ARBITRATION LAW AND PRACTICE IN LATIN AMERICA

ARBITRATION LAW

AND PRACTICE IN

LATIN AMERICA

Loukas Mistelis

Laurence Shore General Editors

JURIS

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v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword ............................................................................................. liii

About the Contributors ........................................................................ lv

About the Editors .............................................................................. lxiii

ARGENTINA Roque J. Caivano and Alejandro M. Garro

I. INTRODUCTION: ARBITRATION IN ARGENTINA – HISTORY AND INFRASTRUCTURE ..........................................1 A. History and Current Legislation on Arbitration ........................1

1. Current law ........................................................................ 2 a) Domestic arbitration law b) International arbitration law

2. Law reform projects ........................................................... 6 3. Confidentiality and publication of awards ......................... 6

a) Privacy of proceedings b) Publication of awards

B. Arbitration Infrastructure and Practice in Argentina .................7 1. Major arbitration institutions ............................................. 7 2. Number of cases and other statistics .................................. 7 3. Development of arbitration compared with

litigation ............................................................................. 8

II. CURRENT LAW AND PRACTICE ...............................................8 A. Arbitration Agreement ..............................................................8

1. Types and validity of agreement ........................................ 9 a) Clauses and submission agreements b) Minimum essential content c) Form requirements d) Incorporation by reference e) Interpretation

2. Enforcing arbitration agreements ..................................... 12 a) Declaratory actions in court b) Applications to compel or stay arbitration c) Anti-suit and other injunctions

3. Effects on third parties ..................................................... 13 a) Extension of the agreement over third parties

vi Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America

4. Termination and breach .................................................. 13 B. Doctrine of Separability .......................................................... 14

1. Statutory provisions ......................................................... 14 2. Practice and case law ...................................................... 14

C. Jurisdiction .............................................................................. 15 1. Which forum decides jurisdiction .................................... 15 2. Prima facie determination ................................................ 15 3. Competence-Competence ................................................ 16 4. Interaction of national courts and tribunals ..................... 16

D. Arbitrability ............................................................................. 18 1. Notion and functions of arbitrability ............................... 18 2. Applicable law ................................................................. 19 3. Subjective arbitrability ..................................................... 19

a) Natural persons b) Legal persons c) States and state entities d) Examples of restrictions to objective

arbitrability at law e) Cases restricting objective arbitrability

E. Arbitral Tribunal ..................................................................... 23 1. Status and qualifications of arbitrators ............................ 23

a) Number of arbitrators b) Legal status c) Qualifications and accreditation requirements d) Arbitrators’ rights and duties

2. Appointment of arbitrators .............................................. 25 a) Methods of appointment b) Appointing authorities c) Payment agreements d) Resignation and its consequences

3. Challenge and removal .................................................... 26 a) Grounds for challenge b) Procedure for challenge c) Removal procedure

4. Arbitrator liability and immunity ..................................... 28 F. Conducting the Arbitration ...................................................... 29

1. Law governing procedure ................................................ 29 a) Determination of law and rules governing procedure b) Notion and role of seat of arbitration c) Methods for selection of seat absent party choice d) Mandatory rules of procedure

Table of Contents vii

2. Conduct of arbitration ...................................................... 30 a) Basic procedural principles b) Party autonomy and arbitrators’ power

to determine procedure c) Style and characteristics of the oral hearing d) Documents only arbitrations e) Submissions and notifications f) Deadlines, and methods for their extension g) Legal representation h) Default proceedings

3. Taking of evidence .......................................................... 33 a) Admissibility b) Burden of proof c) Standards of proof d) Documentary evidence and privilege e) Production of documents f) Witnesses g) Tribunal-appointed experts h) Party-appointed experts

4. Interim measures of protection ........................................ 36 a) Jurisdiction for granting interim measures b) Availability of preliminary or ex parte orders c) Types of measures d) Form of measures e) Security for costs f) Enforcement mechanisms

5. Interaction between national courts and arbitration tribunals .......................................................... 40 a) Court assistance before the arbitration begins b) Court assistance during the arbitration c) Court assistance after the arbitration d) Case law examples of best and worst practices

6. Multiparty, multi-action and multi-contract Arbitration ....................................................................... 43 a) Consolidation of arbitrations b) Joinder of third parties c) Parallel and concurrent proceedings

7. Law and rules of law applicable to the merits ................. 44 a) Determining the applicable law and rules b) Party autonomy c) Determination by arbitrators

viii Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America

d) Non-national substantive rules, general principles of law and transnational rules

e) Mandatory rules 8. Costs ................................................................................ 46

a) Arbitration costs b) Legal costs c) Security for costs

G. Arbitration Award ................................................................... 47 1. Types of awards ............................................................... 47

a) Partial awards b) Final awards c) Interim award d) Consent awards e) Default awards f) Awards and other decisions of the tribunal

2. Form requirements ........................................................... 50 a) Essential content b) Reasons c) Time limits for making award d) Notification to parties and registration

3. Remedies ......................................................................... 52 a) Damages b) Specific performance c) Other typical remedies d) Interest

4. Decision making .............................................................. 53 a) Deliberations b) Majority or consensus? c) Dissenting and concurring opinions d) Signature

5. Settlement ........................................................................ 54 a) Settlement recorded in an award b) Settlement without an award c) Use of settlement techniques by arbitrators

6. Effects of award ............................................................... 55 a) Effects between parties b) Effects against third parties c) Res judicata

7. Correction, supplementation, and amendment ................ 56 a) Correcting the award b) Additional award

Table of Contents ix

c) Interpretation of award H. Challenge and Other Actions against the Award .................... 57

1. Setting aside ..................................................................... 59 a) Grounds b) Time limits c) Procedure d) Limiting judicial review of awards by contract e) Effects of successful challenge

2. Appeal on the merits ........................................................ 64 a) Is it allowed? b) Grounds c) Excluding the right to appeal by agreement

III. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF AWARDS ............ 66 A. Awards Rendered in Domestic Arbitrations ........................... 67

1. Statutory or other regime ................................................. 67 a) Distinction between recognition and enforcement b) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement c) Formal requirement for enforcement of awards d) Execution

B. Awards Rendered in International Commercial Arbitration Proceedings ........................................................... 69 1. Various regulatory regimes .............................................. 69

a) Domestic rules applicable to international commercial arbitration

b) New York Convention c) Other international conventions d) Court practice applying regimes other than

the New York Convention 2. Distinction between recognition and enforcement .......... 71 3. Application of New York Convention by local

courts ............................................................................... 72 a) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement b) Enforcement procedure c) Public policy as a ground to refuse enforcement d) Examples from practice

IV. APPENDICES AND RELEVANT INSTRUMENTS ................... 75 A. National Legislation ................................................................ 75 B. Major Arbitration Institutions ................................................. 77

x Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America

C. Cases ....................................................................................... 77 D. Bibliography ............................................................................ 88

BOLIVIA Fernando Aguirre B.

