Arabian Horse - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

An Arabian mare

Distinguishing

features

finely chiseled bone structure,

concave profile, arched neck,

comparatively level croup,

high-carried tail.

Alternative

names

Arabian, Arab

Country of

origin

Developed in the Middle East,

most notably Arabian peninsula

Breed standards

Arabian Horse

Association

(USA)

Breed standards

(http://www.arabianhorses.org)

The Arabian

Horse Society

of Australia

Breed standards

(http://www.ahsa.asn.au/)

The Arab

Horse Society

(UK)

Breed standards

(http://www.arabhorsesociety.org

/registrationguidelines.htm)

World

Arabian Horse

Organization

Breed standards

(http://www.waho.org/)

Equus ferus caballus

Arabian horse

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Arabian or Arab horse (Arabic: الحصان العربي [ ħisˤaːnʕarabiː], DMG ḥiṣān ʿarabī) is a breed of horse thatoriginated on the Arabian Peninsula. With a distinctive headshape and high tail carriage, the Arabian is one of the mosteasily recognizable horse breeds in the world. It is also one ofthe oldest breeds, with archaeological evidence of horses inthe Middle East that resemble modern Arabians dating back4,500 years. Throughout history, Arabian horses have spreadaround the world by both war and trade, used to improveother breeds by adding speed, refinement, endurance, andstrong bone. Today, Arabian bloodlines are found in almostevery modern breed of riding horse.

The Arabian developed in a desert climate and was prized bythe nomadic Bedouin people, often being brought inside thefamily tent for shelter and protection from theft. Selectivebreeding for traits including an ability to form a cooperativerelationship with humans created a horse breed that isgood-natured, quick to learn, and willing to please. TheArabian also developed the high spirit and alertness neededin a horse used for raiding and war. This combination ofwillingness and sensitivity requires modern Arabian horseowners to handle their horses with competence and respect.

The Arabian is a versatile breed. Arabians dominate thediscipline of endurance riding, and compete today in manyother fields of equestrian activity. They are one of the top tenmost popular horse breeds in the world. They are now foundworldwide, including the United States and Canada, theUnited Kingdom, Australia, continental Europe, SouthAmerica (especially Brazil), and its land of origin, the MiddleEast.

1 Breed characteristics

1.1 Skeletal analysis

1.2 Size

1.3 Temperament

1.4 Colors

1.4.1 Gray and white

1.4.2 Sabino

Arabian horse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse

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1.4.3 Rabicano or roan?

1.4.4 Colors that do not exist in

purebreds

1.5 Genetic disorders

2 Legends

3 Origins

3.1 Desert roots

3.2 Strains and pedigrees

4 Historic development

4.1 Role in the ancient world

4.2 In Islamic history

4.3 Egypt

5 Arrival in Europe

5.1 Polish and Russian breeding programs

5.2 Central and western Europe

5.3 Rise of the Crabbet Park Stud

5.4 Early 20th-century Europe

5.5 Modern warfare and its impact on

European studs

5.6 After the Cold War

6 In America

6.1 Early imports

6.2 Development of purebred breeding in

America

6.3 Modern trends

7 In Australia

7.1 Early imports

7.2 In the 20th and 21st centuries

8 Modern breeding

9 Influence on other horse breeds

10 Uses

10.1 Competition

10.2 Other activities

11 Notes

12 References

13 Further reading

14 External links


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A purebred Arabian stallion, showing dished

profile, arched neck, level croup and high-carried

tail

Arabian horses have refined, wedge-shaped heads, a broadforehead, large eyes, large nostrils, and small muzzles. Mostdisplay a distinctive concave, or "dished" profile. ManyArabians also have a slight forehead bulge between theireyes, called the jibbah by the Bedouin, that adds additionalsinus capacity, believed to have helped the Arabian horse in

its native dry desert climate.[1][2] Another breedcharacteristic is an arched neck with a large, well-setwindpipe set on a refined, clean throatlatch. This structureof the poll and throatlatch was called the mitbah or mitbehby the Bedouin. In the ideal Arabian it is long, allowing

flexibility in the bridle and room for the windpipe.[2]

Other distinctive features are a relatively long, level croup,or top of the hindquarters, and naturally high tail carriage.The USEF breed standard requires Arabians have solid bone

and standard correct equine conformation.[3] Well-bredArabians have a deep, well-angled hip and well laid-back

shoulder.[4] Within the breed, there are variations. Some individuals have wider, more powerfully muscledhindquarters suitable for intense bursts of activity in events such as reining, while others have longer, leaner

muscling better suited for long stretches of flat work such as endurance riding or horse racing.[5] Most have a

compact body with a short back.[2] Arabians usually have dense, strong bone, and good hoof walls. They are

especially noted for their endurance,[6][7] and the superiority of the breed in Endurance riding competitiondemonstrates that well-bred Arabians are strong, sound horses with superior stamina. At internationalFEI-sponsored endurance events, Arabians and half-Arabians are the dominant performers in distance

competition.[8]

Skeletal analysis

Some Arabians, though not all, have 5 lumbar vertebrae instead of the usual 6, and 17 pairs of ribs rather than

18.[9] A quality Arabian has both a relatively horizontal croup and a properly angled pelvis as well as goodcroup length and depth to the hip (determined by the length of the pelvis), that allows agility and impulsion.[4][10] A misconception confuses the topline of the croup with the angle of the "hip" (the pelvis or ilium),leading some to assert that Arabians have a flat pelvis angle and cannot use their hindquarters properly.However, the croup is formed by the sacral vertebrae. The hip angle is determined by the attachment of theilium to the spine, the structure and length of the femur, and other aspects of hindquarter anatomy, which is notcorrelated to the topline of the sacrum. Thus, the Arabian has conformation typical of other horse breeds builtfor speed and distance, such as the Thoroughbred, where the angle of the ilium is more oblique than that of the

croup.[11][12][13] Thus, the hip angle is not necessarily correlated to the topline of the croup. Horses bred togallop need a good length of croup and good length of hip for proper attachment of muscles, and so unlike

angle, length of hip and croup do go together as a rule.[12]

Size


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Mounted skeleton of an Arabian horse, showing

underlying structure of breed characteristics including

short back, high-set tail, distinction between level croup

and well-angulated hip. This specimen also has only 5

lumbar vertebrae.

Arabians are noted for both

intelligence and a spirited disposition

The breed standard stated by the United StatesEquestrian Federation, describes Arabians as standingbetween 14.1 to 15.1 hands (57 to 61 inches, 145 to155 cm) tall, "with the occasional individual over or

under."[3] Thus, all Arabians, regardless of height, areclassified as "horses", even though 14.2 hands(58 inches, 147 cm) is the traditional cutoff height

between a horse and a pony.[14] A common myth is thatArabians are not strong because they are relativelysmall and refined. However, the Arabian horse is notedfor a greater density of bone than other breeds, short

cannons, sound feet, and a broad, short back,[2] all ofwhich give the breed physical strength comparable to

many taller animals.[15] Thus, even a smaller Arabiancan carry a heavy rider. For tasks where the sheerweight of the horse matters, such as farm work done by

a draft horse,[16] any lighter-weight horse is at a

disadvantage.[16] However, for most purposes, theArabian is a strong and hardy light horse breed able to

carry any type of rider in most equestrian pursuits.[15]

Temperament

For centuries, Arabian horses lived in the desert in close association with

humans.[17] For shelter and protection from theft, prized war mares weresometimes kept in their owner's tent, close to children and everyday

family life.[18] Only horses with a naturally good disposition wereallowed to reproduce, with the result that Arabians today have a goodtemperament that, among other examples, makes them one of the fewbreeds where the United States Equestrian Federation rules allowchildren to exhibit stallions in nearly all show ring classes, including

those limited to riders under 18.[19]

On the other hand, the Arabian is also classified as a "hot-blooded"breed, a category that includes other refined, spirited horses bred forspeed, such as the Akhal-Teke, the Barb and the Thoroughbred. Likeother hot-bloods, Arabians' sensitivity and intelligence enable quicklearning and greater communication with their riders; however, theirintelligence also allows them to learn bad habits as quickly as good

ones,[20] and they do not tolerate inept or abusive training practices.[21]

Some sources claim that it is more difficult to train a "hot-blooded"

horse.[22] Though most Arabians have a natural tendency to cooperate with humans, when treated badly, likeany horse, they can become excessively nervous or anxious, but seldom become vicious unless seriously spoiled

or subjected to extreme abuse.[21] At the other end of the spectrum, romantic myths are sometimes told about

