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2%3456"36)%#7 *)*6#58#95756+You may ask yourself the question; what is architectural sustainability? Lets put it this way, since itis really unwise to act un-sustainably (why should you want to do that?), it is logical to act sustain-ably as it is a natural way of doing things. So, if you are a competent architect, your buildings areby definition sustainable. It depends on your skills as an architect whether you are able to make itArchitecture too!

When we elaborate on sustainable architecture, we focus on these two words, Architecture and Sus-tainable. Architecture exposes beauty, it shows the right proportions. Its a kind of woooah.We acknowledge the fact that Sustainable development is defined as development that meetsthe needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own

needs (WCED, Our Common Future, 19871). Following this definition we may conclude that Sus-tainable Architecture is architecture that does not pass on environmental or social problems ontoothers. Neither in time to the next generations - nor in spatial dimensions to places elsewhereon the earth. The Dutch term for this is het voorkomen van afwenteling.

During the introduction lectures of the Delft Lectures on Architectural Sustainability several timesstudents gave their opinion whether on the buildings shown were deemed sustainable and/orwhether they were in their opinion Architecture. In this they were free to interpret what the defini-tions of these terms are.Its amazing to find that within half an hour many students completely changed their minds aftersome additional information about the buildings was given.

For instance, given a very Architectural petrol station2it was as a sort of logical result that it wasntgoing to be very sustainable. Nevertheless knowing the petrol station is LEED certified3, and after asummary of the building characteristics was given, many students changed opinions.

Figure 1: Students response (n=184) on the first sight (upper bar in right picture) and after a short explanation

(lower bar in right picture).!

Sustainable architecture clearly isnt related to any special kind of design. Looking at Architecture asa layman you cant tell if a building is sustainable. As a professional you should at least be able tomake an educated guess.

1 Our Common Future is also known as the Brundtland Report. The United Nations World Commission on Environ-ment and Development (WCED) published the report in 1987.

2 Helios House, Petrol Station in Los Angeles. Architect: Office dA. Source picture:Flickr.supergiball - Office dA -Helios House 1.

3 LEED or Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, is an internationally-recognized green building certifica-tion system. Developed by the US Green Building Council.

4 College with response cards on September 8, 2011. Number of students 184 (MSc2 faculty of Architecture DelftUniversity of Technology).

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At Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture we also refer to this as smart architec-ture. Smart architecture is always sustainable, because it simply isnt smart to make architectureunsustainable. Nevertheless not all sustainable architecture is by definition smart. Smart in thisconcept equals innovative, inspiring, intelligent, optimistic and integral.

With the implementation of the Delft Lectures on Architectural Sustainability we want to state thatsustainable design has priority in architecture. We hope the seminars will contribute to the debate,

show the fast developments in this broad field and will be able to bring a focus on innovation.Students shouldnt only be taught intellectual knowledge, but they should be stimulated to developtheir own vocabulary on sustainable architecture as well.

Peter G. Teeuw MSc PDEngClimate Design and Sustainability, TU Delft, August 2014

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:"; ;#+* (< 6458=58>? 8"; ;#+* (< ;(%=58>The construction industry is changing. Much of what until recently has been considered as normal,is under discussion. The increasing demand for sustainability is an integral part of this change. Weare not talking about a temporarily sustainability hype but about a fundamental change of thinkingand doing with profound implications, for all parties involved.

Anke van Hal

The context of the construction industry is changing dramatically. Old and traditional ways of workseem increasingly insufficient to reflect the new questions that arise. For example; the rapidly in-creasing focus on existing buildings, -both offices and houses-, a shift of focus to infill areas, shrink-

ing city phenomena in the border areas and the scarcity of energy and materials,. The feeling ofvulnerability is increasing. Everything seems to be related. And there are more changes; There isa new call for transparency and an increased need for cooperation, a changing role of the client,an increasing demand for a service instead of a product, new procurement forms such as DBFMOand sustainable procurement, Europes influence and ambitions and the regulations of the countriesaround us,..

Those who agree with me that the context of the construction industry is changing radically andthat an increasing demand for sustainability is part of this change, can only conclude that there is astrong need for new sustainable business models. Models that not only take into consideration theinterests of people here and now but also those of people there and later and the interests of the

environment in general. Sustainability is no longer only a case of feeling responsible (Corporate so-cial responsibility - CSR), but also a case of taking care of business interests. We seem to move to asituation in which taking care of the environment can enhance the benefits of businesses. Explicitlycan, for bringing the win-win theory into practice is not easy. It requires a big change in the every-day way of working.

The word sustainable is in the building practice often equated with expensive. This is obvious;adding sustainable measures to what you always did results in extra costs. However, if sustainablemeasures help to solve problems or reach personal goals, then the situation is different. Then thesemeasures become something people want which creates a totally different dynamic. Striving for amerger of interests, I call this way of working.

But as I said, this way of working is not easy. The procedure requires knowledge of human be-

haviour (what do people really want?). If I had asked people what they wanted, they would havesaid faster horses., Henry Ford, the inventor of cars, once said.

However, knowledge of human behaviour alone is not enough. There is much more knowledgeneeded on the quality of sustainability measures (what existing needs do these measures meet?).And more economic knowledge too (how can we make sustainability measures affordable?). Work-ing from a merger of interests requires a lot of creativity. Finding other solutions than the standardones is easier in cooperation with other people. Therefore, cooperation is also a crucial condition forwho wants to work with this approach. There is also a lot of courage needed for bringing new ideas

into practice. On paper there are many beautiful and creative plans. Bringing them into practice is atotally different story. But it happens. There are many parties active in the Netherlands who take upthe challenge with finding creative solutions for complex problems and who are trying, in collabora-tion with others, to find new (and sustainable) ways to respond to urgent questions.

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The Wallis block in Rotterdam is a fine example of the merger of interests. The municipality gaveaway houses in an impoverished neighbourhood for free and also invested in the renovation of thefoundation. The new residents, together with an architect, transformed these houses in a beautifulhousing block that positively affects the whole neighbourhood and that also meet high-level sustain-able requirements. This is the story of a true win-win situation, but on forehand of course nobodyknew if the approach would be a success.

And this is just one example. There are many more. As said, not everyone is suitable for this ap-

proach. You need creative people who are capable of far-reaching cooperation and who dare todo unusual things (with all the risks it involves). However, there is an urgent need for sustainableresponses to the new questions that arise. Whoever finds an answer first has a beautiful businessmodel. This is a time of change.

This is a summary and translation of the article Anders denken, anders doen, Building Business, byAnke van Hal, March 2011

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Paris Hilton at the music magazine BPMs green party at the Los Angeles Avalon nightclub, quotedfrom Paris becomes a bunny-hugger (Tonight, 2007)

We are all keen to participate, but we are not sure if we know what sustainability actually is.(Quote from a discussion on sustainability at the NAi)

When the Bruntland commission presented their report in 1987, a general definition of the term sus-tainable was provided:Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromis-ing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

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The concept is clear, but as soon as you start applying it, you may find yourself in a engaging butconfusing debate. The definition is broad and can be applied to purely ecological as well as socialand economic aspects and of course these three can easily contradict each other.

As this gives space to a lot of different focuses, the discussion is often held with almost religiouspassion. Green actually seems to have all the key ingredients of religion. There are saints and evilsinners. There are believers and non-believers. There are crimes, confessions and absolution. Andthere are multiple streams, sects and movements. Eating beef is a green sin, as is driving an SUV

or taking long haul flights. But the ancient system of buying absolution works here too: you can buyyourself out of your sins with carbon offsets. Green leaders like Al Gore attract large crowds withtheir speeches, not unlike religious conventions.This is disconcerting. We need an un-dogmatic debate, progressive innovation and rational politics.And instead of belief, we need evidence.

