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2nd Semester George Washington was elected the first President. His Vice President was John Adams. He appointed a four-man cabinet. The Secretary of State was Thomas Jefferson. His Secretary of the Treasury was Alexander Hamilton. His Secretary of War was Henry Knox. Additionally he appointed Edmund Randolph as the first Attorney General. Congress met for the first time in 1789. They had three very important jobs. Their first job was to pass a bill of rights. Additionally they had to pay back the debts of the United States and setup courts. To tackle the system of the courts they passed the Judiciary Act of 1789. It established that there would be six Justices on the Supreme Court. One Chief Justice and five associate judges. The first Chief Justice was John Jay. There are no famous cases during his tenure. He was more of a politician than a lawyer. The flaw in the system was that there was an even amount of Justices in the Supreme Court which allowed for ties. The biggest problem in the country was the economic problem. Washington asked his cabinet for solutions and it was Hamilton who produced one. Hamilton’s Plan

• Plan o Create a government based on trade in line with the needs of the upper class. It

was the wealthy that supported the government at the time. If you helped the upper class everyone would benefit. This is known as trickle down economics.

• Objections o Thomas Jefferson and James Madison objected. They said that the major flaw

was that it only benefited the upper class. This was odd because Madison was with Hamilton during the writing of the Federalist Papers.

• Parts of the Plan (4 parts divided into 4 bills) o Repayment of all national debts that were accumulated during the War and the

era of the Articles of Confederation. He wanted to pay back all domestic and foreign debts. The objectors only objected that they shouldn’t pay the debts par as was suggested. The reason Jefferson and Madison were against paying them back at par is because the holders of the bonds bought them from soldiers for essentially no money and the rich would get richer and the Federal Debt would grow larger. Hamilton was intent on establishing good credit so paying the bonds back par was essential. In the end everyone was paid back in full.

o Additionally Hamilton wanted to assume the state debts. Any state that had borrowed money to fight the Revolution should be paid back by the federal government. This was to gain loyalty with the states. Jefferson and Madison objected for the following reasons. States like Virginia had started taxing their citizens pay back their debts. Now Virginians were going to be taxed to help pay back the debts of states like New York that hadn’t paid back their debts.

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Hamilton knew that if Jefferson didn’t agree with his plan it would never pass in Congress. Hamilton told Jefferson, the Virginian, that if he helped him in his plan he would help him go to Congress and try to get the Capitol moved to the South. Jefferson didn’t want the capitol in New York where the big money was. Jefferson agrees to what is now known as the Assumption Bill (they assumed the debts) which also, now, moved the capitol to the south (but Pennsylvania in the meantime, New York was too much of a business center)

o Hamilton wanted to setup three different sources of money for the federal government. He wanted a protective tariff. (two different kinds of tariffs, protective and revenue and protective. A protective tariff places taxes so high on foreign goods that nobody wants foreign goods) He thought this was a great idea because additionally it would grow the manufacturing industry. He wanted to instill something called excise (elimination) taxes, specifically on things that they wanted to discourage the use of. The specific one proposed at the time was called the whiskey tax. Finally he wanted to sell land in the West. Jefferson and Madison objected to the tariffs because tariffs only benefited the rich. The average American had to pay the extra money. In the end Congress passed a revenue tariff. The difference between this and a protective tariff is that a revenue tariff is lower because the purpose is to still have foreign goods being purchased with more tax money. A protective tax is to make sure that people didn’t buy foreign products. Those tariffs are obviously much higher. Nobody disagreed about the sale of Western land. Jefferson complained about the whiskey tax because it only taxed the people making the Whiskey who were the farmers in the Midwest. Of course Hamilton would tax them and not the rich. The Whiskey Tax was passed in the end without any deviations.

o Lastly, Hamilton saw that a banking and money system were absolute necessities. He called for the minting of gold and silver coins. These were so important because they will always have value. Additionally he wanted a strong bank to keep the government’s money in. It was deemed unconstitutional by Jefferson and Hamilton because it’s not in the Constitution. Hamilton’s defense was the elastic clause. He thought this was a stretch and not something new making it valid under the elastic clause because if they can tax and make money they should have somewhere to keep it. He wanted to borrow money and use it to pay back the debts they owed. He thought that having some debt because it helps you build a good credit rating. Extra money would be loaned out. Another objection was that by having a debt, taxes would have to be raised to pay for it. In the end the gold and silver coins were minted and the bank was created. They took $10,000,000 of private investments from people who were partial owners and created the bank. This was essentially a trial run. The bank would

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automatically expire in 20 years. (1791-1811) At that time the owners of the bank would get their money back with interest. If at that time it was proven that the bank was a good idea then a new bill could be passed and another bank could be created.