I. INTRODUCTION: ARBITRATION IN BOLIVIA, HISTORY AND INFRASTRUCTURE ........................................ 91 A. History and Current Legislation on Arbitration ...................... 91

1. Historical Evolution of Law Relating to Arbitration ....... 91 2. Current Law ..................................................................... 96

a) Domestic Arbitration Law b) International Arbitration Law

3. Confidentiality and Publication of Awards ..................... 97 a) Privacy of Proceedings b) Publication of Awards

B. Arbitration Infrastructure and Practice in Bolivia ................... 97 1. Major Arbitration Institutions .......................................... 97 2. Number of Cases and Other Statistics ............................. 97 3. Development of Arbitration Compared with

Litigation ......................................................................... 98

II. CURRENT LAW AND PRACTICE ............................................. 98 A. Arbitration Agreement ............................................................ 98

1. Types and Validity of Agreement .................................... 98 2. Enforcing Arbitration Agreements .................................. 99 3. Effects on Third Parties ................................................... 99 4. Termination and Breach .................................................. 99

B. Doctrine of Separability .......................................................... 99 1. Statutory Provisions ......................................................... 99 2. Practice and Case Law ................................................... 100

C. Jurisdiction ............................................................................ 100 D. Arbitrability ........................................................................... 101

1. Notion and Functions of Arbitrability ........................... 101 2. Applicable Law .............................................................. 101 3. Subjective and Objective Arbitrability .......................... 101

E. Arbitral Tribunal ................................................................... 102 1. Status and Qualifications of Arbitrators ........................ 102

a) Number of Arbitrators b) Qualifications and Accreditation Requirements

Table of Contents xi

c) Arbitrators’ Rights and Duties d) Relevant Codes of Ethics

2. Appointment of Arbitrators ........................................... 104 a) Methods of Appointment b) Payment Agreements c) Resignation and Its Consequences

3. Challenge and Removal ................................................. 104 a) Grounds for Challenge b) Procedure for Challenge c) Removal Procedure d) Replacement of Arbitrators

4. Arbitrator Liability and Immunity ................................. 105 F. Conducting the Arbitration .................................................... 106

1. Law Governing Procedure ............................................. 106 a) Determination of Law and Rules Governing

Procedure b) Notion and Role of Seat of Arbitration c) Methods for Selection of Seat Absent Party

Choice 2. Conduct of Arbitration ................................................... 107

a) Basic Procedural Principles b) Party Autonomy and Arbitrators’ Power to

Determine Procedure c) Documents Only Arbitrations d) Submissions and Notifications e) Deadlines, and Methods for Their Extension;

Default Proceedings f) Legal Representation

3. Taking of Evidence ........................................................ 108 a) Admissibility b) Burden of Proof c) Standards of Proof d) Documentary Evidence and Privilege e) Production of Documents f) Witnesses g) Tribunal-appointed Experts h) Party-appointed Experts

4. Interim Measures of Protection...................................... 110 a) Jurisdiction for Granting Interim Measures b) Security for Costs

xii Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America

5. Interaction Between National Courts and Arbitration Tribunals ..................................................... 111 a) Court Assistance Before the Arbitration Begins b) Court Assistance During the Arbitration c) Court Assistance After the Arbitration

6. Multiparty, Multi-Action and Multi-Contract Arbitration ..................................................................... 112 a) Consolidation of Arbitrations b) Joinder of Third Parties c) Parallel and Concurrent Proceedings

7. Law and Rules of Law Applicable to the Merits ........... 112 a) Determining the Applicable Law and Rules;

Party Autonomy b) Determination by Arbitrators

8. Costs .............................................................................. 112 a) Arbitration Costs b) Legal Costs c) Security for Costs

G. Arbitration Award ................................................................. 113 1. Types of Awards ............................................................ 113

a) Partial and Interim Awards: Final Awards b) Awards and Other Decisions of the Tribunal

2. Form Requirements ....................................................... 114 a) Essential Content: Reasoning b) Time Limits for Making Award c) Notification to Parties and Registration

3. Remedies ....................................................................... 114 a) Damages b) Specific Performance: Other Remedies c) Interest

4. Decision Making ............................................................ 115 a) Deliberations b) Majority or Consensus? c) Dissenting and Concurring Opinions d) Signature

5. Settlement ...................................................................... 116 6. Effects of Award ............................................................ 116 7. Correction, Supplementation, and Amendment:

Interpretation.................................................................. 116

Table of Contents xiii

H. Challenge and Other Actions against the Award .................. 117 1. Setting Aside .................................................................. 117

a) Grounds b) Time Limit c) Procedure d) Limiting Judicial Review of Awards by Contract e) Effects of Successful Challenge

2. Appeal on the Merits ..................................................... 118 a) Is It Allowed? Grounds? b) Excluding the Right To Appeal by Agreement

III. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF AWARDS .......... 119 A. Domestic Awards .................................................................. 119

1. Statutory or Other Regime ............................................. 119 a) Distinction Between Recognition and

Enforcement b) Grounds for Refusing Recognition and

Enforcement c) Formal Requirement for Enforcement

of Awards d) Enforcement Procedure: Execution

2. Practice .......................................................................... 119 B. Foreign Awards ..................................................................... 120

1. Various Regulatory Regimes ......................................... 120 a) Domestic Rules b) New York Convention c) Other International Conventions

2. Distinction Between Recognition and Enforcement ...... 120

IV. SPECIAL INVESTMENT ARBITRATION RULES ................. 121 A. General Scenario ................................................................... 121 B. Rules in the Law .................................................................... 122

