Arabic script

For the Arabic script as used to write the Arabic lan-guage, see Arabic alphabet.

The Arabic script is a writing system used for writingseveral languages of Asia and Africa, such as Arabic,dialects of Mandinka, the Sorani and Luri dialects ofKurdish, Persian, Urdu, Pashto, and others.[1] Even un-til the 16th century, it was used to write some texts inSpanish.[2] It is the third-most widely used writing sys-tem in the world, after Latin and Chinese. [3]

The Arabic script is written from right to left in a cursivestyle. In most cases the letters transcribe consonants, orconsonants and a few vowels, so most Arabic alphabetsare abjads.The script was first used to write texts in Arabic, mostnotably the Qurʼān, the holy book of Islam. With thespread of Islam, it came to be used to write languages ofmany language families, leading to the addition of newletters and other symbols, with some versions, such asKurdish, Uyghur, and old Bosnian being abugidas or truealphabets. It is also the basis for the tradition of Arabiccalligraphy.The Arabic script has the ISO 15924 codesArab and 160.

1 Languages written with the Ara-bic script

Basic Arabic alphabet

The Arabic script has been adopted for use in a wide vari-ety of languages besides Arabic, including Persian, Malay

Wikipedia in Arabic script of 5 languages

and Urdu which are not Semitic. Such adaptations mayfeature altered or new characters to represent phonemesthat do not appear in Arabic phonology. For example, theArabic language lacks a voiceless bilabial plosive (the [p]sound), so many languages add their own letter to repre-sent [p] in the script, though the specific letter used variesfrom language to language. These modifications tend tofall into groups: all the Indian and Turkic languages writ-ten in the Arabic script tend to use the Persian modifiedletters, whereas the languages of Indonesia tend to imi-tate those of Jawi. The modified version of the Arabicscript originally devised for use with Persian is known asthe Perso-Arabic script by scholars.In the cases of Kurdish, Kashmiri, and Uyghur writingsystems, vowels are mandatory. The Arabic script cantherefore be used in both abugida and abjad, although itis often as strongly as erroneously connected to the latter.Use of the Arabic script in West African languages, espe-cially in the Sahel, developed with the spread of Islam. Toa certain degree the style and usage tends to follow thoseof the Maghreb (for instance the position of the dots inthe letters fāʼ and qāf). Additional diacritics have comeinto use to facilitate writing of sounds not represented inthe Arabic language. The term ʻAjamī, which comes fromthe Arabic root for “foreign,” has been applied to Arabic-based orthographies of African languages.

1.1 Languages currently written with theArabic alphabet

Today Afghanistan, Iran, India, Pakistan and China arethe main non-Arabic speaking states using the Arabic al-phabet to write one or more official national languages,including Baluchi, Brahui Persian, Pashto, Kurdish (So-rani dialect/Southern Kurdish), Urdu, Sindhi, Kashmiri,punjabi language and Uyghur.An Arabic alphabet is currently used for the followinglanguages:

1

2 1 LANGUAGES WRITTEN WITH THE ARABIC SCRIPT

1.1.1 Middle East and Central Asia

See also: Perso-Arabic alphabet

• Arabic language

• Garshuni (or Karshuni) originated in the 7th cen-tury, when Arabic was becoming the dominant spo-ken language in the Fertile Crescent, but Arabicscript was not yet fully developed and widely read.There is evidence that writing Arabic in Garshuniinfluenced the style of modern Arabic script. Af-ter this initial period, Garshuni writing has contin-ued to the present day among some Syriac Christiancommunities in the Arabic-speaking regions of theLevant and Mesopotamia.