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Green is a complex topic and it seems difficult to determine what really matters in the greendebate. As a consequence, Green is in danger of becoming pure marketing, Green-washing thatmakes use of the current interest in Green for selling products. We see the results all around us:whatever you can do, there seems to be a greener way of doing it. There are green skates, sus-tainable pizzas and environmentally friendly toothbrushes. You can even buy eco friendly vodka andhelp saving the planet one glass at a time. In 2006 The Sunday Times reported that even Britisharms manufacturer BAE systems saw the necessity to promote themselves as Green by introducingenvironmentally friendly weapons including reduced lead bullets and rockets with fewer toxins.This may not have been the brightest moment of company PR, but it shows that if Green remainsvague, it is in danger of turning into a temporary hype, which becomes arbitrary in the future.

To escape this green vagueness and abuse, we make a plea for a more rational, quantifiable andmeasurable approach to Green. As one step in that direction, we describe the concept of the GreenCity Calculator, a software tool that can be used for the evaluation and design of sustainable citiesor regions. The focus is less on newly built eco-cities but on extending and adjusting existing cities.Once installed, the tool could evaluate the impact of a projected urban development and comparethis to alternative designs. It could compare the environmental benefits of an investment in publictransport to one in the insulation of the existing building stock and thus support decision makingon an urban level. It would allow shifting the focus from sustainable building design to sustainable

urban planning on a large scale. Teaming up with the engineering firms Arup and DGMR and theNetherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Why Factory recently startedworking on a pilot version of this software tool.

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This rational calculator approach could lead to new, different proposals and green designs. It couldlead to less visible but effective strategies as energy networks and other ways to make use ofsynergetic effects in the city. It should leave space for experiments and support research in newtechnologies of energy generation, waste management and food production. It would result into adifferent scale in Green, away from an emphasis of reduction towards new, larger structures. And itcould lead to a new aesthetic in Green design that goes beyond bio-mimicry and dares to competewith the beauty of nature.

Ulf Hackauf The Why FactoryOctober 2011

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Sustainable development is at the centre of research at the TU Delft. The urgency has been therefor decades and the appeal came from all directions (society, the former rector of this university1and from students). All support sustainable development (is there an alternative?), but it is notpriority to all. My experience from planning Poptahof in 1998 up to the quality team of IJburg today:

sustainability is the common ground in a multi-actor process, but at the end of the day it isnt per-ceived as urgent [Dorst & Duijvestein, 2004]. Our society isnt sustainable and there is a long wayto go. My vision on what is going wrong starts with the by far most quoted citation for sustainabledevelopment: a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the abilityof future generations to meet their own needs [Brundtland, 1987]. In itself societally so correct,but scientifically insufficient. It is political definition that cannot be operationalized. Sustainable de-velopment is a wicked concept with a multi-dimensional complexity that cant be explained unam-biguously [Du Plessis, 2009]. So the definition leads to the badly needed common ground in a multiactor process, but interpretations are diverse and are simplifications of reality. As an example hereis a quote from an alderman of Rotterdam: If you look at the definition of Bundtland, a lot of thingscan be translated into energy and raw materials, and you can translate energy into carbon dioxideemissions.2This is a shocking simplification, and on the other hand it is the empirical way of de-constructing reality into comprehensible (measurable) bits and pieces. Another alderman may comeup with another interpretation. So in fact: sustainable development as a concept involves differentworldviews. This can be explained through the history of sustainable development in which differ-ent fields of science have added different elements over time. Therefore these different movementshave developed a range of problematic statements that are all included in the goals of sustainabledevelopment. This is a logical development because of the fact that the combination of disciplinesprevents negative side effects of any specific intervention that should bring us closer to a sustain-able future. There are many relevant disciplines - for this paper I will name three important ones:

The Ecological discipline

According to Rousseau (his confessions at the end of the 18th

century), unspoilt nature disappearedbecause man began to see himself as the owner of the land and its natural resources [Riley, 2001].It would be another 150 years before this relationship between man and his habitat would be de-scribed as an ecological construct [Boardman, 1978].And as long as 50 years ago, in 1962, a widerpublic realized that this impaired relationship would result in an environmental crisis [Carson, 1962].According to this world view, the biggest threat is the rapid decline of biodiversity.This philosophy is included in the tradition of the section Urban Landscapes. Van Leeuwens rela-tional theory was an inspiration for Prof De Jong, Prof Duijvestein and Prof Sijmons. The approachhas a historical link (through cybernetics and systems thinking) with the work of todays visitingprofessor of the chair, Juval Portugali.

1 An engineer should know the basic principles and implications of sustainable development and should be ableto incorporate this in their work. It is a new element of the qualification profile of our graduates. - 2004Prof. dr. ir. J.T.F. Fokkema, Rector Magnificus2 "##$%&'() *$ +', -%./0$11 2"3&4%5.( 6.%*'#'7.*'$(8 9:3*:%4 .(& ;(

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The Environmental discipline

Climate change due to human activity is a discovery from the 19thcentury1. Resource depletionhas been a constraint for every city development in history. However the total impact of the (mis)behaviour of humankind became world news with the Club of Rome report The Limits to Growth[Meadows et al 1972]. The focus here is on the process (or flow) components of urbanisation suchas energy, water, traffic, materials, and food.2By taking climate change and one flow at a time,sustainable development becomes measurable and explainable (the Al Gore view). Clear goals makethis a well-used philosophy for engineers and designers3. Here climate change is the biggest threat.

Just as in the first type of discipline this is an approach that has its history in our faculty startingwith ecodevice (Van Wirdum and Van Leeuwen) and driestappenstrategie (Duijvestein e.a.) untilREAP (van den Dobbelsteen e.a.). For this chair the urban metabolism will be one of the fundamen-tal principles.

The Anthropocentric discipline

Within sustainable development the UN conference in Rio de Janeiro1992 shifted attention fromtechnological issues to the well-being of people: Human beings are at the centre of concerns forsustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature[UN, 1992]. This concept made man both a means and an end, since his commitment is crucial forachieving sustainable development.This approach is more subjective and qualitative than its predecessors. It presents us with problems

that cannot be solved using engineering alone, as appears to be the case with efforts to reduce CO2emissions by x per cent over y number of years. And only part of this idea is related to the builtup environment. The primary goal here is health. In recent years this goal has been modified intohappiness4.From the second half of the 19thcentury on, the welfare of people has been a driver of urbanism.Taeke de Jong emphasised health as the goal of environmental technology.

Each of these worldviews is a way of looking at reality5and can help us on the path to a sustainablebuilt up environment. But if a researcher is trapped within one vision there may be a negative effecton others. High density as the sustainable city form is an example of this. Of course there are moreapproaches, like prosperity or permanence6.

We should not disqualify any one discipline, because they all have different relations in time andspace. An ecosystem based approach7starts at a specific scale and looks for resilience (time based).And an environmental approach starts with the global problems of the future, and gives context tothe present-day by extrapolating backwards. Social sustainability (the anthropocentric approach)starts in the here and now and looks for durable needs in relation to elsewhere and the future. Sus-tainable design is a combination of disciplines - a necessary package deal to prevent us from tradeoff effects8.

1 Svante Arrhenius discovered in 1896 the relation between carbon dioxide emissions and global warming[Masling, 2004].2 This goes back to Patrick Geddes (19 century) and Abel Wolman, 1965.3 Winy Maas: I am a child of the Club of Rome (Indesem workshop 2007).4 The 2ndof April this year there was a UN conference on Happiness and Well Being: Defining a New EconomicParadigm. This shift has a Dutch origin in the work of Prof. Veenhoven [1997].5 Foucault would relate the so called discourse to different realities, but I dont follow a post-modern line of rea-soning and believe in a Platonic way in the existence of one reality.6 Permanence or durability is an urbanism approach based on the historical layers of the city and the fact thatintervention are long-lasting.7 The ecosystem as an object becomes a designers concept.8 In Dutch: afwenteling

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References:

Boardman, P. (1978) The Worlds of Patrick Geddes: Biologist, Town Planner, Re-educator,Peace-warrior. London/Boston: Routledge.

