Arab NationalismArab Nationalism

Disunity Among Disunity Among the Unitedthe United

The Ottoman Empire– 1580The Ottoman Empire– 1580

The Weakening of the OttomansThe Weakening of the Ottomans

• After Lepanto and Vienna, the Ottomans were losing their influence to a strengthening Europe…

Losing their Ottoman-nessLosing their Ottoman-ness• As Europe grows in

power, Ottomans try to act European…

• Sultan clamped down on Euro-pretenders to strengthen rule–Beginning of

Cultural Imperial Anger by Muslims

Greece and Egypt – 1890’sGreece and Egypt – 1890’s• Seeing

weakness, two Mediterranean states got their freedom.

–The Ottomans sit back and are helpless

Greek Soldiers in late 1800’s

Efforts to ReformEfforts to Reform• Abdulhamid II,

Ottoman Sultan, tried to reform from 1876. Corruption too endemic…

Enter WWIEnter WWI• Sided with

Germans and Austro-Hungarians as the Central Powers

• Lost

A Bright Spot- GallipoliA Bright Spot- Gallipoli• By 1915, Russia tipping on the brink

• Allied push in Dardanelles.

• Mustafa Kemal led Ottomans to win

Lawrence of ArabiaLawrence of Arabia• UK sends T.E.

Lawrence into Arabia to encourage sheiks to fight against Ottoman Turks.

• NATIONALISM BORN!!!

Nationalism Gone Bad – Nationalism Gone Bad – The Armenian GenocideThe Armenian Genocide

• Ottomans, fearful of nationalist tendencies of the Armenians and worried of their religious ties to Russia, massacre 1.5 million men women and children 3 MM Armenians TODAY!!!

The Splintering of the OttomansThe Splintering of the Ottomans• Governor of

Mecca declares Arabia independent. Palestinians join him

• Ottomans fall in 1918

The FinaleThe Finale• Broken up after World War I into

many Euro-controlled statesPurple – UK

Orange- FR

Pink – IT

Blue – SP

Tan -free

Turkey – the Heir to EmpiresTurkey – the Heir to Empires

• Ottomans left in control of Anatolian Peninsula after WWI

Black Sea

Med Sea

The Rise of a PhoenixThe Rise of a Phoenix• Greece invades

Western Turkey in land grab.

• Colonel Mustafa Kemal, hero of WWI, drives the Greeks from Turkey

–Popular and Powerful…

A Coup and a ReformationA Coup and a Reformation• 1923- Kemal

forces the Ottomans from Turkey.

• Turkish Republic created

• Kemal is Ataturk

Forced ModernizationForced Modernization

• Democracy• Separates

Church and State• Caliphate

Abolished• New Dress

codes (Fez and Veil)

More Reforms…More Reforms…• 1934- Women Vote• Freedom of Religion• Roman Alphabet • Turks take last

names• Ataturk

industrialized and centralized economy

Today?!?!?!Today?!?!?!• Trying to join the

European Union

–Capital punishment and racism hold back

–Article 301

• Crossroads country

• The Kurdish Issue