• Kazakh in China

• Kurdish in Northern Iraq and Northwest Iran. (InTurkey and Syria, the Latin script is used for Kur-dish)

• Kyrgyz by its 150,000 speakers in the XinjiangUyghur Autonomous Region in northwestern China

• Turkmen in Afghanistan and Iran

• Uzbek in Afghanistan

• Somali in Somalia

• Official Persian in Iran and related regional lan-guages, like Dari (which differs to a degree fromthe Persian of Iran) in Afghanistan. Tajik also dif-fers only to a minor degree from Persian, and whilein Tajikistan the usual Tajik alphabet is an extendedCyrillic script, there is also some use of Arabic-script Persian books from Iran in Tajikistan

• Baluchi in Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan[4] AnAcademy for Baluchi Language Protection academywas established in Iran in 2009[5]

• Southwestern Iranian languages as Lori dialects andBakhtiari language[6][7]

• Pashto in Afghanistan and Pakistan

• Uyghur changed to Latin script in 1969 and back toa simplified, fully voweled, Arabic script in 1983

• Judeo-Arabic languages

• Judeo-Tunisian Arabic[8]

• Karaim language

• Azerbaijani language in Iran

1.1.2 East Asia

• The Chinese language is written by some Hui in theArabic-derived Xiao'erjing alphabet (see also sini(script))

• The Turkic Salar language is written by some Salarin the Arabic alphabet

• Uyghur alphabet

1.1.3 South Asia

• Official language Urdu and regional languages in-cluding

• Balochi in Pakistan and Iran• Dari in Afghanistan• Kashmiri in India and Pakistan (Also written

in Devanagari in India)• Pashto in Afghanistan and Pakistan• Khowar in Northern Pakistan, which also uses

the Latin script• Punjabi (where the script is known as

Shahmukhi) in Pakistan, Punjabi is writtenwith the Brahmic Gurmukhi script in India

• Saraiki is written with a modified Arabic scriptthat has 45 letters

• Sindhi in Arabic script; British commissionerin Sindh on August 29, 1857 ordered to changeArabic script,[9] Sindhi is often written withthe Devanagari script in India

• Aer language[10]

• Bhadrawahi language[11]

• Ladakhi language although it is more com-monly written using the Tibetan script

• Balti[12] (a sino-Tibitan language), which issometimes, albeit more rarely written in theTibetan script

• Brahui language of Brahui people of Pakistanand Afghanistan[13]

• Burushaski or Burushko language a languageisolate in Pakistan[14]

• Urdu (and historically several other Hindustani lan-guages). Urdu is one of several official languagesin the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi, UttarPradesh, Bihar, and Andhra Pradesh; Kashmiri alsouses Devanagari script, and more rarely the Sharadascript

• Dogri language (डोगरी or (ڈوگرى spoken byabout five million people in India and Pakistan,chiefly in the Jammu region of Jammu andKashmir and in Himachal Pradesh, but also innorthern Punjab, although Dogri is more com-monly written in Devanagari

1.1 Languages currently written with the Arabic alphabet 3

• The Arwi language (a mixture of Arabic and Tamil)uses the Arabic script together with the addition of13 letters. It is mainly used in Sri Lanka and theSouth Indian state of Tamil Nadu for religious pur-poses. Arwi language is the language of Tamil NaduMuslims.

• Malayalam language represented by Arabic scriptvariant is known as Arabi Malayalam. The scripthas particular letters to represent the peculiar soundsof Malayalam. This script is mainly used inmadrasas of the South Indian state of Kerala and ofLakshadweep to teach Malayalam. In everyday life,Malayalam is written with the Malayalam script

• Chittagonian language of Chittagong people inBangladesh,[15] although it is far more common towrite this language in the Bengali script

• Rohingya language (Ruáingga) is a language spo-ken by the Rohingya people of Arakan (Rakhine),Burma (Myanmar). It is similar to Chittagonian lan-guage in neighboring Bangladesh[16] and sometimeswritten using the Roman script or an Arabic- derivedscript known as Hanifi.