Arabian horses that give them near-divine characteristics.[23]


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A gray Arabian; note white hair coat but black skin

Colors

The Arabian Horse Association registers purebred horses with the coat colors bay, gray, chestnut, black, and

roan.[24] Bay, gray and chestnut are the most common; black is less common.[25] The classic roan gene does not

appear to exist in Arabians;[26] rather, Arabians registered by breeders as "roan" are usually expressing rabicano

or, sometimes, sabino patterns with roan features.[27] All Arabians, no matter their coat color, have black skin,

except under white markings. Black skin provided protection from the intense desert sun.[28]

Gray and white

Although many Arabians appear to have a "white" haircoat, they are not genetically "white". This color isusually created by the natural action of the gray gene,and virtually all white-looking Arabians are actually

grays.[29] A specialized colorization seen in some oldergray Arabians is the so-called "bloody-shoulder",which is a particular type of "flea-bitten" gray withlocalized aggregations of pigment on the shoulder.[30][31]

There are a very few Arabians registered as "white"having a white coat, pink skin and dark eyes from birth.These animals are believed to manifest a new form ofdominant white, a result of a nonsense mutation in

DNA tracing to a single stallion foaled in 1996.[32] This horse was originally thought to be a sabino, but

actually was found to have a new form of dominant white mutation, now labeled W3.[32] It is possible thatwhite mutations have occurred in Arabians in the past or that mutations other than W3 exist but have not been

verified by genetic testing.[27]

Sabino

One spotting pattern, sabino, does exist in purebred Arabians. Sabino coloring is characterized by whitemarkings such as "high white" above the knees and hocks, irregular spotting on the legs, belly and face, white

markings that extend beyond the eyes or under the chin and jaw, and sometimes lacy or roaned edges.[33]

The genetic mechanism that produces sabino patterning in Arabians is undetermined, and more than one gene

may be involved.[27] Studies at the University of California, Davis indicate that Arabians do not appear to carrythe autosomal dominant gene "SB1" or sabino 1, that often produces bold spotting and some completely whitehorses in other breeds. The inheritance patterns observed in sabino-like Arabians also do not follow the same

mode of inheritance as sabino 1.[34][35]

Rabicano or roan?

There are very few Arabians registered as roan, and according to researcher D. Phillip Sponenberg, roaning in

purebred Arabians is actually the action of rabicano genetics.[26] Unlike a genetic roan, rabicano is a partialroan-like pattern; the horse does not have intermingled white and solid hairs over the entire body, only on the


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A chestnut rabicano Arabian horse

A tobiano patterned National Show

Horse, a type of partbred Arabian

midsection and flanks, the head and legs are solid-colored.[26] Somepeople also confuse a young gray horse with a roan because of theintermixed hair colors common to both. However, a roan does not

consistently lighten with age, while a gray does.[36][37]

Colors that do not exist in purebreds

Purebred Arabians never carry dilution genes.[38] Therefore, purebreds

cannot be colors such as dun, cremello, palomino or buckskin.[39]

However, there is pictorial evidence from pottery and tombs in AncientEgypt suggesting that spotting patterns may have existed on ancestral

Arabian-type horses in antiquity.[40] Nonetheless, purebred Arabians today do not carry genes for pinto orLeopard complex ("Appaloosa") spotting patterns, except for sabino.

Spotting or excess white was believed by many breeders to be a mark ofimpurity until DNA testing for verification of parentage becamestandard. For a time, horses with belly spots and other white markingsdeemed excessive were discouraged from registration and excess white

was sometimes penalized in the show ring.[27]

To produce horses with some Arabian characteristics but coat colors not

found in purebreds, they have to be crossbred with other breeds.[41]

Though the purebred Arabian produces a limited range of potentialcolors, they do not appear to carry any color-based lethal disorders suchas the frame overo gene ("O") that can produce lethal white syndrome(LWS). Because purebred Arabians cannot produce LWS foals, Arabianmares were used as a non-affected population in some of the studies

seeking the gene that caused the condition in other breeds.[42]

Nonetheless, partbred Arabian offspring can, in some cases, carry these genes if the non-Arabian parent was a

carrier.[43]

Genetic disorders

There are six known genetic disorders in Arabian horses. Two are inevitably fatal, two are not inherently fatalbut are disabling and usually result in euthanasia of the affected animal; the remaining conditions can usually betreated. Three are thought to be autosomal recessive conditions, which means that the flawed gene is notsex-linked and has to come from both parents for an affected foal to be born; the others currently lack sufficient

research data to determine the precise mode of inheritance.[44] Arabians are not the only breed of horse to haveproblems with inherited diseases; fatal or disabling genetic conditions also exist in many other breeds, includingthe American Quarter Horse, American Paint Horse, American Saddlebred, Appaloosa, Miniature horse, and

Belgian.[44]

Genetic diseases that can occur in purebred Arabians, or in partbreds with Arabian ancestry in both parents, arethe following:

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID). Recessive disorder, fatal when homozygous, carriers


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(heterozygotes) show no signs. Similar to the "bubble boy" condition in humans, an affected foal is born

with a complete lack of an immune system, and thus generally dies of an opportunistic infection, usually

before the age of three months.[45] There is a DNA test that can detect healthy horses who are carriers of

the gene causing SCID, thus testing and careful, planned matings can now eliminate the possibility of an

affected foal ever being born.[46]

Lavender Foal Syndrome (LFS), also called Coat Color Dilution Lethal (CCDL). Recessive disorder, fatal

when homozygous, carriers show no signs. The condition has its name because most affected foals are

born with a coat color dilution that lightens the tips of the coat hairs, or even the entire hair shaft. Foals

with LFS are unable to stand at birth, often have seizures, and are usually euthanized within a few days of

birth.[47][48] In November 2009, Cornell University announced that a DNA test has been developed to

detect carriers of LFS. Simultaneously, the University of Pretoria also announced that they had also

developed a DNA test.[49]

Cerebellar abiotrophy (CA or CCA). Recessive disorder, homozygous horses are affected, carriers show

no signs. An affected foal is usually born without clinical signs, but at some stage, usually after six weeks

of age, develops severe incoordination, a head tremor, wide-legged stance and other symptoms related to

the death of the purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Such foals are frequently diagnosed only after they have

crashed into a fence or fallen over backwards, and often are misdiagnosed as suffering from a head injury

caused by an accident. Severity varies, with some foals having fast onset of severe coordination problems,

others showing milder signs. Mildly affected horses can live a full lifespan, but most are euthanized

before adulthood because they are so accident-prone as to be dangerous. As of 2008, there is a genetic test

that uses DNA markers associated with CA to detect both carriers and affected animals.[50] Clinical signs

are distinguishable from other neurological conditions, and a diagnosis of CA can be verified by

examining the brain after euthanasia.[51]

Occipital Atlanto-Axial Malformation (OAAM). This is a condition where the occiput, atlas and axis

vertebrae in the neck and at the base of the skull are fused or malformed. Symptoms range from mild

incoordination to the paralysis of both front and rear legs. Some affected foals cannot stand to nurse, in

others the symptoms may not be seen for several weeks. This is the only cervical spinal cord disease seen

in horses less than 1 month of age, and a radiograph can diagnose the condition. There is no genetic test

for OAAM, and the hereditary component of this condition is not well researched at present.[52]

Equine juvenile epilepsy, or Juvenile Idiopathic Epilepsy, sometimes referred to as "benign" epilepsy, is

not usually fatal. Foals appear normal between epileptic seizures, and seizures usually stop occurring

between 12 and 18 months.[48] Affected foals may show signs of epilepsy anywhere from two days to six

months from birth.[53] Seizures can be treated with traditional anti-seizure medications, which may

reduce their severity.[54] Though the condition has been studied since 1985 at the University of

California, Davis, the genetic mode of inheritance is unclear, though the cases studied were all of one

general bloodline group.[53] Recent research updates suggest that a dominant mode of inheritance is


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An Arabian horse in the desert. Antoine-Jean Gros, c.

