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Florida’s Dirty Dozen
Aquatic Weeds
Lyn Gettys, PhD
University of Florida IFAS FLREC and CAIP
Florida’s environment
Our dirty dozen aquatic weeds…
Floating-leaved
Shoreline/all-terrainFloating
Submersed
Waterhyacinth
Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae): exotic
Brazil, S. America
FL Prohibited Aquatic Plant
Plant height to 3’
Leaves 5”, round
Leathery/rubbery
Spongy petioles; basal
Roots dark, feathery
Showy purple flowers
Waterhyacinth
Waterhyacinth
2,4-D, triclopyr
Diquat, glyphosate
Penoxsulam
Waterlettuce
Pistia stratiotes (Araceae): exotic – probably…
S. America, Africa, SE US
FL Class 2 Prohibited Aquatic Plant
Plant width to 2’
Leaves to 1’, scalloped
Thick, dull green, sessile
Roots light, feathery
Inconspicuous flowers
Waterlettuce
2,4-D, diquat, endothall
Flumioxazin
Giant salvinia
Salvinia molesta (Salviniaceae): exotic (Brazil)
Federal Noxious Weed
Fern
Fronds to 4 cm
Upper fronds round/oval
Joined in pairs
“Egg-beater” hairs
Lower fronds = “roots”
Giant salvinia
Diquat
Glyphosate
Feathered mosquitofern
Azolla pinnata (Azollaceae): exotic (Africa, Asia)
Federal Noxious Weed
Fern
Fronds to 25 mm, deltoid
Green to red
Velvety
Roots up to 2” long
N fixation
Feathered mosquitofern
Diquat
Glyphosate
Carfentrazone
Landoltia duckweed
Landoltia (Spirodela) punctata (Lemnaceae): exotic
Monocot
Asia, Australia; FLEPPC Cat 2
Smallish (< 5 mm)
Oblong/ovate leaves
Dark green upper, red/purple lower
Pitted (punctate) surface
2 to 6 bodies in “clonal cluster”
2 to 5 roots
Landoltia duckweed
Diquat, fluridone, flumioxazin
Hydrilla
Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae): exotic
Multiple origins – Korea, India* (FL: dioecious ♀)
Federal Noxious Weed
Plant height to 25’
Leaves strap-shaped, 0.5”
Coarse serrations
Verticillate (4 to 8)
Rooted; tubers, turions
White flower to 0.25”
Long peduncle
Hydrilla
Hydrilla
Fluridone
Endothall, ALS
Topramezone
Flumioxazin
East Indian hygrophila
Hygrophila polysperma (Acanthaceae): exotic
India, Malaysia
Federal Noxious Weed
Leaves simple, to 4”
Elliptic, smooth margins
Opposite
Square stems
Flowers in leaf axils
East Indian hygrophila
Flumioxazin
Fanwort
Cabomba caroliniana (Cabombaceae): native***
Plant height to 30’
Submersed leaves finely cut, fan-like, 3”
Gelatinous
Opposite or verticillate/whorled
Emergent leaves ◊
Usually rooted
Free-floating or anchored
Flowers emergent, 0.5”
Fanwort
Flumioxazin
Crested floatingheart
Nymphoides cristata: exotic (Asia)
FL Noxious Weed
Leaves 6”, cordate
Dark red markings
Smooth
Ridged white flowers
~5 petals
Spikey ramet
Crested floatingheart
Glyphosate + imazapyr
Glyphosate + imazamox
Flumioxazin + diquat
???
Torpedograss
Panicum repens (Poaceae): exotic
Africa, Asia
FLEPPC Cat 1
Plant height to 3’
Leaves to 1/4” x 10”
Blue-green
Clasping hairy ligule
Open panicle to 9”
Small yellow flowers
Sharp pointed rhizome
Torpedograss
Glyphosate
Fluridone, imazapyr
Sethoxydim
Alligatorweed
Alternanthera philoxeroides (Amaranthaceae): exotic
S. America
FL Prohibited Aquatic Plant
Plant height to 1’
Leaves simple, to 4”
Elliptic to lanceolate
Smooth margins
Opposite
Hollow stems
White flower on peduncle
Alligatorweed
Imazapyr, imazamox
Glyphosate, triclopyr
Rotala
Rotala rotundifolia (Lythraceae): exotic
Asia
FLEPPC Cat 2
Plant height to 8”
Leaves simple, smooth margins, opposite or whorled
Emergent round, to 0.5”
Submersed elliptic, to 1”
Bright red to green stems
Spike of bright pink flowers
Rotala
Rotala control: mechanical
Rotala control: critters• They don’t like it…
Rotala control: herbicides• 2,4-D and triclopyr
• F: Bispyribac, imazamox
• S: Fluridone
Recap
Thank you!
Lyn Gettys, Ph.D. • [email protected] • Go GATORS!!!