1.1.4 Southeast Asia

• Malay in the Arabic script known as Jawi. In somecases it can be seen in the signboards of shops ormarket stalls. Particularly in Brunei, Jawi is usedin terms of writing or reading for Islamic religiouseducational programs in primary school, secondaryschool, college, or even higher educational institutessuch as universities. In addition, some televisionprogramming uses Jawi, such as announcements,advertisements, news, social programs, or Islamicprograms.

• co-official in Brunei• Malaysia but co-official in Kelantan, an Islamic

state in Malaysia.• Indonesia (Only for some regional languages

with limited usage. The national language,Indonesian, which is closely related to Malay,is only written in Latin script, Javanese themost spoken language is written in both theLatin script and the Javanese script.)

• Southern Thailand• Singapore• Predominantly Muslim areas of the

Philippines (especially Tausug language).• Ida'an language (also Idahan) a Malayo-

Polynesian language spoken by the Ida'an peo-ple of Sabah, Malaysia[17]

• Cham language in Cambodia[18]

1.1.5 Africa

• North Africa

• Arabic language• Tunisian Arabic uses a modified Arabic script,

with additional letters, in order to support /g/,(ڨ) /v/ (ڥ) and /p/ [20][19].(پ)

• Berber languages have often been written in anadaptation of the Arabic alphabet. The use ofthe Arabic alphabet, as well as the competingLatin and Tifinagh scripts, has political conno-tations.

• Tuareg language (also Tamasheq)• Coptic language of Egyptian Coptics as Coptic

text written in Arabic letters[21]

• Northeast Africa

• Bedawi or Beja, mainly in northeastern Sudan• Wadaad’s writing, used in Somalia• Nubian languages

• Dongolawi language or Andaandi lan-guage of Nubians in Sudan and Egypt

• Nobiin language is written in Arabicscripts[22][23]

• Fur language of Darfur, Sudan

• Southeast Africa

• Comorian (Comorian) in the Comoros, cur-rently side by side with the Latin alphabet (nei-ther is official)

• Swahili, was originally written in Arabic al-phabet, Swahili orthography is now based onthe Latin alphabet that was introduced byChristian missionaries and colonial adminis-trators.

• West Africa

• Zarma language (also spelled Djerma,Dyabarma, Dyarma, Dyerma, Adzerma,Zabarma, Zarbarma, Zarma, Zarmaci, andZerma) of the Songhay languages. It is thelanguage of the southwestern lobe of the WestAfrican nation of Niger, and it is the secondleading language of Niger, after Hausa, whichis spoken in south central Niger.[24]

• Tadaksahak language or Dawsahak language isa Songhay language spoken by the pastoralistIdaksahak of the Ménaka area of Mali.[25]

• Hausa language, for many purposes, espe-cially religious (known as Ajami), also in-cludes newspapers, mass mobilization postersand public information[26]

4 1 LANGUAGES WRITTEN WITH THE ARABIC SCRIPT

• Dyula language is a Mande language spoken inBurkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire and Mali.[27]

• Jola-Fonyi language of the Casamance regionof Senegal[28]

• Balanta language a Bak language of westAfrica spoken by the Balanta people andBalanta-Ganja dialect in Senegal

• Mandinka, widely but unofficially (known asAjami), (another non-Latin script used is theN'Ko script)

• Fula, especially the Pular of Guinea (known asAjami)

• Wolof (at zaouia schools), known as Wolofal.

• Arabic script outside Africa

• In writings of African American slaves• Writings of by Omar Ibn Said (1770–

1864) of Sengal[29]

• The Bilali Document also known as BilaliMuhammad Document is a handwritten,Arabic manuscript[30] on West AfricanIslamic law. It was written by Bilali Mo-hammet in the 19th century. The docu-ment is currently housed in the library atthe University of Georgia.

