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APUSH CHAPTER 4
American Life in the Seventeenth
Century1607-1692
Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:economy:
Vital role in putting VA on a firm Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing.economic footing.
Ruinous to soil when continuously Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.planted.
Chained VA’s economy to a single Chained VA’s economy to a single crop.crop.
Tobacco promoted the use of the Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system.plantation system.
Need for cheap, abundant labor.Need for cheap, abundant labor.
Virginia: “Child of Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Tobacco”
Virginia: “Child of Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Tobacco”
English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel
English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel
First Africans arrived in Jamestown in First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 16191619..
Their status was not clear Their status was not clear perhaps perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.slaves, perhaps indentured servants.
Slavery not that important until the end Slavery not that important until the end of the 17of the 17cc..
))))
Headright SystemHeadright System: Plantation owners were given 50 acres for every indentured servant they sponsored to come to America.
Indentured ContractIndentured Contract: Served plantation owner for 7 years as a laborer in return for passage to America.
Freedom DuesFreedom Dues: Once servant completed his contract, he/she was freed….They were given land, tools, seed and animals. However, they did not receive voting rights.
What factors led to the introduction of
African slaveryAfrican slavery replacing indentured indentured
servitudeservitude as the labor force in the
American Colonies?
What factors led to the introduction of
African slaveryAfrican slavery replacing indentured indentured
servitudeservitude as the labor force in the
American Colonies?
Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion((1676 - 1677)1676 - 1677)
Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion((1676 - 1677)1676 - 1677)
Nathaniel Bacon Nathaniel Bacon represents represents
former former indentured indentured servants.servants.
Nathaniel Bacon Nathaniel Bacon represents represents
former former indentured indentured servants.servants.
GovernorGovernorWilliam William
Berkeley of Berkeley of JamestownJamestown
GovernorGovernorWilliam William
Berkeley of Berkeley of JamestownJamestown
Late 1600s Late 1600s large numbers of large numbers of young, poor, discontented men in young, poor, discontented men in the Chesapeake area.the Chesapeake area.
Little access to land or women for Little access to land or women for marriage.marriage.
1670 1670 The Virginia Assembly The Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most landless men!disenfranchised most landless men!
Frustrated FreemenFrustrated FreemenFrustrated FreemenFrustrated Freemen
•Involved former indentured servants•Not accepted in
Jamestown•Disenfranchised and unable to receive their
land•Gov. Berkeley would not defend settlements
from Indian attacks
Led 1,000 Virginians Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against in a rebellion against Governor BerkeleyGovernor Berkeley
Rebels resented Rebels resented Berkeley’s close Berkeley’s close relations with relations with Indians.Indians.
Berkeley Berkeley monopolized the fur monopolized the fur trade with the trade with the Indians in the area.Indians in the area.
Berkley refused to Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier attacks on frontier settlements.settlements.
Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676
Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676
Nathaniel Nathaniel BaconBacon
GovernoGovernorr
William William BerkeleyBerkeley
•Nathaniel Bacon acts as the representative for
rebels•Gov. Berkeley refused to meet their conditions and
erupts into a civil war.•Bacon dies, Gov.
Berkeley puts down rebellion and several
rebels are hung
Consequence of Bacon’s RebellionConsequence of Bacon’s Rebellion Plantation owners gradually replaced indentured servants
with African slaves because it was seen as a better investment in the long term than indentured servitude.
It exposed resentments between It exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless inland frontiersmen and landless former servants against gentry on former servants against gentry on coastal plantations.coastal plantations.
Socio-economic class Socio-economic class differences/clashes between rural differences/clashes between rural and urban communities would and urban communities would continue throughout American continue throughout American history.history.
Upper class planters searched for Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel laborers less likely to rebel BLACK BLACK SLAVES!!SLAVES!!
Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion
Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion
Governor Berkeley’sGovernor Berkeley’s“Fault Line”“Fault Line”
Governor Berkeley’sGovernor Berkeley’s“Fault Line”“Fault Line”
Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal year a pivotal year
for the for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?
Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal year a pivotal year
for the for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?
•Slavery has been practiced since the beginning of documented history.
•Slavery introduced by the Spanish into the West Indies after Columbus’s
discovery of America.•Spanish and Portuguese expanded
African slavery into Central and South American after enslaved Indians
began dying off.•In 1619, the first recorded
introduction of African slaves into what would become the United States
was in the settlement of Jamestown……Only 20 slaves were
purchased….
Slaves captured in Africa
Slaves aboard ship—Middle Passage
Indentured ServantsIndentured servants became the first means to meet this need for
labor. In return for free passage to Virginia, a laborer worked for four
to five years in the fields before being granted freedom. The Crown rewarded planters with 50 acres of
land for every inhabitant they brought to the New World.
Naturally, the colony began to expand. That expansion was soon
challenged by the Native American confederacy formed and named
after Powhatan
As the number of slaves As the number of slaves increased, white colonists reacted increased, white colonists reacted to put down perceived racial to put down perceived racial threat.threat.
Slavery transformed from Slavery transformed from economic to economic and racial economic to economic and racial institution.institution.
Early 1600s Early 1600s differences between differences between slave and servant were unclear.slave and servant were unclear.
By the mid-1680s, black slaves By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white indentured outnumbered white indentured servants.servants.
Colonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial Slavery
African Captives in YokesAfrican Captives in Yokes
Slave Trade in the CongoSlave Trade in the Congo
Cape Coast Castle, W. Africa
Cape Coast Castle, W. Africa
This is called the Middle Passage
The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”
“Coffin” Position: Onboard a Slave Ship
“Coffin” Position: Onboard a Slave Ship
Slave Ship InteriorSlave Ship Interior
Onboard the Slave ShipOnboard the Slave Ship
Revolt Aboard a Slave ShipRevolt Aboard a Slave Ship
African Captives Thrown Overboard
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships across the Atlantic!
