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A Year of Extraordinary Challenges,Remarkable Achievements:Letter from C. Paul Robinson,President and Laboratories Director andJoan Woodard, Executive Vice Presidentand Deputy Director

Guardians of Our Nuclear Arsenal:Sandia is first and foremost a steward of our nation’snuclear stockpile.

Science and Engineering:Creative Minds, Extraordinary Innovations

Keeping America Running:Protecting Our Energy Resourcesand Critical Infrastructures

Nonproliferation:Waging Peace in a Perilous World

Protecting AmericaFrom Emerging Threats

andia National Laboratories’ enduring mission is to provide science and engineering

support for the nuclear weapons stockpile. That mission has expanded over the years to

include other aspects of national security, such as mitigating the spread of

nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, and preventing the disruption of

cr i t ical infrastructures, such as energy supply, communicat ions, and

financial networks. With an eye to the future, Sandia will continue to apply

the power of technology and scientific discovery to ensure America remains

strong and secure.

W I T H A N E Y E T O T H E F U T U R E

S

Sandia Reaches Out:A Community of Partnerships

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A Year of

Extraordinary

Challenges,

Remarkable

Achievements

Sandia’s nuclear weaponsmission requires extraordinarilystrong science and technology,and dedication and focus fromevery Sandian. We continuouslyseek great improvements in allof our programs. This year,we achieved significant scienceand engineering advancementsin our traditional nuclear wea-pons work, control of nuclearmaterials worldwide, andnonproliferation efforts, and weadvanced efforts in counteringemerging threats to the nation,protecting of our energy re-sources and critical infra-structures, and strengtheningour nation’s technologicalcompetitiveness.

Sandia produced manyfundamental advancements,from world records in comput-ing to the laboratory productionof concentrated X-rays thatmimic the nuclear weaponsenvironment. Sandia scientistsand engineers achieved majorimprovements in materialssciences, as well as at the com-ponent level in electronics andphotonics, and in the develop-

ment of new robots and satellitesthat are serving as extraordinaryplatforms for microsystems-based sensors. These develop-ments increase the safety,security, and reliability of theU.S. nuclear arsenal, and morebroadly, improve our nation’ssecurity in areas as diverse aswarfighting, nonproliferation,homeland security, and indus-trial technology excellence.

Sandia’s work force isremarkably talented and dedi-cated to serving the nation.Many of our thousands ofscientists and engineers continueto receive professional awardsand honors each year. Oursupport staff—our too oftenunsung heroes and heroines—are producing world-classresults, from bringing on-line acommercial financial manage-ment system to tearing downand decontaminating outdatedbuildings and spaces. We havebuilt a first-class facility toconduct the best science andengineering in the world and toattract the best science andengineering talent for the future.

Sandia’s exceptional serviceto national security has helpedbolster the nation’s prosperityand technological excellence.Our research and developmenthas fueled many of today’sindustries through partnershipsthat also strengthen Sandia’sability to fulfill its mission forthe U.S. Department of Energy.

We invite you to learn morein the following pages about themany ways Sandia’s people arecontributing to our nationalsecurity and well-being.

C. Paul Robinson,President and Laboratories Director

Joan Woodard,Executive Vice President andDeputy Director

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The past year presented thenation’s nuclear weapons program

with extraordinary challenges—budget uncertainties, technical

difficulties, a disastrous wildfiresurrounding Los Alamos, and

continuing security challenges. ForSandia National Laboratories it

also was a year of remarkableachievements. Our people persevered

and rendered another year of“exceptional service in the national

interest,” a maxim rooted in ourorigins and a principle that remains

very much alive today.

SANDIA APPLIES ADVANCED SCIENCE

AND ENGINEERING to detect, repel,and defeat national securitythreats. Our national securitymission has grown from respond-ing to the threat of the Cold Warto countering a host of less well-defined threats—some nuclear,some not. We develop technol-ogies to prevent the spread ofweapons of mass destruction,protect our national infrastruc-tures, and defend our nationagainst emerging threats such asterrorism. The U.S. nuclearweapons stockpile requires fail-safe engineering and the inte-gration of nuclear weapons withtheir delivery systems. Sandiaresearches, designs, and develops95 percent of the approximately6,500 components of a modernnuclear weapon.

Sandia’s mission will con-tinue to evolve during the 21st

century. Sandia’s strategic planhas been developed in consul-tation with our industrial andacademic partners and nationalexperts to reflect the challenges

of the next half-century. We focusour missions on national securityand future-related challenges thatface this nation. Sometimes weforget how national securityaffects our everyday lives. But aswe’ve seen during the second half

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missions on national

security and future-related

challenges that face

Sandia is first and foremost a steward of our nation’s nuclear stockpile. Today,as in the past, a fail-safe nuclear deterrent is a vital part of U.S. policy for minimizingthe nation’s vulnerability to attack. Assuring the safety, reliability, and capability ofthe nuclear deterrent remains our primary mission.

Guardians of Our Nuclear Arsenal

this nation.

We focus our

of the 20th century, a nationrelatively safe from catastrophicattack can concentrate on eco-nomic strength and quality of life.

In late 1999, Sandia com-pleted start-up of its neutrongenerator production facility. Thefirst 24 W76 neutron generatorswere fabricated and accepted bythe Department of Energy 60 daysahead of schedule. They were thefirst neutron generators producedsince the Pinellas Plant closed in1994. Sandia plans to double itscapacity to produce neutrongenerators by FY 2004, providingthe nation with the capability toproduce enough neutrongenerators to maintain the currentstockpile indefinitely.

MEETING THE CHALLENGESome of the challenges we

faced this year came from thetransfer of responsibilities fromthe production complex to Sandia.We also achieved many successesin our work within the stockpilestewardship program.

A few examples of ouraccomplishments:• We rapidly redesigned,validated, built, and shippedspecial thermal batteries after avendor’s production lot failed—and we still met the productdeadline.

• We are cutting procurementtimes for specialized forgings fromtwo years to as little as six months.

• Nearly a year’s worth ofproduction of special compo-nents—and $10 million—wassaved by a new Sandia manu-facturing process.

• Engineers conducted missileflight tests with warheads that hadtheir nuclear material removed.These joint test assemblies carrieda full suite of instrumentation sothat data measuring warheadperformance could be transmittedinstantaneously to engineers onthe ground without interferingwith vehicle dynamics. The flight

of the W76 warhead test vehiclewas a major development inenhanced-fidelity instrumentedunits.

• We supported retrofits andimprovements of the enduringstockpile systems to extend thelife of the W87 warhead on thePeacekeeper; an improved radarfor the B83 bomb; safety and usecontrol upgrades for the B61tactical bombs; and a strengthenedcenter case for the B61 earthpenetrator.

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We continued to improve the

accuracy of tests that verify, in the

absence of nuclear testing, the safety

and reliability of weapons in the

stockpile. Many of these tests relied

on modeling and simulation provided

by high-performance computing.

Weapon test drop from the B2 bomber.

Neutron generator tubes.

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• Sandia developed a new CodeManagement System, which willprovide modern, encrypted use-control technology for EUCOM(European Command), andfollow-on usage at the Pantexfacility and Department ofDefense bases in the UnitedStates.

• We supported the engineeringand cost studies for the life-extension refurbishment of theW76 Trident and the W80 cruisemissile warheads.

• Sandia supported thedismantlement of retired weaponsat the Pantex Plant, and thecharacterization of the com-ponents and materials for finaldisposition. In conjunction, wesupported the hazard analysis ofsafety issues at Pantex, includinglightning protection.

• We continued development ofadvanced weapon system andcomponent options, includingadvanced firing systems,advanced navigation, guidance,and control systems.

• We supported the DOEstockpile surveillance program toperform laboratory and flight teststo ensure the reliability of thestockpile, and led efforts to definethe enhanced surveillance pro-gram of the future. Improvedcomputer modeling, laboratorytesting, material characterizationof the aging process, and en-hanced-fidelity instrumentationfor flight tests are all portions ofthis program.

• During January 2000, teststhat are key to certification of theW76 Acorn gas transfer systemwere successfully conducted atSandia’s Annular Core ResearchReactor. Initial evaluation of therequired data from the testsfavorably supported certificationof the W76 Acorn to the stockpile.