• Letter written by Ayuba Suleiman Diallo(1701–1773)

• Arabic Text From 1768[31]

• Letter written by Abdulrahman IbrahimIbn Sori (1762–1829)

1.2 Languages formerly written with theArabic alphabet

Speakers of languages that were previously unwrittenused Arabic script as a basis to design writing systems fortheir mother languages. This choice could be influencedby Arabic being their second language, the language ofscripture of their faith, or the only written language theycame in contact with. Additionally, since most educa-tion was once religious, choice of script was determinedby the writer’s religion; which meant that Muslims woulduse Arabic script to write whatever language they spoke.This led to Arabic script being the most widely used scriptduring the Middle Ages.In the 20th century, the Arabic script was generally re-placed by the Latin alphabet in the Balkans, parts ofSub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia, while in theSoviet Union, after a brief period of Latinisation,[32] useof Cyrillic was mandated. Turkey changed to the Latinalphabet in 1928 as part of an internal Westernizing rev-olution. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991,many of the Turkic languages of the ex-USSR attemptedto follow Turkey’s lead and convert to a Turkish-style

Latin alphabet. However, renewed use of the Arabicalphabet has occurred to a limited extent in Tajikistan,whose language’s close resemblance to Persian allows di-rect use of publications from Iran.[33]

Most languages of the Iranian languages family continueto use Arabic script, as well as the Indo-Aryan languagesof Pakistan and of Muslim populations in India, but theBengali language of Bangladesh is written in the Bengalialphabet.

1.2.1 Africa

• Afrikaans (as it was first written among the "CapeMalays", see Arabic Afrikaans);

• Berber in North Africa, particularly Shilha inMorocco (still being considered, along with Tifinaghand Latin, for Central Atlas Tamazight);

• French by the Arabs and Berbers in Algeria andother parts of North Africa during the French colo-nial period.

• Harari, by the Harari people of the Harari Region inEthiopia. Now uses the Geʻez and Latin alphabets.

• For the West African languages—Hausa, Fula,Mandinka, Wolof and some more—the Latin alpha-bet has officially replaced Arabic transcriptions foruse in literacy and education;

• Malagasy in Madagascar (script known as Sorabe);

• Nubian;

• Somali (see Wadaad’s writing) has mostly used theLatin alphabet since 1972;

• Songhay in West Africa, particularly in Timbuktu;

• Swahili (has used the Latin alphabet since the 19thcentury);

• Yoruba in West Africa (this was probably limited,but still notable)

1.2.2 Europe

• Albanian called Elifbaja shqip

• Aljamiado (script used sometimes for Mozarabic,Berber, Spanish or Ladino)

• Belarusian (among ethnic Tatars; see BelarusianArabic alphabet)

• Bosnian (only for literary purposes; currently writ-ten in the Latin alphabet; Text example: سه مۉٖلىمۉبۉژه Molimo= ته ٖبى se tebi, Bože (We pray to you,O God); see Arebica)

• Crimean Tatar

5

• Greek in certain areas and Greece and Anatolia

• Mozarabic, Aragonese, Portuguese, and Spanish,when the Muslims ruled the Iberian peninsula (seeAljamiado)

• Polish (among ethnic Lipka Tatars)

1.2.3 Central Asia

• Adyghe language also known as West Circassian, isan official languages of the Republic of Adygea inthe Russian Federation. It used Arabic alphabet be-fore 1927

• Avar as well as other languages of Daghestan:Nogai, Kumyk, Lezgian, Lak, Dargwa

• Azeri in Azerbaijan (now written in the Latin alpha-bet and Cyrillic script in Azerbaijan)

• Bashkir (officially for some years from the OctoberRevolution of 1917 until 1928, changed to Latin,now uses the Cyrillic script)

• Chaghatai across Central Asia;

• Chechen (sporadically from the adoption of Islam;officially from 1917 until 1928)[34]

• Circassian and some other members of the Abkhaz–Adyghe family in the western Caucasus and sporad-ically – in the countries of Middle East, like Syria;

• Ingush

• Karachay-Balkar in the central Caucasus;

• Karakalpak

• Kazakh in Kazakhstan (until the 1930s, changed toLatin, now uses the Cyrillic script)