Whiskey Rebellion • Not much of a rebellion but Hamilton goes out to put down the rebellion himself • They send 15,000 soldiers as a big show of strength to show rebellion will not be tolerated • Jefferson believed that Hamilton did this on purpose as a show of force over the farmers

o Also, sees it as an attempt to separate the rich and the poor •

1/30/15 2/3/15 2/6 Washington’s Policy of Foreign Affairs

• Great Britain o The number one conflict at this point was over, primarily, the Northwest territory o Additionally we had not paid our debts o We believed they were encouraging and inciting the Native Americans to attack

us • France/Spain/NAs

o At the time France was a monarchy under Louis XVI. They were in heavy debt. There people were divided into the Church the nobles and everyone else. The king couldn’t tax. That was supposed to be carried out by Estates General (French congress/parliament) who hadn’t met in 175 years. Louis XVI was heavily taxing the poor illegally. The problem was that they had no money anymore so he started taxing the upper classes and the Church. He decides to then call the Estates General. The country was elated to have the Estates General meet again. They were made up of 1,200 people divided into 3 estates. 300 people (first estate) represented the church, 300 (second state) represented the nobles and 600 (third estate) represented everyone else. Each estate got a single vote. Obviously nothing was accomplished. In response the third estate met in secret and decided to declare independence and become a national assembly similar to the new American Congress. They met in the local tennis court and took the Tennis Court Oath that they wouldn’t leave until they have a new constitution. They turned to the other estates and some members of those estates joined them. They wanted to have a new country in France with a “limited monarchy”. They wanted Louis XVI to have limited power. The king was fine with it as long as taxes were met. It was outside nations such as Britain who were opposed. The revolution divided American public opinion. The federalists

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wanted to side with England for our own national trading relationship with them. The republicans wanted to side with the French because they stood for what the Enlightenment taught. Additionally they helped us in our revolution and we had a treaty with them.

o (Another part of the revolution was to create a middle class) o French nobles went to other countries (they were against democracy) and

convinced other countries that revolt was possible in their country if the French revolt succeeded so they try to convince other countries to try to stop France. France doesn’t wait for that they declare war on everyone to try to spread democracy.

o Robespierre was in charge of the Reign of Terror part of the revolution where he killed anyone with a guillotine who was “anti-revolution”

o (There was a group in France called the Jacobins who thought that the revolution hadn’t gone far enough. They wanted a full republic. This led to more conflict and moderates were being executed.)

o Washington had to make a decision. He was afraid that they couldn’t afford or deal with a possible civil war. So he issued a Proclamation of Neutrality stating that America wouldn’t get involved. Neither party recognized this neutrality so the British started seizing American trading vessels in French water. France started ignoring American policy in regards to the Spanish colonies and so on. This was spearheaded by Citizen Genet of France. He was a diplomat from France and went to the south to fight the Spanish (they were on the other side of the war). He should’ve gone to the president to be recognized by the government. Washington and Jefferson told him to leave because they were supposed to be neutral. The French call him back to France because they didn’t want him there but by the time he would’ve gone back the revolution changed and he would’ve been killed by the new leaders of the revolution so when he faced consequences he married an American woman and became one himself.

o In response to the British, the Americans sent John Jay (Chief Justice at the time) who was more of a diplomat, to England. The Americans wanted the British to stop raiding American ships, leave the forts in the Northwest, stop provoking NA attacks and allow fishing in the North. Hamilton also sent over a note saying the minimum that the American’s would take which hurt them in the negotiation process. Other representatives were sent to both countries to try to get them to understand America’s neutrality. In the end the Jay Treaty was signed. In the treaty they re-agreed to evacuate the forts but of course that promise wasn’t kept. Americans were furious because they got nothing out of it. The people hung and burned Jay in effigy. It was ratified by the Senate despite the disdain. They would do anything to get out of war. Even if it meant that the ships would