• We completed fabrication of asecond-generation data-acquisition chip. This integratedcircuit contains a 16-bit analogconverter and data compression,which allows us to build smallerinstrumentation modules. Thechip is a key component indeveloping distributed telemetrysystems, allowing for higherfidelity flight tests.


Improved computer

modeling, laboratory testing,

materials characterization of the

aging process, and enhanced

fidelity instrumentation for flight

tests are all portions of this

(stockpile surveillance) program.

Sandian Ken Chavez holds a wind-tunnel model of the B61-11 weapon.

• Sandia completed majorcapability upgrades at theWeapons Evaluation Test Facilityat Pantex. The upgrades includedtest program verification of a smallelectrical centrifuge, now used onthe B61; and redesign and testprogram verification of a new W87laboratory test bed, allowinghigher fidelity of data, moreaccurate construction, and areduction in build time by morethan 50 percent.

Our stewardship programspans virtually every scientific andengineering capability within ourlaboratory. To meet ourstewardship responsibilities, wemust monitor and upgrade agingnuclear weapon systems to ensurethey are safe, secure, and reliable.We certify the nuclear stockpileannually and will continue to doso. As one of the nation’s premierescientific institutions, we will keepdeveloping new capabilities, tools,and knowledge to carry out thatvital function.

PUSHING COMPUTING

TO NEW LIMITS

Weapons development hasspurred a 50-year partnership withthe computer industry. Thispartnership has produced today’sexplosion of computing power,now progressing with rapid leapsunder the DOE’s AcceleratedStrategic Computing Initiative(ASCI). The goal of ASCI is todevelop computing power that canprovide the numerical simulationcapability needed to model thesafety, reliability, and performanceof a complete nuclear weaponfrom start to finish. Joining Sandiain this effort are Los Alamos andLawrence Livermore nationallaboratories. Such high-fidelitycomputing power enables designand certification of the nuclearstockpile without expensive andsometimes unavailable or unde-sirable testing. The initiative willhelp establish computer modelingand simulation as a new founda-tion of science and engineering,helping scientists do such widelydiverse things as developing newdrugs, forecasting the weathermore accurately, and configuringmore flexible and efficientmanufacturing methods.

Among our other recentachievements in this area:• The most persistent problem ofthe computer age has been oceansof data, but only a few drops ofunderstanding. This year, weopened state-of-the-art visual-ization centers in California andNew Mexico. The centers provideSandia scientists and engineerswith an unprecedented ability tovisualize complex data sets and to

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We upgraded our teraflops

computer—which held the

record for most of the year as

the world’s fastest computer

at 2.4 trillion operations

per second.

The ASCI Red supercomputer.


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collaborate on weapons designsand other advanced engineeringprojects with remotely locatedteam members.

• We upgraded our teraflopscomputer—which held the recordfor most of the year as the world’sfastest computer at 2.4 trillionoperations per second— withcommodity parts for a nearly 40percent performance improve-ment at approximately 15 percentof the original cost. This repre-sented a nearly 10-fold cost-to-performance improvement.

• We continued to improve theaccuracy of tests that verify, inthe absence of nuclear testing, thesafety and reliability of weaponsin the stockpile. Many of thesetests rely on modeling andsimulation provided by high-performance computing.

• One of our prize-winningtechnologies this past year was adata-encryption system on asingle,integrated circuit chip.Encryption scrambles infor-mation so that it is incompre-hensible to anyone without thecryptographic key. Sandia’sapproach encrypts data at 6.7billion bits per second, more than

10 times faster than any otherencryptor. This development willbe crucial in addressing thegrowing problem of cybersecurityand may well be a key to prevent-ing unauthorized movement ofclassified information within ourlaboratories. It can also help makeInternet commerce and electronicbanking more secure.

• Sandia began radiation-hardening the Intel Pentium®

microprocessor to survive weap-ons and deep-space environ-ments. Intel granted Sandia a fee-free license, saving taxpayersmillions of dollars. The hardening

of ever-smaller and more sensitivechips is one of Sandia’s long-standing contributions to nationaldefense and aerospace industries.

• Sandia continued to refine themicrolock, which makes it virtual-ly impossible for hackers orunauthorized users to break intoa computer—or into otherdevices. With gears nearlyinvisible to the naked eye, theworld’s smallest lock storescombination codes. Themicrolock prevents repeatedbreak-in attempts once aninaccurate combination is used.


Sandia’s microlock.

Computer simulation of chemical

vapor deposition (CVD), a widely used

method for depositing thin films of a variety

of materials. CVD applications range from

the fabrication of microelectronic devices

to the deposition of protective coatings.

S A N D I A A C H I E V E S

Sandia has completed the first-ever,fully detailed, three-dimensional simulation of

the structural response of an entire nuclearweapon in a hostile environment.

The simulation marked the completion of amajor milepost of the Accelerated Strategic

Computing Initiative (ASCI).

The Department of Energy’s ASCI program is developingthe computing and simulation capabilities needed to evaluateand certify the aging nuclear stockpile without nuclear testing.Sandia used the ASCI Red supercomputer for major milepostsimulations, taking 45 days running on 2000 processors.

The modeling-and-simulation milepost calculationssuccessfully calculated:

• The effects of an intense radiation field on weaponcomponents caused by an enemy nuclear warhead deployedas a countermeasure

• The effects of the mechanical shock on the entire weaponsystem resulting from the enemy warhead

• And, the effects of the electromagnetic pulse on a weapon’selectrical components resulting from the detonation of theenemy warhead

Sandia’s achievements demonstrated that validatedcomputer models can be developed to simulate responsesto a nuclear weapon’s nonnuclear components.

Important ASCI milepost

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The hardening of ever-smaller

and more sensitive chips is one

of Sandia’s longstanding

contributions to national

defense and aerospace

industries.

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Ultimately, our nuclear

deterrent lies in the intellectual,

scientific, and technological

capabilities of Sandia's people

and their ability to develop

science and engineering solutions

to national security problems.

NEW TOOLS FOR

NEW CHALLENGES

Stewardship of the nucleararsenal requires new tools for newchallenges. The DOE’s threenuclear weapon labs—Sandia,Los Alamos, and LawrenceLivermore—are developing themeans to “see” inside weapons tounderstand changes as they ageand to be certain how they willperform if ever used. The Sandiateam is using pulsed power, a

method to contain and releasebursts of energy that flash apicture of what is inside a bomb—an X-ray of sorts. The Z machinehas produced remarkableachievements over the past twoyears in the areas of exponentialincreases in plasma temperature,power, and X-ray output. Intenseradiation from the Z acceleratorcreates conditions on earth thatadvance our understanding ofblack holes and neutron stars.This work is aiding the pursuit of

achieving fusion in the laboratory,which is one of the grandchallenges of science.

P a r t n e r s h i p s

Precision microcomponents are needed to developnew products in almost every industry. Until now,fabricating microscopic parts has largely been basedon semiconductor techniques. But an alternative methodcalled LIGA is emerging and Sandia is playing a leadrole in getting the technology into the marketplace.The name derives from the German acronym for athree-stage production process.

Sandia has licensed proprietary LIGA expertise to AXSUNTechnologies, a telecommunications firm based in the Bostonarea. The company is establishing a LIGA foundry in Livermore,Calif., providing the first LIGA commercial production in theUnited States. The foundry will supply components for AXSUN’stelecommunications products and for outside customers.

“Expertise in LIGA design and fabrication is not widelyavailable. Sandia was a clear leader in this field and an exceptionaldevelopment partner for this key enabling technology,” saidAXSUN Vice President James Lewis.

Sandia’s cutting-edge LIGA program grew out of a need tocreate small parts for defense applications. LIGA is a techniqueto create a mold on a micron scale. It uses the mold to mass-produce tiny, three-dimensional structures in a variety of materialsincluding metals, polymers, and ceramics.

Microengineering technique ventures out of the lab

Precision microcomponents.

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Sandia’s Z accelerator is the most powerful producer of X-rays in the world.

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NEW WAYS OF SEEINGSandia has been a world

leader in developing sensors thatcan “see, hear, and feel” minutetraces of substances that areundetectable by humans. Wecontinue to work on miniaturizedsensors that monitor the healthof nuclear weapons. This workhas far-ranging applications inother missions. Recent Sandiaachievements include thePolychromator, which rapidly

detects many dangerous sub-stances from a safe distance acrossa battlefield, and µChemLabTM,which puts the equivalent of afully staffed analytical laboratoryin the palm of a soldier or firstresponder.

Starting with Sandy Mobotin the early 1960s, Sandia hasbeen at the technology forefrontin developing robots. We devel-oped robots at first to reduce theexposure of humans to hazardous

and radioactive materials inmanufacturing, and then to per-form hazardous tasks in cleaningup the environment. In additionto those tasks, robots now workin weapons programs, munitionsdisassembly, and in precisionmanufacturing. Our mobilerobots also are proving to be idealfor conducting reconnaissanceand surveillance for militaryoperations. In the years aheadwe’ll have swarms of small, nearly

A low-cost, hand-held chemical analysis system will providerapid, accurate chemical analysis to meet both national

security and commercial needs.

Sandia’s Accident Response Mobile Manipulation System (ARMMS) has manipulator arms with a lifting capacity of 250 pounds.

Starting with Sandy Mobot

in the early 1960s, Sandia has

been at the technology forefront

in developing robots.

indestructible robots that talk toeach other and figure out the bestway to perform tasks.

Ultimately, our nucleardeterrent lies in the intellectual,scientific, and technologicalcapabilities of Sandia's people andtheir ability to develop science andengineering solutions to nationalsecurity problems.

As long as the possibility ofconflict or attack remains, Sandiawill maintain the safety andreadiness of the U.S. nuclearweapons stockpile. It is a cost offreedom and, as it has been for ournation for over 200 years, ajourney of scientific discovery andexceptional service in the nationalinterest.

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Lenny Martinez, vice president ofSandia's Manufacturing Systems,Science and Technology Division,left, and General John A. Gordon,chief of the National NuclearSecurity Administration (NNSA),examine a hydrogen furnace atSandia's neut ron generatorproduction facility. Gordon is theDepartment of Energy's first UnderSecretary for Nuclear Security,and Administrator of the NNSA,which officially began operationson March 1, 2000. Its mission isto carry out the national securityresponsibilities of the DOE, includingmaintenance of a safe, secure, andreliable stockpile of nuclear weaponsand associated materials capabilitiesand technologies. Gordon visitedSandia, Los Alamos, and LawrenceLivermore national laboratories duringthe summer of 2000 to conduct atop-to-bottom review of the nation'snuclear weapons complex.

NNSA’s Gen. GordonVisits Sandia

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A great many advances

touch the everyday lives of

American citizens

Much of our nation’s strong economy derives from technologies spurred by the demands of national security andour strategic deterrence. The nation benefits from Sandia’s ability to conduct science with an end in mind—todiscover and engineer pure but raw science into overwhelmingly competitive products.

Science and Engineering:

Creative Minds,Extraordinary

Innovations

Sandia’s Kevin Linker looks through the air-intake valveassembly of a Sandia chemical preconcentrator.

Researchers are miniaturizing the basic preconcentratortechnology to create hand-held “sniffers” that can detect

minute traces of explosives and drugs.

MAKING GIANT LEAPSIn science and technology,

Sandia strives for advances thatgreatly improve performance—often by factors of ten, a hundred,or even more—above currenttechnology. This year, forexample, we made machines1,000 times smaller and othermachines 20,000 times morepowerful. A great many Sandiaadvances touch the everyday livesof American citizens: school-security systems, airport explosive“sniffers” and walk-throughportals, sensitive detectors ofharmful chemicals and biologicalwarfare agents, and a fast-dispersing foam that can quicklydecontaminate areas subject to achemical- or biological-warfareattack.

Miniaturization and fail-safingof parts and systems were criticalto meet the demands of the ColdWar and the aerospace industry.Sandia played a pivotal role inproducing materials, arming andfiring systems, guidance systems,sensors, instrumentation, and theprinciples of integration. Firstcalled weaponization, Sandia’s roleextended to the first surveillancesatellites in the early 1960s, andthen onward to reentry vehicles

for many missions. Today, thework continues, not only with themost advanced materials andsatellite technologies, but also withever-increasing abilities to turnendless streams of raw data intouseful information.

Today, spaceships launchheavy satellites. The satellites

themselves and the effort to loftsuch heavy payloads into spaceare expensive. If we could buildinexpensive, smaller nanosatellitesthat could perform the same tasks,we could launch scores of thesetiny satellites simultaneously andhave hundreds or thousands ofthem in orbit, communicating with

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We could launch scores of

these tiny satellites simul-

taneously and have hundreds

or thousands of them in orbit,

communicating with one

another and coordinating tasks.

One type of nanosatellite (shown in the foreground and measuring 18 inches by 6 inches) would eject froma larger satellite (shown in the background) after the craft was in space.

Sandian Colin Smithpeter is developing a Criminalistic Light-ImagingUnit for the National Institute of Justice to help crime-sceneinvestigators quickly find biological evidence.

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one another and coordinatingtasks. Instead of waiting 24 hoursfor a single satellite to pass overone spot, we could have constant,real-time surveillance. We aregetting closer to developingnanosatellites as we progress insuch related areas as collectiveand distributed intelligence,microsystems, and in constructingthe photovoltaic solar cells intothe materials of the satellite itself.

SMALLER IS BETTERIntegrated microsystems—

microscopic, smart devices thatcan think, sense, act, and com-municate—will be the buildingblocks of new devices thatbecome part of our everyday lives.

The Industrial Revolutionproduced giant machines. Today,machines are much smaller—thesize of a single red-blood cell—but they perform the same work.Microsystems will be usedeverywhere, including nationalsecurity, robotics, and medicine,and revolutionize our concept ofwhat machines can do. Sandia isat the forefront of this revolution.This past year’s budget includedpreliminary design funds for theMESA (Microsystems andEngineering Sciences Appli-cations) facility, which combinescomputer-integrated designs frommany sites to fabricate newgenerations of micromachines.We envision this facility to be thefocal point for a burgeoning newindustry centered in New Mexicoand the Southwest.

The Sandia-inventedphotonic lattice brings computersthat will work with photons,rather than electrons, closer to

reality. This device was recentlynamed one of Science magazine’stop 10 inventions.

Nanotechnology refers toworking with individual atoms,molecules, or molecular clustersto create materials and deviceswith new or vastly differentproperties. Scientists believe theability to move and combineindividual atoms and moleculescould revolutionize the produc-tion of virtually every human-made object and usher in atechnology revolution at least assignificant as the silicon revo-lution of the late 20th century.The White House has launcheda national initiative in nanotech-nology, and Sandia is at theforefront.


The Industrial Revolution

produced giant machines. Today,

machines are much smaller—in

some cases the size of a single

red-blood cell—but they perform

the same work as their

larger counterparts.

No assembly required—This Swiss cheese-like micrograph shows the precision of a lacework pattern that emerges on afilm of silver one atom thick and sprinkled with sulfur. The phenomenon is one of many that scientists witness as they studynanotechnology—the creation and manipulation of materials and devices built on a scale of nanometers. Scientists are studyingwhat drives this process, which could enable new generations of revolutionary nanostructures.

The photonic lattice acts as a crystal in guiding lightbecause of its tiny, regularly placed silicon “logs,”which are 1.2 microns wide.

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Sandia researcher Jeff Brinker observes the structures of a variety of submicroscopic spheres createdby his team on the nanometer scale.

The White House has

launched a national initiative

in nanotechnology,

and Sandia is at

the forefront.

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COLLABORATING WITH INDUSTRY

Our science and engineeringprograms support all our missionsand depend upon industrialpartnerships to extend our reach.A few examples:• We have developed a revolu-tionary robotic manufacturing

system. Today’s products are builtwith many machines, eachhandling a limited range of tasks.The larger the machine, the lessprecise its results. Now imaginea single machine—ourHexapod—that can handle tasksfrom nanometers in size(billionths of an meter) while

making something like a compactcar. The Hexapod has six variablelength struts and makes feasiblethe construction of machines thatcompete with human adaptabilityand dexterity.