Brundtland, G.H. (1987). Our Common Future The world commission on Environment andDevelopment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Carson, R. (1962) Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Dorst, M.J. van & Duijvestein, C.A.J. (2004). Concepts of sustainable development - The2004 International Sustainable Development research conference Conference proceedings29-30 march University of Manchester, UK.

Du Plessis, C (2009) Urban Sustainability science as a new paradigm for planning in Dob-belsteen, A. Van den, M.J. van Dorst, A. Van Timmeren (eds). Smart Building in a ChangingClimate. Amsterdam: Techne Press.

Maslin, M. (2004) Global Warming, a very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.

Meadows, D.H. et al. (1972) The Limits to Growth. New York: Universe books. Riley, P.T. (ed. 2001) The Cambridge Companion to Rousseau. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-

versity Press.

Rittel, H.W.J. and Webber, M.M. (1973) Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning in PolicySciences, 4, pp. 155-169. United Nations (1972) Report of the United Nations conference on environment and develop-

ment, Rio de Janeiro. New York: United Nations department of Economic and Social Affairs. Veenhoven, R. (1997) Advances in understanding happiness in Revue Qu b coise Psycholo-

gie, vol 18, pp.29-74.

dr.ir. Machiel van Dorst, 16thof April 2012

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A methodological approach to design

So far, the solutions I presented apply for a large scale, from region to the neighbourhood. In thischapter I will return to the core focus of our Section of Climate Design buildings and show howthe methods and approaches presented until now are also functional for the design process of build-ings.

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A key term in the academic material of Climate Design & Sustainability, with the basis formed byBuilding Physics and the innovative technology of Building Services, is smart & bioclimatic design.This is a design approach taught to students of the Faculty of Architecture, which combines the

common sense of bioclimatic design with the smart use of technology in architecture.

Veg.itecture, Ken Yeangs plan for an urban structure based on vegetation [Llewelyn Davies Yeang].

Bioclimatics is a traditional architectural stream from an era when people experienced the limits tomaterials, water and energy and acted accordingly, making full use of the available opportunities onsite. Every region in the world used to design according to bioclimatics, for another approach wouldmean complete squandering of resources. Ken Yeang has personally reintroduced and popularisedbioclimatic architecture, and he is still unsurpassed in his bioclimatic and ecological approach toskyscrapers in particular [e.g. Yeang 2006].

Backyard management or global stewardshipTrade and globalism have detached human beings from any sense of constraints, which may havebeen acceptable in the past two hundred years of abundance. However, with the disappearance ofrainforests, the depletion of fossil fuel and certain metals, as well as the uncontrolled productionand shift of hazardous waste to developing countries or the environment, it is time to take control

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again. This could be done in two ways. First way: solve as much as possible in our own backyard. Not that I oppose global trade, on

the contrary, but thrown back to our own possibilities and limitations, we will learn better tobecome sustainable. Moreover, if we manage to resolve our own problems at home, we canhelp others who have little means to do so.

Second way: take shared responsibility for all countries in the world where we draw resourc-es from. This would come down to global stewardship. If we translated most of the ethicsand social, economical and environmental quality regulations at home to these countries of

resource origins, it would be a much better world already. That this is possible is demon-strated by the successful Fair Trade and Max Havelaar brands for food and Forest Stew-ardship Council for timber. Quintessential however is the uncompromised choice for theseproducts only.

Smart & bioclimatic design as we teach it not only I but also my valued colleague Arjan van Tim-meren, for instance follows a clear line of reasoning:

1. Starting-points2. Local characteristics3. Boundary conditions4. Smart design

I will explain the steps below.

Adaptive thermal comfort: people accept higher temperatures indoors (Tbin) when outdoor temperatures are high(Te). The purple line follows the most energy-efficient climate settings

[Linden et al. 2006].

Formulating starting-pointsSmart & bioclimatic design commences with desired conditions, quality requirements or (energy)performance scores. This comes down to the people element of sustainability essential needs ofhumans and added quality to their lives: safety, human health, comfort, convenience, happiness,

beauty and fun. Specifically for the area of climate design it relates to comfort (light, heat, humid-ity, acoustics and air quality) and the acknowledgement of individual control on it. An example ofthis is the model of adaptive thermal comfort by Linden et al. [2006], which gives the acceptancemargins of a comfortable indoor climate in relationship with the outdoor temperature. This model isvery suited for energy-saving when we design our climate systems close to the lower boundaries in

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winter and higher boundaries in summer, instead of holding the middle, as a result of which still alot of users feel too cold in summer and too warm in winter.

Studying the local characteristicsThis step you have already encountered in the previous chapters, for instance as part of the methodof energy potential mapping. In our field, local characteristics relate to features that can influencethe climate design or energy use of a building: the local climate, seasonal and diurnal differences,weather conditions, the underground and surroundings, either natural or anthropogenic interven-tions: no building stands alone.

Defining boundary conditionsThis step needs to lead to an underlayment plan or a set of boundaries for the design. These arebased on the local characteristics studied in the previous step. They may be translated to rules ofthumb for the orientation, rough shape of the building, roof type or faade detailing, to give a fewexamples.

Smart designThis is the creative and fun part of smart & bioclimatic design, using the preparative work as the

toolbox and playing field for the real stuff: architectural design and architectural engineering.

Case study of the Dutch chancellery

To demonstrate the approach of smart & bioclimatic design I will show some outcomes of a prepar-ative study we did for the new Dutch chancellery in Canberra some years ago, about which we pub-lished an international paper [Dobbelsteen et al. 2008]. This was an interesting case for us, becauseit concerned a different climate zone and the findings would be used by the architect who was to beselected to make the design. I will discuss a few issues.

A first issue we raised with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was about the starting-points of the build-

ing design, not just the brief yet also wishes related to the use of energy, water and material. Itwas here that we could discuss the adaptive thermal comfort idea to reduce the energy demand insummer and winter even before we started.

Without the need to travel we proceeded with the analysis of local circumstances. For Australia Can-berra has a relatively mild climate, almost continental and on average only 2 degrees warmer thanthe Netherlands, but with big differences between day and night as well as between summer andwinter. So moderating the indoor temperature through deployment of building mass or the under-ground would be desirable.Located at a southern latitude relatively close to the Equator, in summer the sun reaches a heightof approximately 82o(to the north!), so almost vertical. Therefore we studied all possible faade

elevations and proposed rudimentary obstructive element positions to avoid irradiation, as well as asuspended tropical roof to keep the solar heat at bay and reflect most of it.

Different solutions for different faade elevations.

Another interesting typical feature was the predominant wind from the north-west, bringing in hotair from the desert during daytime and freezing cold at night. This wind therefore had to be ob-

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structed. The building site had no tree coverage in that direction, but the old chancellery buildingfrom the 1950s was exactly positioned against this wind direction. So we proposed to preserve theold building and use it as a windscreen and its cellar as rainwater storage. For, as you probablyknow, lack of water is Australias climate menace.All findings from the analysis we translated into a crude underlayment plan, with sketches present-ing alternative solutions to solve specific climate and energy problems.

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Urban underlayment plan for the Dutch chancellery in Canberra.

From here on the architect, Rudy Uytenhaak, would have to finish the assignment, which he did,making a proper architectural expression a smart design of the local boundary condition sketch-es. His design of the new Dutch chancellery was round and therefore lacked the strictly different fa-cades we had sketched, proposing a beautiful gradient in the solar obstructive elements. Uytenhaakalso did something we had strongly discouraged: design an atrium. He however provided it with arotating sloped roof, which could keep out all undesired sunshine, generate power and which gavethe building a stark architectural expression.

Design for the new Dutch chancellery [Rudy Uytenhaak Architectenbureau].