1. General ........................................................................... 122 2. National Investment ....................................................... 122 3. Foreign Investment ........................................................ 122

V. APPENDIX .................................................................................. 124

xiv Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America

BRAZIL Gilberto Giusti, Ricardo Dalmaso Marques,

Fernanda Marques Dal Mas and Marília Machado Muchiuti

I. INTRODUCTION: ARBITRATION IN BRAZIL – HISTORY AND INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................... 127 A. History and Current Legislation on Arbitration .................... 127

1. Historical evolution of law relating to Arbitration ..................................................................... 129

2. Current law .................................................................... 130 a) The Brazilian Arbitration Law—1996 b) Brazilian Arbitration Law ruled

constitutional—2001 c) International conventions and treaties ratified d) Favourable position adopted by the

Brazilian legislator 3. Law reform projects ....................................................... 138 4. Confidentiality and publication of awards ..................... 139

B. Arbitration Infrastructure and Practice in Brazil ................... 141 1. Major arbitration institutions ......................................... 141 2. Number of cases and other statistics .............................. 142

II. CURRENT LAW AND PRACTICE ........................................... 146 A. Arbitration Agreement .......................................................... 146

1. Types and validity of arbitration agreements................. 146 2. Enforcing arbitration agreements ................................... 148 3. Effects on third parties ................................................... 149

a) Extension of the agreement over third parties

B. Doctrines of Separability and “kompetenz-kompetenz” —Statutory provisions, practice and case Law ..................... 150

C. Arbitrability ........................................................................... 151 1. Notion and functions of arbitrability ............................. 151

D. Arbitral Tribunal ................................................................... 155 1. Status of arbitrators ........................................................ 155

E. Conducting the Arbitration .................................................... 157 1. Conduct of arbitration .................................................... 157 2. Taking of evidence ....................................................... 159 3. Interim measures of protection ...................................... 159 4. Multiparty, multi-action and multi-contract

arbitration ....................................................................... 160

Table of Contents xv

5. Law and rules of law applicable to the merits ............... 161 6. Duration of Arbitration Proceedings and Costs ............. 162

F. Arbitration Award ................................................................. 162 G. Challenge and Other Actions against the Award .................. 164

III. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF AWARDS .......... 165 A. Awards .................................................................................. 165

1. Domestic and foreign award .......................................... 165

IV. APPENDICES AND RELEVANT INSTRUMENTS ................. 167 A. National Legislation (See CD Rom) ..................................... 167 B. Cases ..................................................................................... 167

CHILE Andrés Jana

I. INTRODUCTION: ARBITRATION IN CHILE — HISTORY AND INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................... 171 A. History and Current Legislation on Arbitration .................... 171

1. Historical evolution of law relating to arbitration.......... 171 2. Current law .................................................................... 172

a) Domestic arbitration law b) International arbitration law

3. Law reform projects ....................................................... 173 4. Confidentiality and publication of awards ..................... 173


B. Arbitration Infrastructure and Practice in Chile .................... 174 1. Major arbitration institutions ......................................... 174 2. Development of arbitration compared with litigation .... 176


1. Types and validity of agreement .................................... 176 a) Clauses and submission agreements b) Minimum essential content c) Form requirements d) Incorporation by reference e) Interpretation

2. Enforcing arbitration agreements ................................... 179 a) Declaratory actions in court

xvi Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America

b) Applications to compel or stay arbitration c) Anti-suit and other injunctions

3. Effects on third parties ................................................... 181 4. Termination and breach ................................................ 181

B. Doctrine of Separability ........................................................ 182 1. Statutory provisions ....................................................... 182 2. Practice and case law ..................................................... 182

C. Jurisdiction ............................................................................ 183 1. Which forum decides jurisdiction .................................. 183 2. Prima facie determination .............................................. 184 3. Kompetence-Kompetence .............................................. 184 4. Interaction of national courts and tribunals ................... 185

D. Arbitrability ........................................................................... 185 1. Notion and functions of arbitrability ............................. 185 2. Applicable law ............................................................... 186 3. Subjective arbitrability ................................................... 186

a) Natural persons b) Legal persons c) States and state entities

4. Objective arbitrability .................................................... 188 a) Examples of restrictions to objective

arbitrability at law b) Cases restricting objective arbitrability

E. Arbitral Tribunal ................................................................... 189 1. Status and qualifications of arbitrators .......................... 189

a) Number of arbitrators b) Legal status c) Qualifications and accreditation requirements d) Arbitrators’ rights and duties e) Relevant codes of ethics

2. Appointment of arbitrators ............................................ 192 a) Methods of appointment b) Appointing authorities c) Payment agreements d) Resignation and its consequences

3. Challenge and removal .................................................. 194 a) Grounds for challenge b) Procedure for challenge c) Removal procedure d) Replacement of arbitrators

4. Arbitrator liability and immunity ................................... 196

Table of Contents xvii

F. Conducting the Arbitration ................................................... 197 1. Law governing procedure .............................................. 197

a) Determination of law and rules governing procedure

b) Notion and role of seat of arbitration c) Methods for selection of seat absent party choice d) Mandatory rules of procedure

2. Conduct of arbitration .................................................... 200 a) Basic procedural principles b) Party autonomy and arbitrators’ power to

determine procedure c) Style and characteristics of the oral hearing d) Documents only arbitrations e) Submissions and notifications f) Deadlines and methods for their extension g) Legal representation h) Default proceedings

3. Taking of evidence ........................................................ 204 a) Admissibility b) Burden of proof c) Standards of proof d) Evidentiary means—in general e) Documentary evidence and privilege f) Production of documents g) Witnesses h) Tribunal-appointed experts i) Party-appointed experts

4. Interim measures of protection ...................................... 209 a) Jurisdiction for granting interim measures b) Availability of preliminary or ex parte orders c) Types of measures d) Form of measures e) Security for costs f) Enforcement mechanisms

5. Interaction between national courts and arbitration tribunals ......................................................................... 211 a) Court assistance before the arbitration begins b) Court assistance during the arbitration c) Court assistance after the arbitration d) Case law examples of best and worst practices

xviii Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America

6. Multiparty, multi-action and multi-contract arbitration ....................................................................... 214 a) Consolidation of arbitrations b) Joinder of third parties c) Parallel and concurrent proceedings