• Sandia-developed micromirrorsmay one day be part of the NextGeneration Space Telescope, thesuccessor to the Hubble. In 1999,Sandia demonstrated to NASAan array of working mirrors, each100 microns square. There wouldbe about 65,000 of these mirrorsin a square inch. The goal is tohave four million independentlymoving mirrors in the newtelescope.

• Sandia extended its successfultrack record of industrycollaboration with the delivery ofthe Lynx synthetic aperture radar(SAR) to General Atomics. Thisis a lightweight, high-performanceSAR for unmanned aerialvehicles. Sandia’s SAR work isunmatched for all-weather andlong-range imaging ability.

Sandia’s SAR work is

unmatched for all-weather and

long-range imaging ability.


Sandia researcher Bill Hensley adjusts the Lynx synthetic aperture radar installed on a General Atomics I-GNAT unmanned aerial vehicle.

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A consortium of national laboratories and chipmanufacturers is developing a lithography techniquethat likely will be used to build the next-generationcomputer chip. Called extreme ultravioletlithography (EUVL), the advanced-patterningtechnique allows computer manufacturers to packmore circuits into much more powerful processors.The effort could produce computer processors thatoperate 100 times faster and memory devicesthat can store 100 times more information thancurrent processors.

The effort has drawn talent and resources fromgovernment labs and private industry. Sandia,Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, andLawrence Berkeley Laboratory have joined withIntel, Advanced Micro Devices, Motorola, Micron

Getting every last bit out of silicon

The effort could produce computer

processors that operate 100

times faster and memory devices

that can store 100 times

more information than

current processors.

Technology, and Infineon Technologies in agovernment-industry partnership called ExtremeUltra Violet LLC.

Semiconductor experts have judged EUVL asthe leading successor to the current opticallithography technique. EUV light allows chipmakersto project extremely small circuit features onto siliconwafers. That in turn allows manufacturers to putmore transistors onto each wafer, which increasespower.

The three labs—called the Virtual NationalLaboratory—have produced a prototype alphaEUVL machine to be located at Sandia. The goalis to print a prototype circuit by the end of 2001and to start producing computer chips with EUVLtechnology by 2005.

Top: Kevin Krenz at the chamber of the extreme ultraviolet lithography devicewhere workers align light used to pattern circuits in this potential next-generationapproach to microchip manufacturing.

Left: Duane Sunnarborg aligns measuring equipment on a metrology tray thatprovides stability to the apparatus which patterns circuits on wafers using extremeultraviolet lithography.

TO KEEP EVERYTHING RUNNINGSAFELY AND SMOOTHLY, Sandia hasdeveloped a consequence-basedmethodology to assess risk andreliability. The methodologyidentifies potential causes offailure and develops protectionstrategies.

Critical infrastructures referto a complex set of subsystemsthat include:

• Transportation

• Telecommunication

• Electric power

• Banking and finance

• Water

• Emergency services

• Oil and gas

• Government

The loss of any of thesesystems would disrupt our liveson a broad scale. These subsys-tems have become increasinglyinterdependent, making ourunified infrastructure increasinglyvulnerable to error, attack, mal-function, and natural disaster.

NEW METHODS TO

COMBAT NEW THREATSThreats to our nation require

a coordinated, systematic re-sponse from many organizations.Sandia is taking a lead role inprotecting our critical infra-

structures from all forms ofdisruption. A few examples fromthe past year:• Sandia and the Federal AviationAdministration (FAA) areworking together to design asystematic approach to aircraftsafety. The alliance strives to help3,500 FAA inspectors track safetytrends and spot potential prob-lems in the aging U.S. fleet.Applying Sandia’s principles, theFAA can anticipate meeting thenational Safer Skies program goalof reducing accidents by 80percent during the next decade.

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The loss of any of

these systems would

disrupt our lives on

a broad scale.

Stable energy supplies and environmentally sound solutions for energy productionare critical to our nation’s well-being. So is protecting the critical infrastructuresthat move all this energy around the country and support many aspects of adynamic economy.

Protecting Our Energy Resourcesand Critical Infrastructures

Keeping America Running:

This year we acquired a 1970svintage Boeing 747 aircraft toserve as a program test bed forinvestigating aging electrical andmechanical systems.

• At the request of the Partner-ship for a New Generation ofVehicles, we developed a diagnos-tic that will measure the amountof exhaust gas which is recircu-lated into an operating engineduring acceleration ordeceleration. Called EGR(exhaust-gas recirculation), thisprocess is used extensively ingasoline engines and will beimplemented on diesel engines inthe near future to control nitrogenoxides (NOx). Our diagnostic,developed and demonstrated ona small-bore diesel engine, will beapplied next to heavy-duty dieselengines in test cells located atengine manufacturing sites in theUnited States.

• Sandia patented a polymermaterial that ensnares hydrogenatoms. The material is helpingindustry remove hydrogenbuildup from chambers designedto capture heat in industrialprocesses. Hydrogen must beremoved because its buildupimpairs the ability of the chamber

to capture heat. Hydrogen alsocan corrode metal.

• We completed testing of theSolar Two 10-megawatt powerplant near Barstow, Calif., in April.The project’s success has led mem-bers of the Solar Two consortiumto pursue commercial power-tower opportunities abroad.

• Conventional three-dimensionalseismic imaging for oil explorationfails near vertical structures, suchas salt dome flanks. Sandia hasdeveloped modeling methods forsingle-well seismic imaging data,in which both the seismic sourceand receiver are placed downholeadjacent to the salt dome.

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Understanding how

fuel properties affect

emissions is a key step

toward producing cleaner,

more efficient engines.

The combustion chemistry of a blue methane flame is studied using a molecular-beam mass spectrometer. Thetoothlike quartz probe provides input to the spectrometer.

Solar Two power plant near Barstow, Calif.

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Larry Yellowhorse examines an instrument that measures the intensity of sunlight. The instrument is typical of the sensingequipment used in a Sandia-integrated atmospheric monitoring station on the tiny Pacific island of Nauru.

ENERGIZING OUR FUTUREBy looking deeper, with more

precision, we can help find theenergy reserves geologists thinkare buried deep in the ground.We can extend our conventionalenergy reserves with technology.

For years, our EnergyStorage Systems program hashelped utilities and large privateusers smooth out peaks andvalleys in our nation’s powersupplies. The estimated costssavings are in the billions ofdollars. With new technologycoming online, we can helpAmerica meet the power demandsof the next half-century by moreefficiently using existing power.

Sandia has helped developefficient and reliable energysources for Arctic environments.Typically, residents of far northernvillages rely on noxious, noisydiesel generators. A small networkof fuel cells in a village of severaldozen homes will meet the needfor heating and lighting through-out the winter. A microgrid of fuelcells could avoid the risk of losingpower during extreme cold snaps.

A version of Sandia’sRATLER (Robotic All TerrainLunar Exploration Rover) roboticvehicle was fitted with a fuel cellpower source designed andfabricated by a Sandia teamworking with the Fuel Cell

Propulsion Institute. Small roboticvehicles powered by fuel cells areneeded for search and rescue,reconnaissance, security,perimeter control, and battlefieldoperations. Robotic vehicles areideally suited for the tasks, but thevehicles typically carry large,heavy batteries with limitedcapacity. Fuel cells can extend therobot’s life and operating rangeand reduce telltale evidence of the

robot’s presence.Sandia is working to perfect

the rechargeable, lithium battery.The battery does not producepoisonous heavy metals and itgenerates more power than otherbatteries of equal size but highercost and greater weight. Thelithium battery would eliminatethe need to dispose of depletedlead-acid batteries.

23

For years, our Energy

Storage Systems program

has helped utilities and large

private users smooth out

peaks and valleys in our

nation’s power supplies.

Left: Sandia researcher Tim Boyle checks a flask that contains driedcathode precursor powder. The powder will be put into a furnaceand baked into the desired cathode material for a lithium ionbattery.

Below: A team of robots demonstrates how their computer programwould help rescuers locate a skier buried under an avalanche.