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Three types of roofs that should be compulsory from now onDutch roofs are stupid: if they are sloped they do not produce energy nor function as a rainwatercollector; if they are flat they do neither and have black tar foil which heats up to 80oC in summer.As far as I am concerned, only three types of roofs are allowed from now on:

The Green Roof: rainwater buffer, temperature moderator, micro-climate improver, passivecooler and moisturiser, park landscape for people

The Energy Roof: power and/or heat generator, rainwater collector, solar reflector, activecooler

The Greenhouse Roof: power generator and heat collector, rainwater collector, passive cool-er, CO

2sequesterer, urban agricultivator, winter garden and home restaurant

Ill discuss the Greenhouse Roof further on.

We do not stand alone

Rudy Uytenhaak is not the only Dutch architect who successfully integrates sustainability into hisdesigns. I am glad to notice that the market is filling up with architects who dare to take the step todesign sustainably, without the obsolete perception that this accent would only diminish the archi-tectural quality but rather seeing it as a necessity and extra challenge and potential for a new typeof architecture. So, many follow this track now. I cannot mention all of these architects I regard,but I want to highlight a few of them who have always had sustainability on their banner.

Bjarne Mastenbroeks Villa Fals in Switzerland [SeARCH].

Last year SeARCH was elected Dutch architect of the year, and an important reason was the originalvision of its main architect, Bjarne Mastenbroek, on sustainability and the passionate way he uses it

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in excellent architecture. In that sense he has much in common with Hiltrud Ptz and Pierre Bleuzof opMAAT.

Design of the carbon-neutral Zuidkas building [Architectenbureau Paul de Ruiter].

Two different architects with a ceaseless drive to design energy-neutral or even -delivering buildingsare Thomas Rau and Paul de Ruiter. Paul de Ruiters architecture is far from what grumpy architectsrefer to as ecological buildings and he succeeds in combining a modern architectural expressionwith a top performance in sustainability.

The original design of Villa Flora [Kristinsson Architects & Engineers].

Among the older and wiser yet not less energetic architects is for me the godfather of sustainablearchitecture, Jn Kristinsson. Retired already nine years ago he is unstoppable in conceiving innova-tive techniques to be applied in holistic sustainable buildings. Jns design for the Villa Flora in Venlowould be I dare say the greenest modern building in the world, as it closes every cycle of ener-gy, water and materials. Except for two things: Dutch law does not allow drinking water decentrallymade from precipitation, and the waste water treatment produces somewhat too much nitrogen. Isuggest to him he add a nettle farm to his building and this too will be solved

The fun of exploring new directions for design

The exemplary architects mentioned above hopefully convey the fun of working on sustainablebuilding design, while taking into account fundamental or even enhanced quality levels and usinglocal circumstances optimally.

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At present I see several new areas for further development of urbanism and architecture into the di-rection of becoming fully sustainable. In the very first chapter, I already presented the four themesof our research programme of Green Building Innovation. I hope that the need for three of theseis obvious after having read the booklet up till here: closing cycles, carbon neutrality and climateadaptation. Here I will explain the fourth one, E-novation, as well as other challenging topics for thearea of Climate Design.

The greenhouse as an asset

In Kristinssons Villa Flora the greenhouse is an essential asset. In an earlier study he had foundthat one hectare of modern, smart greenhouse (using fine-wire heat exchangers and heat and coldstorage in the underground) is a solar collector that could provide heating for 7 to 8 ha of newultra-low-temperature-heated houses. This area is based on average Dutch urban plans, the Vinexdensity. If we were to combine greenhouses with apartment blocks, I calculated that every 3 to 4stories of apartments could be served by one layer of modern greenhouse (presumably on top).

Sketch for a building solving four problems at once: water storage, housing development,food production and energy-neutrality (idea for the Dutch Westland).

This simple ratio based on heat supply and demand has additional advantages: the greenhousecould be used for locally grown food (urban agriculture) and these plants could absorb the CO

2-filled

exhaust from the apartments. Furthermore, the greenhouse roof would simplify rainwater collectionfor use by the plants or in the apartments. As you know, buffering rainwater becomes more urgentin cities.

Fossil-free developments

The importance of greenhouses became perfectly clear when I had to work on a region free of fossilfuel, together with planners, architects and technologists. Groningen was again one example to beelaborated, and we found that, with assumed energy savings of 50%, we had to create 250 km2ofphotovoltaics (PV) and wind turbines together. The only spot where we could find sufficient landfor this was the ecologically and economically depleted area of the Veenkolonin (peat colonies).Planning 250 km2of modern horticulture that uses excessive carbon dioxide and has a closed heatbalance, with PV on the south side of the shed roof and wind turbines between the greenhouses,we could solve the biggest part of the assignment. In addition, the facility would produce high-qual-ity food and organic material, making it very productive and viable.

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Groningen Fossil Free: the province as it provides its own energy by non-fossil sources. The yellow-green patchesto the south-east consists of modern greenhouses providing most of the energy, in addition to food and material,

whereas it also serves as a carbon sink [image by Kasper Klap].

Technologies unlimitedAs part of the Delft University of Technology of course I want to contribute to the development ofnew technology for the built environment. The SREX and REAP cases urge for new techniques ofheat and cold exchange without excessive use of infrastructure. Also on the building level in thearea of energy and climate, new technical improvements can still be made for the building envelopeor building services. In that respect I think the tendency toward adaptive and responsive techniquesis promising and should be enhanced towards intelligent interaction of building and surroundings,for which the gentle art of biomimetic architecture as taught by Leeds professor Greg Keeffe [e.g.Keeffe 2010] provides a thorough basis.

Energy and comfort in buildings: theory, plan and realityMany plans are well-intended but turn out to perform worse than anticipated. Things go wrongduring the design, construction and operation stage, which we need to understand in order toavoid:

How correct are energy calculations? What goes wrong in practice (the design, construction or operation stage)? What can we do about this? Do people behave differently than anticipated? What are the behavioural mechanisms behind this? How can we design sustainable buildings that forgive mistakes or that fit user behaviour?

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Sketch of the Breathing Window principle [Kristinsson Architects & Engineers]

and folder page of its market introduction [Brink Climate Systems].

Forgive me for mentioning him again, but Jn Kristinsson is one of the very few architect-inven-tors who come up with new ideas and techniques every year. Among the latest are the Smart Skinand the Air Mover, an inventive passive ventilator he developed with his equally smart brother.The Breathing Window, which he invented in the late 1990s, is finally going to be launched on themarket. The principle is simple: fresh air is let in through a fine-wire heat exchanger where exhaustair exchanges its waste heat by an efficiency of 90%, thus providing ventilation and basic heatingsimultaneously. It is a perfect solution for buildings with limited floor heights, where suspendedceilings are undesired and for renovation projects, which brings me to E-novation.

E-novation, the assignment of the coming decadesEducation at the Faculty of Architecture may predominantly concern new buildings and new urbandevelopments but after the coming 15-20 years a decisive period for sustainable development 90% of the built environment will consist of exactly the same elements as we have now. So we maydesign brilliant sustainable buildings, which we can, but the real challenge lies in the improvementof the existing stock, where as discussed at least 50% of energy savings need to be accom-plished.

During my doctoral research I developed a model to compare decisions regarding renovationof an existing building versus demolition and reconstruction, taking into account the age ofa building and its expected service life after intervention. For students I used the old faculty

building of Architecture as a case. I had better not done that, because it turned out that thebuilding should either be completely stripped and sustainably renovated, or demolished andreplaced by a sustainable new one. Surprisingly for students, this case showed that preserv-ing old poor-quality buildings not always is the best solution. As you probably know this verybuilding burned down in 2008, the year of comparison reference in class

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I use the term of E-novation to describe energy renovation innovation. It is an assignment muchmore complicated than designing a new building, as not all measures are possible, requiring inge-nuity to significantly improve the energy performance. Close as close can be, we will work on thesustainable renovation of the present building of the Faculty of Architecture, BK City. It is a perfectexample of the complexity of an old majestic building where unlimited intervention is not possible orallowed. Within the coming years the BK City Slim project will have to make BK City the paragon ofE-novation, probably presenting a collection of strategies instead of just one solution:

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Relevant research for E-novationE-novation will bring a myriad of issues to be studied for optimal results:

Comparing different types of renovation for different buildings Developing new solutions for roofs, facades and floors

Developing new technology for climatisation Studying physical aspects of building renovation Measuring comfort before and after intervention Assessing energy performance before and after intervention Determining the sustainability performance achieved Surveying user behaviour and experience

References

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Sustainable development can be understood as the transition strategy for handling the needsof the present without compromising the well being of future generations.