7. Law and rules of law applicable to the merits ............... 215 a) Determining the applicable law and rules b) Party autonomy c) Determination by arbitrators d) Non-national substantive rules, general

principles of law and transnational rules e) Mandatory rules

8. Costs .............................................................................. 216 a) Arbitration costs b) Legal costs c) Security for costs

G. Arbitration Award ................................................................. 218 1. Types of awards ............................................................. 218

a) Partial awards b) Final awards c) Interim awards d) Consent awards e) Default awards f) Awards and other decisions of the tribunal

2. Form requirements ......................................................... 220 a) Essential content b) Reasons c) Time limits for making award d) Notification to parties and registration

3. Remedies ....................................................................... 222 a) Damages b) Specific performance c) Other typical remedies d) Interest

4. Decision making ............................................................ 223 a) Deliberations b) Majority or Consensus? c) Dissenting and concurring opinions d) Signature

5. Settlement ...................................................................... 224 a) Settlement recorded in an award

Table of Contents xix

b) Settlement without an award c) Use of settlement techniques by arbitrators

6. Effects of award ............................................................. 225 a) Effects between parties b) Effects against third parties c) Res judicata

7. Correction, supplementation, and amendment .............. 226 a) Correcting the award b) Additional award c) Interpretation of award

H. Challenge and Other Actions against the Award .................. 227 1. Setting aside ................................................................... 227

a) Grounds b) Time limits c) Procedure d) Limiting judicial review of awards by contract e) Effects of successful challenge

2. Appeal on the merits ...................................................... 231 a) Is it allowed? b) Grounds c) Excluding the right to appeal by agreement


1. Statutory or other regime ............................................... 232 a) Distinction between recognition and

enforcement b) Grounds for refusing recognition and

enforcement c) Formal requirement for enforcement of awards d) Enforcement procedure e) Execution

2. Practice .......................................................................... 233 a) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement b) Enforcement procedure c) Execution

B. Foreign Awards ..................................................................... 234 1. Various regulatory regimes ............................................ 234

a) Domestic rules b) New York Convention c) Other international conventions

xx Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America

d) Court practice applying regimes other than the New York Convention

2. Distinction between recognition and enforcement ........ 237 3. Application of New York Convention by local courts .... 237

a) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement

b) Enforcement procedure c) Public policy as a ground to refuse enforcement d) Examples from practice

IV. APPENDICES AND RELEVANT INSTRUMENTS ................. 241 A. National Legislation .............................................................. 241 B. Major Arbitration Institutions ............................................... 241 C. Cases ..................................................................................... 241 D. Bibliography .......................................................................... 247

COLOMBIA, REPUBLIC OF Eduardo Zuleta

I. INTRODUCTION: ARBITRATION IN COLOMBIA— HISTORY AND INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................... 249 A. History and Current Legislation on Arbitration .................... 249

1. Historical Evolution of Law Relating to Arbitration ..... 249 2. Current Law ................................................................... 250


3. Confidentiality and Publication of Awards ................... 252 a) Confidentiality of arbitral proceedings and awards b) Confidentiality in arbitration-related court

proceedings B. Arbitration Infrastructure and Practice in Colombia ............. 253

1. Arbitration Institutions ................................................... 253 2. Practice of Arbitration ................................................... 255


1. Types and Validity of Agreement .................................. 256 a) Clauses, submission agreements and

incorporation by reference b) Minimum essential content

Table of Contents xxi

c) Model arbitration clause d) Form requirements

2. Enforcing Arbitration Agreements ................................ 258 3. Effects on Third Parties ................................................. 259 4. Termination.................................................................... 259

B. Doctrine of Separability ........................................................ 260 1. Statutory Provisions ....................................................... 260 2. Case Law ....................................................................... 261

C. Jurisdiction ............................................................................ 261 1. Which Forum Decides Jurisdiction ................................ 261 2. Prima Facie Determination and Competence-

Competence ................................................................... 262 3. Interaction of National Courts and Tribunals ................ 263

D. Arbitrability ........................................................................... 263 E. Arbitral Tribunal ................................................................... 265

1. Status and Qualifications of Arbitrators ........................ 265 a) Number of arbitrators b) Legal status c) Qualifications and accreditation requirements

2. Appointment of Arbitrators ........................................... 267 3. Termination of the Arbitrators Mandate ........................ 268 4. Challenge and Removal ................................................. 270

a) Grounds for challenge b) Procedure for challenge c) Removal procedure d) Replacement of arbitrators

5. Arbitrator Liability ......................................................... 274 F. Conducting the Arbitration .................................................... 275

1. Law Governing Procedure ............................................. 275 a) Determination of law and rules governing

procedure b) Notion and role of seat of arbitration and

methods for selection of seat absent party choice c) Mandatory rules of procedure

2. Conduct of Arbitration ................................................... 277 a) Brief description of the proceedings b) Legal representation c) Default proceedings

3. Taking of Evidence ........................................................ 281 a) Admissibility b) Burden of proof

xxii Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America

c) Documentary evidence and privilege d) Witnesses e) Tribunal-appointed experts f) Party-appointed experts

4. Interim Measures of Protection...................................... 287 a) Jurisdiction for granting interim measures b) Availability of preliminary or ex parte orders c) Types of measures d) Form of measures e) Enforcement mechanisms

5. Interaction between National Courts and Arbitration Tribunals ........................................................................ 293 a) Court assistance before the arbitration begins b) Court assistance during the arbitration c) Court assistance after the arbitration

6. Multiparty, Multi-action and Multi-Contract Arbitration ..................................................................... 297 a) Consolidation of arbitrations b) Joinder of third parties c) Parallel and concurrent proceedings

7. Law and Rules of Law Applicable to the Merits ........... 298 a) Determining the applicable law and rules b) Party autonomy c) Determination by arbitrators d) Mandatory rules

8. Costs .............................................................................. 300 a) Types of costs b) Amount of fees and costs c) Payment of fees d) Administration of fees e) Costs of legal assistance

G. Arbitration Award ................................................................. 305 1. Types of Awards ............................................................ 306

a) Partial awards b) Consent awards c) Default awards

2. Form Requirements ....................................................... 308 a) Essential content b) Reasons c) Time limits for making award d) Notification to parties and registration

Table of Contents xxiii

3. Remedies ....................................................................... 311 a) Damages b) Specific performance

