.AR PLNDIX 11

.XE\A)R MALfILRLLS IUUA

2.1 lNTft_•)UCI'IC.N

This appendix contains additional unclassified information on armormaterials, supplementing the basic information contained in Section3. 10.3 . Classified data on armor materials is also contained in Volume 11(USA_.,IIDL Teclnical Report 71-41B) and are referenced where appropriate in

this section.

2.2 ARF .R .LUILRIAL ULXRXUtLfRIS'lICS

2.2.1 Ai.,DR ITPLS

There are three different types of anmor materials/systems covered in thissection. The basic materials or systems are broken down as follows:

* Specification armor

" Experimental armor

* Spaced armor

2.2.1.1 Specification Anror: Tihis section includes information onsolid armors of the type which bear some degree of specification-approved

ballistic data. Within these limitations, the section includes informationfor various armor materials and armor systems and for both homogenous and

nonhomogeneous materials. Pertinent information on these general cate-gories of armor and for specific armors within each category make up the

remainder of this section. General arrangement of the data is based upon a

breakdown between homogeneous and nonhomogeneous armors. Reference to the

appropriate material specification is suggested if more detailed data

regarding any material is needed.

2.2.1.2 Homogeneous Types of Solid Armor: This category presently

includes certain steel and lightweight metal armors. Each of these arediscussed separately in paragraphs that follow.

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Additional types of homogeneous anior for which no degree of specificationapproval presently exists are discussed, as applicable, in paragraph 2.2.2.

"...1.3 Homogeneous Steel Armor: Specification-type solid-steel armors ofa homogeneous nature represent a segment of the armor spectrun which wasone of the earliest explored and developed. Included in this category are,primarily, steel anmor materials which defeat attack by the absorption ofenerg-y. These armors exhibit a full multihit capability.

Steels which defeat ballistic attack by energy absorption rely upon theirstrength. This strength results from a combination of high hardness andhigh ductility.

Prujectile size as related to armor thickness is also related to hardnessand penetration resistance. When projectiles undermatch the armor (thediameter is less than the plate thickness), penetration resistanceincreases with hardness until excessive brittleness occurs. Then thepenetration resistance decreases, often accompanied by spalling. As theprojectile becomes more overmatching, the optimum hardness is reduced.

In addition to providing reasonably good ballistic protection against aconsiderable range of projectile threat conditions, homogeneous steelarmors possess certain inherent advantages because of their nonballisticproperties. These properties include low cost, ready availability, com-parative ease of fabrication, and structural (load-carrying) capability.A major disadvantage for some aircraft applications is the material weightfor a given protection level.

Excluded from coverage in this document are three specification-type steelsof a homogeneous nature. Two of these materials are rolled homogeneoussteel conforming to Specification MIL-A-256 and nonmagnetic rolled steelconforming to Specification MIL-A-434. These older materials are no longerof much practical interest for purposes of armor design. For anyone inter-ested, however, the specifications do include information regarding ballis-tic performance of the respective materials against caliber .30 k"P M2 andcaliber .50 .P -TM2 projectiles at 0 degree obliquity. The third material,cast steel armor in accordance with Specification MIL-S-113S6 (Ord), isexcluded becatuse very little cast steel is produced in their gages.Another material., face-hardened steel in accordance with SpecificationJAN-.\-7,4, is discLussed later ;ith the nonhomogeneous materials because itis not truly homogeneouIs in all respects, because of the face-hardeningprocess involved.

W )C

2...1.3.1 Wrought lomogeneous Steel, MIL-S-12Suub (Ordj Steel producedin accordwice with this specification is made in two classes. Class 1, theone of prime interest as an anior steel , is heat treated to produce maximtrnpenetration resistwace. Class 2 is helat treated to produce i1iixii;nluresistance to shock.

Class I steel is rolled .or wrought) homogeneous steel anuor mentionedearlier in this section as one of the standards against which new armorshave been compared ballistically for a number of years. Because of its useas a standard for comparison, this steel was assigned a, velocity meritrating of 1.00 (weight merit rating of 100). Thiis material is a low-alloyrolled steel, hardened to the range of 330 to 400 Brinell, depending onplate thickness (up to 1 inch). 'llie material depends on its strength tostop projectiles. Several compositions of high-quality, low-alloy steelmeet the specification requirements. This steel is readily available innominal thicknesses from 1/4 inch to 0 indies at moderate cost, but it isheavier, for equivalent protection, than some of the more recentlydeveloped steels. Table \XIX sh',:s the Brinell hardness requirements forspecific nominal thicknesses of Class I and 2 plate.

2.2.1.3.2 Nonmagnetic Rolled Steel, MIL-A-13259B (MR): This material,more commonly referred to as iiadfield-manganese steel, serves as the stand-ard of comparison for performance of armor against fragment-simulating pro-jectiles, caliber .30 (44 grain) and smaller. Against these projectiles,this material would have a velocity merit rating of 1.00, or a weight meritrating of 100. (In terms of its ballistic performance against other pro-jectiles, this material is compared with MIL-S-12500 (Ord) steel, as istrue of other armors.)

Ihis homogeneous steel is austenitic in microstructure, and in its finalform has high touglhess, strength, and ductility. Its nonmagnetic char-acteristics provide special advantages for use in sensitive areas wheremagnetic materials might interfere with operation of instrunents or otherequipment.

".2. 1.3.3 Wrought [ligh-liardnhess Steel, NIL-S-46100 (•U) This is a com-paratively new rolled homogeneous steel armor in terms of specificationapproval. it is a low-alloy steel plate and is low in cost. "this steelwas devvloped as part of the effort to produce high-hardness steels capableof shattering projectiles on impact. Th'le material is wuifonuly hardened toan average Brinell hardness of .18S to 330. Chemical composition is some-what dependent upon individual suppliers.

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TABLE XXiX. BRIUELL IL\RDLSS RLQUIRL\L.'IrS FORMIL-S-125o0B (Ot'D) S'111L PL-AE

BrinellSpecified Nominal Brinell Hardness indentationThiclmess of Plate Range (3,000 Diameters

(in.) Armor Class kg load) (in)

1/4 to less than 1/2 1 341 - 388 3.30 - 3.10

1/2 to less than 3/4 1 331 - 375 3.35 - 3.15

3/4 to less than 1-1/4 1 321 - 375 3.40 - 3.15

1-1/4 to less than 2 1 293 - 331 3.55 - 3°35

2 to less than 4 1 209 - 311 3.70 - 3.45

4 to 6 incl 1 241 - 277 3.90 - 3.65

7/8 to 1-1/4 incl { 2 277 - 321 3.u5 - 3.40

2.2.1.4 Homogeneous Light Netal Armors: Certain light metal armors makeup a second general group of materials falling into the classification ofspecification-type, homogeneous solid armors. This general categoryincludes armor fabricated from various aluminum and titanium alloys. Anumber of additional e.xperimental armors of this type are discussed inparagraph 2.2.2.

