APWH 8000 BCE-600 CECreated by: Jenna JonesSupervising Editor: Michael D Geoffrion

Nomads: Follow the Food

Foraging Societies Foraging is hunting and gathering

Small groups nomadic groups that follow food

At the mercy of nature Natural phenomena could endanger entire

communities Few possessions

Pastoral Societies Domestication of animals Mostly in mountain regions and in areas

that could not support crops. Supplemented with small scale

agriculture Mostly egalitarian Concept of extended family

Pastoral cont. Social class based on size of herd Few possessions

(Not an actual fight or lunge for power)…

Settling Down: Neolithic Revolution

Agricultural Societies Neolithic Revolution=Agricultural

revolution Neolithic revolution when people began

congregating and forming small villages Relied more on environment (soil and

water) More sense of unity with sustained

cultural interactions

Agricultural Soc. Cont. Idea of ownership of property Food surplus=specialization of labor

Irrigation lead to even greater surplus Civilizations emerge

Impact of Agriculture on Environment

Farming villages changed environment by rerouting water, clearing land, and building cities

Land and resources reconfigured to fit needs of growing civilization

Animals used for both food and labor Metallurgy= reliable tools and weapons Latter part of Neolithic

revolution=Bronze Age

The Rivers Deliver

The Big, Early Civilizations:

Early civilizations Most ‘great’ civilizations located in river

valleys River gave fresh water, food, and

transportation Civilizations considered large population,

with large land, and distinct culture Many early civilizations were collections

of city states

Mesopotamia Means “land between the rivers”- Tigris

and Euphrates Series of ancient civilization is

Mesopotamia: Sumer, Babylon, and Persia

Part of Fertile Crescent

Sumer: First Major Mesopot. Civilization

Rose in the southern part of Mesopot. Cuneiform= writing Used wheel, developed 12 month

calendar, math system based on 60 Polytheistic; each city state worshipped

a different god Built temples called ziggurats for gods

Sumer to Babylon When Sumer declined, city of Akkad rose

to power Akkadians developed first known code of

law Akkad overrun by Babylon Babylon expanded code of law to

Hammurabi’s Code Babylon fell because of invasions by

Kassites and Hittites

Cont. Hittites dominated because they used

iron for weapons Assyrians learned iron metallurgy

Est. capital at Nineveh Assyrians hated people who they

conquered Sent large groups into exile

Assyrians defeated by Medes and Chaldeans Nebuchadnezzar king of Chaldeans

Fell to Persia

Persia Persians develop Great Royal Road

(1,600 miles from Persian Gulf to Aegean Sea

Lydians Concept of using coined money for trade Led to consistent prices and allowed

people to save money

Phoenicians Powerful naval city states on

Mediterranean Simple alphabet using 22 letters

Hebrews Religion: Judaism (first Jews) Established Israel in Palestine Frequently invaded, but kept identity Believed to be God’s chosen people

Ancient Egypt 3 Kingdoms: Old, Middle, and New

(height in New) Before Old kingdom, entire river valley

ruled by King Menes Manage flood waters and irrigation

Pharaohs direct construction of obelisks and pyramids

Hieroglyphics (writing)

Egypt Polytheistic- w/focus on life after death Mummification (mostly elite) First female rule: Queen Hatshepsut

(during New Kingdom) Relatively high status of women: could

buy and sell property, inherit property, choose to will property, and right to divorce.

Still expected to be obedient to men

Egyptian Social

PharaohsPriests

Nobles

Merchants and artisans

PEASANTS & SLAVES

Egypt decline Assyrian and Persia conquered parts of

Egypt Later Greeks and Romans would rule

Egypt

Indus Valley Limited contact with other peoples

because of landscape Connection to outside world by Khyber

Pass in Hindu Kush Mountains Along Indus River 2 Major cities: Harappa and

Mohenjo-Daro (sophisticated)

Indus cont. Indus Valley civilization were polytheistic Had pottery and cotton farming (made

into cloth) Indus decline: Not known why

Cities abandoned Believed to have been invaded by Aryans

Aryans Nomadic tribes from north of Caucasus

Mtns. Used horses and advanced weaponry Est. their religion (Hindu) on Indian

subcontinent Polytheistic Recorded beliefs in Vedas and Upanishads

Aryans Idea of caste system 3 classes: warriors, priests, and peasants

Later class of landowners and merchants inserted above peasants

Priests (Brahmans) and warriors would converge into one class

Sub castes added later on Originally movement between classes

was allowed, but became more strict over time

China Shang China in Hwang Ho River Valley

(Yellow River Valley) Trade centered civilization Powerful military, used chariots Extremely isolated, thought they were

center of civilization Ethnocentric attitude

Shang family Patriarchal structure Believed gods controlled all aspects of

peoples’ lives Veneration

Zhou Dynasty Wu Wang established Zhou dynasty Maintained traditions and customs of