4. Decision Making ............................................................ 312 a) Majority or Consensus? b) Dissenting and concurring opinions c) Signature

5. Settlement ...................................................................... 313 6. Effects of Award ............................................................ 313

a) Effects between parties and res judicata b) Effects against third parties

7. Correction, Supplementation, and Amendment ............. 314 a) Domestic arbitration b) International arbitration

H. Challenge and Other Actions against the Award .................. 315 1. Setting Aside .................................................................. 315 2. Appeal on the Merits ..................................................... 318 3. Other Actions against the Award ................................... 319

a) Domestic arbitration b) International Arbitration


1. Recognition .................................................................... 321 2. Enforcement ................................................................... 322

B. Foreign Awards ..................................................................... 322 1. Enforcement under Conventions and Treaties ............... 322

a) Relevant conventions and treaties b) Extent of review in proceedings for the recognition

and enforcement of foreign awards c) Procedure governing the application for the

enforcement of a foreign award in Colombia d) Enforcement where no convention or treaty applies e) Challenges to exequatur decisions f) Relevant cases g) Rules of public policy

xxiv Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America

ECUADOR Juan Manuel Marchan

I. INTRODUCTION: ARBITRATION IN ECUADOR— HISTORY AND INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................... 335 A. History and Current Legislation on Arbitration .................... 335

1. Historical evolution of law relating to arbitration.......... 335 2. Current Law ................................................................... 336




B. Arbitration Infrastructure and Practice in Ecuador ............... 340 1. Major arbitration institutions ......................................... 340 2. Number of cases and other statistics .............................. 340 3. Development of arbitration compared to litigation ........ 341


1. Types and validity of agreement .................................... 341 a) Clauses and submission agreements b) Minimum essential content c) Incorporation by reference d) Interpretation

2. Enforcing arbitration agreements ................................... 345 a) Declaratory actions in court b) Applications to compel or stay arbitration c) Anti-suit and other injunctions

3. Termination and breach ................................................. 350 B. Doctrine of Separability ........................................................ 350 C. Jurisdiction ............................................................................ 351

1. Which forum decides jurisdiction .................................. 351 2. Prima facie determination .............................................. 351 3. Interaction on national courts and tribunals ................... 351


Table of Contents xxv


arbitrability in the law b) Cases restricting objective arbitrability


a) Number of arbitrators b) Legal status c) Qualifications and accreditation requirements d) Arbitrators rights and duties e) Relevant codes of ethics


3. Challenge and removal .................................................. 362 a) Grounds for challenge b) Procedure for challenge c) Replacement of arbitrators

4. Arbitrator liability and immunity ................................... 364 F. Conducting the Arbitration .................................................... 364

1. Law governing procedure .............................................. 364 a) Determination of law and rules governing

procedure b) Notion and role of seat of arbitration c) Methods for selection of seat absent party choice

2. Conduct of arbitration .................................................... 365 a) Basic procedural principles b) Party autonomy and arbitrators power to

determine procedure c) Style and characteristics of the oral hearing d) Submissions and notifications e) Deadlines, and methods for their extension f) Legal representation g) Default proceedings

3. Taking of evidence ........................................................ 372 a) Admissibility b) Burden of Proof c) Standards of proof d) Evidentiary means—in general

xxvi Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America

e) Witnesses f) Tribunal—appointed experts

4. Interim measures of protection ...................................... 374 a) Jurisdiction for grating interim measures b) Availability of preliminary or ex parte orders c) Types of measures d) Enforcement mechanisms

5. Interaction between national courts and arbitration tribunals ........................................................ 377 a) Court assistance before the arbitration begins b) Court assistance during the arbitration c) Court assistance after the arbitration d) Case law examples of best and worst practices




8. Costs .............................................................................. 383 a) Arbitration costs b) Security costs


a) Consent awards b) Default awards

2. Form Requirements ....................................................... 386 a) Essential content b) Reasons c) Time limits for making award d) Notification to parties and registration

3. Remedies ....................................................................... 388 a) Damages b) Specific performance

Table of Contents xxvii

c) Other typical remedies d) Interest


5. Settlement ...................................................................... 391 a) Settlement recorded in an award b) Settlement without an award c) Use of settlement techniques by arbitrators


7. Correction, supplementation and amendment ............... 393 a) Correcting the award b) Additional award c) Interpretation of award


a) Grounds b) Procedure c) Limiting judicial review of awards by contract d) Effects of successful challenge e) Problems

2. Appeal on the merits ...................................................... 399

III. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF AWARDS .......... 400 A. Domestic and Foreign awards ............................................... 400

1. Statutory or other regime ............................................... 401 a) Distinction between recognition and enforcement b) Requirements for recognition c) Formal requirement for enforcement of awards d) Enforcement procedure

2. Practice .......................................................................... 403

IV. APPENDIX AND RELEVANT INSTRUMENTS ..................... 403 A. National Legislation .............................................................. 403 B. Major Arbitration Institutions ............................................... 403

xxviii Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America

C. Abbreviations ........................................................................ 404 D. Bibliography .......................................................................... 404

EL SALVADOR Ricardo A. Cevallos

I. INTRODUCTION: ARBITRATION IN EL SALVADOR – HISTORY AND INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................... 413 A. History and Current Legislation on Arbitration .................... 413





B. Arbitration Infrastructure and Practice in El Salvador .......... 418 1. Major arbitration institutions ......................................... 418 2. Number of cases and other statistics .............................. 418 3. Development of arbitration compared with

litigation ......................................................................... 419




3. Effects on third parties ................................................... 424 4. Termination and breach ................................................. 424 5. Doctrine of Separability ................................................. 425

a) Statutory provisions b) Practice and case law

Table of Contents xxix

6. Jurisdiction ..................................................................... 426 a) Which forum decides jurisdiction b) Prima facie determination c) Competence-competence d) Interaction of national courts and tribunals

7. Arbitrability ................................................................... 427 a) Notion and functions of arbitrability b) Applicable law c) Subjective arbitrability d) Objective arbitrability

B. Arbitral Tribunal ................................................................... 430 1. Status and qualifications of arbitrators .......................... 430




4. Arbitrator liability and immunity ................................... 436 C. Conducting the Arbitration .................................................... 436


procedure b) Notion and role of seat of arbitration c) Methods for selection of seat absent party choice d) Mandatory rules of procedure