In all cases, these light metal armor materials provide ballistic protec-tion by absorption of energy from the impacting projectile. Surface hard-nesses are not great enough to shatter the projectile.

1ypes of aluminun alloy armor have been used fo- many years. In general,the ballistic capabilities of the light metals are good, especially atobliquities, when compared with homogeneous steel armors of the same arealdensity. All such armors possess full multihit capabilities.

Light metal armors have an additional advantage, as do the steels, becauseof their structural capabilities, relative ease of fabrication, compara-tively low cost in some cases, and, in most cases, ready availability. In

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many cases though thicker for the swine protection1 level, these metals maystill prove to be lighter than steel. L;pecialhv in tle case of aluminui,tie rigidity due to increased thickness uay oiten reduce or eliminate theneed for added stiffeners.

Lxciuded from coverage are three specification--type hiomogeneous light metalanmrs ,which are of little current Lnterest tor purposes of armor design,IThis categor" includes an alhýiinui (2024-LI alloy arp.or conforming toSpecification MIL-A-7lo0, a tIta LL;i aicy (Ti-3,1n-Complex) armor con-ton.ing to Specification ,1lL-A-2355t aen, and a magnesiutn alloy(13Li-6Al) armor coifonninw to Spe"; Ificiio,0 NtL-A-21o.4 (Aer). Informationregarding ballistic perfon:.ance andi other properties of these materials canbe obtained from the specification,_,.

2.2.1.4.1 Weldable Aluninulm Allo," Armor, MIL-A-4OU27C(,Nl) : Material com-plyilng with this specification includes weldable, strain-hardened,

-rought aluninium alloy armor plate of the basic 5083 and 545o types. Thematerial is available in nominal thicknesses from 3/4 inch to 3 inches,inclusive. Th-is alloy has excellent ductility and toughness and is veryresistant to cracking under shock. Its weldability permits an extendedrange of possible use, especially from a structural standpoint.

In general, this armor material is especially worthy of consideration asprotection against fragmients, but also has definite capabilities againstsmall-arms anmnunit ion.

2.2.1.4.2 Heat-Treatable, Weldable Uluminun Alloy Arnor, ,IL-A-4bU63B (MR):This is one of the more recent specification-approved types of aluninumalloy armor material. It is a heat-treatable, weldable wrought alloy ofthe 7039-T6 tyqpe. Aluminun, zinc, and magnesium are the major eiclnents inits cumposition. 'Ihe material is produced in nominal thicknesses from3/4 inch to 4 inches, inclusive. Aii inherent tendency to corrode understress is minimized by specifikation-requirCd testing, but is pertinent fordesign consideration where applicable.

Probably because of its higher strength, the penetration resistance of thisalloy tends to be generally better than that of the other aluminul7 alloydiscussed in paragraph 2.2.1.4.1. Its ductility is considerably lower,however, and spalling occurs wuder some attack conditions, especially inthe case of fragments.

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2.2.1 .4.3 Weldable Titanium Alloy Armor, MIL-T-40077 (MR) Although nowone of the most widely used titanium alloys, this material is relativelynew as a specification-approved armor material. 'This specification coversa welda-ble, wrought titanium alloy annor plate in the mill annealed con-dition and of the 6A1-4V class in its composition. This extra-lowinterstitial element (ELI) grade material has a lower o.xygen, carbon, andnitrogen content than the basic UAl-4V coinnercial class titaniun, withcorrespondingly improved ballistic performance characteristics. Thematerial does, however, exhibit some tendency to spall against fragmentsimulators and ball ammunition. While this material is a good prospect forconsideration under certain attack conditions, cost is sometimes a limitingfactor in its use. Nominal thicknesses range from 1/4 inch to 2-1/4 inches.

2.21 5 Homogeneous Nonmetallic Armors: In its overall scope, this classof solid armor covers a number of basic types of material. Included arecertain organic, transparent, and, theoretically, ceramic armors. Inactuality, however, no armor material of the specification-approved type ispresently available in this category. Armor fabricated from unbonded nylonfabric purchased to Specification MIL-C-12369 represents the closestapproach to an armor of this type.

2.2.1.6 Nonhomogeneous Types of Solid Armor: This includes coverage ofthose specification types of solid armor that are nonhomogeneous innature. This category presently includes limited numbers of armor fallinginto the nonhomogeneous steel, ceramic-organic composite, and transparentarmor classifications. These classifications and specific armors in eachclass are discussed separately in the following paragraphs.

2.2.1.7 Nonhomogeneous Steel Armors: As discussed earlier in Section3.10.3, projectile shattering supplemented by energy absorption representsone of the'major mechanisms used to defeat ballistic attacks. Attainmentof both of these capabilities in a truly homogeneous material is almostimpossible. In view of this fact, nonhomogeneous annor has provided thealternate route toward this goal. In the case of steel, two separateanrors of basically different natures represent specification-approvedsolutions to the problem. These armors, face-hardened and roll-bonded dualhardness steels, are discussed separately in the following paragraphs.

2.2..-.1 Face-llardened Steel Anrmor, JAX-A-78-1: Annor of this typeresists 1%;letratiorl primarily through deformatioi auld breakup of the pro-jectile. iiiis anrmr is essentially homogeneous in nature, except that ithas a hardened face supported by a softer, more ductile backup region.lii,:- har•diess ,ariatioi is produced by a greater carbon content near the

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surface and ai rIedLICOd ZUaOLUt Of CrbI)Ull in the rest of the plate, withsuitable ileat tr1'C.kt:nt. A\nmor ot this type •i•zy be productd bycarburi : ja..

In addition to its special ballistic capabilities, face-hardened steelannor possesses the tmany structural, manufacturing, and logistic advantagesof most steel armors.

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22.1.7.2 Roll-Bonded, Dual-Ilardness Steel, MIL-S-4U099 (Mf) 2nd: °l1iis steelaccomplishes essentially the sane basic purposes as face-hardened steel,but in a different way and more effectively. Actually, roll-bondeJ, dual-hardness steel is the most effective lightweight steel armor developed todate, excelling all of the nonferrous and some of the composite armorarrays.