Since to 1950s the subject of sustainability and the need to reduce global ecological overshoot has

been at the center of debate on all fronts: social, economic and environmental. Within this context,sustainability in my view is overarching environmental technology and design (and its Triad focuspeople, technology and design), and without doubt one of the main tasks at hand for the worldwe live in. Defined as a process or transition strategy rather than an end in itself, sustainabilityhas not yet been identified with a unified theory or approach. Sustainability aiming architecturalor urban solutions, that address to continuing transformation, economic-technical innovation andchanging tasks in the public sector, should be strongly linked to the use(rs), with optional help oftechnology.

Sustainable development is a moving target: knowledge, technologies, and skills are still beingdeveloped every day. In fact, sustainability often relies in the management of transitionsa shiftto doing things differentlythat tends to be specific to each site, rather than a constant recipe orone size fits all type solution. This is why it is necessary to include the knowledge and innovationsof environmental technology and design and especially the role adaptation to (disruptive) change(resilience) and complexity related to this. For sustainable (urban) development is mainly dependingon peoples mind.

One of the big debates in environmental urban development and design today concerns policy andstrategic responses. Both public and private sectors look for operational strategies that can be im-plemented in the development and retrofit of sustainable urban areas. As a result, powerful marketplayers working together with governments are emerging as the new leaders in this debate. Oneway of addressing the complexity of the task at hand, often used these days, is through certificationstandards. Certification programs can cover most of the aspects of urban (property-) development,

including setting targets for site decontamination, use of recycled materials, brownfield redevelop-ment, provision of public transport, options to discourage fossil transport use, energy consumptionand efficiency in buildings, water recycling and waste management. There is however a certain riskattached to this development. Urban and architectural sustainability should be more: plans will haveto be tied together in an integrated approach with surrounding projects as a total concept within astructure supporting flexible and continuous processes of change.Within the research tradition of environmental technology, the attention for water and energysaving has always been obvious, because of reduction in demand, enhancement of efficiency andrenewable sources since the second energy crisis (in 1973). There is however a strong segregationbetween the various participants, as there is between the various disciplines, concerning solutionsfor matters including generation of renewable energy (wind versus sun), sustainable water man-

agement and the development of the necessary water concepts and waste/material management.In the first few years after the energy crisis, the energy policy is also strongly characterized by insti-tutional fragmentation. Until now, most research projects on environment related flows of energy,water, waste, nutrients and materials do not make any attempt to rise above the compartmentalizedpolicy domains. Many well-meant initiatives stick in thematic and effect-oriented solutions withoutreaching a certain degree of integration or added value of environmental measures. The corre-sponding infrastructure is often restricted to transport infrastructure with its own status, dominantparties involved and path-dependent policy.At the same time, few people in society deny the necessity to preserve or enhance the environmentor our living surroundings, to distribute wealth and welfare, to offer all people scope to developthemselves and more awareness (the equity principle within Sustainable Development). However,

the emphasis on the restriction of the environmental load will soon lead to resistance. Public supportis lacking at times when this has consequences that cannot immediately be capitalized within thecurrent economic models. Most people like progress, fewer like changes Boisseleau stated. There-fore, the emphasis should be on conducting a transformation process, and perhaps on expandingenvironmental space. Critical to the implementation of this option of expanding the environmental

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space, or better: of integrated resource management in the urban living environment from the per-spective of Urban Metabolism (see for: the UM research group and graduation lab at the Urbanismdepartment), is knowledge dissemination of low exergy solutions including strong feedback systemsconstructive feedback loops between the different physical scales (building, site, neighbourhood,city-region, et cetera).

The basis of taking the beforementioned perspective as a guiding principle lies in the interactionbetween integrated ecosystems and ecosystems in which the created technical system performs:

A sustainable built environment will not be completely reached until the flows of materials can beclosed and the cycle can be managed and sustained without too many manoeuvres and losses ofenergy and other materials. And at all times alternatives should be offered. Within this approach,sustainable development of a building or an area had better not follow the ready-made plan, butshould be embedded into a structure of flexible and continuous processes of change. It should beopen to corrections and capable of continuously absorbing changes. Starting from the ambition ofsustainable development, an integrated development of areas assumes a simultaneous change inthe material/physical, social and symbolic domains. In this, the building and perseverance of rela-tionships based on mutual trust between the participants is considered the social capital in the area.Spatial conditions with respect to the built environment are often linked to Vitruviuss Utilitas,Firmitas, Venustas. Most people are inclined to call suitability for building open to objectification,

usability less so and beauty actually not. Nevertheless in my view there is an important role forenvironmental design.Aesthetic quality, as part of spatial quality appears to be hard to define objectively. Nevertheless, itmay be considered one of the criteria for lasting success of a designed urban area and its individualbuildings, and as far as visible for the systems applied: There is a fundamental difference between(environmental technology based) systems that do their job as anonymously and invisibly as pos-sible (like the current flush-and-forget systems), and integral systems that are visible and obviousparts of the daily living environment. For positive reasons, we must find positive incentives for theinstallation of an alternative solution.Aesthetic quality in any case links up with two out of the nine fundamental needs, and it may helpsupport environment assurance, a prerequisite on the way to ecological building following the prin-ciple of conditionality to any sustainable future: any form of sustainable architecture is dependenton the presence of a sustainable user. At the same time design specification always comprises ademarcation according to scale. In this way, stratification in the design decisions and environmentalallocation comes into being, through which decisions at a higher scale level hold as a framework fordesigns at a lower scale level. At a higher scale level, however, the design problems that will comeup at lower scale levels should also be taken into account. Each scale level has its specific, oftenlimited, absorption capacity or scope. The options for fitting environmental technologies into the liv-ing environment are determined by the nuisance expected (and related social acceptance), availableenvironmental and spatial capacity and, as a consequence, these are the critical factors. The ca-pacity is closely related to the various essential systems (energy, water, food, green spaces and/orlight/space) and networks fitting into the living environment, and in particular solutions with respectto the emerging necessity of resilience to disruptive change

There is no doubt that architects, urban planners and engineers will have a very important roletoward the realization of a resilient and sustainable society within our towns and cities. Sadly, manyprofessionals in the field usually come up with limited solutions for singular problems with staticforces. Let it be known that this epoch is now defunct. The importance of dynamic approaches,community building and self-organization will be paramount to creating a more self-reliant societythat thinks globally but acts locally.Apart from our buildings and infrastructure, resilience, adapt-ability and transformability need to be incorporated into the modern idiom.

The task of transitioning to a society that ensures the welfare of future generations against the in-numerable consequences of anthropogenic climate change while not compromising earths biological

systems will be the greatest challenge our species will face in its history. This can cannot be kickeddown the road any further. What is to be done? While decentralizing technologies are becoming in-creasingly available and transition towns continue to pop up worldwide, proliferation of the sustain-able urbanism approach has stagnated. We are reaching a crossroads as a species and it is up to usto choose between two distinct paths. Our current path is one of provincial economic, political and

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social policies motivated by greed and short-term gains. Unfettered, machine-enhanced free-marketcapitalism and globalization has permitted the global elite to manifest the largest income inequalitygap since the great depression, where the top 1 percent of earners own 46 percent of global assets.Urbanization and resource depletion has pushed countries and corperations to scramble for the re-maining parcels of farmland, water supplies and natural resources to feed the Randian beast whosevision of society has reduced humans, animals and nature to mere liabilities against quarterly profitmargins. Does the virtue of selfishness really define us as a species? Or is it a product of societythat values the vast accumulation of capital over our collective needs?