1810

involved in transmission of this trait.[55] One researcher hypothesized that epilepsy may be linked in

some fashion to Lavender Foal Syndrome due to the fact that it occurs in similar bloodlines and some

horses have produced foals with both conditions.[48]

Guttural Pouch Tympany (GPT) occurs in horses ranging from birth to 1 year of age and is more common

in fillies than in colts. It is thought to be genetic in Arabians, possibly polygenic in inheritance, but more

study is needed.[56] Foals are born with a defect that causes the pharyngeal opening of the eustachian tube

to act like a one-way valve – air can get in, but it cannot get out. The affected guttural pouch is distended

with air and forms a characteristic nonpainful swelling. Breathing is noisy in severely affected

animals.[57] Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and radiographic examination of the skull. Medical

management with NSAID and antimicrobial therapy can treat upper respiratory tract inflammation.

Surgical intervention is needed to correct the malformation of the guttural pouch opening, to provide a

route for air in the abnormal guttural pouch to pass to the normal side and be expelled into the pharynx.

Foals that are successfully treated may grow up to have fully useful lives.[58]

The Arabian Horse Association in the United States has created a foundation that supports research efforts to

uncover the roots of genetic diseases.[59] The organization F.O.A.L. (Fight Off Arabian Lethals) is a

clearinghouse for information on these conditions.[60] Additional information is available from the World

Arabian Horse Association (WAHO).[61]

Arabian horses are the topic of many myths andlegends. One origin story tells how Muhammad chosehis foundation mares by a test of their courage andloyalty. While there are several variants on the tale, acommon version states that after a long journey throughthe desert, Muhammad turned his herd of horses looseto race to an oasis for a desperately needed drink ofwater. Before the herd reached the water, Muhammadcalled for the horses to return to him. Only five maresresponded. Because they faithfully returned to theirmaster, though desperate with thirst, these maresbecame his favorites and were called Al Khamsa,meaning, the five. These mares became the legendaryfounders of the five "strains" of the Arabian horse.[62][63] Although the Al Khamsa are generally

considered fictional horses of legend,[64] some breederstoday claim the modern Bedouin Arabian actually

descended from these mares.[65]

Another origin tale claims that King Solomon was given a pure Arabian-type mare named Safanad ("the pure")

by the Queen of Sheba.[64] A different version says that Solomon gave a stallion, Zad el-Raheb or Zad-el-Rakib("Gift to the Rider"), to the Banu Azd people when they came to pay tribute to the king. This legendary stallion


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was said to be faster than the zebra and the gazelle, and every hunt with him was successful, thus when he was

put to stud, he became a founding sire of legend.[66]

Yet another creation myth puts the origin of the Arabian in the time of Ishmael, the son of Abraham.[67] In thisstory, the Angel Jibril (also known as Gabriel) descended from Heaven and awakened Ishmael with a "wind-spout" that whirled toward him. The Angel then commanded the thundercloud to stop scattering dust and rain,and so it gathered itself into a prancing, handsome creature - a horse - that seemed to swallow up the ground.

Hence, the Bedouins bestowed the title "Drinker of the Wind" to the first Arabian horse.[68]

Finally, a Bedouin story states that Allah created the Arabian horse from the south wind and exclaimed, "Icreate thee, Oh Arabian. To thy forelock, I bind Victory in battle. On thy back, I set a rich spoil and a Treasure

in thy loins. I establish thee as one of the Glories of the Earth... I give thee flight without wings."[69] Otherversions of the story claim Allah said to the South Wind: "I want to make a creature out of you. Condense."Then from the material condensed from the wind, he made a kamayt-colored animal (a bay or burnt chestnut)and said: "I call you Horse; I make you Arabian and I give you the chestnut color of the ant; I have hunghappiness from the forelock which hangs between your eyes; you shall be the Lord of the other animals. Menshall follow you wherever you go; you shall be as good for flight as for pursuit; you shall fly without wings;

riches shall be on your back and fortune shall come through your meditation."[70]

Arabians are one of the oldest human-developed horse breeds in the world.[23] The progenitor stock, theOriental subtype or "Proto-Arabian" was a horse with oriental characteristics similar to the modern Arabian.Horses with these features appeared in rock paintings and inscriptions in the Arabian Peninsula as far back as

2500 BC.[71] In ancient history throughout the Ancient Near East, horses with refined heads and high-carried

tails were depicted in artwork, particularly that of Ancient Egypt in the 16th century BC.[72]

Some scholars of the Arabian horse once theorized that the Arabian came from a separate subspecies of

horse,[73] known as equus caballus pumpelli.[74] Other scholars, including Gladys Brown Edwards, a notedArabian researcher, believe that the "dry" oriental horses of the desert, from which the modern Arabiandeveloped, were more likely Equus ferus caballus with specific landrace characteristics based on the

environments in which they lived, rather than being a separate subspecies.[9][74] Horses with similar, though notidentical, physical characteristics include the Marwari horse of India, the Barb of North Africa, the Akhal-Teke

of western Asia and the now-extinct Turkoman Horse.[74]

Desert roots

There are different theories about where the ancestors of the Arabian originally lived. Most evidence suggests

the proto-Arabian came from the area along the northern edge of the Fertile Crescent.[74] Another hypothesissuggests the southwestern corner of the Arabian peninsula, in modern-day Yemen, where three now-dry

riverbeds indicate good natural pastures existed long ago, perhaps as far back as the Ice Age.[75][76] Thishypothesis has gained renewed attention following a 2010 discovery of artifacts dated between 6590 and 7250

BCE in Al-Magar, in southwestern Saudi Arabia, that appeared to portray horses.[77]

The proto-Arabian horse may have been domesticated by the people of the Arabian peninsula known today as

the Bedouin, some time after they learned to use the camel, approximately 4,000–5,000 years ago.[76][78] Other


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Carl Raswan pictured on an Anazeh

warmare

scholars, noting that horses were common in the Fertile Crescent butrare in the Arabian peninsula prior to the rise of Islam, theorize that thebreed as it is known today only developed in large numbers when theconversion of the Persians to Islam in the 7th century brought

knowledge of horse breeding and horsemanship to the Bedouin.[79] Theoldest depictions in the Arabian Peninsula of horses that are clearly

domesticated date no earlier than 1800-2000 BCE.[77]

Regardless of origin, climate and culture ultimately created the Arabian.The desert environment required a domesticated horse to cooperate withhumans to survive; humans were the only providers of food and water incertain areas, and even hardy Arabian horses needed far more water thancamels in order to survive (most horses can only live about 72 hourswithout water). Where there was no pasture or water, the Bedouin fed

their horses dates and camel's milk.[80] The desert horse needed theability to thrive on very little food, and to have anatomical traits tocompensate for life in a dry climate with wide temperature extremesfrom day to night. Weak individuals were weeded out of the breedingpool, and the animals that remained were also honed by centuries of

human warfare.[81]

The Bedouin way of life depended on camels and horses: Arabians were bred to be war horses with speed,

endurance, soundness, and intelligence.[81][82] Because many raids required stealth, mares were preferred over

stallions as they were quieter, and therefore would not give away the position of the fighters.[81] A gooddisposition was also critical; prized war mares were often brought inside family tents to prevent theft and for

protection from weather and predators.[83] Though appearance was not necessarily a survival factor, the

Bedouin bred for refinement and beauty in their horses as well as for more practical features.[82]

Strains and pedigrees

For centuries, the Bedouin tracked the ancestry of each horse through an oral tradition. Horses of the purestblood were known as Asil and crossbreeding with non-Asil horses was forbidden. Mares were the most valued,both for riding and breeding, and pedigree families were traced through the female line. The Bedouin did notbelieve in gelding male horses, and considered stallions too intractable to be good war horses, thus they kept

very few colts, selling most, and culling those of poor quality.[84]

Over time, the Bedouin developed several sub-types or strains of Arabian horse, each with unique

characteristics,[85] and traced through the maternal line only.[86] According to the Arabian Horse Association,

the five primary strains were known as the Keheilan, Seglawi, Abeyan, Hamdani and Hadban.[87] Carl Raswan,a promoter and writer about Arabian horses from the middle of the 20th century, held the belief that there wereonly three strains, Kehilan, Seglawi and Muniqi. Raswan felt that these strains represented body "types" of the

breed, with the Kehilan being "masculine", the Seglawi being "feminine" and the Muniqi being "speedy".[88]

There were also lesser strains, sub-strains, and regional variations in strain names.[89][90] Therefore, manyArabian horses were not only Asil, of pure blood, but also bred to be pure in strain, with crossbreeding betweenstrains discouraged, though not forbidden, by some tribes. Purity of bloodline was very important to theBedouin, and they also believed in telegony, believing if a mare was ever bred to a stallion of "impure" blood,

the mare herself and all future offspring would be "contaminated" by the stallion and hence no longer Asil.[91]


