ARCH 572: ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE II · 1.1 The AIA Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct 2 1.2 Ethics and Architectural Practice 13 1.3 Design Beyond Ethics 19 2 Diversity and Demographics

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ARCH 572: ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE IIEconomics

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AGENDA FOR TODAY

ARCHITECTURAL BUSINESS PRACTICES INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE?

HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION WESTERN WORLD ANCIENT EGYPT ANCIENT GREECE ANCIENT ROME MIDDLE AGES RENAISSANCE 17TH CENTURY 18TH CENTURY 19TH CENTURY

QUESTIONS

READINGS

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ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE

What is Architectural Practice?

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PROFESSION: is not commercial. A profession....

1- involves a store of knowledge that is more than ordinarily complex

2- is an intellectual enterprise

3- applies theoretical and complex knowledge to the solution of human and social problems

4- strives to add to and improve the stock of knowledge

5- passes its knowledge to novice generations, usually through universities

6- tends to organize in peer formations that establish criteria for admission, practice, and conduct

- Abraham Flexner Columbia University, 1915

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Gary Cooper as Howard Roark in The Fountainhead, 1949

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ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE: must combine design, service, and business..

1- Design: - full range of planning for the best utilization of all a client’s (& society’s) resources including land, labor, time, energy, and money

2- Service: - independence / integrity in giving the best advice to the client - usefullness in solving the client’s problem in the best way - reliability in getting things done one time and on budget

3- Business: - over a given period a practice must function to make a profit - to have more income than expenses - Paul Segal Professional Practice, 2006, (pgs 14-17)

vi Con t e n t s

14 Research in Practice 89914.1 Research in Practice Overview 89914.2 Research Methods 91114.3 Research and Practice 92014.4 Evidence-Based Design 937

PA R T 4 CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS 951

15 Project Definition 95215.1 Defi ning Project Services 95215.2 Services and Compensation 96115.3 Negotiating Agreement 975

16 Risk Management 98916.1 Risk Management Strategies 98916.2 Insurance Coverage for Business and

Professional Liability 100716.3 Risks and Emerging Practices 102116.4 Dispute Management and Resolution 1030

17 Agreements and AIA Document Program 104017.1 Agreements with Owners 104017.2 Project Team Agreements 105517.3 Owner-Generated Agreements 107017.4 Construction Contracts 108317.5 The AIA Documents Program 1093

Appendix A: Allied Professional Organizations 1113

Appendix B: Glossary 1117

Index 1141

About the Companion Website 1166

9.6 Architect Developer 563 9.7 Emerging Issues in Project Delivery 577

10 Design Project Management 58410.1 Managing Architectural Projects 58410.2 Project Teams 60310.3 Project Budgets, Work Planning, and

Monitoring 62110.4 Project Management with Building

Information Modeling Processes 64110.5 Design Phases 65410.6 Construction Drawings 66810.7 Construction Specifi cations 68910.8 Bidding and Negotiation 70110.9 Construction Phase Services 713

10.10 Project Completion and Post-Construction 729

11 Technology in Practice 74011.1 Technology in Practice Overview 74011.2 Technology in Project Delivery Phases 75411.3 Small Firms, Small Projects, and Building

Information Modeling 76411.4 Collaborative Technologies 78011.5 Technology Management 78511.6 Emerging Technology in Practice 798

12 Quality Management 81012.1 Origins and Development of Quality

Management 81012.2 Quality Management in Schematic

Design 82212.3 Checklists 83312.4 Quality Management in Construction

Procurement, Contract Administration, and Post-Construction 847

13 Building Codes, Standards, and Regulations 85713.1 Building Codes and Standards 85713.2 Planning, Urban Design, and the Regulatory