Shang Lasted nearly 900 years Mandate of Heaven: meaning heaven

granted power to Zhou as long as rulers governed justly and wisely

Zhou Feudal system: King as ruler, nobles

given power of smaller regions Nobles became more powerful, and

eventually broke off from empire and developed own state

Bureaucracies developed to control government better

West Africa: Bantu Bantu Migrations: farmers in Niger and Benue

River Valleys in W. Africa migrated south and east Spread language and methods of agriculture and

metallurgy Lasted from 1500BC-1300BC Migration spurred by climatic changes and

population pressure from migrants to their area Jenner-Jeno: first city in sub-Saharan Africa

Decentralized

Early Mesoamerica and South Amer.

Olmec: Mexico (1500 to 400 BCE) Olmec were urban society with

surplusses of corn, beans, and squash Irrigation techniques and infrastructure Polytheistic, had writing and calendar

Not formed in river valley

South America Chavin: Andes (900 to 200 BCE) Urban civilization with polytheistic

religion Located on coast (access to seafood) Used metal tools and weapons Llamas as beasts of burden

Classic Mesoamerican Civilizations Mayan (300 BCE to 800 CE); southern Mexico to

central America Collection of city states ruled by same king Developed complex calendar system Tikal: most important Mayan political center Nobody know what happened to them

Disease, natural disaster, warfare, etc.

Mayan Divided cosmos to 3 parts: heavens,

humans, and underworld Believed gods created humans out of corn

Mayan warfare to acquire slaves not territory Slaves=labor

Used ridged field system Cultivated cotton and maize

Ball courts and pyramids

India and China Alexander the Great conquered Persian

empire Mauryan Empire founded by

Chandragupta Maurya Unified smaller kingdoms into one

Highpoint under Ashoka Maurya (converted to Buddhism) Strong trade and military Later Ashoka preached nonviolence and

moderation Rock and Pillar Edicts- big rocks with rules

on them

Gupta Dynasty Mauryan empire declined after Ashoka

died Chadra Gupta II revived the empire

Decentralized and smaller than Mauryan Referred to as Golden Age

Arts and sciences developed (pi and zero) Arabic Numerals

Hinduism dominant religion Caste system (women lost rights)

Collapse after invaded by White Huns

Qin Dynasty (China) Qin was short lived Developed strong economy based on agriculture Powerful army with iron weapons Unified region under single emperor Great Wall of China Qin Shihuangdi- dynasty’s first emperor

Recentralized, standardized laws, currencies, and weights, measures, and systems of writing

Belief system of Legalism Decline after Shihuangdi died

Han Dynasty Enemies: Xiongnu (Huns) invaded China Leader: Wu Ti (Warrior Emperor)

Enlarged Han empire Trade thrived on Silk Road and Buddhism diffused Civil service system- based on Confucius ideas

Used for government positions Chinese invented paper, sundials, calendars,

rudder, and compass Decline after Wang Mang used Mandate of

Heaven to dethrone emperor (est. Xin dynasty)

Classical Greece Made of Polis: city states

Shared common culture and identity 2 Main Polis:

Athens: political, cultural, and cultural center of Greece

Sparta: agriculture and militaristic Austere lifestyle and highly disciplined

3 social groups in each polis Citizens (adult males), free people (no

political rights), noncitizens (slaves)

Greece Athens had first democracy (only adult

males participate) Created by Draco and Solon (aristocrats)

Sparta women had higher status than women in Athens

Greek polytheistic- Gods believed to possess human failings

Persian Wars United all Greece city states against

Persia Victories by Greece at Marathon and

Salamis (control Aegean sea) After war Greece enters era of peace and

prosperity called Golden Age of Pericles

Golden Age of Pericles Athens became cultural powerhouse

under Pericles Established democracy for all adult males Built Parthenon

Delian League: city state alliance against aggression from common enemies

Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle- truth from rational thought