The alternative path, based on symbiosis and reciprocity, is a biologically oriented, resource-basedsociety that revitalizes local economies, encourages polycentric development of urban metabolismsand vindicates the sanctity of city and country, whose relationship has defined our civilization thusfar. We must foster a new ethos that values community, self-organization and the empowerment ofthe individual at a both local and global scales. The menagerie of polies that define modern societymust look beyond connectivity based solely on technology, transportation and trade toward theirsurrounding hinterlands, their rural communities and the bounds of the natural environment, pro-moting a dynamic equilibrium that will transform our cities to ReciproCities.

Though commonly used to gauge our success as a species, technological progress might not be

our saving grace. The pathological drive to increase the efficiency and efficacy of technology mightobfuscate considerations of historical precedence, pragmatic knowledge and techniques used byclassical and ancient societies to cope with shifts environmental conditions. The task of transitioningto a post-scarcity society that maintains some semblance of normalcy will require an interdisciplin-ary approach that includes our finest engineers, physicists, doctors, designers, community organiz-ers, artists, farmers, teachers and above all, individuals and communities.1It is up to you!

Prof.dr.ir. Arjan van Timmeren, August 2014

1 Quote from the book: ReciproCities: A dynamic equilibrium (A.van Timmeren, TU Delft, 2013).

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In 1992 Paul de Ruiter started his PhD here in Delft at the department of Building Technology withhis thesis The Chameleon Skin. In this thesis he first acknowledged the ambition for buildings asa source of energy. In 1994 he founded Architectenbureau Paul de Ruiter, and this notion has eversince been the guiding line in our work.

Buildings can literally be energy sources, as they can be the carriers of sustainable energy produc-tion. Solar panels, fermentation and bio mass power plants, long term earth storage for heating andcooling, and to a lesser extent wind energy these are all building based systems. Buildings start to

act as both energy users and producers, exchanging energy through the electricity grid with otherbuildings and sustainable power plants. The grid starts acting as the YouTube for energy usersare also producers.

But before we start thinking about alternative energy production, buildings are also the means toreduce the demand for energy significantly through their skin. We design faades according totheir orientation, the way they face the sun, to the weather outside and to whats going on inside this means we are designing along with the climate and not against it. This is what we call climatedesign.

The energy a building uses is to a large extent the energy for cooling/heating and electricity. But

also the materials that a building is made of cost a certain amount of energy when manufacturedand assembled on site. The embodied energy of a building, as we could call it, has to be related tothe buildings life cycle in terms of long-term flexibility (for instance the structure) and short-termrenewability or recyclability (finishes and interior).

Finally, a building is made to enhance the quality of life. This means we should build healthy build-ings, with great indoor air quality, lots of daylight, vegetation, and well-organized orientation andcirculation. But a building is not a standalone object- it has its place in the complex social networkof a city. Buildings should create opportunities, be inclusive without being unguarded, and theyshould be well connected with and have a positive influence on their surroundings this is what wecall human energy.

How these different aspects of energy end up being represented in the building depends also onthe client and the project organisation. If a building is designed for the market by a developer,there can be a sustainable ambition, but this ambition is often translated into something short termand finance based. But as proven sustainable real estate generates more return on investment,ambitions now get enhanced by sustainability certificates such as LEED and BREEAM. These labelsdemand a minimum level of sustainability on all aspects of a building, from energy to water tomaterials to indoor environment quality and health. If this is combined with the scenario where thedeveloper will also be the owner of the building after completion, the ambition of sustainability riseswith the profit to be made over energy saving. And finally, if the owner has also in mind to offer afull service sustainable experience to his guests, then all is in the right place for designing some-thing special. We happened to be so lucky in this project: Hotel Amstelkwartier.

Hotel Amstelkwartier Amsterdam: Sustainable luxury

Hotel Amstelkwartier (Architectenbureau Paul de Ruiter and Mulderblauw Architecten) will be ahighly sustainable four-star-plus hotel on the Amstel riverbanks near Amstel Station. A new resi-

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dential and working area will be developed here in the coming years. It is a project with many anddiverse conditions, such as a strictly defined building envelope, its slightly odd position on a formerbrown field next to a railway track, the big ambition for energy-saving, sustainability and to obtainthe LEED Platinum certificate (the highest possible LEED score), the demands of the hotel brand,and, especially, the high standard and unique experience that the hotel has to offer to its guests.

Part of this unique experience is the beautiful view over Amsterdam ideally combined with a dra-matic Dutch sky and light. So we decided to give all the hotel rooms big floor-to-ceiling windows.

However, climate wise, hotels tend to overheat very easily on a sunny day, and at the same timethey lose their warmth quickly overnight. In order to maintain the right indoor climate at all times,most hotels have their cooling or heating services running permanently, even if the hotel guest isout and the more glass in the faade, the more cooling and heating is required.We decided that we need the big windows and a precise climate system to be at the disposal of thehotel guest at any time, but that we dont need those when the hotel guest is out and most hotelguests are out during the larger part of the day. So ideally, we want to switch off the heating andcooling entirely when the guest is gone, and switch it back on just before he walks in again. There-fore we designed insulated sliding panels that move in front of the glass when the guest is out,so the indoor temperature of the room remains the same. The key card meanwhile keeps track ofour guest, and when he gets into the elevator downstairs, his room wakes up from its hibernating

state, and the sliding panels open up to present him with the view when he enters the room. Thisreduces the energy demand for heating with 65% and for cooling with 99%.

So in fact the faade has not been designed as a whole it has been designed for one room, basedon an indoor experience, comfort and the reduction of energy demand. But the total appearanceof it is rather special: as the shutters open and close in response to the circumstances, the faadechanges constantly as well. In addition, we made sure that the faade as a whole keeps a notion ofabstraction and verticality, with the opening and closing panels as variables in a consistent rhythm.

Apart from hotel room the hotel houses a number of public functions. The ground floor is entirelyreserved for a restaurant/bar, the mezzanine houses the specialty restaurant and the hotel lobby,the first floor is a combination of conference and meeting concepts and on the top floor there willbe a large multifunctional club space. Especially the lower floors will also be articulated as very wel-coming, transparent, lively areas that mark the hotels presence and attract people from the nearbyhousing areas as well as from the rest of Amsterdam.

Altogether, the hotel with its 24h liveliness will appear to the city as a dynamic volume with an ev-er-changing variety of lighting, transparency and colour under an overlay of an abstract consistentfaade structure. The fact that the building first and foremost shows itself as a strongly shaped vol-ume, and secondly reveals the activity inside through variations in the faade, enhances the experi-ence of the approach of the hotel from the view from the high way all the way into the entrancehall. It will form a singular shape in the citys skyline, and a new pivoting point between the citycentre, the river Amstel and the entrance of the city by car or railway.

Sustainable design requires a certain level of integral thinking. The traditional building processphases of sketch design, preliminary design and technical engineering merge into each other,as detailed technical questions become relevant already at the beginning for instance here thefaade and services concept are so much interrelated that we had to be certain of its performancein detail already in the very beginning, or the design would have to change altogether as well. Thisway of working requires close interaction with the technical and structural engineers, and a certainwillingness in the whole team to try out new ideas and innovations. The architect has, apart fromhis specific expertise in conceptual thinking and aesthetics, to take up the role of the coordinatorand initiator in this team as the architect is the particular person to have the overview of all thedifferent aspects of the building as well as their correspondence with the architectural concept and

ambition.

Architectenbureau Paul de Ruiter Hotel Amstelkwartier August 2014

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The term sustainability is liable to inflation. The meaning must be renewed constantly. Most of thetime sustainability is coupled with a low energy performance coefficient. This indeed is essential butthe term should be reviewed more widely and include several components that cooperate integrally.Before the instructing party and the architect lay the task to find a balance in the various aspects on

which an integral sustainable design can arise.