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Hittite chariot (drawing of an Egyptian relief)

This complex web of bloodline and strain was an integral part of Bedouin culture; they not only knew thepedigrees and history of their best war mares in detail, but also carefully tracked the breeding of their camels,

Saluki dogs, and their own family or tribal history.[92] Eventually, written records began to be kept; the first

written pedigrees in the Middle East that specifically used the term "Arabian" date to 1330 AD.[93] Asimportant as strain was to the Bedouin, modern studies of mitochondrial DNA suggest that Arabian horses alive

today with records stating descent from a given strain may not actually share a common maternal ancestry.[94]

Role in the ancient world

Fiery war horses with dished faces and high-carriedtails were popular artistic subjects in Ancient Egypt andMesopotamia, often depicted pulling chariots in war orfor hunting. Horses with oriental characteristics appearin later artwork as far north as that of Ancient Greeceand the Roman Empire. While this type of horse wasnot called an "Arabian" in the Ancient Near East untillater, (the word "Arabia" or "Arabaya" first appeared in

writing in Ancient Persia, c. 500 BC)[95] these proto-Arabians shared many characteristics with the modernArabian, including speed, endurance, and refinement.

For example, a horse skeleton unearthed in the Sinai peninsula, dated to 1700 BC and probably brought by theHyksos invaders, is considered the earliest physical evidence of the horse in Ancient Egypt. This horse had a

wedge-shaped head, large eye sockets and small muzzle, all characteristics of the Arabian horse.[96]

In Islamic history

Following the Hijra in AD 622 (also sometimes spelled Hegira), the Arabian horse spread across the known

world of the time, and became recognized as a distinct, named breed.[97] It played a significant role in theHistory of the Middle East and of Islam. By 630, Muslim influence expanded across the Middle East and NorthAfrica, by 711 Muslim warriors had reached Spain, and they controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula by 720.

Their war horses were of various oriental types, including both Arabians and the Barb horse of North Africa.[98]

Arabian horses also spread to the rest of the world via the Ottoman Empire, which rose in 1299. Though it neverfully dominated the heart of the Arabian Peninsula, this Turkish empire obtained many Arabian horses through

trade, diplomacy and war.[99] The Ottomans encouraged formation of private stud farms in order to ensure a

supply of cavalry horses,[100] and Ottoman nobles, such as Muhammad Ali of Egypt also collected pure,

desert-bred Arabian horses.[99]

El Naseri, or Al-Nasir Muhammad, Sultan of Egypt (1290–1342) imported and bred numerous Arabians inEgypt. A stud farm record was made of his purchases describing many of the horses as well as their abilities,

and was deposited in his library, becoming a source for later study.[99][101] Through the Ottomans, Arabian

horses were often sold, traded, or given as diplomatic gifts to Europeans and, later, to Americans.[76]

Egypt


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"Mameluck en Attaque" 18th-century painting by

Carle Vernet

Historically, Egyptian breeders imported horses bred in the deserts of Palestine and the Arabian peninsula as the

source of their foundation bloodstock.[102] By the time that the Ottoman Empire dominated Egypt, the politicalelites of the region still recognized the need for quality bloodstock for both war and for horse racing, and somecontinued to return to the deserts to obtain pure-blooded Arabians. One of the most famous was Muhammad Aliof Egypt, also known as Muhammad Ali Pasha, who established an extensive stud farm in the 19th century.[103][104] After his death, some of his stock was bred on by Abbas I of Egypt, also known as Abbas Pasha.However, after Abbas Pasha was assassinated in 1854, his heir, El Hami Pasha, sold most of his horses, often

for crossbreeding, and gave away many others as diplomatic gifts.[103][104][105] A remnant of the herd wasobtained by Ali Pasha Sherif, who then went back to the desert to bring in new bloodstock. At its peak, the stud

of Ali Pasha Sherif had over 400 purebred Arabians.[104][106] Unfortunately, an epidemic of African horsesickness in the 1870s that killed thousands of horses throughout Egypt decimated much of his herd, wiping out

several irreplaceable bloodlines.[104] Late in his life, he sold several horses to Wilfred and Lady Anne Blunt,who exported them to Crabbet Park Stud in England. After his death, Lady Anne was also able to gather many

remaining horses at her Sheykh Obeyd stud.[107]

Meanwhile, the passion brought by the Blunts to saving thepure horse of the desert helped Egyptian horse breeders toconvince their government of the need to preserve the bestof their own remaining pure Arabian bloodstock thatdescended from the horses collected over the previouscentury by Muhammad Ali Pasha, Abbas Pasha and Ali

Pasha Sherif.[108] The government of Egypt formed the

Royal Agricultural Society (RAS) in 1908,[109] which isknown today as the Egyptian Agricultural Organization

(EAO).[110] RAS representatives traveled to England duringthe 1920s and purchased eighteen descendants of theoriginal Blunt exports from Lady Wentworth at CrabbetPark, and returned these bloodlines to Egypt in order to

restore bloodlines had been lost.[109] Other than several

horses purchased by Henry Babson for importation to the United States in the 1930s,[111] and one other smallgroup exported to the USA in 1947, relatively few Egyptian-bred Arabian horses were exported until the

overthrow of King Farouk I in 1952.[112] Many of the private stud farms of the princes were then confiscated

and the animals taken over by the EAO.[110] In the 1960s and 1970s, as oil development brought more foreigninvestors to Egypt, some of whom were horse fanciers, Arabians were exported to Germany and to the United

States, as well as to the former Soviet Union.[113][114] Today, the designation "Straight Egyptian" or "EgyptianArabian" is popular with some Arabian breeders, and the modern Egyptian-bred Arabian is an outcross used to

add refinement in some breeding programs.[108]

Probably the earliest horses with Arabian bloodlines to enter Europe came indirectly, through Spain and France.

Others would have arrived with returning Crusaders[99]—beginning in 1095, European armies invaded Palestineand many knights returned home with Arabian horses as spoils of war. Later, as knights and the heavy, armoredwar horses who carried them became obsolete, Arabian horses and their descendants were used to develop

faster, agile light cavalry horses that were used in warfare into the 20th century.[76]


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Battle of La Higueruela, 1431. Spanish fighting the

Moorish forces of Nasrid Sultan Muhammed IX of

Granada. Note the differences in tail carriage of the

various horses in the painting. The Arabian's high-carried

tail is a distinctive trait that is seen even in part-blooded

offspring.

Another major infusion of Arabian horses into Europeoccurred when the Ottoman Turks sent 300,000horsemen into Hungary in 1522, many of whom weremounted on pure-blooded Arabians, captured duringraids into Arabia. By 1529, the Ottomans reachedVienna, where they were stopped by the Polish andHungarian armies, who captured these horses from thedefeated Ottoman cavalry. Some of these animalsprovided foundation bloodstock for the major studs of

eastern Europe.[115][116]

Polish and Russian breeding programs

With the rise of light cavalry, the stamina and agility ofhorses with Arabian blood gave an enormous militaryadvantage to any army who possessed them. As aresult, many European monarchs began to support largebreeding establishments that crossed Arabians on localstock, one example being Knyszyna, the royal stud ofPolish king Zygmunt II August, and another the

Imperial Russian Stud of Peter the Great.[115]

European horse breeders also obtained Arabian stockdirectly from the desert or via trade with the Ottomans.In Russia, Count Alexey Orlov obtained manyArabians, including Smetanka, an Arabian stallion who

became a foundation sire of the Orlov trotter.[117][118]

Orlov then provided Arabian horses to Catherine the Great, who in 1772 owned 12 pure Arabian stallions and

10 mares.[117] By 1889 two members of the Russian nobility, Count Stroganov and Prince Shcherbatov,established Arabian stud farms to meet the continued need to breed Arabians as a source of pure bloodstock.[113][117]

In Poland, notable imports from Arabia included those of Prince Hieronymous Sanguszko (1743–1812), who

founded the Slawuta stud.[119][120] Poland's first state-run Arabian stud farm, Janów Podlaski, was established

by the decree of Alexander I of Russia in 1817,[121] and by 1850, the great stud farms of Poland werewell-established, including Antoniny, owned by the Polish Count Potocki (who had married into the Sanguszko

family); later notable as the farm that produced the stallion Skowronek.[120][122]

Central and western Europe

The 18th century marked the establishment of most of the great Arabian studs of Europe, dedicated topreserving "pure" Arabian bloodstock. The Prussians set up a royal stud in 1732, originally intended to providehorses for the royal stables, and other studs were established to breed animals for other uses, including mountsfor the Prussian army. The foundation of these breeding programs was the crossing of Arabians on nativehorses; by 1873 some English observers felt that the Prussian calvalry mounts were superior in endurance to

those of the British, and credited Arabian bloodlines for this superiority.[123]


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Several noble families of Poland

became major breeders of Arabian

horses. Eustachy Erazm Sanguszko,

painted by Juliusz Kossak.