2. Conduct of arbitration .................................................... 438 a) Basic procedural principles b) Party autonomy and arbitrators’ power

to determine procedure c) Style and characteristics of the oral hearing d) Documents only arbitrations

xxx Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America

e) Submissions and notifications f) Deadlines, and methods for their extension g) Legal representation h) Default proceedings


4. Interim measures of protection .............................................. 443 a) Jurisdiction for granting interim measures b) Availability of preliminary or ex parte orders c) Types of measures d) Form of measures e) Security for costs f) Enforcement mechanisms

5. Interaction between national courts and arbitration tribunals ................................................. 444 a) Court assistance before the arbitration begins b) Court assistance during the arbitration c) Court assistance after the arbitration d) Case law examples of best and worst practices




Table of Contents xxxi

8. Costs ...................................................................................... 447 a) Arbitration costs b) Legal costs c) Security for costs

D. Arbitration Award ................................................................. 447 1. Types of awards ............................................................. 447



3. Remedies ....................................................................... 450 a) Damages b) Specific performance c) Other typical remedies d) Interest





xxxii Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America

E. Challenge and Other Actions against the Award .................. 453 1. Setting aside ................................................................... 453



3. Amparo Constitucional Issue ......................................... 459 F. Consitutional Chamer’s Criteria ............................................ 460

1. Stages ............................................................................. 460


1. Statutory or other regime ............................................... 461 a) Distinction between recognition and enforcement b) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement c) Formal requirement for enforcement of awards d) Enforcement procedure e) Execution



a) Domestic rules b) New York Convention c) Other international conventions d) Court practice applying regimes other

than the New York Convention 2. Distinction between recognition and enforcement ........ 464 3. Application of New York Convention by local courts .... 464

a) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement b) Enforcement procedure c) Public policy as a ground to refuse enforcement d) Examples from practice

Table of Contents xxxiii

IV. APPENDICES AND RELEVANT INSTRUMENTS ................. 466 A. National Legislation .............................................................. 466 B. Major Arbitration Institutions ............................................... 467 C. Cases ..................................................................................... 467 D. Bibliography ......................................................................... 468

GUATEMALA Luis Fernando Bermejo Quiñónez

I. INTRODUCTION: ARBITRATION IN GUATEMALA – HISTORY AND INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................... 469 A. History and Current Legislation on Arbitration .................... 469

1. Historical evolution of law relating to arbitration.......... 469 2. Current law .................................................................... 471 3. Law reform projects ....................................................... 472 4. Confidentiality and publication of awards ..................... 472


B. Arbitration Infrastructure and Practice in Guatemala ............................................................................. 472 1. Major arbitration institutions ......................................... 472 2. Number of cases and other statistics .............................. 473 3. Development of arbitration compared with litigation...... 473




3. Effects on third parties ................................................... 479 a) Extension of the agreements over third parties b) Other effects

4. Termination and breach ................................................. 480

xxxiv Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America


C. Jurisdiction ............................................................................ 481 1. Which forum decides jurisdiction .................................. 481 2. Prima facie determination .............................................. 481 3. Competence-competence ............................................... 481 4. Interaction of national courts and tribunals ................... 482



4. Objective arbitrability .................................................... 484 a) Examples of restrictions to objective arbitrability

at law b) Cases restricting objective arbitrability






1. Law governing procedure .............................................. 490 a) Determination of law and rules governing procedure b) Notion and role of seat of arbitration

Table of Contents xxxv

c) Methods for selection of seat absent party choice d) Mandatory rules of procedure

2. Conduct of arbitration .................................................... 494 a) Basic procedural principles b) Party autonomy and arbitrators’ power to

determine procedure c) Style and characteristics pf the oral hearing d) Documents only arbitrations e) Submissions and notifications f) Deadlines and methods for their extension g) Legal representation h) Default proceedings


4. Interim measures of protections ..................................... 499 a) Jurisdiction for granting interim measures b) Availability of preliminary or ex parte orders c) Types of measures d) Form of measures e) Security for costs f) Enforcement mechanisms

5. Interaction between national courts and arbitration tribunals ........................................................ 501 a) Court assistance before the arbitration begins b) Court assistance during the arbitration c) Court assistance after the arbitration d) Case law examples of best and worst practices


xxxvi Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America

7. Law and rules of law applicable to the merits ............... 503 a) Determining the applicable law and rules b) Party autonomy c) Determination of arbitrators d) Non-national substantive rules, general principles

of law and transnational rules e) Mandatory rules

8. Costs .............................................................................. 504 a) Arbitration costs b) Legal costs c) Security for costs




3. Remedies ....................................................................... 508 a) Damages b) Specific-performance c) Other typical remedies d) Interest

4. Decision making ............................................................ 508 a) Deliberations b) Majority or consensus? c) Dissenting and concurring opinions d) Signature


6. Effects of award ............................................................. 510 a) Effects between parties

Table of Contents xxxvii

b) Effects against third parties c) Res judicata






1. Statutory or other regimes ............................................. 514 a) Distinction between recognition and enforcement b) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement c) Formal requirements for enforcement of awards d) Enforcement procedure e) Execution



a) Domestic rules b) New York Convention c) Other international conventions d) Court practice applying regimes other than the

New York Convention 2. Distinction between recognition and enforcement ........ 518 3. Application of New York Convention by local courts ..... 518

a) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement b) Enforcement procedure

xxxviii Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America

c) Public policy as a ground to refuse enforcement d) Examples from practice

IV. APPENDICES AND RELEVANT INSTRUMENTS ................. 518 A. National Legislation .............................................................. 518 B. Major Arbitration Institutions ............................................... 519 C. Statistics ................................................................................ 519

MEXICO Reynaldo Urtiaga

I. INTRODUCTION: ARBITRATION IN MEXICO – HISTORY AND INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................... 521 A. History and Current Legislation on Arbitration .................... 521


a) Distinction between domestic and international arbitration law

3. Law reform projects ....................................................... 522 B. Arbitration Infrastructure and Practice .................................. 523

1. Major arbitration institutions ......................................... 523 2. Number of cases and other statistics .............................. 523 3. Development of arbitration compared with litigation...... 523