Components integral sustainability

Social and psychological component (righteousness and lovable, satisfaction of all senses) Policy component (statement of requirement, basis for renewal) Energy component (Trias Energetica) Technical components and materialisation (industrial flexible building, locally available material,

with respect to the environment, CO 2 neutrally produced and transported, possibility of recy-cling, cradle to cradle)

Economic component (payback period, maintenance, flexibility, reuse)

Integral design proces

Sustainability = integrated quality and buildings without weakness

The main starting point for the new chancellery in Canberra is the realisation ofa maximally sustain-able building. In order to realise this, a integrated design method (parallel) must be applied insteadof the more traditional serial method. From the beginning the different consultants are involved atand have influence on the design decisions. The installationsadvisor, structural advisor and architect search for the integrated optimum. When this method isapplied, where every party pays attention to the sustainable aspects within its field, the result willbe a considered an integrated design. Within this integrated working method the architect must

comply himself/herself in its role. Instead of the seemingly free role that he or she normally has atthe beginning of the design process the design now is co designed with the consultants. This waythe architect, beside his or her role as creative designer, acquires extra responsibility for managingthe design group.

Integral sustainable

We build to achieve optimally durable environments, with a vision on the balance between in-vestments in energy and material and their output in use, comfort and management concerningthe aimed life cycles. We make spaces to provide appropriate (micro-) climate, where the sensual(physical) qualities of the space, with regard to air, acoustics, temperature and lighting are comfort-able and therefore well measured and regulated.It is unfortunately still inevitable that building burdens the (macro)environment. But how can thearchitect ensure that the environmental tax of a design is restricted to a minimum or the buildingeven helps the environment?Possibly integrated quality is a more precise term than sustainable building. Integration indicates adynamic combination of the different aspects that influences the complete design and constructionprocess. An optimal cooperation of the situation, climate control and installation, with respect to therequired raw materials in all its aspects (material, energy and the factor time/economy), and thevalue and sustainability over the short and long term.

Situation

The location and the shape of a building have a direct influence on the mobility and accessibilityfor users and visitors. The construction mass is a vital fact when it comes to construction (costs),management and demolition of a building. Buildings with a favourable factor offer, beside functionalimmediacy, short course lines and a limited seizure on the ground an important thermal advantage.Per m3 build volume the building has a small facade surface. Location and building shape influence

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internal climate, the demands for heating and cooling and their mutual relation. Also the orientationof facade and roof towards the sun and wind directions and their open/dense proportion influencethe internal climate, the installations and on the eventual energy usage substantially.

Climate control by design

Integral architecture creates an optimal physical climate. To all requirements stated are answered,but above all it is a climate that optimises possibilities to cooperate, communicate and concentrate.This becomes visible in the quality of the lighting, audible in the quality of the acoustics of thespaces, tangibly in the control of the temperature and quality of air (humidity and air speed). Westrive thereby for the maximum restriction of the energy usage and subsequently an installation lowbuilding,with maximum usage of the natural sources.

Daylight

Optimum use of daylight limits the use of electricity and will increase the comfort of the user. Thevariety in quality of daylight works stimulating. It is important to prevent heating as a result ofinsolation. Comfort, installations and building design must be coordinated optimally by applying forexample presence detection in combination with daylight regulation.

AcousticsThe quantity and nature of sound strongly influence the perception and the comfort of the space.Too much sound leads to stress by the users accompanied by fatigue and concentration loss. Soundabsorption, reflection and echo time are optimized by the space proportions and shape in consisten-cy with the interior (furnishing and material choice).

Temperature

The comfortableness of a space can be influenced positively by means of a good regulation ofradiation. This can be realised by the primary use of natural heat, using the absorption and deliv-ery of heat by the building. This can be extended by an artificial system of thermal mass combinedwith thermal storage underground where heat or coolness can be retrieved. This ensures a constantcomfort with low external energy use and therefore restriction of CO2 expel.

Ventilation

Comfort asks for a good regulation of air humidity, speed and the prevention ofcold air down-draughtnearby windows, preferably with natural, self-regulating ventilation and application ofnight ventilation. Where the climate and/or the occupancy demand mechanical ventilation it will beequipped with a heat recovery system.

Raw materials and materialization

Innovation and creativity, but also tradition are vital here. Natural, smart and self-evident materials

are most appropriate. Assessments are for example if natural building materials are available andhow much energy is used with production, transport and processing. Was by requiring or producingthese materials the natural environment damaged and if so, was this damage repaired?On whatperiod maintenance gets a role?Does the appearance of the materials change nicely in time? Whatis the lifespan of a material and what is its value after use. Can they still function in some way forsomething else (cradle to cradle)? Can the construction process be accelerated? Is it possible toapply the method of industrial, flexible deconstruct able building (IFD building)? Can we work withprefabricated elements and dry assembly instead of the more traditional wet building methods?How do we create chances to anticipate on the dynamic demands of the users? The building couldpossibly be created and demolished by using the same assembly techniques.

Time

How much building, ground and raw materials (energy + material) are required and what lifecycle is therefore the perspective? Sustainable building represents a way of constructing in whichthe negative consequences for the environment and health as a result of building and the built

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surroundings are restricted to minimum. You can also wonder whether you should build or buildtemporary structures. The multi-purpose nature and intensity of use can also result in a lowerperformance of the building. It is possible to construct a building that is flexible in use and after useremains flexible, deconstructable en represents a residual value. With a capital-extensive investmentit is reusable, or possible to renovate or adapt existing construction. Sustainable building assumesthat unexpected weak links in the quality of the building dont occur so that the projected lifespan isensured.

ir. Rudy Uytenhaak

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Self-analysing the works of ONL and Hyperbody there are a number of strategies that all are rele-vant in the context of the discussion on sustainable architecture. Most of these strategies are relat-ed to innovative design concepts, digital design methods, digital production methods, constructionmethods and new concepts for a continuous operation. Generally speaking all our innovations are

based on swarm behaviour, based on simple rules leading to a pleasantly rich complexity that is bydefinition robust. The innovations cover the complete DBFMO [Design Build Finance Maintain Oper-ate] spectrum.

Design

Multiple use of the earth. In the design concept all the most important gains are achieved. we startby combining different functions in one location, as opposed to modernist function division. TheCockpit is both acoustic barrier and a commercial building. The combination was proposed by thedesigner, not by the authorities. The authorities accepted the view of the architect.

Building body. We consider buildings as integrated bodies with logic body plans. The body plan is by

definition three dimensional, not evolved from plans and sections. Plans and section are derivativesfrom the 3d model. No modifications may be made in the plans, only in the 3d BIM.

Compact shapes. Our designs are usually very compact, that is maximizing the m3 proportional totheir enveloping surface, therewith saving on operational energy costs, and leaving more budget tothe facade structures. Compact shapes have rounded corners that streamline the climate, leading toless wind acceleration, and less cooling / heat losses.

Networked structures. Our designs are based on robust structural concepts, where the structure andthe cladding are synchronized in diagrid tessellations. Diagrid structures are more efficient in distrib-uting gravity forces and use less kilos for the same performance. Diagrid structures are very rigid

and stable in themselves. When one or more nodes of the structures fail the forces are led effective-ly around the problematic area, the structure does not collapse.

No secondary structures. A typical ONL innovation is the merge of the primary structure and thecladding system. Structure and skin are fully synchronized, there is no such thing as a second-ary structure. This innovative design concept features a denser structure combined with generallyspeaking larger cladding components. Leaving out the secondary structure has proven to be verycost-effective, less material, less details, less work on site.