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still be seized. Now that America and Britain were “aligned” the Spanish were worried about their control of the Mississippi. The Spanish wanted to then make a treaty with America. Americans wanted access to the southern mouth of the Mississippi without paying a tariff (Right of Deposit). We gained this right through this treaty. They would send cheap rafts down the Mississippi and then sell the raft and all the goods at the bottom and it would be loaded onto larger ships to go up north. The number one thing that Washington was able to accomplish with this neutrality was keeping us out of war. The Jay Treaty and Pinckney Treaty (Spanish Treaty) accomplished this. It became a cornerstone of American foreign policy (neutrality) until at least WWII. This saved the country.

o The fourth group that America had to deal with was the NAs. At this point settlers were settling in the Northwest Territory. As soon as they moved into these lands they were attacked by NAs. Specifically the Miami Indians. They were originally from Ohio then moved to Florida after they lost this war. They had supported the British during the Revolution. They were lead by Chief Little Turtle. He had defeated French forces who were allied with Americans. After the war they had formed the Western Confederation with the aim of wiping Americans off of their land. In the 1790’s a war broke out with the NAs called the Little Turtle War (Northwest Indian Wars). In that time they inflicted heavy damage on the Americans. Finally the US calls in General Anthony Wayne who called the forces and defeated the NAs at Toledo. The Miami Confederation had to sign a treaty called the treaty of Greenville. After this NAs were still attacking Americans even though it was discouraged by their leaders. They still wanted big forests while we wanted farmland for westward expansion. We want them to become farmers instead of hunters because farmers need less land than hunters so we get more land. Eventually they adapt to agricultural methods and help the Americans. Most presidents and people of the United States want them to convert to farmers.

o XYZ Affair

▪ France was extremely upset about the treaty between the Americans and the British. a quazi-war broke out between the two. Things such as the seizing of ships was very common. At this point Jon Adams was already president. In response they needed to send over a navy so Adams authorized the building of the first American naval vessels. He, like Washington understood that America could not handle a war so he sent three representatives to France to negotiate. French representatives who represented Talleyrand met with the ambassadors. at this point Talleyrand was the man to make treaties with. His

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representatives demanded a large sum of money up front just to arrange the meeting. The Americans were not used to this and rejected the offer. When reporting the incident they referred to the French men as X, Y and Z leading to this being called the xyz affair. The Americans told their ambassadors not to pay. This would not be the American way. This led to many people saying that Hamilton was right all along - We should go to war with the French. “Millions for defense not one cent for tribute” The federalists in Congress (dominated by the Federalists) used this as an excuse to pass four laws. When grouped together these are called the Alien and Sedition Acts. The first was called the Naturalization Act. It said that the new number of years that it would take to become a citizen is 14 years. It had been 5. They did this so people would become Americanized and get rid of dump foreign ideas. There was an ulterior motive. The Federalists (who had a Congressional majority) wanted to stay in power for the most amount of time. Immigrants were poorer and would likely be more Jeffersonian. They wanted people to become more stable economically and therefore more Federalist. There were two Alien Acts. The first allowed the president to deport any alien who he thought to be dangerous without trial. The second allowed the detaining of any alien during times of war. The last act was the Sedition Act. It made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize the President or Congress and had heavy penalties for anyone who did so. This was because Adams wasn’t nearly as popular as Washington. The reason congress supported this was because it would lower the esteem of the president to foreign countries and has a negative effect on the United States overall. The obvious question was whether or not this was Constitutional under the First Amendment. The defense for the alien acts was that the Constitution only applies to Americans. In response to the Sedition acts Jeffersonian supporters said that they were unconstitutional (first amendment [freedom of press]) and violated the Compact Theory of Govt. which states that since the nation was formed through a compact agreed upon by all the states, and that the federal government is thus a creation of the states and states should be the final arbiters over whether the federal government had overstepped the limits of its authority as set forth in the compact. Called “Nullification” which applied only in their state. They had the right to declare it null and void because it was outside of the jurisdiction of the federal government and so Virginia and Kentucky did. Rhode Island stepped in to defend the federal government. They fought for the fact that the Constitution says that

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the only party that can state whether a law is unconstitutional is the Judicial Branch. This is the beginning of the endless argument of states rights VS federal rights which will eventually lead to a civil war. The reason this didn’t happen right now is because of a general apathy on the part of most of the states. Only Virginia and Kentucky passed resolutions on the matter. Additionally in 1800 Jefferson was elected and these acts expired.