This armor is made essentially by roll-bonding a hard steel facing onto asofter steel backing and then rolling the composite to the desired thick-ness. The steel face develops a hardness of 62 Rockwell C (maximun) and,consequently, shatters AP projectiles. Tlhe tough steel backing, at53 Rockw,;ell C hardness (maximnu), restrains the hard-faced plate laterallyand stops projectile fragments.

2.2.1.7.3 Composite Armor: Composite armor is an armor system consistingof two or more different armor materials bonded together to form a pro-tective unit. As indicated earlier in this section, a single compositearmor of the ceramic-organic type represents the only one of this cacegorycurrently backed by specification approval. Tlhie armor involved is aceramic-faced composite lightweight armor to Specification MIL-A-46103 (MR).lhe specification is general in the sense that typical rather than exactmaterial combinations are defined.

Armor of this type is designed to defeat ballistic attack by projectileshatter with subsequent energy absorption by backup material. Essentially,the armor consists of ceramic frontal plates bonded to nonmetallic ormetallic backing materials. In all cases, a spall shield is applied overthe ceramic armor material to minimize secondan" fragments from spalls

* which might be created at projectile impact with the anror.

'Mhile providing a high degree of ballistic protection at lightweightagiainst small-arm- fire, a limited multihit capability restricts its usein applications where the possibility of inncrous hits in a small area is

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great. Structural and manufacturing capabilities also are less extensivethan for the various types of metallic armor materials. Cost, thoughhigher than for the homogeneous materials, is moderate, in comparison withsome of the more advanced armors.

Z.2.1.8 Transparent Armors: Although much work has been done in the areaof transparent armors, and a nuiber of such materials have been used, onlytwo types currently bear specification approval. One of these types isbullet-resistant glass conforming to Specification MIL-G-5485. The othertype is a laminated composite to Specification MIL-A-46108 (MR).

"2.2.1.8.1 Bullet-Resistant, Flat, Laminated Glass, MIL-G-5485: Thisspecification covers a bullet-resistant glass suitable for use in aircraftwindshields and similar applications. The material is made in two types,regular and precision ground, and each type comes in two grades, generalpurpose and special purpose (high light transmission), depending upon theintended use. This glass consists of two or more plies of glass heldtogether by a transparent interlayer.

No ballistic performance curves are available for this material. Thespecification, however, indicates that at an impact velocity of 2,700(t40) fps, areal densities required to defeat caliber .30 and .50 AP M2projectiles at various obliquities are as follows:

* Caliber .30 AP 12 projectiles

00 obliquity - 30 psf

30* obliquity - 24 psf

600 obliquity - 17 psf

SC.aliber .50 AP M projectiles

42-1/. ;..L-iquity - 40 psf (limit of lightweight armor)

600 obliquity - 32 psf

NOTE: Refer to specification for more detailed information regardingexact nature of ballistic test procedures used to obtain thesevalues.

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2.2.1.8.2 Laminated Glass-Faced Composite i'ransparent Armor, SpecificationMIL-A-46108 (MR): This specification covers multilayer, glass-faced trans-parent composite armor containing a nonspalling plastic backing material.Such materials are produced in weights up to 16 psf and thicknesses up to2-1/4 inches. In general, such armors will include a glass front plate, aninterlayer material, and the plastic backing. The composite material will"have a high degree of light transmittance, with minimum optical deviation

=' , and distortion.

2.2.2 EXPERIMENTAL ARMOR

In most cases, experimental types of solid armors exist (or may laterexist) in the same general categories as the specification-type armors. Ina general sense, the properties and attack-defeating mechanisms ofthese experimental armors are similar (sometimes identical) tospecification-type armors in these same categories. Nonballistic (physical)properties for specification-type materials are usually well defined by thespecification, and materials could be ordered on that basis alone, as faras these nonballistic properties are concerned. In the case of experimen-tal materials, on the other hand, confirmation of material properties bythe supplier would normally be a requirement.

All ballistic property data, other than that presented in a material speci-fication, must be considered experimental and subject to confirmationbefore use. Sometimes even the specification-approved ballistic data is ofa type not directly usable in design planning.

2.2.2.1 Homogeneous Types of Solid Armor: A considerable amount ofexperimental and developmental work has been accomplished or is under wayon various types of homogeneous solid armor. Included in this category arearmors of steel, light metal alloy, organic, and transparent types. Eachof these general armor types and any pertinent specific armors of each typeare discussed separately in subsequent paragraphs.

2.2.2.2 Homogeneous Steel Armors: Although steels represent the oldestclass of armor material, some further experimental work is beingaccomplished in this area, and a number of experimental steel armors cur-rently exist. One of the more significant of these nonspecification-typesteel armors for current consideration is discussed in the followingparagraph.

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. .I Rolled (300 Bn Steel: This rolled homogeneous steel armor isS similar in many of its basic properties to the standard rolled homogeneoussteel, Specification MIL-S-12560 (Ord), discussed in paragraph 2.2.1.3.1Use of this steel in armor applications has been limited primarily todefense against fragments.

2.2.2.3 Light Netal Homogeneous Armors: Experimental types of homogeneoussolid armor exist in several light metal categories. These include variousalloys of aluminun, titaniun, and magnesium. Any significant specificexamples of armors of current interest in these categories follow.

2..2.3.1 AlLuninum Alloy Armors: There are currently no new developmentsin the area of experimental aluminum alloy armors which warrant seriousconsideration for armor design purposes because of their superior ballisticprotection capabilities. Aluminun alloys of the 7076-T6 and 5086 varietiesare comnercially available and have recieved some consideration as armormaterials. While only limited ballistic performance data are available forthe 7075 material and none at all for the 5086 material, it is probablethat their ballistic properties would not differ significantly from otheraluminum alloy armors of the specification type.

2.2.2.4 Titanium Alloy Armors: A multitude of commercial and semicamoter-cial types of titanium alloys have been evaluated for ballistic performancecapabilities, but very few have ballistic properties warranting any con-sideration as prospective experimental armor candidates. One of thesealloys is discussed briefly in the following paragraph.

2.2.2.4.1 Titanium Alloy, Ti-6A1-4V: This prospective armor, which isbasically similar to the specification-type titanium alloy armor listedunder Specification MIL-T-46077 (vIll) in paragraph 2.2.1.4.3, represents anearlier commercial grade of the specification-type material. While manybasic properties of the two materials are comparable, the specificationmaterial is somewhat superior ballistically.