Environment 880

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Foreword vii

Preface ix

Acknowledgments xi

About the 15th Edition of the Handbook xv

PA R T 1 THE PROFESSION 1

1 Ethics and Professional Practice 21.1 The AIA Code of Ethics and Professional

Conduct 21.2 Ethics and Architectural Practice 131.3 Design Beyond Ethics 19

2 Diversity and Demographics 272.1 Diversity and Practice Management 272.2 Demographics of Practice: 2012 AIA Firm

Survey 36

3 Career Development 523.1 Regulation of Professional Practice 523.2 Intern Development 683.3 The Career Paths of an Architect 823.4 AIA Continuing Education System 933.5 Participating in Professional Organizations 993.6 Participating in Architectural Education 113

4 Public Interest Design 1174.1 Socially Responsible Design Overview 1174.2 The Role of Architects in Disaster Response

and Recovery 1314.3 Architects in the Nonprofi t Sector 1474.4 Public Service and Community

Involvement 156

PA R T 2 FIRM MANAGEMENT 167

5 Organizational Development 1685.1 Architects and the Law 1685.2 Entrepreneurial Practice: Starting an

Architecture Firm 185

5.3 Strategic Planning for the Design Firm 203 5.4 Firm Growth and Development: How to

Build a Creative Culture 216 5.5 Leader Effectiveness 227 5.6 Ownership Transitions 237 5.7 Small-Firm Collaboration 252 5.8 Practicing in a Global Market 262 5.9 Developing and Managing Multiple-Offi ce

Firms 2755.10 Offi ce Administration 2915.11 Knowledge Management 3085.12 Information Management and Services 321

6 Marketing and Business Development 3326.1 Marketing Architectural Services 3326.2 Developing Marketing Strategy 3426.3 Public Relations and Communications 3556.4 Networking and Business Development 3706.5 Qualifi cations, Proposals, and Interviews 381

7 Financial Management 3967.1 Navigating Economic Cycles 3967.2 Financial Management Overview 4097.3 Financial Management Systems 4187.4 Developing Annual Budgets and Profi t

Planning 428

8 Human Resources 4448.1 Human Resources Management

Overview 4448.2 Compensation Strategy and Philosophy 4618.3 Recruiting and Hiring: Strategies and

Methodology 4758.4 Professional Development and Mentoring 487

PA R T 3 PROJECT DELIVERY 507

9 Design Project Delivery 5089.1 Project Delivery Methods 5089.2 The Architect’s Role in Construction Manager-

Constructor Project Delivery 5209.3 Integrated Project Delivery Overview 5309.4 Contractor-Led Design-Build 5419.5 Architect-Led Design-Build 555

Contents

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ATERIAL

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American Institute of Architect’s Best Practices, 2015

http://www.aia.org/practicing/bestpractices/index.htm

http://www.aia.org/practicing/bestpractices/index.htm

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ARCHITECT

OWNER / CLIENT CONTRACTOR

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HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION _ WESTERN WORLD ROLE EDUCATION INDIVIDUALS OWNER/CLIENT KNOWLEDGE MATERIALS/MEDIA

ANCIENT EGYPT - HIGH PRIEST- RULER

- APPRENTICESHIPS - Priests

- IMHOTEP- SENENMUT

- PHARAOHS - MATHEMATICS - STONE- PAPYRUS ROLLS - STONE RELIEFS

ANCIENT GREECE - DIRECTOR OF WORKMEN

- APPRENTICESHIPS- SCHOOLS

- DAEDALUS - GOVERNMENT - GEOMETRY- HYDROLOGY - HUMANITIES

- STONE- SCROLLS

ANCIENT ROME - DIRECTOR OF WORKMEN

- APPRENTICESHIPS - Trades

- VITRUVIUS- ANTHEMIUS- ISIDORUS

- GOVERNMENT- MILITARY

- CITY PLANNING- HYDROLOGY- HUMANITIES

- CONCRETE- MANUSCRIPT BOOKS

MIDDLE AGES - MASTER MASON

- APPRENTICESHIPS - Guilds- MONASTERIES

- VILLARD DE HONNECOURT

- ABBOTS- CHURCH NOBLES- MERCHANTS

- ALGEBRA- MECHANICS

- STONE- MANUSCRIPT BOOKS

RENAISSANCE - ARCHITECT - Artisans

- APPRENTICESHIPS - Guilds - Architects - Vatican Wkshp. - MANUSCRIPTS

- F. BRUNELLESCHI- L.B. ALBERTI- D. BRAMANTE- A. PALLADIO

- CHURCH NOBLES- MERCHANTS- MILITARY

- PERSPECTIVE- SKETCHING- ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS- HUMANITIES