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Sandia successfully built andtested the world’s first micro-miniature thermionic converter.This generates electricity directlyfrom heat at high efficiencies andmodest temperatures. The devicewas developed for both micro-and macroscale applications,including electrical power forspacecraft and chip devices.

During combustion, theatoms in a molecule split apart,rearrange, or combine with othersin a variety of ways that aredifficult to observe. Laser-baseddiagnostics at the CombustionResearch Facility (CRF) enableresearchers to analyze thisphenomenon. The CRF’spowerful new experimental

technique allows researchers tostudy events that typically occurin femtoseconds (one millionth ofa billionth of a second). Scientistsuse this information to modelcombustion reactions. The moreaccurate models help to developmore efficient and cleanerburning devices and processes.


During combustion,

the atoms in a molecule split

apart, rearrange, or combine with

others in a variety of ways that

are difficult to observe.

Physical chemist David Chandler of the Combustion Research Facility.

A CLEANER ENVIRONMENTWe also reached some

milestones in remediating theenvironment.• In March 1999, the WasteIsolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) nearCarlsbad, N.M., received andstored the first transuranic waste.WIPP is the world’s first certifiedrepository for disposing ofradioactive waste deep under-ground in stable salt beds. Theevent ended 25 years of delay anduncertainties. Sandia served asWIPP's official scientific advisorthroughout the project. Ourgeologists, engineers, andscientists studied and helped selectthe site, designed the prototypefacility, generated the first environ-mental impact statement, testedthe transportation casks, andprovided the scientific under-standing and documentation thatregulatory agencies used to certifythe repository.

• Sandia is using the technicalexpertise and experience from theWIPP and Yucca Mountainprograms for the Korea AtomicEnergy Research Institute todevelop a conceptual design for aspent nuclear fuel repository.

• The decommissioning of theStrategic Petroleum ReserveWeeks Island, a 72-million barrelunderground oil storage site andformer salt mine, was completedin November 1999. This endedthe high-consequence effort ofremoving oil and controlling waterleakage without an environmentalincident.

• At Sandia, the EnvironmentalRestoration Program completedall performance measures on orahead of schedule, achievinggeneral programmatic excellencefor Sandia and the DOE. This isthe fifth year of outstandingperformance.

25

At Sandia, the

Environmental Restoration

Program completed all

performance measures on

or ahead of schedule.

Synthetic sludge could reduce the cost of decommissioning some radioactive waste storage sites.

Sandia is researching natural attenuation, a “natural” alternative tocleaning up uranium-contaminated sites.

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• Sandia’s California site becamethe first national lab to finishenvironmental cleanup when itcleared the last hurdle in itscleanup of 23 solid wastemanagement units. The lasthurdle was overcome when theSan Francisco Bay RegionalWater Quality Board ruled thatbioremediation of a subterraneanfuel-oil spill was working asplanned. We will continue tomonitor the site.

• A typical, large U.S. refineryspends about $1 million a yearlooking for leaks in a vast array

of high-pressure processpipelines. The EPA-mandatedprocess is meant primarily tocurtail pollution. The process istime-consuming because everypotential leak point—valves,flanges, junctures—must besurveyed using a hand-held,wand-like gas “sniffer.” Sandiaresearchers in California havedeveloped a new infrared laserleak detection system that signi-ficantly speeds up the process.Inspectors can use a portablevideocamera system to scan awide area for leaking hydro-carbon emissions, which appear

as dark clouds in the videopicture.

• In the spring of 1999, Sandialed the multilab AtmosphericRadiation Measurement unman-ned aerial vehicle team in asuccessful series of remotelypiloted aircraft flights at morethan 55,000 feet above the oceannear Kauai. The flights—thehighest so far for the program—provided data on water vapor inclear skies and in clouds. The dataare of great interest to climatemodelers.



A lthough glassmaking goes back thousands ofyears, the complex process is still not fully understood.Determining how to optimize the melting process,remove gas bubbles, and reduce furnace degradationfrom corrosive gases are a few of the issues stillchallenging the industry.

Part of the problem is that it is not economicallyfeasible to stop production in a multimillion-dollar glassfurnace in order to run tests and conduct research. It’s alsodifficult to take measurements inside a 3,000 degree Ffurnace. However, a pilot-scale furnace in the works atSandia’s Combustion Research Facility (CRF) will providethe industry with a test bed for studying the glassmakingprocess, without disrupting output.

The Glass Melting Research Facility will be able toproduce several tons of glass a day. The furnace will bepart of a larger Glass Research Facility designed to helpindustry address challenges such as techniques for applyingcoatings. The CRF has collaborated with the glass industryfor years because of the facility’s expertise in combustionprocesses and optical-diagnostic techniques.

Glassmaking made better

Sandia’s seismic imaging computer code models a region of salt thatmay trap oil.

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A storage area at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant near Carlsbad, N.M.

28


Sandia National

Laboratories is developing

technologies that help reinforce

U.S. nonproliferation

policy, with a focus

on materials control and

monitoring activities.

THE UNITED STATES ENCOURAGES APOLICY OF NONPROLIFERATION forall types of weapons of massdestruction, whether nuclear,biological, or chemical. SandiaNational Laboratories is devel-oping technologies that helpreinforce that policy, with a focuson materials control and moni-toring activities.

NONPROLIFERATION

TECHNOLOGIES

Sandia’s support for theDepartment of Energy’s Officeof Nonproliferation and NationalSecurity includes research anddevelopment for a variety ofsystems, technologies, and

processes to detect proliferationof weapons of mass destruction.

The following are highlightsof our work in developingnonproliferation technologiesduring the past year.

REMOTE SURVEILLANCESince the early days of the

VELA (Spanish for “watchful”)satellite program for detectingnuclear bursts, Sandia has

Nonproliferation:Nonproliferation efforts must address 50 years of weapons development. Stockpiles existworldwide. The United States and Russia maintain arsenals with thousands of nuclearweapons, while Britain, France, and China have smaller arsenals. India and Pakistan havedeveloped and tested nuclear weapons, and other nations—Israel, North Korea, Libya, Iran,and Iraq—are suspected of having weapons of mass destruction or of having attempted toacquire them.

Waging Peace in a Perilous World

Sandia’s Multispectral Thermal Imager satellite was launched in March 2000.

designed sensors to supportverification of international armscontrol agreements. Sandia’slatest effort in remote surveillancewas the March 2000 launch ofthe Multispectral ThermalImager (MTI) satellite, whichrepresented a major success inthe nation’s nonproliferationprogram. Funded by DOE’sOffice of Nonproliferation andNational Security, the MTI hasa broad range of national defenseand civilian applications. Thesatellite is used to monitor treatyprovisions, map chemical spills,detect heat pollution from wastestreams in lakes and rivers,observe vegetation health, anddetect volcanic activity. A govern-ment and industry team led bySandia designed and built thesatellite’s camera, which was thencalibrated at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory. The camera enablesthe satellite to photograph lightand heat patterns that are invisibleto the human eye.

SENSING TECHNOLOGIES• Sandia has developed advancedsensors for weapon systems,safeguards and security, and fornonproliferation. Advancedsensors produced in our

fabrication facilities offerunprecedented sensing abilities.Because of their small size, thesensors are inexpensive tofabricate and use low power.

• Sandia’s sensor-fusion tech-nology combines independentinformation collected from morethan one sensor to provide a clearunderstanding of an object.Sensor-fusion technology canidentify obscured objects andtrack, for example, militaryvehicles to show a history ofactivity at a site.

• Sandia has developed an award-winning radiation sensor that can

be used for long-term applications.The radiation sensor uses acadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT)crystal that enables the sensor tooperate at room temperature. TheCZT technology is less expensivebecause the sensor does not haveto be cooled or attended and isless complex than existingtechnologies. The sensor canidentify nuclear materials used forweapons. CZT crystals are usedto ensure safety and accountabilityof nuclear and fuel-cycle materialsin storage and for treatyverification.

29

Sandia has developed advanced

sensors for weapon systems,

safeguards and security, and

for nonproliferation.

Sensor-fusion technology combines independent information collected from multiple sensors to provide a clear understanding of one object.

