 269 (The Missouri Compromise)

Class and web notes1. The weakness of the Articles of Confederation (and the Land Ordinances)2. The Constitutional Convention and Ratification3. The Washington Years (Foreign and Domestic)4. The Adams Years (Foreign and Domestic)5. The Jefferson Years (Foreign and Domestic)6. The causes/effects of the War of 1812

7. The Era of Good Feelings8. The Marshall Court rulings (homework)

For the essays choices see weekend Homework Below

FRIDAY TEST MC and SA format

Materials Strategy/FormatTest form and scantrons?? Assessment and ReviewSA Questions Periods 5,6 will be posted on the class websiteEssay Choices Periods 3,4

These are all LEQ style essaysChoose ONE and write. Typing is acceptable for this assignment (This will be one of the last times)

➢ Don't forget to look at the rubric for LEQ on the homepage

➢ No matter which essay that you choose, pay close attention to supporting evidence in specific details, make a good thesis/intro, and try to find a synthesis point from a later historical period.

1. The period following the War of 1812 has been referred to as being "The Era of Good Feeling. Evaluate the validity of this statement. (Periodization)

2. Examine the causes and effects of the War of 1812. To what degree was it like a "second American Revolution." (Causation)

3. The Constitution has been called a bundle of compromises. Examine the key political and economic issues of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and how these issues reflected a departure from the Articles Government (CCOT).

4. Discuss the nature of slavery from the colonial period to the Early Republic. What were some of the signs that the issue was already dividing the country long before the Civil war erupted in 1861 (CCOT)

5. Compare (and Contrast) the development of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican Parties. To what degree did these factions reflect the philosophical differences of the founding generation in economics, society, and politics (Comparison)