Other state studs included the Babolna Stud of Hungary, set up in

1789,[124] and the Weil stud in Germany (now Weil-Marbach or the

Marbach stud), founded in 1817 by King William I of Württemberg.[125]

King James I of England imported the first Arabian stallion, the

Markham Arabian, to England in 1616.[126] Arabians were alsointroduced into European race horse breeding, especially in England viathe Darley Arabian, Byerly Turk, and Godolphin Arabian, the threefoundation stallions of the modern Thoroughbred breed, who were each

brought to England during the 18th century.[127] Other monarchsobtained Arabian horses, often as personal mounts. One of the mostfamous Arabian stallions in Europe was Marengo, the war horse ridden

by Napoleon Bonaparte.[128]

During the mid-19th century, the need for Arabian blood to improve thebreeding stock for light cavalry horses in Europe resulted in moreexcursions to the Middle East. Queen Isabel II of Spain sentrepresentatives to the desert to purchase Arabian horses and by 1847 hadestablished a stud book; her successor, King Alfonso XII importedadditional bloodstock from other European nations. By 1893, the statemilitary stud farm, Yeguada Militar was established in Córdoba, Spain for breeding both Arabian and Iberianhorses. The military remained heavily involved in the importation and breeding of Arabians in Spain well into

the early 20th century, and the Yeguada Militar is still in existence today.[129]

This period also marked a phase of considerable travel to the Middle East by European civilians and minornobility, and in the process, some travelers noticed that the Arabian horse as a pure breed of horse was underthreat due to modern forms of warfare, inbreeding and other problems that were reducing the horse population

of the Bedouin tribes at a rapid rate.[130] By the late 19th century, the most farsighted began in earnest to collectthe finest Arabian horses they could find in order to preserve the blood of the pure desert horse for futuregenerations. The most famous example was Lady Anne Blunt, the daughter of Ada Lovelace and granddaughter

of Lord Byron.[131]

Rise of the Crabbet Park Stud

Perhaps the most famous of all Arabian breeding operations founded in Europe was the Crabbet Park Stud of

England, founded 1878.[132][133] Starting in 1877, Wilfrid Scawen Blunt and Lady Anne Blunt made repeatedjourneys to the Middle East, including visits to the stud of Ali Pasha Sherif in Egypt and to Bedouin tribes inthe Nejd, bringing the best Arabians they could find to England. Lady Anne also purchased and maintained theSheykh Obeyd stud farm in Egypt, near Cairo. Upon Lady Anne's death in 1917, the Blunts' daughter, Judith,Lady Wentworth, inherited the Wentworth title and Lady Anne's portion of the estate, and obtained the

remainder of the Crabbet Stud following a protracted legal battle with her father.[134][135] Lady Wentworthexpanded the stud, added new bloodstock, and exported Arabian horses worldwide. Upon her death in 1957, thestud passed to her manager, Cecil Covey, who ran Crabbet until 1971, when a motorway was cut through the

property, forcing the sale of the land and dispersal of the horses.[136] Along with Crabbet, the Hanstead Stud of

Lady Yule also produced horses of worldwide significance.[137]

Early 20th-century Europe


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Lady Anne Blunt with her favorite Arabian mare,

Kasida

In the early 20th century, the military was involved in thebreeding of Arabian horses throughout Europe,particularly in Poland, Spain, Germany, and Russia;private breeders also developed a number of breeding

programs.[138][139][140][141] Significant among the privatebreeders in continental Europe was Spain's CristobalColon de Aguilera, XV Duque de Veragua, a directdescendant of Christopher Columbus, who founded the

Veragua Stud in the 1920s.[129][142]

Modern warfare and its impact on Europeanstuds

Between World War I, the Russian Revolution, and thecollapse of the Ottoman Empire, many historic Europeanstud farms were lost; in Poland, the Antoniny and Slawuta

Studs were wiped out except for five mares.[143] Notableamong the survivors was the Janów Podlaski Stud. TheRussian Revolution, combined with the effects of WorldWar I, destroyed most of the breeding programs in Russia,but by 1921, the Soviet government reestablished anArabian program, the Tersk Stud, on the site of the former

Stroganov estate,[113][113] which included Polish

bloodstock as well as some importations from the Crabbet Stud in England.[144] The programs that survived thewar re-established their breeding operations and some added to their studs with new imports of desert-bredArabian horses from the Middle East. Not all European studs recovered. The Weil stud of Germany, founded byKing Wilhelm I, went into considerable decline; by the time the Weil herd was transferred to the Marbach State

Stud in 1932, only 17 purebred Arabians remained.[125][145]

The Spanish Civil War and World War II also had a devastating impact on horse breeding throughout Europe.The Veragua stud was destroyed, and its records lost, with the only survivors being the broodmares and the

younger horses, who were rescued by Francisco Franco.[146][147] Crabbet Park, Tersk, and Janów Podlaskisurvived. Both the Soviet Union and the United States obtained valuable Arabian bloodlines as spoils of war,which they used to strengthen their breeding programs. The Soviets had taken steps to protect their breedingstock at Tersk Stud, and by utilizing horses captured in Poland they were able to re-establish their breedingprogram soon after the end of World War II. The Americans brought Arabian horses captured in Europe to theUnited States, mostly to the Pomona U.S. Army Remount station, the former W.K. Kellogg Ranch in

California.[148]

In the postwar era, Poland,[149] Spain,[147] and Germany developed or re-established many well-respected

Arabian stud farms.[150] The studs of Poland in particular were decimated by both the Nazis and the Soviets, butwere able to reclaim some of their breeding stock and became particularly world-renowned for their quality

Arabian horses, tested rigorously by racing and other performance standards.[151] During the 1950s, the

Russians also obtained additional horses from Egypt to augment their breeding programs.[152]

After the Cold War


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Washington Taking Control of the American Army, at

Cambridge, Massachusetts July 1775. Copy of lithograph

by Currier & Ives, 1876.

While only a few Arabians were exported from behind the Iron Curtain during the Cold War, those who didcome to the west caught the eye of breeders worldwide. Improved international relations between easternEurope and the west led to major imports of Polish and Russian-bred Arabian horses to western Europe and the

United States in the 1970s and 1980s.[153] The collapse of the former Soviet Union in 1991, greater politicalstability in Egypt, and the rise of the European Union all increased international trade in Arabian horses.Organizations such as the World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO) created consistent standards fortransferring the registration of Arabian horses between different nations. Today, Arabian horses are traded all

over the world.[154]

The first horses on the American mainland since the end of the Ice Age arrived with the Spanish Conquistadors.Hernán Cortés brought 16 horses of Andalusian, Barb, and Arabian ancestry to Mexico in 1519. Othersfollowed, such as Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, who brought 250 horses of similar breeding to America in

1540.[155] More horses followed with each new arrival of Conquistadors, missionaries, and settlers. Many

horses escaped or were stolen, becoming the foundation stock of the American Mustang.[156][157]

Early imports

Colonists from England also brought horses of Arabian breeding to the eastern seaboard. One example was

Nathaniel Harrison, who imported a horse of Arabian, Barb and Turkish ancestry to America in 1747.[155]

One of George Washington's primary mounts duringthe American Revolutionary War was a grayhalf-Arabian horse named "Blueskin", sired by thestallion "Ranger", also known as "Lindsay's Arabian",said to have been obtained from the Sultan of Morocco.[158][159] Other Presidents are linked to ownership ofArabian horses; in 1840, President Martin Van Buren

received two Arabians from the Sultan of Oman,[155]

and in 1877, President Ulysses S. Grant obtained anArabian stallion, Leopard, and a Barb, Linden Tree, asgifts from Abdul Hamid II, the "Sultan of Turkey."[76][160][161]