Local climates. Just like the structure and the skin are fully parameterized into one single designsystem, also the climatic conditions are ideally synchronized in the same fine-grained robust con-cept, meaning that the user can customize their local climates based on a mild generic climate. Inessence this means that apart from the central devices also the skin is active in many ways, takingadvantage from changing sun and wind conditions.Integration of experts. In the design process ONL has developed a method of linking the expertstogether in a actuating swarm of experts. They exchange data almost in real time as to inform theother party about their knowledge. The experts are linked in such way that they can contribute tothe best of their knowledge. They use their own software, and exchange only those data that arestrictly necessary to inform the other parties.

protoBIM

The protocols how to link the experts in the early design stage is described in the protoBIM strat-egy, which is further developed in fall 2011 in a BIR practice project. Basically it comes down toa distributed robust BIM, which is different from a standardized central BIM server a is promotedby Autodesk Revit for example or other proprietary software systems. The ideal set-up is to link allplayers inBIM evolves to an exact model as controlled by the architect from which exact data can

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be extracted for the CNC production. This requires that the designer [ONL, Hyperbody] incorporatesthe file to factory strategy in the early design concept, it can not be added later without redesigningthe complete design, leading to loss of energy and essential concepts getting lost in translation. De-sign embedded file to factory production is highly efficient, since no data get lost, all data are trans-mitted as integer correct data. File to factory design is not an illusion as traditional design methodsare, nor a shadow reality, it is the building.

Just there, then, that and thus. There must be an unbroken and evolving digital chain from ear-

ly design concept to the usage phase of the built structure. In all phases the team effort must bedirected towards the extended just in time paradigm. This can only be realized when the informa-tion transfer is maintained on its most elementary level, based on simple rules and minimal dataexchange, and only true and integer data.

No waste on building site. Having prepared the design into the parametric specifications, in the as-sembly phase there will be no waste at the building site. A dry montage system guarantees that nowaste material pollutes the built environment.

No scaffolding. File to factory customization and dry montage systems are erected without scaffold-ing, the connected pieces form the stabile structure in all phases of the montage.

Build only once. Design as to avoid building twice or three times to get to your result. Avoid mouldsthat are thrown away, moulds are only acceptable if they are programmable, and used many times.Design as to refrain from scaffolding. The structure must bedesigned such as to be strong and sta-bile in all phases of the building process.

Finance

Function overlap. Combining functions into one structure is a key factor for evolutionary success.Robustness builds on mixed, which is the converse of the monofunctionality.

BIM. At the later part of the unbroken chain that builds up the evolving Building Information Model

the integrity of the model must be maintained and used for living its life. The designer designs therules of the game of life, the users and the building components play the game of life. By playingthe game some rules may be fine-tuned and eventually adjusted.

Maintain

Minimize number of details. Maintenance of the built structure is much easier when the buildingsystem is coherent, and featuring as few details as possible. The problems with the maintenancealways occur where two systems are crashing into each other. Building the complete building in onecoherent system, leading in the extreme version to the One Building, One Detail strategy, is thebasis for controlled maintenance.

Tag all building components. In order to control the maintenance process each building componentand each piece of furniture must be tagged, it must have an identity that can be addressed. Thetagged components ideally contain miniature computers that communicate with each other as activeagents in real time, informing each other about their actual state.

Operate

Streaming data informs the building body. Only when data is continuously streaming the BuildingInformation Model is a Building In Motion as well. Only then the building can adapt itself via itsvarious components that contain actuators to changing circumstances and thus use available energyin a] much more efficient way.

Behaviour based on actual information. The building displays behaviour, it responds effectively tochanging circumstances, both coming from the immediate environment as well as from the users.

There is only a barrier when you need one. In the ultimate version of Buildings In Motion the be-haviour is only displayed when there is a need for it. There is only a door when someone wants

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to enter the building. There is only a canopy when there is rain or sun that must be blocked, orwhen one needs to be accompanied by a grand gesture when entering the building. There is only awindow when someone wants to look out or when sun needs to be brought into the building, etc.You get the point, traditional buildings are static and do not respond in any way to changing needsand circumstances. Programmable buildings do, and therefore they are the best possible path to arobust technology for the built environment.

Kas Oosterhuis, August 2014

PICTURE 1: A2 COCKPITA2 COCKPIT IN SOUDBARRIER: MULTIPLE USE OF EARTH,BUILDING BODY, COMPACT STREAMLINED SHAPE, NET-WORKED STRUCTURE, NO SECONDARY STRUCTURES, NOSCAFFOLDING, BUILD ONLY ONCE, MINIMIZE NUMBER OFDETAILS

PICTURE 2: PROTOBIMPROTOBIM: NON-HIERARCHICAL SWARM OF EXPERTS,LEAN DATA-EXCHANGE, JUST THERE / THEN / THAT /THUS

PICTURE 3 AND 4: FESTO HEADQUARTERSFESTO HQ: INTERNET OF THINGS AND PEOPLE, STREAM-ING DATA, USER PREFERENCE, LOCAL CLIMATES

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A new consciousness is forming. The discussion concerning sustainability is reluctantly coming up tospeed. The obvious application of full-powered airco behind closed faades makes room for otherapproaches.

In the 1970s consciousness gained stride. The emphasis lay on ecological aspects and environmen-tal awareness. In the 1980s and 1990s energy efficiency dominated the scene.We are trying to limit the damage and all the while knowing that it will be insufficient. It now has tobe energy effective, C2C.

There is growing awareness that sustainability is greatly determined by the design itself. Again, thisis under discussion at all levels. Buildings and cities have to be designed intelligently with regard toclimate and local circumstances.Sustainability is not only realized with smart technical novelties but it is an intrinsic quality. Unfortu-nately much traditional knowledge has been lost.

Expanding

Sustainability is not a characteristic. Besides energetic aspects, the value of a building is mostly de-termined by cultural, economic and social aspects. It is evident that the lifecycle of costs is stronglydetermining for the success of a building; however, the cultural worth, the way in which a building

adjusts and behaves in the city and the social and ergonomic values determine its longevity.

Our clients are gradually becoming more aware of all of this. Requirements regarding sustainabilityissues are more emphatically and precisely formulated in programmes. Attempts are being made tomake sustainability measurable. Buildings can receive sustainability labels based on such certifica-tion systems as BREEAM, Greencalc, etc. Users will increasingly require an A-label or comparablequality.

With larger projects the Dutch Governmental Building Agency contracts out services for design,construction, financing and management. The DBFMO tender is becoming generally accepted. Thereis no longer a large rift between design, investing and exploitation, but now exploitationadvantages

such as energy savings and other sustainability interventions can make extra investment possible.

It has become increasingly more common that clients formulate greater ambitions in their housingassignments with respect to sustainability.This sustainability does not limit itself to requirements with regard to energy consumption. One usesconcepts such as circularity and alliance in relation to usage, building and region. Circularity con-cerns self-sustaining systems, recycling.The world is a circular system but no longer an inexhaust-ible source;long-term thinking is central. Alliance refers to social alliance and internal alliance inorganisations as a source of innovation.

ImplementationThe developments are moving very gradually. The building regulation is constantly adapting. Themarket is reacting sharply to sustainability. It is interesting to see how the gradual development isvisible in executed work. Taking our own oeuvre from the past 15 years, we see the developmentsin the area of sustainability reflected in those works. After all building practice teaches us that in-vesting in sustainability will actually be fulfilled once it is demanded. Design and building processesare extremely slow and inflexible. The actual implementation of new ideas and techniques advancesvery gradually.

Acceptance

Now that sustainability has such a broad public support, more freedom and support for logical de-sign arguments from architects at the level of the design itself comes into practice. Even the simplefolk may now and then share their two cents. Clients are interested in more than just pretty pic-tures.This is a good development. The proposals not only relate to installations or technical facilities,but to fundamental design choices such as orientation, typology, reuse, planning, excess, material

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choices, etc. Nevertheless, in order to make intelligent proposals, we must recover our lost designknowledge and freshen up our memory of what is intrinsically sustainable.

Ir. Kees KaanSeptember 2011

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House 2.0 Steigereiland

Campingsites Staatsbosbeheer

Sustainable supermarket

High-rise building Cascade Almere

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One

To understand our attitude in the forces of today, the following is important to take into account.We have a strong conviction that the recent financial crisis also reveals a major but until now hiddenarchitectural crisis.

In the two