• Kyrgyz in Kyrgyzstan (until the 1930s, changed toLatin, now uses the Cyrillic script)

• Ottoman Turkish

• Tatar before 1928 (changed to Latin Janalif), re-formed in the 1880s (iske imlâ), 1918 (yaña imlâ– with the omission of some letters)

• Belarus Belarusian Arabic alphabet

• Mandarin Chinese and Dungan, among the Hui peo-ple (script known as Xiao'erjing)

• Tat in South-Eastern Caucasus;

• Turkmen in Turkmenistan (changed to Latin in1929, then to the Cyrillic script, then back to Latinin 1991)

• Uzbek in Uzbekistan (changed to Latin, then to theCyrillic script, then back to Latin in 1991)

• Some Northeast Caucasian languages of the Muslimpeoples of the USSR between 1918 and 1928 (manyalso earlier), including Chechen, Lak etc. After1928 their script became Latin, then later Cyrillic.

1.2.4 Southeast Asia

• Acehnese in Sumatra, Indonesia

• Banjarese in Kalimantan, Indonesia

• Pegon alphabet of Javanese, Madurese andSundanese in Indonesia, used only in Islamicschools and institutions.

• Maguindanaon in the Philippines

• Malay in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. Al-though Malay speakers in Brunei and SouthernThailand still use the script on a daily basis.

• Minangkabau in Sumatra, Indonesia

• Tausug in the Philippines

1.2.5 Middle East

• Kurdish (Kurmanji dialect) in Turkey and Syria waswritten in Arabic script until 1932, when a modifiedKurdish Latin alphabet was introduced by JaladatAli Badirkhan in Syria

• Turkish in the Ottoman Empire was written in Ara-bic script until Mustafa Kemal Atatürk declared thechange to Latin script in 1928. This form of Turk-ish is now known as Ottoman Turkish and is heldby many to be a different language, due to its muchhigher percentage of Persian and Arabic loanwords(Ottoman Turkish alphabet)

• Hebrew was written in Arabic letters in a number ofplaces in the past.[35][36]

2 Special letters• – پ Pe, used to represent the phoneme /p/ in

Persian, Urdu, Kurdish and in loanwords withinArabic.

• – ٹ ṭē, used to represent the phoneme /ʈ/ in Urdu.

• – ټ ṭē, used to represent the phoneme /ʈ/ in Pashto.

• – ,tehehٿ used in Sindhi and Rajasthani (whenwritten in Sindhi alphabet); used to represent thephoneme /tʰ/, “q” in Pinyin in Chinese Xiao'erjing .

• – چ Che, used to represent /tʃ͡/ (“ch”). It is used inPersian, Urdu, and Kurdish. /ʒ/ in Egypt.

• – څ Ce, used to represent the phoneme /ts͡/ in Pashto.

6 2 SPECIAL LETTERS

• – ځ źim, used to represent the phoneme /d͡z/ inPashto.

• – ژ Že/zhe, used to represent the voiced postalveolarfricative /ʒ/ in, Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, Urdu andUyghur.

• – ږ ǵe / ẓ̌e, used to represent the phoneme /ʐ/ /ɡ/ /ʝ/in Pashto.

• – ڨ Ga, used to represent the voiced velar plosive/ɡ/ in Tunisian.

• – گ Gaf, represents a voiced velar plosive /ɡ/ inPersian, Urdu, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Kurdish, Uyghur,and Ottoman Turkish.

• – ګ Gaf, used to represent the phoneme /ɡ/ inPashto.

• or ݢ – ڬ Gaf, represents a voiced velar plosive /ɡ/in the Jawi script of Malay.

• – ڭ Ng, used to represent the /ŋ/ phone in OttomanTurkish, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Uyghur, and to rep-resent the /ɡ/ in Morocco and in many dialects ofAlgerian.

• – ٜت Ee, used to represent the phoneme /eː/ inSomali.