2.,.2.4.2 Magnesium Alloy Armors: No experimental types of magnesiumalloy armor warrant serious consideration for design purposes at thepresent time.

Z.2.2.5 Homogeneous Nonmetallic Armors: Armors of this type include thoseof an organic or transparent nature. Under the category of homogeneousorganic armor, only one opaque type, ballistic nylon, is discussed. Simi-larly, two types of transparent armor, Plexiglas and Lexan, are also dis-cussed. Other anrors of a similar nature are discussed separately underthe nonhomogeneous portion of this section.

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2.2.2.5.1 Nylon Armor: Nylon, in both bonded and unbonded forms, offersballistic protection primarily against certain shell fragments. Its fieldof use may include incorporation in composite armors, and it may sometimesbe added as backing material to upgrade the ballistic protection capabilityof existing armors. Such data for composite armors using nylon will beincluded, if pertinent, with the particular composites.

2.2.2.5.2 Plexiglas: Plexiglas is a monolithic, clear, totally organicmaterial of the acrylic plastic type. The material, which is commerciallyavailable, offers some limited ballistic protection, especially againstsmall caliber ball-type ammunition at the lower impact velocities. In gen-eral, the bonded Plexiglas laminates, discussed later under the nonhomo-geneous transparent armors, offer greater protection than this solidmaterial or the unbonded laminates.

2.2.2.5.3 Lexan*: Lexan is a transparent polycarbonate resin materialthat has high impact strength anddimensional stability characteristics.It has limited ballistic protection similar to Plexiglas, with greaterresistance to crack propagation and shattering - desirable qualities foraircrew station transparencies.

2.2.2.6 Nonhomogeneous Types of Solid Armor: This covers experimentaltypes of solid armor that are nonhomogeneous in nature and are of interestfor purposes of current design consideration. This category includes, ingeneral, nonhomogeneous steel armors (opaque), organic armors, many typesof composite armors, and a number of transparent armors. Each of thesegeneral categories and specific armors of interest in each category arediscussed in the following paragraphs.

2.2.2.7 Steel Armor, 5M21, Carburized and Ausformed: Steel armor of thistype, produced by a combined carburizing-ausforming process, has a high-carbon, high-hardness surface which has a capability for projectileshatter, in some cases, and a high-toughness back. The resulting materialrepresents an advance over earlier types of carburized armor plate thatwere not ausformed. This type of steel is commercially available, but ata relatively higher cost because of the extra processing involved.

2.2.2.8 Dual-Property Steel Armor, MIL-S-46099 (NR) 2nd: In addition tothe specification-type dual-property steel armor discussed, other armors ofsimilar makeup have been ivestigated. These armors will exhibit similarballistic protection capabilities, with differences existing primarily in

*G. E. trademark

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fabrication techniques and in certain resulting nonballistic properties(e.g., formability). Work to date has been based largely upon a 50-50ratio between front and back plate thickness, which seems to be the opti-mum arrangement. In general, the range of front and back plate hardnessesused is as stated for the specification material.

2.2.2.9 Doron Organic Armor: Doron is a basic nonhomogeneous armor fabri-cated from various plies of unidirectional fiber glass fabric, laid up withalternate plies oriented 90 degrees to each other and bonded together,usually with a general-purpose polyester thermosetting resin. Designedduring World War II primarily as a fragment-resisting material, it is sig-nificantly inferior to standard metallic armors in protection againstsmall-arms fire, especially of the armor-piercing variety. This armor isof primary interest here because of its applications as fragment protectionarmor and as part of various composite armors.

2.2.2.10 Woven-Roving Fiber Glass Organic Armor: This material, similarin many physical respects to Doron, also has similar oapabilities andapplications in the field of ballistic protection. It costs less thanDoron, however, and has slightly improved ballistic properties. For thesereasons, woven-roving fiber glass is replacing Doron, in some cases, as abacking material in composite armors.

2.2.2.11 Composite Armor Systems: Composite armor systems represent awide range of combinations and capabilities, including some that offerexceptional possibilities for future development.

Composite armors may be divided into five general types; each of these gen-eral types and pertinent examples from each type will be discussed sepa-rately. The five general types of composite armor systems are:

* Metal-metal composites

% L-tal-ceramic composites

% Ltal-organic composites

* Metal-ceramic-organic composites

• Ceramic-organic composites

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2.2.2.11.1 Metal-Metal Composites: A considerable amount of work has beendone on ballistic evaluation of various metal-metal composite armors.Basically, such composites fall into two general categories: (1) whereinthe separate layers of armor material are laminated or otherwise bondedtogether to form an integral unit, and (2) wherein the separate materiallayers are in physical contact, but remain unjoined except for any mountinghardware that may hold them together when installed. The separate layersof metal may be either of the same material or of different materials, andmay vary wridely in layer thicklesses.

2.2.2.11.2 Netal-Ceramic Composites: See classified data in Volume II(USAA\NIDL Technical Report 71-41B).

2.2.2.11.3 Metal-Organic Composites: See classified data in Volume II(USAAMNDL Technical Report 71-41B).

2.2.2.11.4 Metal-Ceramic-Organic Composites: See classified data in Vol-umne II (USAANIRDL Technical Report 71-41B).

2.2.2.11.5 Ceramic-Organic Composites: Armor composites of this typeinclude several that are among the most promising in terms of futuredevelopment as ballistic protection devices. With one exception, the gen-eral type of ceramic-faced composite armor conform to SpecificationMIL-A-46103 (MR). The general types and pertinent specific examples arediscussed in the following paragraphs. Included in this general category arethe following composites:

* Boron carbide (B4C)-Doron-type laminates

" Alumina-Doron-Type laminates

* Doron and other Doron-type laminates

• Silicon carbide-Doron-type laminates

* Berylliun oxide-Doron-type laminates

* Titani~n carbide-woven roving fiber-glass-type laminates

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" Titanitan diboride-woven roving fiber-glass-type laminates

"M Miscellaneous ceramic-organic composites

NOTE: In most of the composites involving Doron, there is a paralleland basically equivalent composite in which woven-rovingfiber glass replaces Doron as one element.

2.2.2.11.5.1 Boron Carbide (B4")-Doron-Type Laminates: The experimentalB4C-Doron-type laminates must be regarded at this time as one of the bestpossible armor prospects for limited multihit protection. Probable meritratings are significantly in excess of other armors discussed to thispoint. Thus, areal densitites are very low, and the weight advantages foraircraft armor applications are significant. This type of armor is avail-able only in experimental quantities at the present time. In addition, thecost is high. Efforts are in process to increase production capabilitiesand to reduce cost. As is true of most armors in this general category,structural capabilities are largely lacking and, thus, use of the armor isrestricted in that sense.

