Arab Climate Resilience Initiative “ Climate Change Impacts in the Arab Region: Sea Level Rise,...
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Arab Climate Resilience Initiative “ Climate Change Impacts in the Arab Region: Sea Level Rise, Coastal Erosion, and Human Development” Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate change Mohammed Karrou, ICARDA Cairo, Arab republic of Egypt 20-21 September 2010 ICARDA ICARDA
Arab Climate Resilience Initiative “ Climate Change Impacts in the Arab Region: Sea Level Rise, Coastal Erosion, and Human Development” Adaptation of Agriculture
Arab Climate Resilience Initiative Climate Change Impacts in
the Arab Region: Sea Level Rise, Coastal Erosion, and Human
Development Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate change Mohammed
Karrou, ICARDA Cairo, Arab republic of Egypt 20-21 September
2010
Slide 2
Challenges in Arab region due to Climate change (Agriculture)
Adaptation options (Inland): ICARDA experience Adaptation options
(Coastal areas): Some suggestions Plan of the presentation
Slide 3
Temperature rise globally in the range of 2 to 6 C by 2100
(IPCC); In dry areas, the absolute amount of rain is expected to
decrease (20% in many countries of Arab countries); Extreme weather
events will most likely amplify; Periods of drought will become
longer and its severity will be higher Challenges
Slide 4
2. Water resources River flows and groundwater recharge will be
reduced Limited opportunities to expand irrigated areas A little
new water is expected to be available; Increased water quality
deterioration (salt intrusion due to high water pumping & sea
level rise) Challenges
Slide 5
Region Total land Million ha Arable land % Pop. 2004 Million
Pop. 2030 Million Asia7701117572168 N. Africa6784155222 S & N
America14757185237 CAC41987590 E. Africa4518107178
Total4315823302942 3. Population growth and arable land
availability Challenges
Slide 6
Inland Heat stress and reduction of the length of the growing
period of crops; CC is likely to alter the abundance, intensity,
frequency & types of many pests & increase pathogen growth
rates; Drought (at critical stages) and rainfall variability (yield
fluctuations); Irrigation water scarcity; Land and vegetation
degradation (low fertility, less organic matter, carbon emission).
How this Will Affect Agricultural Production ?
Slide 7
Coastal areas Land degradation due to sea level rise (reduction
of cropped area); Inundation of cropped areas (salinity, water
logging) Salt intrusion due to sea level rise (salt stress, less
available freshwater); Salt intrusion increase and water scarcity
due to excessive ground water pumping (salt and water, drought
stress) How this Will Affect Agricultural Production ?
Slide 8
Advances in S & T; Strong TT systems; Enhancement of NARES
human capacity; Enabling policy and political will; Integration of
adaptation strategies into development plans and policies. What Can
Be done to Adapt to Climate Change?
Slide 9
Heat, drought and salt tolerant varieties or species and with
high water productivity; Adapted and modern irrigation systems and
techniques that increase water productivity; Early sowing;
Conservation agriculture and water harvesting; Adapted farming
systems and diversification; Appropriate policies and institutional
set-ups. Adaptation Options (Inland)
Slide 10
Developing Industrialized Cereals Countries Barley15531
Wheat30925 Legumes Chickpea8232 Faba Bean457 Lentil8118 Forages282
Peas9 Grand total: 709115 Crop Improvement: Varieties Released
using ICARDA Germplasm Worldwide, 1977 to 2006
Slide 11
Heat-tolerant Wheat in Sudan
Slide 12
Selection of Drought Tolerant Varieties using more efficient
methods X Identification of Drought candidate genes with Microarray
(DNA-microarrays is a modern method that permits analysis of genes
during different growth stages) ; Use of physiological and
molecular markers in breeding for drought tolerance.
Slide 13
Community and participatory Integration
technologies/policy/institutions Complementarities: BM &
Satellite sites Multidisciplinary, multi-institution teams S.
economic analysis Benchmarking and out-scaling Community-Based
Optimization of the Management of Scarce Water Resources in
Agriculture in West Asia and North Africa Project Project research
approach
Slide 14
Drier environments with water harvesting Irrigated areas
Increase water productivity RB BB IB Water and Land Management
Rainfed systems with supplemental irrigation Max WP Max Yield
Slide 15
Used around the world minimum soil disturbance (ZT) stubble
retention many rotations (legumes, oilseeds) Benefits savings in
time, fuel, machinery wear better soil structure soil-water
dynamics (OM, porosity) Timely sowing, C sequestration higher yield
potential less erosion Zero-Till (Direct Sowing) to Conserve Water
and Sequester C in the Soil
Slide 16
Diversification and Sustainable Intensification of Production
Systems Promotion of improved technologies for producing
value-added products, to achieve higher income for rural
communities in the intensified/diversified integrated
crop/rangeland/livestock production systems Methodologies that
focus on farming communities with participatory and
gender-sensitive approaches
Slide 17
Integration of Crop, Rangeland & Livestock Production
Systems Barley Production Cactus & Fodder Shrubs By-products
Feed Blocks On-farm Feed Production Flock management and breeding
Natural Pastures Enhancement & Rangeland Management Successful
Technologies Successful Technologies
Slide 18
Sea level rise is caused by ocean thermal expansion glacial
melt from Greenland and Antarctica and change in terrestrial
storage. Low gradient coastal landforms most susceptible to
inundation include deltas, estuaries, beaches and barrier islands
and coral reefs. Scenarios of Sea Level Rise
Slide 19
Sea level rise is a big risk in the Arab countries, since the
regions economic activity, agriculture and population centers are
in the coastal zone. Agriculture will be affected by inundation and
increasing salinity of soil and available fresh water resources
such as aquifers. High salt intrusion is also observed in certain
coastal areas due excessive pumping to intensify crop production
(horticultural crops). Simulation carried out by AFED revealed that
a sea level rise of only 1 m would directly impact 41,500 km2 of
the Arab coastal lands. The most serious impacts of sea level rise
would be in Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Kuwait, Qatar,
Bahrain and UAE. The effects on the regions agricultural sector
would mostly be felt in Egypt where 1 m rise would put 12% of the
countrys agricultural land at risk and affect directly 3.2% of the
population of the Arab countries. Challenges due Sea Level Rise in
Agriculture in the Arab Region
Slide 20
Prevention Enhance population awareness and develop/implement
policies that facilitate adequate protection and adaptation such as
insurance; Protect farmers lands from flooding and salt water
intrusion (breakwaters, ) Take legal actions to restrict or
prohibit agriculture development in hazard -prone areas How to Cope
with the Effects of Sea Level Rise in Agriculture?
Slide 21
GIS and modeling to map the areas with high risk and evaluate
possible impacts; Development of early warning system; Development
and introduction of irrigation techniques that improve water
productivity and hence reduce water pumping and intrusion of salt
(apply water at the right time and amount, drip irrigation)
Selection and introduction of crops/species that are tolerant to
salinity and with high water productivity; Develop norms of
fertilizers / amendment that can reduce salt concentration;
Soilless / hydroponic cropping; Transfer of water (cost, politics)
+ mixing of water; Desalination (cost) Adaptation Strategies
(Research is needed)