Intro of Greek drama

Athens decline Peloponnesian League: Sparta and other city

states allied against Athens Peloponnesian War: Athens V. Sparta

Athens takes defensive strategy behind city walls Athens afflicted by plague, killing vast numbers

and Pericles Athens navy lost battle at Syracuse on island of

Sicily Sparta didn’t destroy Athens, later invaded by

Macedonians Macedonians didn’t destroy it, but encouraged Greek

culture

Macedonians Alexander the Great conquered Persia and

moved to India Divided realm into 3 Regions

Antigonid (Greece and Macedon) Ptolemaic (Egypt) Seleucid (Bactria and Anatolia)

Macedon adopted and spread Greek ideas Hellenism: culture, ideas, and pattern of Greek life

Macedon and empires fell after Alex the Great died

Rome Polytheism with many gods of Greek origin Social Structure:

Patricians: land owning noble men Plebeians: All other free men Slaves

Representative Republic Made of Senate (patricians) and Assembly

(patricians and plebeians) 2 consuls elected by assembly and given veto

power over decisions

Rome Civil laws to protect individual rights Twelve Tables of Rome

“innocent until proven guilty” Pater familias- eldest male in the family

held power Roman women could own property

Slaves were 1/3 of population

Roman Military Carthage was Rome’s first enemy (North

Africa) Wars between Carthage and Rome called

Punic Wars First Punic War to gain control of Sicily

(Rome won) Second Punic War Carthage extends to

Northern Italy and crosses Alps Rome expected southern attack

Third Punic War Rome invades and destroys Carthage

Roman Decline Reasons for decline:

Increased displaced urban population Roman currency devalued (inflation

increased) Political leaders fighting amongst

themselves Senate weakened Gave way to first triumvate: Pompey, Crassus,

and Ceasar

First Triumvate Caesar given power over southern Gaul

(France) Caesar pushed Pompey and Crassus out

of power and become “emperor for life” Caesar assassinated by his senators Gave way to second triumvate

Octavius, Marc Antony, Lepidus

Second Triumvate Octavius took most power (renamed

Augustus Caesar) Became emperor

End of Roman Republic, start of Roman Empire

Rome capital of Western World Augustus est. rule of law, common

coinage, civil service, and secure travel for merchants

Pax Romana: (Roman Peace)

Roman Empire cont. Christianity introduced

Originally persecuted, but ended with Constantine issuing Edict of Milan

Christianity became official religion of Roman Empire

Collapse of Western Roman Empire Decline started by external pressure

(Attila Huns) Also too big to control

Diocletian became emperor Made co-emperors for better control Armies under imperial control Strengthened imperial currency

Budget on government Civil war after Diocletian

Constantine Constantinople in Byzantium After Constantine died empire divided

into East and West West suffered more

Major Belief Systems

Confucianism Developed by Chinese Political and social philosophy, not religion Deals mostly with political and social order and place in

society 5 fundamental relationship:

Ruler and subject, parent and child, husband and wife, older and younger brother, friend and friend.

Junzi: people who put aside personal ambition for good of state

Ren: sense of humanity and benevolence Li- sense of propreity, respect, and deference to elders Xiao- filial piety (respect for family obligation)

Daoism Dao (Tao): the way of nature, the way of

the cosmos Founder: Lao-tzu (Chinese philosopher) Image to demonstrate is pot on potter’s

wheel, also use water Ambition and activism only bring chaos

to world Doctrine of wuwei: disengagement from

worldly affairs

LEGALISM Used by Chinese in Qin dynasty Developed in same time period of

Confucianism and Daoism Peace and order were achievable

through a centralized, tightly governed state People made to obey through harsh

punishment, strong central gov’t, and unquestioned authority

Worthy professions: farming and military

Hinduism Began in India with Aryan invaders One supreme force called Brahma, the creator Hindu gods were mainfestations of Brahma

Vishnu: preserver Shiva: destroyer

Life goal to merge with Brahma Dharma: rules and obligations of caste you’re

born in Moksha: highest state of being Sacred text is Vedas and Upanishads

Buddhism Founder: Siidhartha Gautama Four Noble Truths:

All life is suffering Suffering is caused by desire One can be freed of this desire One is freed of desire by following 8 fold path

Eight fold path: right views, aspirations, speech, conduct, livelihood, endeavor, mindfullness, meditation

Nirvana: perfect peace and harmony 2 sects: Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism