1) Aqualung

2) Ballast3) bar4) bathyscaphe5) bathysphere6) chronometer7) Decompression sickness8) echo-sounding9) fauna10) flora11) GPS12) meridian13) maritime14) SCUBA

15) parallel

16) piloting

17) ROV

18) AUV

19) Loran-C

20) heliox

►The History of Oceanography – Why Study It?

►Ancient Uses and Explorations (5000 B.C. - 800 A.D.)

►The Middle Ages (800 A.D. - 1400)

►European Voyages of Discovery (1400 - 1700)

►The Birth of Marine Science (1700 – 1900)

►Twentieth-Century Marine Science

I. Why Study It?I. Why Study It?A) Three very good reasons to learn the A) Three very good reasons to learn the history of oceanography:history of oceanography:

1. The history of oceanography is connected to 1. The history of oceanography is connected to the world’s overall history.the world’s overall history.

2. Oceanography’s past helps us understand 2. Oceanography’s past helps us understand why and how people apply marine why and how people apply marine sciences sciences today.today.

3. It is interesting.3. It is interesting.

B) The history of oceanography can be divided B) The history of oceanography can be divided into four stages:into four stages:

1. Ancient Uses and Explorations (5000 B.C. - 1. Ancient Uses and Explorations (5000 B.C. - 800 A.D.)800 A.D.)

2. The Middle Ages (800 - 1400)2. The Middle Ages (800 - 1400)

3. European Voyages of Discovery (1400 - 3. European Voyages of Discovery (1400 - 1700)1700)

4. The Birth and Growth of Modern4. The Birth and Growth of ModernMarine Science (1700 - present)Marine Science (1700 - present)

II. Prehistory and the Rise of SeafaringII. Prehistory and the Rise of Seafaring

A) Three primary reasons for early civilization A) Three primary reasons for early civilization to interact with the ocean:to interact with the ocean:

1. To obtain food.1. To obtain food.

2. To discover new lands.2. To discover new lands.

3. As a means of trade.3. As a means of trade.B) The earliest recorded sea voyage appears B) The earliest recorded sea voyage appears

to be 3200 B.C. under the auspices of to be 3200 B.C. under the auspices of Egyptian Pharaoh Snefru.Egyptian Pharaoh Snefru.

C) Ancient Phoenician Explorations and C) Ancient Phoenician Explorations and DiscoveriesDiscoveries

1) The Phoenicians contributed to ocean 1) The Phoenicians contributed to ocean exploration by establishing the first trade exploration by establishing the first trade routes throughout the Mediterranean, even routes throughout the Mediterranean, even as as far north as Great Britain.far north as Great Britain.

D) Ancient Polynesian Explorations and D) Ancient Polynesian Explorations and DiscoveriesDiscoveries

1) The significance of Polynesian seafaring is 1) The significance of Polynesian seafaring is that it is the earliest known regular, that it is the earliest known regular, long-long-distance, open-ocean sailing distance, open-ocean sailing beyond beyond sight of land.sight of land.2) Spreading eastward from Fiji, Tonga, and 2) Spreading eastward from Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa, Polynesians settled islands in an Samoa, Polynesians settled islands in an area of about 26 million square area of about 26 million square kilometers kilometers (10 million square miles).(10 million square miles).

EE) Ancient Greek Explorations and Discoveries) Ancient Greek Explorations and Discoveries

1) The Greeks used references on shore to 1) The Greeks used references on shore to navigate. This is called navigate. This is called pilotingpiloting..2) As seafaring advanced they learned to use 2) As seafaring advanced they learned to use the sun, constellations, the North Star the sun, constellations, the North Star and and sea conditions to navigate in the sea conditions to navigate in the open open ocean.ocean.

3) The Greeks knew the Earth was a sphere, 3) The Greeks knew the Earth was a sphere, not flat.not flat.

a) Pytheasa) Pytheas (314 B.C.) noted that he (314 B.C.) noted that he could predict tides in the Atlantic could predict tides in the Atlantic based based on the phases of the moon.on the phases of the moon.