A. Keene Richard was the first American known tohave specifically bred Arabian horses. He traveled tothe desert in 1853 and 1856 to obtain breeding stock,which he crossed on Thoroughbreds, and also bred

purebred Arabians. Unfortunately, his horses were lost during the Civil War and have no known purebred

Arabian descendants today.[162] Another major U.S. political figure, William H. Seward purchased four

Arabians in Beirut in 1859, prior to becoming Secretary of State to Abraham Lincoln.[163]

Leopard is the only stallion imported prior to 1888 who left known purebred descendants in America.[164] In1888 Randolph Huntington imported the desert-bred Arabian mare *Naomi, and bred her to Leopard, producingLeopard's only purebred Arabian son, Anazeh, who sired eight purebred Arabian foals, four of whom still


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Exhibitor from Syria holding an Arabian horse at the

Hamidie Society exhibition, World's Columbian

Exposition, 1893.

appear in pedigrees today.[165]

Development of purebred breeding in America

In 1908, the Arabian Horse Registry of America was

established, recording 71 animals,[160] and by 1994, thenumber had reached half a million. Today there aremore Arabians registered in North America than in the

rest of the world put together.[166]

The origins of the registry date to 1893, when theHamidie Society sponsored an exhibit of Arabianhorses from what today is Syria at the World Fair in

Chicago.[160] This exhibition raised considerableinterest in Arabian horses. Records are unclear if 40 or45 horses were imported for the exposition, but sevendied in a fire shortly after arrival. The 28 horses thatremained at the end of the exhibition stayed in Americaand were sold at auction when the Hamidie Society

went bankrupt.[167] These horses caught the interest of

American breeders,[160][168] including Peter Bradley ofthe Hingham Stock Farm, who purchased some

Hamidie horses at the auction, and Homer Davenport, another admirer of the Hamidie imports.[167]

Major Arabian importations to the United States included those of Davenport and Bradley, who teamed up to

purchase several stallions and mares directly from the Bedouin in 1906.[168] Spencer Borden of the Interlachen

Stud made several importations between 1898 and 1911;[160][169] and W.R. Brown of the Maynesboro Stud,interested in the Arabian as a cavalry mount, imported many Arabians over a period of years, starting in

1918.[160] Another wave of imports came in the 1920s and 30s when breeders such as W.K. Kellogg, HenryBabson, Roger Selby, James Draper, and others imported Arabian bloodstock from Crabbet Park Stud in

England, as well as from Poland, Spain and Egypt.[160][170] The breeding of Arabians was fostered by the U. S.

Army Remount Service, which stood purebred stallions at public stud for a reduced rate.[171]

Several Arabians, mostly of Polish breeding, were captured from Nazi Germany and imported to the U.S.A.

following World War II.[172] In 1957, two deaths in England led to more sales to the United States: first from

Crabbet Stud on the demise of Lady Wentworth,[173] and then from Hanstead with the passing of Gladys

Yule.[137] As the tensions of the Cold War eased, more Arabians were imported to America from Poland andEgypt, and in the late 1970s, as political issues surrounding import regulations and the recognition of stud books

were resolved, many Arabian horses were imported from Spain and Russia.[92][174]

Modern trends

In the 1980s, Arabians became a popular status symbol and were marketed similarly to fine art.[175] Some

individuals also used horses as a tax shelter.[176] Prices skyrocketed, especially in the United States, with arecord-setting public auction price for a mare named NH Love Potion, who sold for $2.55 million in 1984, and


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The Arabian stallion Hector, or "Old

Hector" was an early import to

Australia whose bloodlines are still

found today in the pedigrees of some

Australian Thoroughbreds.

the largest syndication in history for an Arabian stallion, Padron, at $11,000,000.[177] The potential for profitled to over-breeding of the Arabian. When the Tax Reform Act of 1986 closed the tax-sheltering "passive

investment" loophole, limiting the use of horse farms as tax shelters,[178][179] the Arabian market wasparticularly vulnerable due to over-saturation and artificially inflated prices, and it collapsed, forcing many

breeders into bankruptcy and sending many purebred Arabians to slaughter.[179][180] Prices recovered slowly,with many breeders moving away from producing "living art" and towards a horse more suitable for amateurowners and many riding disciplines. By 2003, a survey found that 67% of purebred Arabian horses in America

are owned for recreational riding purposes.[181] As of 2013, there are more than 660,000 Arabians that havebeen registered in the United States, and the US has the largest number of Arabians of any nation in the

world.[182]

Early imports

Arabian horses were introduced to Australia in the earliest days ofEuropean Settlement. Early imports included both purebred Arabiansand light Spanish "jennets" from Andalusia, many Arabians also camefrom India. Based on records describing stallions "of Arabic and Persianblood", the first Arabian horses were probably imported to Australia in

several groups between 1788 and 1802.[183] About 1803, a merchantnamed Robert Campbell imported a bay Arabian stallion, Hector, from

India;[183] Hector was said to have been owned by Arthur Wellesley,

who later became known as the Duke of Wellington.[184] In 1804 twoadditional Arabians, also from India, arrived in Tasmania one of whom,White William, sired the first purebred Arabian foal born in Australia, a

stallion named Derwent.[183]

Throughout the 19th century, many more Arabians came to Australia, though most were used to produce

crossbred horses and left no recorded purebred descendants.[183] The first significant imports to be permanentlyrecorded with offspring still appearing in modern purebred Arabian pedigrees were those of James Boucaut,who in 1891 imported several Arabians from Wilfred and Lady Anne Blunt's Crabbet Arabian Stud in

England.[185] Purebred Arabians were used to improve racehorses and some of them became quite famous as

such; about 100 Arabian sires are included in the Australian Stud Book (for Thoroughbred racehorses).[184] The

military was also involved in the promotion of breeding calvalry horses, especially around World War I.[185]

They were part of the foundation of several breeds considered uniquely Australian, including the Australian

Pony, the Waler and the Australian Stock Horse.[186]

In the 20th and 21st centuries

In the early 20th century, more Arabian horses, mostly of Crabbet bloodlines, arrived in Australia. The firstArabians of Polish breeding arrived in 1966, and Egyptian lines were first imported in 1970. Arabian horsesfrom the rest of the world followed, and today the Australian Arabian horse registry is the second largest in the

world, next to that of the United States.[187]


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A postage stamp from the Soviet Union featuring the

Arabian horse

Arabian horses today are found all over the world.They are no longer classified by Bedouin strain, but areinformally classified by the nation of origin of famedhorses in a given pedigree. Popular types of Arabiansare labeled "Polish", "Spanish", "Crabbet", "Russian","Egyptian", and "Domestic" (describing horses whoseancestors were imported to the United States prior to1944, including those from programs such as Kellogg,Davenport, Maynesboro, Babson, Dickenson andSelby). In the USA, a specific mixture of Crabbet,Maynesboro and Kellogg bloodlines has acquired the

copyrighted designation "CMK."[188]

Each set of bloodlines has its own devoted followers,with the virtues of each hotly debated. Most debates arebetween those who value the Arabian most for itsrefined beauty and those who value the horse for itsstamina and athleticism; there are also a number ofbreeders who specialize in preservation breeding ofvarious bloodlines. Controversies exist over the relative"purity" of certain animals; breeders argue about thegenetic "purity" of various pedigrees, discussingwhether some horses descend from "impure" animals

that cannot be traced to the desert Bedouin.[189] Themajor factions are as follows:

The Arabian Horse Association (AHA) states,

"The origin of the purebred Arabian horse was

the Arabian desert, and all Arabians ultimately trace their lineage to this source." In essence, all horses

accepted for registration in the United States are deemed to be "purebred" Arabians by AHA.[188]

The World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO) has the broadest definition of a purebred Arabian.