• – ئ E, used to represent the phoneme /e/ in Somali.

• – ٓى Ii, used to represent the phoneme /iː/ in Somaliand Saraiki.

• – ٸ O, used to represent the phoneme /o/ in Somali.

• – ې Pasta Ye, used to represent the phoneme /e/ inPashto and Uyghur.

• – ی Nārīna Ye, used to represent the phoneme [ɑj]and phoneme /j/ in Pashto.

• – ۍ x̌əźīna ye Ye, used to represent the phoneme [əi]in Pashto.

• – ئ FāiliyaYe, used to represent the phoneme [əi]and /j/ in Pashto and Saraiki.

• – أو Oo, used to represent the phoneme /oː/ inSomali.

• ,Uu– ٓو used to represent the phoneme /uː/ in Somali.

• – ڳ represents a voiced velar implosive /ɠ/ in Sindhiand Saraiki

• – ڱ represents the Velar nasal /ŋ/ phoneme inSindhi.

• – ک Khē, represents /kʰ/ in Sindhi.

• – usedݣ to represent the phoneme /ŋ/, ng in Pinyinin Chinese .

• – ڼ represents the retroflex nasal /ɳ/ phoneme inPashto.

• – ڻ represents the retroflex nasal /ɳ/ phoneme inSindhi.

• – ݨ used in Saraiki.

• – ڽ Nya /ɲ/ in the Jawi script.

• – ڠ Nga /ŋ/ in the Jawi script.

• – ٻ B̤ē, used to represent a voiced bilabial implosive/ɓ/ in Hausa, Sindhi and Saraiki.

• – ڀ represents an aspirated voiced bilabial plosive/bʱ/ in Sindhi.

• – ٺ Ṭhē, represents the aspirated voiceless retroflexplosive /ʈʰ/ in Sindhi.

• – ٹ Ṭe, used to represent Ṭ (a voiceless retroflexplosive /ʈ/) in Urdu.

• – ݙ used in Saraiki to represent a Voiced alveolarimplosive /ɗ̢/.

• – ڊ used in Saraiki to represent a voiced retrofleximplosive /ᶑ/.

• – ڈ Ḍ /ɖ/ in Urdu.

• ,Ḍal– ډ used to represent the phoneme /ɖ/ in Pashto.

• – ڑ Aṛ, represents a retroflex flap /ɽ/ in Urdu.

• – ړ "ṛe” represents a retroflex lateral flap in Pashto.

• – ݫ used in Ormuri to represent a voiced alveolo-palatal fricative /ᶑ/, as well as in Torwali.

• – ݭ used in Kalami to represent a voiceless retroflexfricative /ʂ/, and in Ormuri to represent a voicelessalveolo-palatal fricative.

• – ݜ used in Shina to represent a voiceless retroflexfricative /ʂ/.

• – ښ x̌īn /ṣ̌īn, used to represent the phoneme /x/ /ʂ//ç/ in Pashto.

• — ڜ used to represent Spanish words with /tʃ͡/ inMorocco.

• – ڕ used in Kurdish to represent rr /ɲ/ in Soranî di-alect.

• – ڵ used in Kurdish to represent ll /ɫ/ in Soranî di-alect.

• – ݪ used in Marwari to represent a retroflex lateralflap /ɺ/̢, and in Kalami to represent a voiceless lateralfricative /ɬ/.

• – ڥ Vi, used in Tunisian when written in Arabicscript to represent the sound /v/.

7

• – ڤ Ve, used in Kurdish language when written inArabic script to represent the sound /v/. Also usedas pa /p/ in the Jawi script.

• – ۏ Va in the Jawi script.

• – ۋ represents a voiced labiodental fricative /v/ inKyrgyz, Uyghur, and Old Tatar; and /w, ʊw, ʉw/in Kazakh; also formerly used in Nogai.