Notice of a Slave AuctionNotice of a Slave Auction
First Slave AuctionNew Amsterdam (Dutch New York
City - 17c)
First Slave AuctionNew Amsterdam (Dutch New York
City - 17c)
Inspection and SaleInspection and Sale
Slave Master BrandsSlave Master Brands
Slave With Iron MuzzleSlave With Iron Muzzle
30 Lashes30 Lashes
Whipped Slave, early 19cWhipped Slave, early 19c
A Slave LynchingA Slave Lynching
Negro Hung Alive by WaistNegro Hung Alive by Waist
•Slaves resorted to revolts in the 13 colonies and later in the southern U.S.
• 250 insurrections have been
documented; between 1780 and 1864.
•91 African-Americans were convicted of insurrection in Virginia alone.
•First revolt in what became the United States took place in 1526 at a Spanish settlement near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in South Carolina.
•September 9, 1739September 9, 1739, twenty black Carolinians met near the Stono River, approximately twenty miles southwest of Charleston. They took guns and powder from a store and
killed the two storekeepers they found there.
•"With cries of 'Liberty' and beating of drums"With cries of 'Liberty' and beating of drums," "the rebels raised a standard and headed south toward
Spanish St. Augustine. Burned houses, and killed white opponents.
•Largest slave uprising in the 13 colonies prior to the American Revolution.
•Slaveowners caught up with the band of 60 to 100 slaves. 20 white Carolinians and 40 black Carolinians were killed 20 white Carolinians and 40 black Carolinians were killed
before the rebellion was suppressed.before the rebellion was suppressed.
Stono County Rebellion
Slave Revolts would lead plantation Slave Revolts would lead plantation owners to develop a series of owners to develop a series of slave slave
laws/codeslaws/codes which restricted the which restricted the movement of the slaves.movement of the slaves.
•Slaves were not taught to read or writeSlaves were not taught to read or write•Restricted to the plantationRestricted to the plantation
•Slaves could not congregate after darkSlaves could not congregate after dark•Slaves could not possess any type of firearmSlaves could not possess any type of firearm
•A larger slave population than white in some statesA larger slave population than white in some states
Slave owners wanted to keep their Slave owners wanted to keep their slaves ignorant of the outside world slaves ignorant of the outside world
because learning about life beyond the because learning about life beyond the plantation could lead to more slave plantation could lead to more slave
revolts and wanting to escape.revolts and wanting to escape.
Beginning in 1662 Beginning in 1662 “Slave Codes”“Slave Codes”
Made blacks [and their children] Made blacks [and their children] property, or property, or chattelchattel for life of white for life of white masters.masters.
In some colonies, it was a crime to In some colonies, it was a crime to teach teach a slave to read or write.a slave to read or write.
Conversion to Conversion to Christianity did Christianity did not qualify the not qualify the slave for slave for freedom.freedom.
Colonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial Slavery
SLAVE CODES
Could not own property
Leave the premises without permission
Possess firearms
Testify against a white person
Not allowed to learn to read or write
PLANTERS
URBAN PROFESSIONALS
YEOMAN FARMERS
RURAL POOR
ENSLAVED AFRICAN AMERICANS
SOUTHERN SOCIETY
Contributions to American Contributions to American charactercharacter
Democracy (within church) via town meetings and voting rights to church members (starting in 1631)
Townhall meetings, democracy in its purest form.Villagers met to elect their officials and attend civic issues
PerfectionismPerfectionismPuritans sought to create a utopia based on God's lawsArgued against slavery on moral grounds Ideas lay foundation for later reform movements: abolition of slavery, women's rights, education, prohibition, prison reform, etc. Protestant work ethic: those who were faithful and worked hard and succeeded were seen favorably by God. Education and community.
The decline of Puritanism First generation Puritans began losing
their religious zeal as time went on. Puritan population moved out of town
away from control of church. Too much religious intoleration
Children of non-converted members could not be baptized. The jeremiad, was used by preachers to scold parishioners into
being more committed to their faith. "Half-Way Covenant",1662: sought to attract more members by
giving partial membership Puritan churches baptized anyone and distinction between the
"elect" and other members of society subsided. Salem Witch Trials, 1692 -- The decline of Puritan clergy
Half-Way CovenantHalf-Way Covenant• 1st generation’s Puritan zeal diluted over
time
• Problem of declining church membership
• 1662: Half-Way CovenantHalf-Way Covenant – partial membership to those not yet converted (usually children/ grandchildren of members)
• Eventually all welcomed to church, erased distinction of “elect”
The Salem Witch Trials took place in Salem, Massachusetts from March to September 1693, was one of the most notorious episodes in
early American history. Based on the accusations of two young girls, Elizabeth Parris and
Abigail Williams. Under British law and Puritan society those who were accused of consorting with the devil were considered felons, having committed a crime against their government. The punishment was hanging.
19 hung, 1 pressed, 55 confessed as witches and 150 awaited trial. Shows the strictness of Puritan society
Shows how a rumor can cause hysteria even to illogical thinking.Later, many people involved admitted the trials & executions had
been mistake.
Causes disapproval of Reverend Parris
land disputes between families,
Indian taught witchcraft to girls.
Girls caught dancing, began to throw fits and accuse people of bewitching (To put under one's power by magic or cast a spell
over) them to not get in trouble.