2.2.2.11.5.2 Alumina-Doron-Type Laminates: Composite armors of this gen-eral type are inferior in ballistic properties to the more advanced com-pcsite armors included in this general category. As was true of the B4C-Doron armor, this type of armor has a limited multihit capability, andstructural properties are minimal. Cost, however, is significantly lower,and the material is more readily available.

2.2.2.11.5.3 Doron and Doron-'iype Laminates: Doron (discussed previously)and Doron-type laminates are in themselves inferior armor materials,especially against armor-piercilig projectiles. Their chief use is as ele-ments of composite or spaced armors, where they serve as backup material.

2.2.2.11.5.4 Silicon Carbide-Doron-Type Laminates: Based on limitedtesting, these armors fall between the more advanced B4C-Doron and A1203-Doron composites, in terms of ballistic capabilities. With furtherdevelopment, armors of this type should also prove to be significantly lessexpensive than the B4C-Doron composites. Multihit and structural capa-bilities will be limited, as was true of the other ceramic-organiccompos i tes.

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2.2.2.]1.S.5 Titanium Carbide-Woven Roving Fiber-Glass-Type Laminates:This armor, together with titanium diboride-woven roving fiber glass com-posites (refer to paragraph 2...1.5.0), represents some of the mostrecent development work in the armor field. Very limited ballistic testdata suggest much promise for this armor if its availability can beimproved and the present high price reduced.

.2.2.11i.5.6 Titanium Diboride-Woven Roving Fiber-Glass-Type Laminates:To an even greater extent that titaniun carbide-woven roving fiber glass

* composites, this material exhibits extremely effective ballistic protectioncapabilities in those limited areas for which data are currently available.Here again', utility of this armor is greatly hampered by limited avail-ability and high cost.

2.2.2.11.5.7 Mtiscellaneous Ceramic-Organic Composites: A number of otherceramic-organic composite armor arrays have beert explored. These miscel-laneous ceramic-organic composites are largely developmental and probablynot applicable for serious consideration at the present time.

2.2.2.12 Transparent-Type Nonhomogeneous Solid Armors: In additio;1 to thePlexiglas and Lexan transparent armors discussed under the homogeneoussolid armors pxrotection of this section, there are a number of nonhomo-geneous types of transparent solid armor to be conisidered. All of theseare experimental in terms of their ballistic _pxopcrties status. Of theseexperimental types, some are available zommerciallv. •]:ile others arepurely developmental at this time. Siginificant exniples of each of thesetypes of transparent armor are discussed in the following paragraphs.

2.2.2.12.1 Commercially Available Materials: Included in this classifica-tion are various laminated bullet-resistant glasses such as Safetee glass,reactor window glass, etc.

See classified data in volume II (USAA\RDL Technical Report 71-41B).

2.2.2.13 Developmental Transparent Armors: Considerable work has beendone and is still under way on the developmenit of superior transparentarmors. l'ie work involves investigation of various assemblies and thick-nesses of glass and plastic materials, bonded and unbonded. The develop-mental effort is centered in three basic areas. Included are:

" Laminated bonded organic

"* Laminated bonded inorganic

• Laininated bonded inorganic-organic

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See classified data in Volume II (USAANRDL Technicdl Report 71-41B).

2.2.3 SPACED AMDR SYSTEMS

Spaced armor covers all designs having spaces between armor elements. Allspaced armor would fall into the armor system (rather than material) cate-gory and would, of course, be nonhomogeneous in nature. Although consid-erable effort has been expanded in this area over recent years, andalthough a number of types of spaced armor have been evaluated ballisti-cally, no military-type specifications yet define the properties of sucharmor. Thus, as mentioned earlier, all such armors must be classed asexperimental.

With few exceptions, much of the work in this field to date has involvedthe use of some of the older types of armor material, rather than the moreadvanced armors. Perhaps for this reason, among others, velocity meritratings for the resulting spaced armor systems often tend to fall under theestablished minimum values for experimental armors worthy of serious con-sideration for design purposes. In addition, some of the merit ratingsthat have been obtained tend to vary considerably, even for the samearmor when tests are repeated.

Because of the overall thicknesses involved in two or more layers of armormaterial separated by an amount of air space, space limitations would oftentend to limit application of such systems in the case of aircraft armordesign. In general, requirements for mounting this type of armor wouldoften tend to be a little more complicated than for solid armors. Pro-curement would also offer some problems in most cases.

In view of these considerations, with a few exceptions, spaced armor sys-tems thus cannot presently be given serious consideration for aircraftpurposes. It is conceivable, of course, that future developments maychange this outlook appreciably.

2...3.1 Spaced Armor Protection Mechanisms: See classified data in Vol-

ume II (USAAIUIDL Techuical Report 71-41B).

2.3 ARNIDR DATA

There is a great deal of data available on the capability of armormaterials to defeat small-arms projectiles. The data are usually presented

380

to show VSO protection limits for a range of specific projectiles impactvelocities and angles of obliquities for corresponding areal densities ofa specific armor type and material.

Figures 195 through 201 show representative curves for high-hardness steel,titanium, aluminum alloys, and unbonded nylon armor materials againstvarious size projectiles and fragment simulators. 10

Table X)X is a listing of some of the nonballistic properties of armormaterials that must be considered in their design applications. Thisincludes physical/mechanical properties, fabrication and structural capa-bilities, environmental resistances, availability, multihit capability, andapproximate cost per pound.

Table )MOI is the index from Reference 10 on armor ballistic performance andrange-velocity curves for armor materials and projectiles. It is presentedto indicate the type of data available.

381

3,400 6 1

3,000

~ 2300

9L-

U,

-j

< 2,200

z

w 1 '800 0 ____

LU

1 ,400

1,'0000 10 20D 30 140

AREAL DENSITY -LB/FT 2

Figure 195. Protc,:tionj Proy idd by' Wrought Iligly-I Iardness Steel Armor,Sjneci fication MII.-S-46100 (MR), Against Caliber .50 A-P M2Proj cti leS at Var'ioUs (bliquitie-S.