• – ۆ represents “O” /o/ in Kurdish, and in Uyghur itrepresents the sound similar to the French eu andœu/ø/ sound. It represents the "у" close back roundedvowel /u/ phoneme in Bosnian.

• – ێ represents Ê or É /e/ in Kurdish.

• – ھ Dochashmi he (two-eyed hāʼ), used in combina-tion to represent aspirated consonants /ʰ/ in Urdu.

• – ے Baṛī ye ('big yāʼ'), represents “ai” or “e” in Urdu/ɛː/, /eː/ and Punjabi.

• – ݐ used to represent the equivalent of the Latin let-ter Ƴ (palatalized glottal stop /ʔʲ/) in some Africanlanguages such as Fulfulde.

• – usedڞ to represent the phoneme /tsʰ/, “c” inPinyin in Chinese .

• – usedط to represent the phoneme /ts͡/, “z” in Pinyinin Chinese .

• – ݗ represents the "ђ" voiced alveolo-palatal af-fricate /d͡ʑ/ phoneme in Bosnian.

• – ڄ represents the "ц" voiceless dental affricate /ts͡/phoneme in Bosnian.

• – ڃ represents the "ћ" voiceless alveolo-palatal af-fricate /tɕ͡/ phoneme in Bosnian.

• – ۉ represents the “o” open-mid back rounded vowel/ɔ/ phoneme in Bosnian.

• – ݩ represents the "њ" palatal nasal /ɲ/ phoneme inBosnian.

• – ڵ represents the "љ" palatal lateral approximant/ʎ/ phoneme in Bosnian.

• –ٖ اى represents the "и" close front unrounded vowel/i/ phoneme in Bosnian.

3 Unicode

Main article: Arabic characters in Unicode

As of Unicode 7.0, the following ranges encode Arabiccharacters:

• Arabic (0600-06FF)

• Arabic Supplement (0750-077F)

• Arabic Extended-A (08A0-08FF)

• Arabic Presentation Forms-A (FB50-FDFF)

• Arabic Presentation Forms-B (FE70-FEFF)

• Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (1EE00-1EEFF)

• Rumi Numeral Symbols (10E60-10E7F)

4 See also• Eastern Arabic numerals (digit shapes commonly

used with Arabic script)

• Arabic (Unicode block)

• Transliteration of Arabic

• Xiao'erjing

5 References[1] Mahinnaz Mirdehghan. 2010. Persian, Urdu, and Pashto:

A comparative orthographic analysis. Writing Systems Re-search Vol. 2, No. 1, 9–23.

[2] “Exposición Virtual. Biblioteca Nacional de España”.Bne.es. Retrieved 2012-04-06.

[3] “Arabic Alphabet”. Encyclopaedia Britannica online.Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved2015-05-16.

[4] Arabic script text

[5] Language Protection academy

[6] of the Bakhtiari dialect of Chahar-lang

[7] Language Video

[8] Arabic

[9] image of the official letter signed by a British commis-sioner in Sindh on August 29, 1857

[10] Aer written with Arabic script

[11] written with Arabic script

[12] Balti language in Arabic script

[13] “The Bible in Brahui”. Worldscriptures.org. RetrievedAugust 5, 2013.

[14] Burushaski Arabic script

[15] written with Arabic script

[16] Scribd

[17] written with Arabic script

8 6 EXTERNAL LINKS

[18] Cham Arabic script in Dictionary of KAMUS CAM-MELAYU

[19] Zribi, I., Boujelbane, R., Masmoudi, A., Ellouze, M.,Belguith, L., & Habash, N. (2014). A Conventional Or-thography for Tunisian Arabic. In Proceedings of theLanguage Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC),Reykjavik, Iceland.

[20] Brustad, K. (2000). The syntax of spoken Arabic: Acomparative study of Moroccan, Egyptian, Syrian, andKuwaiti dialects. Georgetown University Press.