2/10 2/4/15 The Effect of the Revolution on Women and African Americans See Assignment AND these notes for the section on Women

• Women o Despite the fact that the revolution was about the rights of equality and

representation these rights were not extended to women o Women were operating the colonies while men were at war proving their worth as

viable contributors to the economy yet no rights were extended. o They fought alongside men and cared for them in battle o Abigail Adams (Wife of Jon Adams)

▪ She was an activist for women’s right during and after the Revolution ▪ Wrote to her husband at the Continental Congress (“Remember the

Ladies”) ▪ Participated in town hall meetings and pushed for the education of

women o Mercy Otis Warren

▪ Helped form the Committees of Correspondence ▪ Wrote a pamphlet against the ratification of the Constitution under a

pseudonym stating that a Bill of Rights were essential including women’s rights

o Judith Murray ▪ Promoted the idea that women were cognitively equal to men

o Republican Motherhood ▪ The ideas of republicanism and patriotism are passed down through the

women as they raise and teach the kids. This reinforces the fact that the woman’s role is a domestic one. On the other hand it encourages the education of women in order to do that teaching. This remains philosophy at least until the mid-1800’s.

o New Jersey accidently granted voting rights to women for a short period because the suffrage law stated that the heads of households who paid taxes could vote. This was “corrected” in 1807.

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• African Americans o During the Revolution, African Americans were heavily involved. Many took up

arms for the British in exchange for their freedom. George Washington later installed a similar policy. In addition to allowing the enlistment of free blacks any black man who fought in the war for more than a year would be granted freedom. After the war 40,000 blacks fled with the British to Canada or England. The Revolution pointed out the major lack of inequality in America. We fought because the British were treating us like slaves yet we were doing the same to blacks. This led to the rise of small anti-slavery societies. Quakers in Pennsylvania formed one of the first groups was formed. In March of 1780, the Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery was passed in Pennsylvania. This was the first bill passed in the Western Hemisphere of this kind. It prohibited the importation of slaves and required a slavery registration. Any children born from then on were now free regardless of their parents. Those enslaved in Pennsylvania before the act were still enslaved for life. This became the model for freeing slaves in the North. There was one caveat: one group that this did not effect. It specifically exempted members of the US Congress (Capitol was in Pennsylvania) from other states because they had slaves in other states. When Massachusetts passed a new State Constitution it immediately emancipated all slaves in 1780. In 1786 all Northern States had either gradual or immediate abolition acts and emancipated their slaves.

• There are 3 things that are related to slavery • Slavery • Importation of slaves

o This doesn’t stop slavery because the slaves reproduce ▪ This and Jews in Egypt are the only 2 times that enslaved people have

increased their own population • Internal slave trade

• Slaves in the constitution • 3/5 compromise • Extradition of slaves (in regular extradition clause) • And expiration of importation

• They believed this would delay dealing with slavery because in 20 years they would no longer need slavery • Cotton gin

o Requires more slaves to pick and plant the cotton ▪ Made slavery grow ▪ Ironic because created by a northerner who was against slavery