332

4,8oo

4,000

.(. 00

U-

0

3,200 00_J /

2-- /

2,400

=- Oo

00 -- /Vz I-.cC)

1 ,6 00 ,t10

,- -, SPECIFICATION BALLISTIC LIMIT AT0 DEGREE OBLIQUITY

800

00 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0

AREAL DENSITY - LB/FT2

F:igurc 19h. Protection Provided bY 'ituitun Alloy Armor, Specification

,].-i -,•1]7- (N)), .Against aUliher .. IU (144 Grain) 'ragmllenlt-

Simulating Proj ectilcs at D)cgrec obliqui ty.

6,000

45°

5,200

00

S4,400- /-J

co 3,600 -

z

S2,800I--

2,000 V

SPECIFICATION BALLISTIC LIMIT AT0 DEGREE OBLIQUITY

1,200 1

0 7.5 15.0 22.5 30.0

AREAL DENSITY - LB/FT2

Figure 197, Protection Provided by Aluminum Alloy Armor, SpecificationMIL-A-46027 (f) Against Caliber .50 (207 Grain) Fragment-Simulatinig Projectiles at Various Obliquities.

384

600

0 0

3,200 450 300

S2,800IL

00•<2,400

•

S2,000

SSPECIFICATION BALLISTIC LIMIT

S~AT 0 DEGREE OBLIQUITY

1,600

U/,,

1 200 007.5 15.0 22.5 30.0

AREAL DENSITY LB/F 2

Figure 198. Protection Provided by Aluminum Alloy Armor, Specificationi

NIIL-A-46063 rR) , Against Caliber .30 AP ý12 Projectiles at

Various Obliqui ties.

3805

,[ . i i i i I I I I I I IA R E ALII ID E NSI T YI I I L B / F T 2

4,000

I HP3,800 ___ 500

Ho 4 HP

3,600 6W / i O°

A 3/S3,4oo A /

3,20 5I /-' 43,000 / /

< 2,800 - ... MUZZLE VELOCITY

S2,600

CL 2,200

2,000

i,8oo 4.,

i,6oo

1,4004 8 12 16 20 24

AREAL DEN5SITY - PSF

.25 .50 .75 1.0 1.25 1.5THICKNESS - INCHES

i, I '. x l;, >Protection Proaidcd by Ahinum Alloy .-\.or (5083) Against7.62-\NI M180 Ball Projectiles at Various Obliquities.

386

3,600

H I GHIt

PART I AL T 0"

/

3,200 300

1450

23,000

- , M-UZZLE VELOCITY

S2,600 ,_ _

FF

Q" 2,2000

~o2,LsOO

1, 0

i,6oo

1,400-0 4 8 12 16

,:AREAL DENSITY psfi••II I

0 .25 .50 .75 1.0THICKNJESS- INCHES

:ig'rlc 200. IProtot1 ý rv-icJ '%V -030 .hni: A.mor Against 7.02-M1M

::'? i i . lcs JL: ark* v~ aqls os

537

2,400 {NOTE: NYLON FABRIC PURCHASED TO

SPECIFICATION MIL-A-12369 (QMc)

(THERE ARE APPROXIMATELY 10.5 PLIESOF FABRIC FOR EACH POUND PER

SQUARE FOOT OF AREAL DENSITY).S2,000

1,600

00

Ln

1I ,200

000

C 8001

400

0 1.25 2.50 3.75 5.00

AREAL DENSITY - LB/FT2

Figure 201. Protection Provided by Unbonded Nylon Against Caliber .50(207 Grain) Fragment-Simulating Projectiles at 0 DegreesObliquity.

388

TABLE -oLX. NONRALLISTIC PIEPERTIUS OF AF.)R KkATERIALS

Physlcal,3lechanical Properties* Fabrication Capabilities Structural

Weight Elastic Tensile P

(psi/e i Nboulus Strength Slag- Shaping/ Primary Secondary

Material Specification thick) Itardness (psi x 106} (psi) netic goosing Martiniting Welding Load Load

Alniinua alloy. 2021-T4 MIL-A-715gA 14.40 128 BIN 10.6 60,000 rin No Yes Yes No Yes Yes

Alhiminis alloy, 5083 MIL-A-46027 (SIR) 13.83 100 MIN 10.3 44,000 rin No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Aluminum alloy, 7039-T6 MIL-A-45063 (%R) 14.22 128 MI 10.2 57,000 min No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Altasins alloy, 7075 N/A 14.S4 150 N4 10.3 70,000 min No Yes Yes No Yes Yes

Ceramic compositees Yes No No No Yes

8M1 atumina AIO 3 -doron N/A F 17.78 F Knoop 1950 F 28-35 N/A NoZ D 10.32 B 3

851 uL 0 NIR fiber glass N/A F 17.78 F Knoop 19S0 F 28-3S N/A No Yes No No No Yes

3 810.6 83

941 Al O0-alsanintis (2C24) N/A F 18.62 F Knoop 2050 F 41-50 N/A No Yes No No Yes Yes

B B 14.44 B 3

941 Al ,3-alamiroaS (50831 N/A F 18.82 F Knoop 2050 F 41-So N/A No Yes No No Yes Yes2 6 13.83 B 10.3

041 ALO -alminaia (3083) N/A F 18.82 F Knoop 2050 F 41-SO N/A No Yes No No Yes Yes

2 8 14.22 B 10.2

941 Al ,)doron N/A F 18.62 F Krnoop 2050 F 41-50 N/A No Yes No No No Yes

8 10,32 3

941 Al tLtanlxa (6,11-4V) N/A F 18.82 F knoop 2050 F 41-50 N/A No YC4 No :,o Yes Yes

:"1- 8 23.2 B 16.2

941 AIO,-WR fiber glass N/A F 18.82 F Knoop 2050 F 41-50 N/A No Yes No No No Yes

B 10.6 83

Beryllium oxide (BeO)-doron N/A F 15.5 F Knoop 1300 F 40-60 N/A No Yes NO NO No Yes

B 10.32 H 3

BeO-WR fiber glass N/A F 15.5 F Knoop 1500 F 40-60 N/A No Yes No No No Yes

B 10.6 B 3

Boron carbide (B4 (C)-alumiinum (3085 N/A F 12.97 F Knoop 2800 F 65 N/A No Yes No No Yes Yes

D 13.83 B 10.3

-4 C-boron N/A F 12.97 F Knoop 2800 F 65 N/A NO Yes No No No Yes

B 10.32 3

B4C-WT, fitlr glass N/A F 12.97 F Knoop 2800 F 6S N/A No Yes No No No Yes

B 10.6 B 3

Silicon carbide (SiC)-doron N/A F 16.15 F Knoop 2700 F SO N'A No Yes No No No Yes