[21] Coptic text in Arabic letters

[22] Nubian Alphabets

[23] language lessons

[24] Arabic script

[25] written with Arabic script

[26] Ajami script on UNESCO manuscripts

[27] Arabic script

[28] written with Arabic script

[29] Ibn Sayyid manuscript

[30] Muhammad Arabic letter

[31] “Charno Letter”. Muslims In America. Retrieved August5, 2013.

[32] Alphabet Transitions – The Latin Script: A New Chronol-ogy – Symbol of a New Azerbaijan, by Tamam Bayatly

[33] Tajik Language: Farsi or Not Farsi? by Sukhail Siddik-zoda, reporter, Tajikistan.

[34] Chechen Writing

[35] p. 20, Samuel Noel Kramer. 1986. In theWorld of Sumer:AnAutobiography. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.

[36] J. Blau. 2000. Hebrew written in Arabic characters: Aninstance of radical change in tradition. (In Hebrew, withEnglish summary). In Heritage and Innovation in Judaeo-Arabic Culture: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of theSociety For Judaeo-Arabic Studies, p. 27-31. Ramat Gan.

6 External links• Why the right side of your brain doesn't like Arabic

9

7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1 Text• Arabic script Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_script?oldid=689763419 Contributors: SebastianHelm, GCarty, Tobias Con-

radi, Crissov, AnonMoos, Evertype, D6, Florian Blaschke, Dbachmann, Nabla, Kwamikagami, Moilleadóir, Woohookitty, BD2412, De-Piep, Shervinafshar, Zlobny, Aeusoes1, Perry Middlemiss, Deville, Josh3580, SmackBot, Hmains, Egsan Bacon, Johanna-Hypatia, JorisvS,Meco, Vanisaac, FilipeS, Verdy p, Ebrahim, Drmccreedy, Epeefleche, Magioladitis, CommonsDelinker, Squids and Chips, Chinneeb, Ler-mex~enwiki, Alborz Fallah, UncleMartin, Pete unseth, Ashashyou, Arjayay, Ashixamo, Jafeluv, BabelStone, Abjiklam, Jarble, Amateur55,Yobot, Adikhebat, AnomieBOT, Mahmudmasri, Materialscientist, Omnipaedista, FrescoBot, المؤمن ,عبد Lotje, DASHBot, Steve03Mills,John of Reading, ZxxZxxZ, Ojoavisor, Evanc0912, Josve05a, Mar4d, Koresdcine, Nanib, Khestwol, ClueBot NG, Runehelmet, Lysozym,HMSSolent, Wbm1058, Bogdan Nagachop, PhnomPencil, Si Gam, Air Miss, Winter Gaze, Jaqeli, EricEnfermero, BattyBot, Arcandam,Arjanizary, BeachHome, Hmainsbot1, Zyma, Lfdder, AcidSnow, DrDevilFX, Adjutor101, Lakun.patra, TheMailese, Alfyryan445, GrandMaster Sage, Peter238, Apostlebird, Tounsimentounes, HayRas123456789, The Spartan 003 and Anonymous: 69

7.2 Images• File:1798_წ._გიორგი_XII-ის_აზნაურისშვილობის_წყალობის_სიგელი.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/

commons/f/f8/1798_%E1%83%AC._%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_XII-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: საქართველოს ეროვნული არქივი(archives.gov.ge) Original artist: საქართველოს ეროვნული არქივი (archives.gov.ge)

• File:Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Sdrtirs using CommonsHelper.Original artist: murraytheb

• File:Arabic_alphabet_world_distribution.PNG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a3/Arabic_alphabet_world_distribution.PNG License: PD Contributors:Own work using Image:BlankMap-World6.svg Original artist:User:Abjiklam

• File:Flicker-Arabic_Alphabet.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Flicker-Arabic_Alphabet.jpg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: Flickr Original artist: Rich Go

• File:Wikipedia_in_Arabic_script_languages_in_KACST_Office.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Wikipedia_in_Arabic_script_languages_in_KACST_Office.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist:bastique

7.3 Content license• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0