III. CURRENT LAW AND PRACTICE ........................................... 524 A. Arbitration Agreement .......................................................... 524



3. Effects on third parties ................................................... 527 a) Extension of the agreement over third parties

4. Termination and breach ................................................. 527

Table of Contents xxxix


C. Jurisdiction ............................................................................ 528 1. Competence-competence ............................................... 528 2. Interaction of national courts and tribunals ................... 528

D. Arbitrability ........................................................................... 529 1. Subjective arbitrability ................................................... 529



at law E. Arbitral Tribunal ................................................................... 531

1. Status and qualifications of arbitrators .......................... 531 a) Number of arbitrators b) Legal status c) Qualifications and accreditation requirements

2. Appointment of arbitrators ............................................ 532 a) Methods of appointment532 b) Appointing authorities c) Resignation and its consequences




procedure b) Notion and role of seat of arbitration

2. Conduct of arbitration .................................................... 535 a) Basic procedural principles b) Distinction of matters of substance and matters

of procedure c) Power of the tribunal to issue procedural orders d) Documents-only arbitrations e) Submissions and notifications f) Deadlines and methods for their extension

xl Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America

g) Legal representation h) Effect of the insolvency of a party

3. Taking of evidence ........................................................ 538 a) Admissibility b) Burden of proof (inquisitorial/adversarial) c) Standards of proof d) Evidentiary rules e) Production of documents f) Witnesses g) Experts

4. Interim measures of protection ...................................... 541 5. Interaction between national courts and

arbitration tribunals ........................................................ 542 6. Law and rules of law applicable to the merits ............... 543 7. Costs .............................................................................. 543

G. Arbitration Award ................................................................. 543 1. Types of awards ............................................................. 543 2. Form requirements ......................................................... 544

a) Essential content b) Reasons c) Time limits for making award

3. Decision making ............................................................ 545 a) Majority or consensus? b) Dissenting opinions c) Signature, date and place

4. Settlement ...................................................................... 546 5. Amendment and interpretation ...................................... 547

a) Correcting the award b) Interpretation of award

6. Publication of the award ................................................ 547 H. Challenge and Other Actions against the Award .................. 547

1. Setting aside ................................................................... 547 a) Grounds b) Time limits c) Procedure d) Limiting judicial review of awards by contract e) Effects of successful challenge f) Appeal against the court’s decision to vacate

the award

Table of Contents xli

2. Appeal on the merits ...................................................... 549 a) Is it allowed? b) Excluding the right to appeal by agreement


1. Statutory or other regime ............................................... 549 a) Distinction between recognition and enforcement b) Competent court and Grounds for refusing

recognition and enforcement c) Enforcement procedure

2. Practice .......................................................................... 550 a) Appeal against the decision granting or

refusing exequatur B. Foreign Awards ..................................................................... 551

1. Various regulatory regimes ............................................ 551 a) Domestic rules b) Specific bilateral or multilateral treaties c) Extent of review of the award by the court

2. Application of New York Convention by local courts .... 552

IV. APPENDICES AND RELEVANT INSTRUMENTS ................. 552 A. National Legislation (See CD-ROM) .................................... 552 B. Major Arbitration Institutions ............................................... 552 C. Cases ..................................................................................... 553 D. Bibliography .......................................................................... 553

PARAGUAY José Antonio Moreno Rodríguez

I. INTRODUCTION: ARBITRATION IN PARAGUAY – HISTORY AND INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................... 555 A. History and Current Legislation on Arbitration .................... 555



B. Arbitration Infrastructure and Practice in Paraguay .............. 562 1. Major arbitration institutions ......................................... 562 2. Development of arbitration compared with litigation...... 563

xlii Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America


1. Types and validity of agreement .................................... 564 a) Clauses and submission agreements b) Form requirements

B. Jurisdiction ............................................................................ 565 1. Competence-competence ............................................... 565 2. Interaction of national courts and tribunals ................... 565

C. Arbitrability ........................................................................... 567 1. Subjective arbitrability ................................................... 567



at law D. Arbitral Tribunal ................................................................... 570

1. Challenge and removal .................................................. 571 a) Replacement of arbitrators

E. Conducting the Arbitration .................................................... 572 1. Conduct of arbitration .................................................... 572

a) Submissions and notifications b) Deadlines, and methods for their extension

2. Interim measures of protection ...................................... 574 3. Costs .............................................................................. 574

F. Arbitration Award ................................................................. 575 1. Settlement ...................................................................... 576

G. Challenge and Other Actions against the Award .................. 576 1. Setting aside ................................................................... 576

a) Procedure

III. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF AWARDS .......... 581 A. Foreign Awards ..................................................................... 581

1. Various regulatory regimes ............................................ 581 a) Domestic rules

IV. APPENDICES AND RELEVANT INSTRUMENTS ................. 582 A. National Legislation .............................................................. 582 B. Major Arbitration Institutions ............................................... 583 C. Cases ..................................................................................... 583 D. Bibliography .......................................................................... 585

Table of Contents xliii

PERU Eduardo Barboza

I. INTRODUCTION: ARBITRATION IN PERU– HISTORY AND INFRASTUCTURE ......................................... 587 A. History and Current Legislation on Arbitration .................... 587

1. Historical evolution of law relating to Arbitration ........ 587 2. Current law .................................................................... 588

a) Distinction between national and international arbitration


a) Publication of awards b) Practice of publication – where?

B. Arbitration Infrastructure and Practice in Peru ..................... 590 1. Major arbitration institutions ......................................... 590 2. Development of arbitration compared with Litigation .... 590

II. CURRENT LAW AND PRACTICE ........................................... 590 A. Arbitration agreement ........................................................... 590


2. Enforcing arbitration agreements ................................... 592 3. Effects on third parties ................................................... 592 4. Termination and breach ................................................. 592

B. Doctrine of Separability ........................................................ 592 C. Jurisdiction ............................................................................ 593

1. Competence-Competence .............................................. 593 2. Interaction of national courts and tribunals ................... 593

D. Arbitrability ........................................................................... 593 1. Subjective Arbitrability ................................................. 593 2. Objective Arbitrability ................................................... 594