2/9/15

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XYZ Affair is above under foreign affairs 2/19 The Election of 1796/Louisiana Purchase For the first time (in terms of presidential) election there are two political parties. The federalists put up Adams (VP) (not Hamilton because he was obnoxious and disliked) and the Democratic-Republicans put up Jefferson (already had stepped down as Secretary of State). Adams won and Jefferson was VP. They were in conflict all the time. The Constitution didn’t foresee this because it didn’t foresee parties. The main divide of parties began with the argument over the National Bank. Get Notes on Washington’s Farewell Address Election of 1800 (Revolution of 1800) Jefferson runs again representing the DR. He assumed that Aaron Burr (fellow DR) was interested in being VP. The federalists put up Adams and assumed that Charles C. Pinckney would be VP. When the electoral college votes came in Jefferson and Burr had 73 votes each. This tie led to a vote in the House. The new Congress would come in in the next few months (March 1800) but for the time being Congress was heavily Federalist and they had to pick between two members of the DR. Burr knew that he had more friends in the House than Jefferson even though Jefferson was more popular. Burr wanted it to go to the House. There were many debates and nothing was settled. The Federalist rival of Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton stepped in and told Congress to vote for Jefferson. He did this because he disliked Burr. This later led to a duel that ended with Burr killing Hamilton. In this same election the DR took control of Congress so the current Congress was in its final days. When the DR Congress comes in they passed the 12th amendment that formed the President VP tandem election format. This was called a Revolution simply because it was major change. Jefferson famously stated that “we are all Republicans and we are all Federalists.” We are all Americans. Peaceful transition though. No drastic changes. He named his ally James Madison as Secretary of State (it would become the trend that Secretary of State would become President). He named Albert Gallatin Secretary of the Treasury. He was the first immigrant in a Presidential Cabinet or any major role in government. In terms of the economy he wanted to reduce the size of the army and limit the size of the navy. In the time of the naval war with the French, Adams authorized the building of a large navy. Jefferson countermanded that. He drastically lowered the budget for govt. entertainment (state dinners). Did not have the formality of the federalists. Often greeted people in his pajamas. He ended Hamilton’s financial programs. (excise taxes) He could not get rid of the bank. It had to last for 20 years. He could reduce the influence. He could

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reduce things like the Whiskey Tax. The Alien and Sedition Acts had expired. He also got rid of the Naturalization Acts and brought the residency requirement of citizenship back down to five years. The major problem he had was the remaining Federalist influence in the Supreme Court. They were there for life. He could, however, impeach them. He picked Samuel Chase as his victim. He asked the House to vote by a majority to charge him with a crime. The Senate then has a trial and can convict him. He ultimately failed and it proved that you could not whimsically get rid of judges. 2/17/15 The international problem that he had to face was Napoleon’s conquest of Europe. Americans had a persisting navy influence in France but Jefferson pulled them out. However, Napoleon had conquered Spain and the Americans ability to use the Mississippi was in jeopardy because their treaty was worthless. They didn’t want to make another treaty because it was possible that the Mississippi would be back in the hands of the Spanish soon. They needed that territory for their own. They needed the mouth of the Mississippi (Louisiana). Napoleon wanted this territory to take control of the farming lands and make it a breadbasket for France. His troops in this region were in Haiti. The only problem for Napoleon was that a slave named Toussaint L’ (a little line thingy) Ouverture was leading a revolution in Santo Domingo and got rid of these troops. With those troops occupied the French had no way to protect that area. Not knowing this, the Americans sent Monroe and Livingston to negotiate. They wanted a small piece of land for no more than $10 million. The counter offer was all of the Louisiana territory for $15 million. This was troubling because there was no guarantee what was there. An additional problem was that nowhere in the Constitution does it say that the govt. can buy land and Jefferson believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution and the elastic clause only applied in an absolute emergency. This was not an emergency. It was extra land. In the end Jefferson decided to buy it. He was very hasty because the territorial and political climate was rough and there was no guarantee in the future, the French agreed to this because they needed the money to start fighting England again in the near future. The federalists objected for three reasons. 1) It was unconstitutional. 2) It was extremely expensive. 3) Nobody knew what was there. In response Jefferson appointed Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in 1803 to explore the Louisiana Territory from St. Louis to the Pacific. The goals were to find an all water route across the continent study the ecology of the territory and meet with NAs to organize fur trade. The purchase was significant for seven reasons:

1) It doubled the size of the US. 2) It gave us many new resources.

• Gold and other stuff 3) It gave the US all of the Mississippi (both sides and mouth). 4) It changed the attitude of farmers who now had more land. They had previously felt animosity to the government and now they were given so much more land because of the government.