B 10.32 B 3

SiC-sili'on bon.IesI 04 C-doron N/A F 13.70 F Knoop 2600 F SO N/A No Yes No No No YesB 10.32 83

SiC! h fiher glass N/A F 16.10 F Knoop 2600 F 50 N/A No Yes No NO No Yes

B 10.6 B 3

It?.uittv carbide rfiC)R fiber glass N/A F 29.7 F RA 93.5 F 45-60 N/A No Yes No No No Yes

8 10.3 B 3in ti 2 dthoride ,1,W iiR iiher N/A F 22.4 F Knoop 3000 F 54-77 N/A No Yes No No No Yes

gl,•s,+•B 10.6 3

N roe N/A 10.32 Rockwell M-110 3 63,000 No Yes Yes No NO Yes

F.bcr~ glas. s N/A:/ 10.6 Rockwell H-110 3 54,000 No Yes Yes No No Yes

Nylon. hor•le,. (Is% resin) N/A No Yes No No No NNo

Nylon. ,intende'd MIL-C-12369 NO

Flxoa .A 6.3 Rockw~ell M1-93 .45 10,500 NO Yes Yes NO No Nwo

Polycarhonmte (fexan) N/A 6.3 Rockwell SI-70 .35 9,500 No Yes Yes No No NoSFr~o~nt _ Yeosnes Ye Yes Ye

Steel, duil-hardnes, ,%111,-S-46099 (SIR) 40.8 59-62 Rc 30 300,000 Yes Yes Yes Yes YesRear Rear50-53 Rc 230,000

Ste1, face-hardened JAN-A-784 40.8 Front 700 BHIN Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesRear 400 W•INYe Ys Ys

"ht.-el. Iladfield-manganese 1llL-S-13259 "40.8 170-200 BIN 24-30 131K-158K Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Steel, hard (T 49) sheet N/A 40.8 Rc49 30 240,000 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Steel, rolled (300 BIN) N/A 40.8 269-401 14LN 30 150,000 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

S;tsel, wrought high-hardness MIL-S-4h100 (NIO) 10.8 485-530 WIN 30 250K-276K Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesSteel, wrought ho0ogeneois (st(} bItL-S-123hO (Ord) 40.8 269-401 O•IN 30 134K-202K Yes Yes Yes YeI s Yes Yes

Titanlias alloy, hAl-4V. ([LI grade) NIIL-T-1s0T7 (NO) 23.2 R0 30-411 17 1 1o Yes Yes Yes Ye Yes

14.1 12 .7

6•14 - Bsen royI n

Ii tr ointe g h ,h.rse. -tee' cii he nachineI; eisroted grimling only.

389/

NMIOALLISTIC PFI)PERTILS OF AR)R M"AI'hIALS

ion Capabilities Structural Capabilities Environmental Resistance

Temp Availability ApproxPrimary Secondary Attacdment Joining Shock - Extremes Flom- of I'lulti-litt Cost

Martinil7ng Welding Load Load ,lethods Methodas Vibration (-6S - *2006F) Corrosion ability Materials Capability (per lb)Yes No Yes Yes Mch e mech Excellent Good Fair Excellent Unlimited Full $0.60Yus Yes Yes Yes Mech & weld Weld Excellent Good Good Excellent Unlimited Full 0,75Yfa Yes Yes Yes Mech &weld Weld Exncellent (',od Good Excellent Unlimited Full 0.7SYes No Yes Yes atech Maech Excellent Good Fair Excellent Unlimited Full 0.60

NO '.1 NO Yes M•ch Mech Good Good Good Good Limited Limited 4.50

NO No NO Yes Mlech Mech Good Good Good Good Limited Limited 3.SO

No NO Yes Yes Mech Mech Good Good Fair Excellent Limited Limited 4.00

NO NO Yes Yes Mlach Mach Good Good Good Excellent Limited Limited 4.00

NO No Yes Yes Mach Weclh Good Good Good iExcellent Limited Limited 4.00

No NO No Yes Mech Mech Good Good cowd Good Limited Limited S.00

NO NO Yes Yes Maech ,lech Good Good cGood Excellent Limited Limited 7.00

NO N NO Yes Mech Maech Good God Good Good Limited Limited 4.00

NO NO NO Yes Mech Mec&h Good Good Good Good Limited Limited 25.00

No No No Yes Mech Mech Good Good Good Good Limited Limited 25.00

NO NO Yes Yes Mech Mach cow Good Good Excellent Limited Limited 21.00

NO No No Yes Mach Mech Good Good Good Good Limited Limited 23.00

NNO o NO Yes Mech Mech Good Good Good Good Limited Limited 22.00

NO NO No Yes Mech Mech Good Good Good Good Limited Limited 8.00

NO No No Yes Mach Mech Good Good Good Good Limited Limited 10.00

No N, No Yes Mach Mech Good Good Good Good Limited Limited 7.00

Noo N.) No Yes Mch Mlech Good Good Good Good Limited Limited 25.00

No NO No Yes Mech Mech Good Good Good Good Limited Limited 25.00

YYYe. "k ) Yes Maech Mech Excellent Good Good Good Unlimited Limited 2.00Ye, N o N o 's %ch Mach Excellent Good Good Good Unlimited Limited 2.50Ye \0 Ný No Mech Mlech E~xce llent Good Good Good Unlimited Limited 2.50No) No N. No Mah Mach E~xcellent Good Good Good Unlimited Limited 1.25"Yes No No ,NO Mech Mech Good Poor Fair Poor Unlimited Limited 1.50

_ e No No Mech Mech Good Fair Fair Good Unlimited Limited 4.00Yes Yes Yes Yes Mech , weld Weld Good Excellent Protection reqd Excellent Limited Full 3.25

Yes Yes Yes Yes Maech q weld Weld cood Excellent Protection reeqJ Excellent Limited Full 0.80

Yes Yes Yes Yes Mech F weld Weld Good E.xcellent Protection reel Excellent Limited Full 0.25Yes Yes Yes Yes Mcch w, weld. Weld F.xcellent Excellent Protection reet Excellent Unlimited FullYes Yes Yes Yes Mech f, weld Weld Excellent Excellent Protection reql Ecellent Unlimited Full 0.60" "ý' Yes Yes Yes Mech f, weld Weld Excellent Excellent Protection re(ld Excellent Unlimited Full 0.25les Yes ,es Yes Mech F, weld Weld IExcellent Excelleot Protection "el Excellent Unlimited Full 0.60- N 4

Ys Yes- Yes Y Mach t.weld Wed Exelnt l.ccllenL Excellent Excellent Limited Pull 4,50Yes M ec Macb Math Good Fair Fair Fair Limited Limited 10.00

02

TABIl .XlS. INDEX TO AMAR BALLIS.1IC PERP01NA'N PIflJECTIIE R -AN ELOCITf CJ1.-ES

Fragment.Simulatlng Projectiles- (FPS's) Ball-Type Projectiles

I

Cal .100 Cal .125 Cal .15 Cal .22 Cal .30 Cal .45 Cal .50 20 - S.S8 M 7.62 mm Cal .3n Cal

1.35 2.65 5.85 17 44 147 07 830 Ball Bll al.__ate ria_ ISpecification Grain Grain Grain Grain Grain Grain Grain Grain Grain MOO M2Range Velocity Curves ,A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4

Ballistic performance curves -Aluminum alloy, 2024-T4 A-38 A-S4 A-62 A-68 A-74

Aluminum alloy., S083 NI[L-A-46027 (MR) A-39 A-S5 A-63 A-69 A-75 AAltmrinm alloy, 7039-TB MIL-A-46063 (MR)Alur1i•un alloy, 707S N/A A-20 A-20

Ceramic con0osites

85% alumina (Al,0 3 ) - doron N/A

8,% A120, - WR fiber glass N/A A-21

94% A120 3 - aluminum (2024) N/A

941 A1,0 3 - aluminum (5083) N/A

94% Al 2 03 alumiium (7039) N/A

94% Al1P3 - doron N/A A-29 A-40 A-70 A-76

941 Al10 3 titanium (6AI-4V) N/A

94% Al0, - UR fiber glass N/A

Beryllium oxide (BEl) - doron N/A A-77

BeO - WR fiber glass N/ABeron carbide (B4 C) - aluminum (SO83) N/A A41 A-7B

B4C - doron N/A A-42 A-79 A

B4C - WR fiber glass N/A

Ceramic-faced, lightweight I[L-A-46103 (%01)Silicon carbide (SiC) - doron N/A A-80

SiC - silicon bonded B4C - doron N/A

SiC - ?,l fiber glass N/ATitanium carbide (TiC) - WR fiber glass N/ATitanium diboride (TiR,) - WR fiber glass N/A

Peron N/A A-16 A-22 A-20 A-43 A-S A- 6

Fiber gins. woven roving 04R) N/A A-64 A-1i

ýi gnesiut ( 13t -bAl N/A

-ylon, bonded (l1% resin) N/A A-17 A-23 A-31 A-44 A-S7 T'ylot uinhondd MIL-C-12369 A-I8 A-24 A-32 A-45

Plexiglas N/A A-71 A-82

Polycarbonate (lexan) N/A A-2S A-83

"Steel. dual-hardrhess %tIL-S-46099 (01) A-46 A-84

steel, face-hardened JA.-A-784 A-8S

Steel, Hladfield img:ane.. MIL-S-13259 A-26 A-33 A-47

Steel. Hard (R,42) sheet. N/A A-19 A-27 A-34 A-48

Steel, rolled (300 P1) N/A A-35 A-49 A-58

Steel, rolled homogeneous MIL-A-259Steel, rolled nonmAgnetic MIL-A-434Steel, r,-ghr high-m.rdncss ,MIL-S-4611)•0 ) A-50 A-59 A-8)ý,teel, wrought hbomgeneota (std) NI[I-S-12160 (Ord) A-36 A-S1 A-i0 A-I5 A-87

Titanium alloy, 4AI-4V N/Alitanium alloy, 6AI-4V N/ATitanium alloy, 6AI-4% 0IL grade) .111.-T-4.077 (%581 A1-37 A-S2 A-61 A-68 A-88

transparent comos ites I ....___(-ee also tables A-Il through A-VII) A-S3 A-67

•lt;a peSented in Report No. ABI-100 (Special kev I) NOTE THE LETTER A BEFORE THE PRESENTED FIGURE NUMBER DENOTES THATIT IS CONTAINED IN AMMRC REPORT NO, ABI-IOO (SPECIAL). REV I

391

TABLE WI. IN•EX T ARU1R BALLISTIC PEI1OF.CEAND P CJl.CrrLE PLN(GE-.OCITXY OJ.S

Ball-Type Projectiles Armor-Piercing Projectiles

12.7 ito 14. 5 m 14.5 m IVAP-T AT 23 mmCal .50 20 - S.58 -U 7.62 mm Cal .30 Cal .50 7.62 On Cal .30 Cal .50 API API API 20 nm 20 m11 211 ml M1-43 ]I[-RIA API-T

207 830 Ball Ball Ba1 Ball AP AP AP B-32 B-32 BS-41 AP AP AP-T (Ilispano- (Ilispano- BZTan Grain n 80 M." M 45 M2 N12 (Soviet) (SovLet) (Soviet) M175 .0)5 W M95 Suiza) Saiza) (Soviet)

A-- A-3 A-4 A-S A-6 A-7 A-4 A-8 A-9 A- 11 A-Il A-12 A-1 A-13 A-14 A-iS

A-38 A-SI A-62 A-68 A-74 A-91 A-99 A-114 A-127 A-132 A-154A-39 A-55 A-63 A-69 A-75 A-90 A-100 A-IlS A-128 A-133 A-152 A-155 A-162 A-163

A-92A-101 A-116

A-93 A-102

A-134

A-135 A-,64

A-40 A-70 A-76 A-94 A-117 .-136

A-137 A-IS6

A-95 A-138

A A-102 A-139

A-41 A-78

A-42 A-79 A-113

A-104 A-118 A-140

A-SOA-105

A-106 A-119 A-141I A-142I A-143

-- • \-3 A.81 5A-l07 A-120

'-14 1.8 A-t A I - -.--_

- A "1 -82 A-96 A-lO0I A-83

A-40 -- f-I A-109 A- 21 A-129 A-144 A-157AI-5 A-110 A-12t A-150

A- A-A51

A-51 , A-3 I 8S A-ll1 A-123 A-145 A-151\-SI 1-o~l A-I, ! A-.17 A-97 A-112 A-124 A-12A A-130 A-lA4 A-148 A-1 A-A159 A-162 -A-165

j2

-L ',l A-IIN AS\ .A-98 A-113 A-125 A-131 A:147 A-149 A-151 A-160 A-186