E. Arbitration Tribunal .............................................................. 594 1. Status and qualifications of arbitrators .......................... 594

a) Number of arbitrators b) Qualifications and accreditation requirements

xliv Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America

2. Appointment of arbitrators ............................................ 595 a) Methods of appointment b) Appointing authorities c) Effect of the refusal of one party to co-operate

in the constitution of the arbitral tribunal d) Resignation and its consequences


4. Arbitrator liability and immunity ................................... 597 a) Duties and liabilities of arbitrators regarding

the conduct of the proceedings b) Possibility to restrict or exclude the

arbitrators’ liability F. Conducting the Arbitration .................................................... 598

1. Law governing procedure .............................................. 598 a) Notion and role of seat of arbitration b) Methods for selection of seat absent party choice c) Mandatory rules of procedure

2. Conduct of arbitration .................................................... 598 a) Party autonomy and arbitrators’ power to

determine procedure b) Tribunal’s power to issue procedural orders c) Oral hearing or proceeding on basis

of written documents d) Submissions and notifications e) Legal representation

3. Taking of evidence ........................................................ 600 a) Admissibility b) Burden of proof c) Standards of proof d) Documentary evidence and privilege e) Witnesses f) Experts

4. Interim measures of protection ...................................... 601 a) Types of measures b) Security for costs c) Enforcement mechanisms

Table of Contents xlv

5. Interaction between national courts and arbitration tribunals ........................................................ 603 a) Court assistance before the arbitration b) Court assistance during the arbitration

6. Law and rules of law applicable to the merits ............... 603 a) Party autonomy b) Determination by arbitrators c) Non-national substantive rules, general principles

of law and transnational rules d) Applicable substantive law absence a choice of

law by the parties 7. Costs .............................................................................. 604

a) Arbitration costs b) Legal costs c) Security for costs d) Costs of the administration by an

arbitration institution G. Arbitration Award ................................................................. 605

1. Types of award .............................................................. 605 a) Partial awards b) Final awards c) Interim awards d) Default awards


3. Decision making ............................................................ 606 a) Majority or Consensus? b) Dissenting and concurring opinions c) Signature

4. Settlement ...................................................................... 607 a) Settlement recorded in an award b) Settlement without an award

5. Correction, supplementation and amendment ............... 607 a) Correcting the award b) Interpretation of award

H. Challenge and Other Actions against the Award .................. 608 1. Setting aside of the award .............................................. 608

a) Grounds

xlvi Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America

b) Procedure and deadlines for challenging an award c) Effects of successful challenge d) Appeal against the court´s decision to set aside

or not set aside the award e) Possibility of the parties to exclude, limit

or expand actions for setting aside 2. Appeal on the merits ...................................................... 612

III RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF AWARDS ........... 612 A. Domestic Awards .................................................................. 612 B. Foreign Awards ..................................................................... 613

1. Various regulatory regimes ............................................ 613 a) Domestic rules b) Other international conventions

2. Application of the New York Convention by local Courts .................................................................... 616

URUGUAY Federico Florin, Santiago Gatica, Juan Manuel Rey,

Andrea Rupenian and Mateo Noseda

I. INTRODUCTION: ARBITRATION IN URUGUAY – HISTORY AND INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................... 617 A. History and Current Legislation on Arbitration .................... 617



3. Confidentiality and publication of awards ..................... 620 a) Privacy of proceedings b) Publication of awards

B. Arbitration Infrastructure and Practice in Uruguay ............... 621 1. Major arbitration institutions ......................................... 621 2. Number of cases and other statistics .............................. 621 3. Development of arbitration compared with litigation...... 621


1. Types and validity of agreement .................................... 622 a) Clauses and submission agreements b) Minimum essential content

Table of Contents xlvii

c) Form requirements d) Incorporation by reference e) Interpretation


3. Effects on third parties ................................................... 626 a) Extension of the agreement over third parties b) Other effects

4. Termination and breach ................................................. 627 B. Doctrine of Separability ........................................................ 627

1. Statutory provisions ....................................................... 627 2. Practice and case law ..................................................... 627

C. Jurisdiction ............................................................................ 629 1. Which forum decides jurisdiction .................................. 629 2. Prima facie determination .............................................. 629 3. Competence-Competence .............................................. 629 4. Interaction of national courts and tribunals ................... 630




arbitrability at law b) Cases restricting objective arbitrability



2. Appointment of arbitrators ............................................ 637 a) Methods of appointment b) Appointing authorities

xlviii Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America

c) Payment agreements d) Resignation and its consequences




procedure b) Notion and role of seat of arbitration c) Methods for selection of seat absent party choice d) Mandatory rules of procedure

2. Conduct of arbitration .................................................... 642 a) Basic procedural principles b) Party autonomy and arbitrators’

power to determine procedure c) Style and characteristics of the oral hearing d) Documents only arbitrations e) Submissions and notifications f) Deadlines, and methods for their extension g) Legal representation h) Default proceedings

3. Taking of evidence ........................................................ 646 a) Admissibility b) Burden of proof c) Standards of proof d) Evidentiary means – in general e) Documentary evidence and privilege f) Production of documents g) Witnesses h) Tribunal-appointed experts i) Party-appointed experts

4. Interim measures of protection ...................................... 651 a) Jurisdiction for granting interim measures b) Availability of preliminary or ex parte orders c) Types of measures d) Form of measures

Table of Contents xlix

e) Security for costs f) Enforcement mechanisms

5. Interaction between national and arbitration tribunals .... 654 a) Court assistance before the arbitration begins b) Court assistance during the arbitration c) Court assistance after the arbitration d) Case law examples of best and worst practices




8. Costs .............................................................................. 659 a) Arbitration costs b) Legal Costs c) Security for costs




3. Remedies ....................................................................... 664 a) Damages b) Specific performance c) Interest

l Arbitration Law and Practice in Latin America









1. Statutory or other regime ............................................... 671 a) Distinction between recognition and enforcement b) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement c) Formal requirement for enforcement of awards d) Enforcement procedure e) Execution


Table of Contents li


a) Domestic rules b) New York Convention c) Other international conventions d) Court practice applying regimes other than the

New York Convention 2. Distinction between recognition and enforcement ........ 675 3. Application of New York Convention by local courts .... 675

a) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement

b) Enforcement procedure c) Public policy as a ground to refuse enforcement d) Examples from practice

APPENDICES

Please find the appendices at www.arbitrationlaw.com/books/arbitration-law-and-practice-latin-

america