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5) It promoted Western expansion. 6) It forced Jefferson to take a loose interpretation of the Constitution (one Jefferson or two) 7) It will hurt the federalists because they were opposed to what would prove to be an extremely popular purchase

War between US and Tripoli in Textbook • Tripoli pirates wants extortion money to not attack their ships • European nations pay • America is above that • So they decide to go to war but they don’t have such a big navy and only use “mosquito”

ships

Marbury v. Madison At this point Jon Marshall had been appointed the Chief Supreme Court Justice. He was the first heavily active person in this position. Adams passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 that created 52 new judge positions. This was done so that at the end of his presidency, Adams could appoint 52 new federalist judges who would serve for life. He was appointing judges even on his last night. These judges were called “midnight judges”. One of them was William Marbury. The appointment had to be delivered to Congress the next day (when Jefferson entered office) by the Secretary of State, Madison, who didn’t do so on the order of now President Jefferson. When Marbury found out he sued Madison (really the Jefferson administration) for not delivering his appointment. Specifically his writ of mandamus (his official papers). Important Figures

• William Marbury o A judge appointed by federalist President Jon Adams

• Jon Marshall o Federalist Chief Supreme Court Justice

Case Issue Decision and Why Significance

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Marbury Vs. Madison (1803)

Should Marbury be a judge? Is this an issue for the court? Does the Supreme Court have the power to issue a writ of Mandamus (an order from the court ordering someone in an executive position to do something)?

Marshall and the court ruled that Marbury should be a judge. They could have done so because the Judiciary Act of 1789 said so, however, the clause that granted the Supreme Court this power was ruled unconstitutional.

Jon Marshall, the federalist, would in theory want to increase the power of the federal government and make Marbury a judge. He didn’t however, because in sacrificing Marbury he established a precedent for Judicial Review (Ruling federal laws constitutional or not) which as a federalist and a judge, is a major win for Marshall. This was a loss for Jefferson and DR’s because it violated Compact Theory (states decide constitutionality of laws).

2/21 Adams signed a treaty that ended the Franco-American hostilities that arose after the XYZ affair (Convention of 1800). However, Great Britain and France were still at war and attacking Americans trading with the other. The early presidents really wanted to stay out of the European wars. At the beginning of Jefferson’s Presidency, Napoleon was in control of a majority of the continent of Europe (everywhere but GB and he called them a nation of Traders who live off of importing). He instilled the Continental System through the Edict of Berlin. This stated that nobody could trade with England unless you had a license granted by the French. This applied to any nation inside or outside of Europe. In response England created the Orders of Counsel. This stated that nobody can trade with France unless they get a license from England. This greatly affected the Americans because their ships were being abd0ucted left and right. They were caught in the middle. Jefferson, wanting nothing more than to stay out of war came up with a solution. Under his guidance he passed the Embargo Act of 1807. It stated that Americans could no longer export anything anywhere. Eventually foreign trade would lead to war. Now England will respect our neutrality because they need our goods. The boycott hurt the

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English but it hurt the Americans even more. England wouldn’t acknowledge the neutrality of America. It was a complete failure. The next step was the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809. It stated that Americans could trade with anybody but France and GB. This was better but the problem still remained because they had been America’s biggest trade partners. Pretty quickly, Congress allowed the bill to expire because it was of no real help. In 1809 they replaced it with Macon’s Bill #2. It allowed the President to say that as soon as someone agreed to respect our neutrality and shipping rights we would begin trading with them again. Trade with the other nation would still be non-existent. Napoleon took advantage of this and half-heartedly stated that he respected our neutrality and trade with France, not GB, resumed. This was in 1811. Madison, who was now President urged for Congress to declare war in June of 1812. His reasons included the following: 1) Seizure of American naval vessels and impressment of the Americans on those vessels. They treated them like deserters. 2) Lack of recognition of our independence. 3) Attacking American ships even in American harbors randomly not formally. 4) The British are inspiring savage NA attacks. 5) Stifling American trade. There were “War Hawks” in Congress that were looking to expand and gain more land for the country. We don’t use this as a reason because it would make us appear on an offensive and we want to appear to be victims on the defensive. The Americans wanted the impressment to stop. Additionally they wanted Britain to recognize the neutrality of the US. They wanted them to repeal the Orders of Council. In fact, the British did so 2 weeks before the fighting started but by the time the news reached America the fighting had started and all the other reasons kept the war going. The war hawks were in favor of the war. Also the western farmers because they were the ones getting attacked. Most Democratic Republicans. Federalists were very against the war because they were friends with the British. Merchants were against the war because they won’t be able to trade at all. Virginia was against going to war because they were against getting Canada who was anti-Slavery. Three pronged attacks were very important. They didn’t let us take Canada but we defended very well. The only successful attacks by the British was on Washington, DC where they burned the Capitol and White House. There next target was Baltimore Francis Scott Key wrote a poem called the Star Spangled Banner which would become the National Anthem. It was based on his observations during the shelling of Fort McHenry during the War of 1812. The ultimatum offered by the British was that if the flag was lowered they would see it as surrender and cease fire. The Americans refused and didn’t surrender. Had that fort surrendered the British would have had a clear path to the South and regained control of the country.

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End of the War – Battle of New Orleans. Led by Jackson, American forces massacred Britain in New Orleans. This was weeks after the treaty of Ghent was signed. The same time problem arose and this battle happened anyway. New Englanders were against the Canadian invasion because they were being drafted. Northern federalists held the Hartford Convention in 1814. They argued that the Constitution states that we can only go to war for defensive purposes and here we are invading Canada. They argued that they didn’t have to do it on the grounds of the Compact Theory. This is the only time that the North ever used the Compact Theory as a defense. They tried to secede. They suggested that 2/3 of congress needs to pass a resolution to go to war not just a simple majority. They also suggested that the President had more limited war power. This didn’t lead to Civil War because the war ended before the convention finished so the steam was out of their argument. Treaty of Ghent (1814). In 1814 the British defeated Napoleon. He is exiled and the war in Europe is over. This means that the entire British military could concentrate its efforts on America. In order to avoid annihilation, Americans sent diplomats to Europe to negotiate a treaty. The fighting stopped. All borders returned to the pre-war status. The naval discrepancies would not continue because the Orders of Council were gone. In the end it was a pointless war that ended in a tie. Americans thought they won because they won the last battle. This was despite the fact that the war was really over at this time and the British were destroying America. The British didn’t continue for the simple reason that they were sick of war. It was draining their population morale and wallets. The British finally officially recognized America’s independence. They did so by evacuating the forts in the Northwest. There are six major significances of the War of 1812. 1) Foreign respect. This was the 2nd time in less than 50 years that they were able to defend themselves against the most powerful nation in the world. 2) End of American military involvement in Europe (for 100 years). 3) Intense nationalism in America. Americans decided that we are not British anymore and this led to the creation of an American culture as opposed to one that mirrored Britain. (They would start writing their own dictionary soon as well as other things). 4) Major westward expansion. British and NAs leave so Americans can move to Ohio area. 5) The growth of manufacturing. This was a result of the pre-war acts that forced us to be more self-sufficient rather than the war itself. 6) The Federalists finally faded out. They had been losing power since the Election of 1800. Judges remained though. Timeline of the War of 1812

• 1803 o War breaks out between France and Britain

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▪ You need money to fight a war and now Napoleon had money after the Louisiana Purchase

• 1806 o Britain attempts to blockade France from ships of other countries

• 1807 o Impressment leads British to attack the Chesapeake, a United States ship off

the coast of Virginia; in response to the Chesapeake incident, Congress passes the Embargo Act to stop US sea trade. This was an influential impressment because it was the first impressment of a war vessel

• 1810 o Young nationalist War Hawks, including John Calhoun, Felix Grundy and Henry

Clay enter Congress and play bold roles in politics • 1811

o Shawnee Indian leader Tecumseh forms a confederacy; US beats them at Tippecanoe

• 1812 o Madison declares war; after several US armies fail to attack British and Indians in

Canada, Cptn. Oliver Hazard Perry defeats a British fleet on Lake Erie; in another battle, Tecumseh is killed and his confederacy dissolved

• 1814 o D.C. is razed and the treaty of Ghent is signed

• 1815 o Andrew Jackson becomes Hero of New Orleans after defeating British.

Commercial trade reopens between GB and US • 1817

o Rush-Bagot agreement limits number of war-ships on Great Lakes; Jackson fights Seminoles in Spanish-Florida

• 1818 o Borders are agreed on for Louisiana and Oregon territories

• 1819 o Adam-Onis Treaty: Spain gives Florida to the US

End Test 5