1) He could determine how far North 1) He could determine how far North or South one was from the North Star or South one was from the North Star by measuring the angle between the by measuring the angle between the horizon and the North Star. This was a horizon and the North Star. This was a significant improvement in navigation.significant improvement in navigation.

b) Eratosthenesb) Eratosthenes (264-194 B.C.) is (264-194 B.C.) is credited with two contributions:credited with two contributions:

1) He calculated the Earth’s 1) He calculated the Earth’s circumference.circumference.

2) He invented the first 2) He invented the first latitude/longitude system.latitude/longitude system.

F. The Greeks Excelled at MapmakingF. The Greeks Excelled at Mapmaking

1) In 127 B.C., 1) In 127 B.C., HipparchusHipparchus improved improved Eratosthenes’ maps by inventing the Eratosthenes’ maps by inventing the regular regular grid system.grid system.

2) In 450 B.C., 2) In 450 B.C., HerodotusHerodotus published a published a detailed history of Greece’s struggles detailed history of Greece’s struggles with with the Persian Empire.the Persian Empire.

3) This work was significant because it was one 3) This work was significant because it was one of the earliest published maps of the of the earliest published maps of the

world the Greeks knew.world the Greeks knew.

4) In 63 B.C.-24 A.D., 4) In 63 B.C.-24 A.D., StraboStrabo published a 17- published a 17-book book work called work called GeographicGeographic that that contained a contained a map map expanding expanding knowledge/accuracy about the knowledge/accuracy about the world.world.

5) In 100-168 A.D., 5) In 100-168 A.D., PtolemyPtolemy developed the first developed the first known map to show a portion of the Earth known map to show a portion of the Earth as a sphere on flat paper.as a sphere on flat paper.

a) It showed latitude/longitude by a) It showed latitude/longitude by dividing the grid into degrees, dividing the grid into degrees, minutes, and seconds of the arc.minutes, and seconds of the arc.

G) Latitude/Longitude SystemG) Latitude/Longitude System1) The purpose of the latitude and longitude 1) The purpose of the latitude and longitude

mapping system is to identify specific mapping system is to identify specific locations on the Earth’s surface.locations on the Earth’s surface.

a) Latitude Lines Also called a) Latitude Lines Also called parallels parallels Run Run east-west 0º parallel is also called east-west 0º parallel is also called the the equatorequator

2) Longitude Lines Also called 2) Longitude Lines Also called meridiansmeridiansRun north-south Prime Meridian Run north-south Prime Meridian

is is located on the longitude of the located on the longitude of the Royal Royal Naval Observatory Naval Observatory in in Greenwich, Greenwich, England.England.

3) Further Accuracy3) Further AccuracyDegrees are subdivided into 60 minutes, Degrees are subdivided into 60 minutes, minutes areminutes aresubdivided into 60 seconds.subdivided into 60 seconds.

1 Degree of Latitude = 60 nautical miles

1 minute = 1 mile

1 second = 1/60th of a mile ( roughly 90 feet)

1 nautical mile (6076 ft)=

1.15 land miles (5280ft)

III. The European Middle AgesIII. The European Middle AgesA) Also known as the A) Also known as the Dark AgesDark Ages because during because during

this time further advancements in the this time further advancements in the knowledge of geography and science were knowledge of geography and science were suppressed in Europesuppressed in Europe

1) Little ocean exploration by Europeans was 1) Little ocean exploration by Europeans was made, only trade continued.made, only trade continued.

B) Viking Explorations and DiscoveriesB) Viking Explorations and Discoveries

1) The Vikings were the only people with 1) The Vikings were the only people with significant exploration taking place in significant exploration taking place in Europe Europe during the Dark Ages:during the Dark Ages:2) They established trade routes throughout 2) They established trade routes throughout

Britain, Ireland, Southern Europe, Britain, Ireland, Southern Europe, North North Africa, and Central Asia.Africa, and Central Asia.

3) In the 9th century there was a 3) In the 9th century there was a global global warmingwarming that freed the North Atlantic of that freed the North Atlantic of ice ice allowing the Vikings to explore allowing the Vikings to explore westward westward discovering Iceland, Greenland, discovering Iceland, Greenland, and North and North America.America.

IV. Chinese Explorations and DiscoveriesIV. Chinese Explorations and DiscoveriesA. The Chinese were very active explorers during A. The Chinese were very active explorers during

the Middle Ages and were responsible for the Middle Ages and were responsible for many important contributions.many important contributions.