WAHO states, "A Purebred Arabian horse is one which appears in any purebred Arabian Stud Book or

Register listed by WAHO as acceptable." By this definition, over 95% of the known purebred Arabian

horses in the world are registered in stud books acceptable to WAHO.[190] WAHO also researched the

purity question in general, and its findings are on its web site, describing both the research and the

political issues surrounding Arabian horse bloodlines, particularly in America.[92]

At the other end of the spectrum, organizations focused on bloodlines that are the most meticulously

documented to desert sources have the most restrictive definitions. For example, The Asil Club in Europe

only accepts "a horse whose pedigree is exclusively based on Bedouin breeding of the Arabian peninsula,

without any crossbreeding with non-Arabian horses at any time."[191] Likewise, the Al Khamsa

organization takes the position that "The horse...which are called "Al Khamsa Arabian Horses," are those


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The Darley Arabian, a foundation sire of the

Thoroughbred.

horses in North America that can reasonably be assumed to descend entirely from bedouin Arabian horses

bred by horse-breeding bedouin tribes of the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula without admixture from

sources unacceptable to Al Khamsa."[192] Most restrictive of all are horses identified as "straight

Egyptian" by the Pyramid Society, which must trace in all lines to the desert and also to horses owned or

bred by specific Egyptian breeding programs.[193] By this definition, straight Egyptian Arabians

constitute only 2% of all Arabian horses in America.[194]

Ironically, some pure-blooded desert-bred Arabians in Syria had enormous difficulties being accepted as

registrable purebred Arabians because many of the Bedouin who owned them saw no need to obtain a

piece of paper to verify the purity of their horses. However, eventually the Syrians developed a stud book

for their animals that was accepted by the World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO) in 2007.[195]

Because of the genetic strength of the desert-bredArabian horse, Arabian bloodlines have played a part inthe development of nearly every modern light horse

breed, including the Thoroughbred,[127] Orlov

Trotter,[196] Morgan,[197] American Saddlebred,[198]

American Quarter Horse,[197] and Warmblood breeds

such as the Trakehner.[199] Arabian bloodlines havealso influenced the development of the Welsh

Pony,[197] the Australian Stock Horse,[197] Percheron

draft horse,[200] Appaloosa,[201] and the Colorado

Ranger Horse.[202]

Today, people cross Arabians with other breeds to addrefinement, endurance, agility and beauty. In the USA,Half-Arabians have their own registry within theArabian Horse Association, which includes a special section for Anglo-Arabians (Arabian-Thoroughbred

crosses).[203] Some crosses originally registered only as Half-Arabians became popular enough to have their

own breed registry, including the National Show Horse (an Arabian-Saddlebred cross),[204] the Quarab

(Arabian-Quarter Horse),[205] the Pintabian[206] the Welara (Arabian-Welsh Pony),[207] and the Morab

(Arabian-Morgan).[208] In addition, some Arabians and Half Arabians have been approved for breeding by

some Warmblood registries, particularly the Trakehner registry.[209]

There is intense debate over the role the Arabian played in the development of other light horse breeds. BeforeDNA-based research developed, one hypothesis, based on body types and conformation, suggested the light,

"dry", oriental horse adapted to the desert climate had developed prior to domestication;[210] DNA studies ofmultiple horse breeds now suggest that while domesticated horses arose from multiple mare lines, there is very

little variability in the Y-chromosome between breeds.[211] Following domestication of the horse, due to thelocation of the Middle East as a crossroads of the ancient world, and relatively near the earliest locations of

domestication,[212] oriental horses spread throughout Europe and Asia both in ancient and modern times. There


20 of 39 7/20/2014 5:15 PM

is little doubt that humans crossed "oriental" blood on that of other types to create light riding horses; the onlyactual questions are at what point the "oriental" prototype could be called an "Arabian", how much Arabian

blood was mixed with local animals, and at what point in history.[95][213]

For some breeds, such as the Thoroughbred, Arabian influence of specific animals is documented in written

stud books.[214] For older breeds, dating the influx of Arabian ancestry is more difficult. For example, whileoutside cultures, and the horses they brought with them, influenced the predecessor to the Iberian horse in boththe time of Ancient Rome and again with the Islamic invasions of the 8th century, it is difficult to trace precisedetails of the journeys taken by waves of conquerors and their horses as they traveled from the Middle East toNorth Africa and across Gibraltar to southern Europe. Mitochondrial DNA studies of modern Andalusian horsesof the Iberian peninsula and Barb horses of North Africa present convincing evidence that both breeds crossed

the Strait of Gibraltar and influenced one another.[215] Though these studies did not compare Andalusian andBarb mtDNA to that of Arabian horses, there is evidence that horses resembling Arabians, whether before orafter the breed was called an "Arabian", were part of this genetic mix. Arabians and Barbs, though probably

related to one another, are quite different in appearance,[216] and horses of both Arabian and Barb type were

present in the Muslim armies that occupied Europe.[129] There is also historical documentation that Islamic

invaders raised Arabian horses in Spain prior to the Reconquista;[217] the Spanish also documented imports ofArabian horses in 1847, 1884 and 1885 that were used to improve existing Spanish stock and revive declining

equine populations.[129]

Arabians are versatile horses that compete in many equestrian fields, including horse racing, the horse showdisciplines of saddle seat, Western pleasure, and hunt seat, as well as dressage, cutting, reining, enduranceriding, show jumping, eventing, youth events such as equitation, and others. They are used as pleasure riding,

trail riding, and working ranch horses for those who are not interested in competition.[218]

Competition

Arabians dominate the sport of endurance riding because of their stamina. They are the leading breed in

competitions such as the Tevis Cup that can cover up to 100 miles (160 km) in a day,[219] and they participate in

FEI-sanctioned endurance events worldwide, including the World Equestrian Games.[220]

There is an extensive series of horse shows in the United States and Canada for Arabian, Half-Arabian, andAnglo-Arabian horses, sanctioned by the USEF in conjunction with the Arabian Horse Association. Classesoffered include Western pleasure, reining, hunter type and saddle seat English pleasure, and halter, plus the very

popular "Native" costume class.[221][222] "Sport horse" events for Arabian horses have become popular in NorthAmerica, particularly after the Arabian Horse Association began hosting a separate Arabian and Half Arabian

Sport Horse National Championship in 2003[223] that by 2004 grew to draw 2000 entries.[224] This competitiondraws Arabian and part-Arabian horses that perform in hunter, jumper, sport horse under saddle, sport horse in

hand, dressage, and combined driving competition.[225]

Other nations also sponsor major shows strictly for purebred and partbred Arabians, including Great Britain[226]

France,[227] Spain,[228] Poland,[229] and the United Arab Emirates.[230]

Purebred Arabians have excelled in open events against other breeds. One of the most famous examples in the


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An Arabian horse in "native" costume, used

in both exhibition and competition

Rudolph Valentino and Jadaan. Publicity shot for The

Son of the Sheik

field of western riding competition was the Arabian mare Ronteza,who defeated 50 horses of all breeds to win the 1961 Reined CowHorse championship at the Cow Palace in San Francisco,

California.[231][232] Another Arabian competitive against allbreeds was the stallion Aaraf who won an all-breed cutting horse

competition at the Quarter Horse Congress in the 1950s.[233] Inshow jumping and show hunter competition, a number ofArabians have competed successfully against other breeds in open

competition,[232] including the purebred gelding Russian Roulette,who has won multiple jumping classes against horses of all breeds

on the open circuit,[234] and in eventing, a purebred Arabian

competed on the Brazilian team at the 2004 Athens Olympics.[235]

Part-Arabians have also appeared at open sport horse events andeven Olympic level competition. The Anglo-Arabian Linon wasridden to an Olympic silver medal for France in Dressage in 1928and 1932, as well as a team gold in 1932, and another French

Anglo-Arabian, Harpagon, was ridden to a team gold medal and an individual silver in dressage at the 1948

Olympics.[236][237] At the 1952 Olympics, the French rider Pierre d'Oriola won the Gold individual medal in

show jumping on the Anglo-Arabian Ali Baba.[238] Another Anglo-Arabian, Tamarillo, ridden by WilliamFox-Pitt, represents the United Kingdom in FEI and Olympic competition, winning many awards, including

first place at the 2004 Badminton Horse Trials.[239] More recently a gelding named Theodore O'Connor,nicknamed "Teddy", a 14.1 (or 14.2, sources vary) hand pony of Thoroughbred, Arabian, and Shetland ponybreeding, won two gold medals at the 2007 Pan American Games and was finished in the top six at the 2007

and 2008 Rolex Kentucky Three Day CCI competition.[240]

Other activities

Arabians are involved in a wide variety of activities,including fairs, movies, parades, circuses and otherplaces where horses are showcased. They have beenpopular in movies, dating back to the silent film erawhen Rudolph Valentino rode the Kellogg Arabian

stallion Jadaan in 1926's Son of the Sheik,[241] and havebeen seen in many other films, including The Black

Stallion featuring the stallion Cass Ole,[242] The YoungBlack Stallion, which used over 40 Arabians during

filming,[243] as well as Hidalgo[244] and the 1959

version of Ben-Hur.[245]

Arabians are mascots for football teams, performingcrowd-pleasing activities on the field and sidelines.One of the horses who serves as "Traveler", the mascotfor the University of Southern California Trojans, has been a purebred Arabian. "Thunder", a stage name for thepurebred Arabian stallion J B Kobask, was mascot for the Denver Broncos from 1993 until his retirement in

2004, when the Arabian gelding Winter Solstyce took over as "Thunder II".[246] Cal Poly Pomona's W.K.


22 of 39 7/20/2014 5:15 PM

Kellogg Arabian Horse Center Equestrian Unit has made Arabian horses a regular sight at the annual

Tournament of Roses Parade held each New Year's Day in Pasadena, California.[247]

Arabians also are used on search and rescue teams and occasionally for police work. Some Arabians are used inpolo in the USA and Europe, in the Turkish equestrian sport of Cirit (pronounced [dʒiˈɾit]), as well as in circuses,therapeutic horseback riding programs, and on guest ranches.

^ Upton, Arabians pp. 21–221.

^ a b c d Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 89–922.

^ a b United States Equestrian Federation. "Chapter

AR: Arabian, Half-Arabian and Anglo-Arabian

Division Rule Book, Rule AR-102"

(http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/05-

AR.pdf) (PDF). 2008 Rulebook. United States

Equestrian Federation. Retrieved 2008-05-28.

3.

^ a b Edwards, Gladys Brown (January 1989). "How I

Would 'Build' an Arabian Stallion". Arabian Horse

World. p. 542. Reprinted in Parkinson, pp. 157–158.

4.

^ Schofler, Flight Without Wings, pp. 11–125.

^ Arabian Horse Association. "Arabians are beautiful,

but are they good athletes? - The Versatile Arabian"

(http://www.arabianhorses.org/home/faq

/AskExpert6.asp). AHA Website. Arabian Horse

Association. Archived (http://web.archive.org

/web/20080612004529/http://www.arabianhorses.org

/home/faq/AskExpert6.asp) from the original on 12

June 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-28.

6.

^ Edwards, The Arabian, pp. 245–2467.

^ Arabian Horse Society of Australia. "Arabians In

Endurance" (http://web.archive.org

/web/20080430023657/http://ahsa.asn.au

/endurance.htm). AHSA Website. Arabian Horse

Society of Australia. Archived from the original

(http://www.ahsa.asn.au/endurance.htm) on

2008-04-30. Retrieved 2008-05-31.

8.

^ a b Edwards, The Arabian, pp. 27–289.

^ Schofler, Flight Without Wings, p. 810.

^ Typically the hip angle is about 35 degrees, while

the croup is about 25 degrees

11.

^ a b Edwards, "Chapter 6: The Croup", Anatomy and

Conformation of the Horse, pp. 83–98

12.

^ Edwards, Gladys Brown. "An Illustrated Guide to

Arabian Horse Conformation." Arabian Horse World

Quarterly, Spring, 1998, p. 86. Reprinted in

Parkinson, p. 121

13.

^ Plumb, Types and Breeds of Farm Animals, p. 16814.

^ a b Ensminger, Horses and Horsemanship p. 9615.

^ a b Ensminger, Horses and Horsemanship p. 8416.

^ Arabian Horse Association. "The Arabian Horse

Today" (http://www.arabianhorses.org/education

/education_history_today.asp). Arabian Horse

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Archived (http://web.archive.org


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17.

^ Upton, Arabians, p. 1918.


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^ Stallions may be shown in most youth classes,

except for 8 and under walk-trot: 2008 USEF

Arabian, Half-Arabian and Anglo-Arabian Division

Rule Book, Rule AR-112 (http://www.usef.org

/documents/ruleBook/2008/05-AR.pdf)

Breeds not allowing stallions in youth classes include,

but are not limited to, Rule 404(c) American Quarter

Horse (http://www.aqha.com/Resources

/Handbook.aspx); Rule 607 Appaloosa

(http://www.appaloosa.com/pdfs/rulebook12.pdf);

SB-126 Saddlebreds (http://www.usef.org/documents

/ruleBook/2008/26-SB.pdf); PF-106 Paso Finos - no

children under 13 (http://www.usef.org/documents

/ruleBook/2008/23-PF.pdf); MO-104 Morgans


MO.pdf); 101 Children's and Junior Hunters


JH.pdfJH); HP-101 Hunter Pony (http://www.usef.org

/documents/ruleBook/2008/17-HP.pdf); HK-101

Hackney (http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook

/2008/14-HK.pdf); FR-101 Friesians


FR.pdf); EQ-102 Equitation - stallions prohibited

except if limited only to breeds that allow stallions


EQ.pdf); CP-108 Carriage and Pleasure Driving


CP.pdf); WS 101 Western division


WS.pdf).

Other breeds allowing stallions in youth classes

include AL-101, Andalusians (http://www.usef.org

/documents/ruleBook/2008/04-AL.pdf), CO-103

Connemaras (http://www.usef.org/documents

/ruleBook/2008/06-CO.pdf) and (WL 115 and WL

139 Welch pony and cob (http://www.usef.org

/documents/ruleBook/2008/30-WS.pdf)

19.

^ Pavord, Handling and Understanding the Horse, p.

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^ Ammon, Historical Reports on Arab Horse

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^ Stewart, The Arabian Horse, p. 3428.

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Raswan, Carl (1967, 1969, 1990). The Raswan Index and Handbook for Arabian Breeders. Volume 1 (1990 ed.).

Richmond, Virginia: The William Byrd Press.

Roeder, Walter H. (Fall 1988). "Jadaan, The Sheik, and the Cereal Baron" (http://www.csupomona.edu/~library

/specialcollections/history/jadaan.html). The Cal Poly Scholar 1.

Royo, LJ; Alvarez, I; Beja-Pereira, A; Molina, A; Fernández, I; Jordana, J; Gómez, E; Gutiérrez, JP; Goyache, F

(2005). "The Origins of Iberian Horses Assessed via Mitochondrial DNA" (http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org

/cgi/content/abstract/96/6/663). Journal of Heredity 96 (6): 663–669. doi:10.1093/jhered/esi116 (http://dx.doi.org

/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesi116). PMID 16251517 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16251517). Retrieved

2008-05-29.

Schofler, Patti (November 2004). "Daughters of the Desert" (http://www.usef.org/_staffIframes/pressbox/images

/magazine/pdf/9f17eb24658b529f7516f2d820dceb3b.pdf) (PDF). Equestrian. Retrieved 2008-05-28.

Schofler, Patti (2006). Flight Without Wings: The Arabian Horse and the Show World (http://books.google.com

/?id=VV9S-jqaIpsC&printsec=frontcover#PPA3,M1). Globe Pequot. ISBN 1-59228-800-6.

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Al-Qays vs 'Alqaman Al-Fahl" Quoting Letter of the Emir Abd-el-Kader to General E. Daumas in Daumas, The

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28 (6). ISSN 1543-8597 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1543-8597).

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/lethalwhites01.html). Paint Horse Journal. Archived (http://web.archive.org/web/20071212025916/http:

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Registries and related organizations

Arabian Horse Association (USA) (http://www.arabianhorses.org/)

Arabian Horse Breeders Alliance (USA) (http://www.arabianhorsebreeders.org/)

Arabian Horse Society of Australia (http://www.ahsa.asn.au/)

Argentine Arabian Horse Association (http://www.aacca.com.ar/)

International Federation of Arabian Horse Racing Authorities (IFAHR) (http://www.ifahr.net/)

Weatherbys (UK) Maintainer of the General Stud Book (http://www.weatherbys.co.uk/)

World Arabian Horse Organisation (http://www.waho.org/)

Educational organizations and articles

Al Khamsa Organization (http://www.alkhamsa.org/)

Frequently asked questions about Arabian horses (http://www.arabianhorses.org/home/faq

/AskExpert4.asp)

"History of the Australian Colonial Arabian" (http://www.hyksosarabians.com

/index.php?pr=Original_Colonials)

"The Egyptian Arabian Horse" - The Pyramid Society (http://pyramidsociety.org/horse)

"Horse of the Desert Bedouin" (http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_history_bedouin.asp)

Korona Polish Arabian Breeders society (http://korona.com/)

Spanish Arabian Horse Society (http://www.spanisharabianhorsesociety.org/)

W.K.Kellogg Arabian Horse Library (http://www.csupomona.edu/~wkkahl/)

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Categories: Arabian and part-Arabian horses Horse breeds Arab culture

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