30

Antineutrino detection would

allow nonintrusive, direct

measurement of a nuclear

reactor core.


OTHER NONPROLIFERATION

TECHNOLOGIES

The Cobra Brass groundsystem collects and processes real-time, high-volume data from sen-sors aboard a satellite. Sandiadeveloped this complex payloadand the associated command, con-trol, and data-processing systemsfor the U.S. Air Force. Thissystem upgraded an Air Forcesatellite system to detect sensordata that records events in realtime. Sandia will continue toprovide technical support andprocessing enhancementsthroughout the lifetime of theCobra program.

Sandia is researching adetector that nonintrusivelymonitors plutonium producedinside nuclear reactor cores. Anuclear weapons fissile material,plutonium could be diverted fromcivilian nuclear facilities to illicitweapons programs. The nonintru-sive detector measures antineutri-nos emitted from the nuclear fuelduring normal reactor operations.Measurements can ensure thatplutonium has not been removedor produced at an abnormally highrate. Other monitoring methodsrequire counting fuel bundles or

checking random samples of fuelrods while the reactor is not inoperation. The new method canprovide continuous, direct, remotemeasurement of events inside thenuclear reactor core.

Sandia also is developing aremote-monitoring device todetect gamma radiation andthereby monitor a warhead insidea shipping container. This can bedone without revealing sensitivewarhead information. The devicealso would detect tampering withthe container. The resultinginformation could be transmittedto a base station, helping the armscontrol community with treatycompliance.

SECURITY TECHNOLOGY

DEVELOPMENTSandia is the DOE’s lead

laboratory for research,development, and application ofphysical-security systems thatprotect nuclear weapons andmaterials. We do not manufactureor sell security technologyproducts; instead, we serve as anindependent, third-partyevaluator. Drawing on theexpertise of more than 150 staff,our physical-security center

provides unbiased information onthe capabilities, performance, andfeatures of commercially availableproducts so users can select theappropriate technology for aspecific purpose.

For example, Sandia hashelped more than 100 schoolsevaluate their security systems.With violence, theft, vandalism,and drugs on school campuses at

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Researchers are studying thin-film, ultralight piezoelectric material for future use in space telescopes and surveillance satellites.

Sandia has helped more than

100 schools evaluate their

security systems.

32

an all-time high, Sandia cohosteda three-day course on schoolsecurity in Dallas in July 2000.About 200 principals and schoolsecurity professionals attendedthe workshop to learn the latestin security technologies andstrategies from experts, courtesyof the Department of Justice’sNational Institute of Justice, theDepartment of Education’s Safe

and Drug-Free Schools program,the DOE, and Sandia.

Based on our work withschools, Sandia also authored aWeb handbook titled “TheAppropriate and Effective Use ofSecurity Technologies in U.S.Schools.” It serves as a practicalguide for school officials andoffers guidance on several aspectsof security, including securityconcepts and operational issues,video surveillance, weapons de-tection devices, entry codes, andduress alarms. The document isavailable on DOE’s Web site atwww.doe.gov/schoolsecurity/pdf.htm.

Another Sandia project forphysical security at DOE sitescould increase the protection ofnuclear assets and reduce risk toour security officers. Sandia isworking on a remotely operated,armored firearm of extremeaccuracy. The system would allowa security officer to remain out ofharm’s way in many dangeroussituations. We are usingcommercially available hardwareand incorporating enhancedsafety, video, and armoringoptions.

During the past year, Sandialicensed technology for anexplosives-detection portal toBarringer Instruments, Inc., aleader in explosives-detectionequipment. The portal, whichblows a puff of air over an airlinepassenger and checks for minutelevels of explosives, might soonbe used at U.S. airports as asecurity-screening tool.

Modeling and simulationtechniques developed in ourweapons program are beingapplied to design structures thatcan survive catastrophe. Sandiais using technology to createbuildings that protect, rather thanharm, people. Our architecturalsurety program is a team effortwith government agencies,professional associations, anduniversities. The program spotsstructural weaknesses, identifiescorrective designs, and improvesbuilding codes and constructionstandards. Other initiativesinclude designing glass that,instead of splintering, converts tosand granules, and determininghow materials and floor plansaffect the speed of fire travelingthroughout a building.


Sandia is working with

the National Nuclear Security

Institute on a remotely

operated, armored firearm

of extreme accuracy.

Sandia is evaluating a highly precise remote-operations weapons platform forDepartment of Energy security applications.

33

Sandia has three new data visualization facilities.

34

Two SandiaPrograms areBased onPartnership

The Materials Protection, Control,and Accounting program and theCooperative Monitoring Center at SandiaNational Laboratories promote globalsafety, reduce production of weaponsof mass destruction, and wage worldpeace through international outreach.

SANDIA WORKS TO

ENSURE NUCLEAR MATERIALS

ARE SAFE WORLDWIDESince the breakup of the

Soviet Union in 1991, the UnitedStates has been working withscientists and engineers at variousFormer Soviet Union institutes,laboratories, and organizations.The collaborations help reducenuclear weapon proliferation, andhelp prevent theft, diversion, andunauthorized possession ofnuclear materials. Sandia’sInternational Security Programhelps achieve worldwide protec-tion and control of nuclearmaterials and weapons by work-ing with Russia and other newlyindependent Soviet states onmaterial protection, control, andaccounting. The program’ssystems provide cost-effective,reliable management of specialnuclear materials.

During the past year, theMaterials Protection, Control,and Accounting program hasimproved protection of andaccounting for nuclear materialsat 12 Russian facilities. Weprovided new fuel-storage con-tainers, placed vibration sensorson doors and walls, and installedmotion detectors and cameras.We developed an advanced

exterior sensor prototype forwide-area surveillance and earlyintrusion detection system. Theprototype provides 360-degreepanoramic imagery in infraredand visible spectral bands. A thirdsensor operates in poor weatherconditions. A data-fusiontechnology combines results fromthe three target trackers to reducefalse alarms.

Sandia met a major milestoneregarding collaboration withRussia’s lead nuclear weaponsdesign institute, Arzamas-16.Remote-monitoring equipmentwas installed to oversee storageof nuclear material at both U.S.and Russian facilities.

S A N D I A P a r t n e r s h i p s

The collaborations help

reduce nuclear weapon

proliferation, and help prevent

theft, diversion, and

unauthorized possession of

nuclear materials. Sandian Tim Crawford adjusts an infrared break beam on asystem used to profile vehicles for the Intermediate NuclearForces (INF) Treaty.

CMC STUDIES SEEK

COOPERATION AMONG NATIONSThe Cooperative Monitoring

Center (CMC) at Sandia hostsinternational training workshopsto explore how technology can beused to resolve conflicts and assistongoing international negotiationsand discussions for peace. CMCinitiatives support internationalexperiments that use technologyto enhance nuclear transparencyand confidence-building measuresto reduce tension between nations.

Last year, the CMC expandedits regional security, nonprolifera-tion, and arms-control efforts byconducting workshops and dem-onstrations at six foreign locations.The workshops brought togetherregional experts and policymakersto assess security options inSoutheast and Northeast Asia andin the Middle East. The tech-nologies discussed at theworkshops focused on physicalsecurity, remote sensing, on-siteinspection, and environmentaldata acquisition.

35

The Mini Intrusion Detection System (MIDS) uses a passive infrared sensor that detects an intruder without his or her knowledge.

36

NEW TECHNOLOGIES TO

COMBAT NEW THREATS

Sandia has developed thefollowing technologies to protectAmericans:• We developed a prototypevirtual-reality system calledBioSimMER for the Departmentof Defense to train respondersfor biological terrorism. Thissystem permits two respondersto train together. Training tasksinclude decontamination, sensorplacement, and triage. Sandiaagent-transport codes wereintegrated to simulate concen-trations and disposition of agentsover time, provide exposuredosages, and permit dynamicsimulation of sensor readings.The national Emergency

Response and Rescue TrainingCenter at Texas A&M Universitywill evaluate the technology.

• A Sandia software designed tofend off hacker attackssuccessfully protected five

network-linked computers duringtwo days of concentrated attackby Sandia’s Red Team, a four-person hacker force that testscomputer security. The projectleader noted that the softwarewould have been able to stop the


But these new and still

unanticipated threats

demand advances not only

in technology, but also in

military science and

human understanding.

The United States faced a well-understood threat during the Cold War. Now we mustface the reality of emerging threats, primarily those arising from terrorism and roguestates. Sandia is applying its engineering expertise to developing tools to combat threatsto our national security.

Protecting America from Emerging Threats

BioSimMER, a virtual-reality training system.

37

Sandia’s Information Design Assurance Red Team seeks out weaknesses in computer systems.

I-Love-You virus had the Sandiasoftware been in wide use duringthe spring 2000. A multiagentcollective, the cyberagentsoftware detects any suspiciousor unusual port scan, and thencuts off services, closes ports, andtightens the firewall. In contrast,existing virus-protection softwarerecognizes only specific viruspatterns.

• Sandia California’s CollegeCyber Defenders program istraining students from local andnational colleges and universitiesto protect and defend computersystems and networks. Theprogram was expanded this yearto include 25 students workingon more than a dozen informationsecurity research and develop-ment projects. Through theseprojects, students actively helpedsecure computers worldwide.

Participants tested thousands ofattacks published on the Internet,reported the results, and helpedestablish means to detect anddefend against the attacks.Students are beginning tograduate from the program andpursue careers in informationtechnology and computersecurity. The first graduate is anew Sandia employee.

38


Foam decontaminants

are effective against a

variety of chemical agents

and anthrax spores.

Sandian Maher Tadros received a Discover Award this year for his work on decontamination foam.

• Sandia developed liquid foamdecontaminants for rapid responseto terrorist threats. Foam decon-taminants are effective againstboth chemical and biologicalagents. Sprinkler systems, fireextinguishers, or fire trucks canrapidly deploy the decontamin-ants. They are nontoxic andnoncorrosive, generate minimalfluid runoff, and have no lastingnegative effects.

• We demonstrated the conceptand viability of a system to destroyrecovered chemical munitions that

are unsafe for transport andstorage. The project supports aU.S. Army initiative. The Armyis preparing the prototype foremergency use.

• Sandia is developingµChemLab™, a powerful,portable chemical-analysis devicethat fits in the palm of a hand. Thedevice provides quick, sensitive,and selective chemical analysis ona chip and it is not tethered tolarge lab equipment. We expectµChemLab™ will becomeaffordable and widely used in the

near future. Researchers envisionautomated, field-portable systemsthat detect landmines, chemicalhazards, and pollutants near theirsource in real time.

• Terrorist analysis is part ofSandia's work in designingsecurity devices on warheads orstorage vaults and in identifyingemerging threats. For example,We completed a summary onOsama bin Laden, the Islamicleader associated with the 1998bombings of U.S. embassies inKenya and Tanzania.

39

Sandia is developing

µChemLab™, a powerful,

portable chemical-analysis

device that fits in the palm

of a hand.

40


Sandia provides

highly instrumented,

well-characterized targets

for both element and

integrated system tests.


The computing power used in satellites, spacevehicles, and defense systems presents an effectiveweapon against a legion of emerging threats.

But that power can quickly be compromised if a computermicroprocessor is not “immunized” against radiation, suchas that coming from cosmic rays or even nuclear blasts.A Sandia-Intel partnership is ensuring microprocessorsare protected in hostile environments. Sandia is developinga custom, radiation-hardened version of the Pentiumprocessor that saves taxpayers millions of dollars inmicroprocessor-design costs and provides the

Sandia-Intel Partnership:Hardening the Pentium® Chip

NATIONAL

MISSILE DEFENSESandia supports the develop-

ment of National Missile Defensein three areas: threat and counter-measures development; lethalityanalysis and assessment; andflight test targets. All theseprograms are conducted for theBallistic Missile DefenseOrganization through the U.S.Army Space and Missile DefenseCommand. The largest and mostvisible of these programs is flight

targets. Sandia provides highlyinstrumented, well-characterizedtargets for both element andintegrated system tests. Duringthe flight tests, Sandia’s targetobjects are launched fromVandenberg Air Force Base,Calif., toward the KwajaleinMissile Range in the SouthPacific. About twenty minutesafter the target launch, aninterceptor is launched from theKwajalein Missile range on acollision course with the target.

All of the target performanceparameters are received on theground before and during thecollision event. These parametersare provided post-test forcomparison with the defensivesystem element data.

Sandia provided targets forthree integrated system tests overthe past 12 months. All of theinstrumented targets performedsatisfactorily.

federal government with a 10-fold increase in processingpower over the highest-performing existing technology. Energy Secretary Bill Richardson has heralded theagreement as a model of industry and governmentcooperation that will “significantly advance the state of theart in space and defense electronics.”

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ECONOMIC IMPACTEach year, Sandia purchases

more than one-half billion dollarsin goods and services. Close to$300 million of that is placed withNew Mexico businesses andanother $50 million goes tobusinesses in California. In NewMexico, Sandia accounts, directlyand indirectly, for $4.4 billion, oralmost 4.8 percent of the stateeconomy. We create or supportnearly 30,000 jobs—about 3.5percent of the state employment.

Sandia has a long history ofpartnership with our suppliercommunity to provide innovation,quality, and team success. Wedepend heavily on the partner-ships with suppliers to enhanceour ability to provide the bestproducts and services to our

customers. Sandia currently doesbusiness with more than 6,000companies around the UnitedStates. We actively support small,small-disadvantaged, 8(a), andwomen-owned enterprisesthrough a variety of outreach and

technical assistance programs. Ofthe approximately $300 millionspent annually in New Mexico,about 70 percent goes to smallbusinesses.

We form partnerships withnumerous civic organizations. In

In New Mexico, Sandia

accounts, directly and

indirectly, for $4.4 billion,

or almost 4.8 percent of

the state economy.

Sandians understand we are part of a larger community, that communities areabout people, and that people are at their best when helping one another.

Sandia Reaches Out: A Community of Partnerships

Sandians raised more than $12,000 to purchase 450 pairs of shoes for needy children.

42

New Mexico those organizationsinclude the Greater AlbuquerqueChamber of Commerce,Albuquerque Hispano Chamberof Commerce, AlbuquerqueEconomic Development, and theAlbuquerque Business EducationCompact. Our Californiapartnerships include those withthe California Council on Scienceand Technology, Economic

Development Alliance forBusiness, Bay Area EconomicForum, Bay Area RegionalTechnology Alliance, and theLivermore and Pleasantonchambers of commerce. Thepartnerships in both New Mexicoand California focus on qualityof life planning, regional growthstrategies, water quality,education, workforce develop-ment, transportation needs,leadership programs, andbusiness and economicdevelopment.

Lockheed MartinCorporation, which managesSandia for the Department ofEnergy, maintains a philanthropicpresence in the Middle RioGrande community, with 63percent of its efforts directedtoward youth education.Lockheed Martin/Sandiacorporate contributions invest inthe local communities byproviding awards and grants tononprofit organizations and byencouraging youth development.In addition, the Sandia/LockheedMartin Foundation donatesnearly $300,000 annually to localcultural, educational, and humanservices groups.

For the 2000 United Waycampaign, Sandians donatedmore than $2 million throughoutour work sites, includingAlbuquerque and Carlsbad,N.M.; Livermore, Calif.;Tonopah, Nev.; and Kauai,Hawaii.

VOLUNTEERISMMany Sandia employees,

retirees, and family members havemade volunteerism a part of theirdaily lives. Volunteers implementcorporate-sponsored projects anddevelop relationships andpartnerships with local businessesand nonprofit organizations. Thispast year, Sandians rallied to helpthe people of Los Alamos afterfire destroyed much of the town.Sandians raised nearly $100,000for town residents, donated foodand clothing, and answeredphones for the Red Cross. SomeSandians also opened their homesto Los Alamos residents afterauthorities ordered an evacuationof the town.

In 1999, we volunteered morethan 80,000 hours for ourcommunities. Sandians andSandia retirees have volunteeredfor nearly 250 New Mexico and


Many Sandia employees,

retirees, and family members

have made volunteerism a part

of their daily lives.

Irv Hall, who retired from Sandia in 1994, volunteers much of his time to building homes with Habitat for Humanity.Hall also donated $30,000 in cash to construct this home.

43

Retired Sandian Bob Colgan volunteers with many Albuquerque-area organizations, including the New Mexico Zoological Society.


44

California agencies. Examplesinclude the YWCA, the AnimalHumane Association, the LiteracyCenter of Albuquerque,Leadership Albuquerque, St.John’s Women’s Retreat,community fire stations, a Bosniamission for the United MethodistVolunteers, Women’s HousingCoalitions, Boy Scouts ofAmerica, Meals on Wheels,library and hospital assistance,Christmas in April, AlbuquerqueZoo and Biological Park, and aproject to build and repair homesin the Albuquerque area and inOakland.

Sandia California employeesvolunteer many hours tocommunity assistance projects.Volunteers work with the EastBay Habitat for Humanity tobuild new housing and participateannually in United Way Week ofCaring projects. Other Californiaoutreach projects include theHoliday Spirit gift and grocerycampaign for needy families inarea communities each Decemberand July; a pen pal exchangebetween middle school studentsin Livermore and their Sister Cityof Snezhinsk, Russia; and achildren’s book collection/

donation project for MarylinAvenue School’s learning andliteracy program in Livermore.

Sandia California donated anuclear weapons fissile-materialscontainer to the City of Liver-more, Calif., for its MillenniumTime Capsule. We collected 85items to be buried in the capsulenear Livermore City Hall inJanuary 2000.

Sandians in New Mexico andCalifornia volunteer as sciencefair judges, tutors, and classroomspeakers. Sandia New Mexicovolunteer efforts have includedthe following:• In 1999, more than 100volunteers donated 400-plushours during the Week of Caringto refurbish a youth crisis shelterin the South Valley ofAlbuquerque. Additionally, a cashcontribution of $5,000 paid forthe patio, patio cover, and suppliesfor the project. Sandia employeesdonated more than 40 boxes ofschool supplies for South Valleyyouth.

• As part of this national effort,130 Sandia employees donatedtime on Make a Difference Dayto help six United Way agencies.

Volunteers repackaged frozenpotatoes at the Roadrunner FoodBank, conducted a mass mailing,built sturdy wooden tables for ashrink-wrap operation atAdelante Development Center,and landscaped a home.Volunteers also sewed andassembled small-area dividers fora Campfire Boys and Girls after-school program; spoke to high-school classes for FocusFoundation about staying inschool; stapled red ribbons oncards for Mothers Against DrunkDriving; and painted, washedwindows, and turned mattressesat Casa Esperanza, a home-away-from-home for cancer patientsand their families.

• Many Sandia organizationsprovided nonprofit agencies withgifts and food during the holidayssuch as 1,000 pounds of food forRoadrunner Food Bank; gifts for30 Native American women andchildren through Morningstar, acommunity based advocacyprogram for Indian women andchildren in Albuquerque; 180 hatsand 90 gloves, socks and shirtsfor Joy Junction, a shelter forhomeless and transients; toys forHealing the Children, a program

Many organizations

provided nonprofit agencies

with gifts and food during the

holidays such as 1,000

pounds of food for

Roadrunner Food Bank.

A postdoctoral student works in a lab atSandia California.

to bring children needing medicalcare to the United States fromother countries; personal hygieneproducts for Haven of Lovemission, a transitional livingshelter for teens and young adults;gifts and food for families fromAlta Mira Specialized FamilyServices, which gives respite careand education for children withdevelopmental delays; and giftsand food for Martineztown Houseof Neighborly Service, whichserves a specific low-incomeAlbuquerque neighborhood.

• In 1999, Sandians raised morethan $12,000 to purchase 450 pairsof shoes for needy children in ourShoes for Kids program.

EDUCATIONSandia emphasizes education

through many outreach andinternship programs.• The Student InternshipProgram supports youth trainingwhile recruiting the Labs’ futureworkforce. Interns, under-graduates, and graduates are fromscience and engineering universityprograms. Participants gain real-world training with experts at oneof the nation’s largest research andengineering labs, have access tocutting-edge facilities, and receive

competitive salaries for summerwork. Minorities—includingAfrican- and Asian-Americans,Native Americans, andHispanics—and women areencouraged to apply.

• Another recruitment program—the DOE-sponsored Science andTechnology Alliance—strives toincrease the number of minoritiesin mathematics, science,

engineering, and technologycareers with the DOE. Theprogram develops curricula inthese fields and offers laboratoryresources. The Alliance has fourmember universities—the Ana G.Mendez University in PuertoRico, New Mexico HighlandsUniversity, North Carolina A&TState University, and the MontanaConsortium of American Indians.

45

Sandia emphasizes

education through many

outreach and internship

programs.


46

The Georgia Institute ofTechnology also is an affiliate.Three DOE laboratoriesparticipate: Los Alamos, OakRidge, and Sandia nationallaboratories. Members fromprivate industry include AT&Tand Lockheed Martin. Alliancestaff, faculty, and studentsnumber 70,000.

• Sandia California’s EducationPartnerships helps the Labsrecruit top recent graduates insuch key fields as computing,microsystems, and engineering.During the past year, theorganization has offered programsthat bring students to the lab toconduct research that contributesto Sandia’s mission. In addition,Sandia California offers severalstudent programs in specializedareas, including the College CyberDefenders program,Microsystems Institute, and theEngineering Sciences SummerInstitute.

• The Sandia California Women’sCommittee promotes achievementin math and science for girls bysponsoring an annual awardsbanquet to honor high-achievinglocal high school girls. Sandia

sponsors the National PhysicalSciences Consortium by pro-viding research opportunities forparticipating students. Theconsortium offers doctoralgraduate fellowships for under-represented minority and femalephysical science students.

• The Lockheed Martin-sponsored Thunderbird Awardrecognizes exceptional achieve-ment by at-risk youths. Theaward was expanded this year toinclude five more high schoolsoutside the greater Albuquerquearea. This past year, 23 high-school seniors in Albuquerqueand Carlsbad, N.M., and nine inthe area in and around Livermore,Calif., received monetary recog-nition for refocusing energiesfrom negative or nonproductiveactivities to those that empoweredstudents to achieve their potential.

• A Sandia partnership withAlbuquerque businesses andeducational and governmententities held the first School-to-World event. Approximately1,500 middle-school students andtheir parents attended the career-education activity. Sixty-fiveSandia volunteers participated by

discussing career options withstudents and encouraging youthsto pursue their goals.

• To improve science educationin Albuquerque schools, ourvolunteers partner with teachersthrough Crosslinks, a programfor hands-on science activities.The project employs children’sfascination with objects they cansee, touch, and discover.

To improve science

education in Albuquerque

schools, Sandia volunteers

partner with teachers through

Crosslinks, a program for

hands-on science activities.


SandiaAnnual Report 2000

is an annual publicationissued by Sandia National Laboratories.

Sandia is a multiprogram engineering and science laboratoryoperated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin company, for the U.S. Department of Energy.

With main facilities in Albuquerque, N.M., andLivermore, Calif., Sandia has broad-based research and development responsibilities for nuclear weapons,

arms control, energy, the environment,economic competitiveness, and other areas important to the needs of the nation.

The Laboratories' principal mission is to support national defense policies by ensuring that the nuclear weapon stockpile meets the highest standards ofsafety, reliability, security, use control, and military performance.

To request additional copies of this publication, please contact us at (505) 844-4902, or send e-mail to [email protected].

For more information about Sandia, please visit our Web site at www.sandia.gov.

Sandia Annual Report 2000 staff:

Editor: Chris Miller, Sandia National LaboratoriesDesign/Layout: Doug Prout, Technically Write

Writing: Peter Nolan, Technology Marketing; Katharine Beebe, TechnicallyWrite; Julie Clausen, Sandia National Laboratories

Photography: Randy J. Montoya, Sandia National Laboratories(A special thanks to the many Sandians who provided suggestions and information for this publication.)

Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin company,for the United States Department of Energy under contract DE-ACO4-94AL85000.

SAND2000-xxxx Stk. No. xxxxxx

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