1) Probably the most important of their 1) Probably the most important of their discoveries was the discoveries was the magnetic compassmagnetic compass dating about 1000 A.D. and in widespread dating about 1000 A.D. and in widespread use about 1125.use about 1125.

(Europe’s first reference to the compass was in 1190 in a poem, but was not (Europe’s first reference to the compass was in 1190 in a poem, but was not widely used until the 1400s.)widely used until the 1400s.)

2) By the mid 1400s in China shipbuilding 2) By the mid 1400s in China shipbuilding was well established.was well established.

3) Chinese ships from that period had 3) Chinese ships from that period had central central ruddersrudders and and watertight compartmentswatertight compartments – these are part of today’s modern – these are part of today’s modern ships.ships.

V. The End of the Middle Ages and V. The End of the Middle Ages and a Route Around Africaa Route Around Africa

A) The period of 1400-1700 is called the A) The period of 1400-1700 is called the RenaissanceRenaissance. A new interest in long . A new interest in long ocean ocean expeditions and travel in the 15th expeditions and travel in the 15th century century was motivated by was motivated by economics, economics, politics and politics and religionreligion..

B) Three explorers tried to establish a route to the B) Three explorers tried to establish a route to the East around Africa:East around Africa:

1) The first of these was 1) The first of these was Prince Henry Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugalthe Navigator of Portugal in the in the

early early 1400s. He went down the west coast 1400s. He went down the west coast of Africa, but did not find a route of Africa, but did not find a route around the Cape of Good Hope.around the Cape of Good Hope.

2) The second was 2) The second was Bartholomeu DiasBartholomeu Dias who completed a voyage around who completed a voyage around

the the Cape of Good Hope in 1487, but Cape of Good Hope in 1487, but did did not make it all the way to India.not make it all the way to India.

3) The third was 3) The third was Vasco da GammaVasco da Gamma. In . In 1497 he led the first expedition around 1497 he led the first expedition around the Cape of Good Hope all the way to the Cape of Good Hope all the way to India.India.

VI. Exploration of the New WorldVI. Exploration of the New World

A) Christopher ColumbusA) Christopher Columbus took the first of his four took the first of his four voyages voyages to find a route to Asiato find a route to Asia in 1492. He in 1492. He believed he’d found Asia when he landed on believed he’d found Asia when he landed on a Caribbean island.a Caribbean island.

B) Between 1454-1512, B) Between 1454-1512, Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci voyaged to South America. He explored voyaged to South America. He explored much of much of the east coast, the mouth of the the east coast, the mouth of the Amazon River, Amazon River, and is credited as the first and is credited as the first European to European to recognize that recognize that South America South America was a new was a new continentcontinent. The Americas are . The Americas are named in honor named in honor of Vespucci.of Vespucci.

C) In the early 1500s, C) In the early 1500s, Vasco Nuñez de BalboaVasco Nuñez de Balboa led an expedition that crossed the Isthmus led an expedition that crossed the Isthmus of Panama and of Panama and discovered the Pacific discovered the Pacific

OceanOcean. Balboa was the first European to . Balboa was the first European to sail sail in the Pacific.in the Pacific.

1) News that the Pacific lay beyond the 1) News that the Pacific lay beyond the Americas renewed the hope that one could Americas renewed the hope that one could

sail around the world west-to-east.sail around the world west-to-east.

D) In D) In 15191519, , Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Portuguese explorer Ferdinand MagellanMagellan led the first expedition to led the first expedition to circumnavigate the world. He had five ships circumnavigate the world. He had five ships and about 260 men.and about 260 men.

1) Magellan died in the Philippines in a fight 1) Magellan died in the Philippines in a fight with islanders.One ship and 18 men with islanders.One ship and 18 men completed the journey in completed the journey in 15221522..

E) The second successful circumnavigation of E) The second successful circumnavigation of the world was made in the world was made in 15771577 by by Francis Francis

DrakeDrake..

1) He left England for the New World with 1) He left England for the New World with the purpose of raiding Spanish ships the purpose of raiding Spanish ships

and and settlements for treasure.settlements for treasure.

2) Drake returned to England in 2) Drake returned to England in 15801580 where where he was knighted for his exploits as well he was knighted for his exploits as well

as as for bringing back treasure and spices for bringing back treasure and spices worth a fortune.worth a fortune.