- STONE- PRINTED BOOKS

17TH CENTURY - ARCHITECT - Institutions

- ROYAL ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE (Ecole des Beaux Arts)- TRAVEL

- ROYAL BUILDING ADMINISTRATION - Jean Baptise Colbert - Louis Le Vau

- GOVERNMENT- ROYALTY

- ANALYTIC GEOMETRY (DESCARTES)- HUMANITIES

- PRINTED BOOKS - Précis des leçons d’architecture données à l’École royale polytechnique

18TH CENTURY - ARCHITECT - Gentlemen Amateurs - Professionals

- APPRENTICESHIPS - Architectural Offices- TRAVEL

- SIR JOHN SOANE- B. HENRY LATROBE

- GOVERNMENT- BUSINESSES- INSTITUTIONS

- ENGINEERING- HUMANITIES

- PRINTED BOOKS - Manufacturing Division of Labor Infrastructure

19TH CENTURY - ARCHITECT - Architecture Firms

- APPRENTICESHIPS- UNIVERSITIES - MIT (1870) - Harvard (1899)

- ADLER & SULLIVAN- MCKIM, MEAD, & WHITE

- GOVERNMENT- BUSINESSES- INSTITUTIONS

- MATHEMATICS- HUMANITIES

- CAST IRON- STEEL- REINFORCED CONCRETE- PHOTOGRAPHY

20TH CENTURY - ARCHITECT - Architecture Firms

- APPRENTICESHIPS - IDP (1980’s)- UNIVERSITIES - Professional Degrees - Exams

- MIES VAN DER ROHE- LE CORBUSIER- EERO SAARINEN- MORPHOSIS- OMA

- GOVERNMENT- BUSINESS- INSTITUTIONS

- MATHEMATICS- HUMANITIES

- ALUMINUM- GLASS- PLASTIC- FIBERGLASS- COMPUTERS

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HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION _ ANCIENT EGYPT

Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut _ 1473-1458 BCE

(ARCHITECT)- High Priest- Ruler

OWNER / CLIENT- Pharoah

Djoser’s Funerary Complex _ 2630-2611 BCE

Stoa of Attalos _ 150 BCE Parthenon _ 488-432 BCE

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HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION _ ANCIENT GREECE

(ARCHITECT)- Director of Workman

OWNER / CLIENT- Government

Trajan’s Market _ 100-114 CE Parthenon _ 125 CE

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HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION _ ANCIENT ROME

(ARCHITECT)- Director of Workman

OWNER / CLIENT- Government

TRADE ORGANIZATIONS- Blacksmiths - Carpenters- Ironworkers - Stone workers- Brick makers

St. Gall Plan_ 9th CENTURY CE Notre Dame Cathedral _ 1163 CE

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HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION _ MIDDLE AGES

(ARCHITECT)- Master Mason

OWNER / CLIENT- Abbots- Church Nobles- Merchants

GUILDS- Blacksmiths - Carpenters- Ironworkers - Stone workers- Brick makers - Geometers

Sant’ Andrea _ 1470 CE & ON Saint Peter’s _ 1506 CE & ON

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HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION _ RENAISSANCE

ARCHITECT

OWNER / CLIENT- Church Nobles- Merchants- Military

GUILDS - Blacksmiths - Carpenters - Ironworkers - Stoneworkers - Brick makers

Versailles_ 17th CENTURY CE Louvre_ 17th CENTURY CE

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HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION _ 17TH CENTURY

ARCHITECT

OWNER / CLIENT- Government- Royal


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Bank of England_ 1788 CE US Capital_ 1803 CE

ARCHITECT

OWNER / CLIENT- Government- Businesses- Institutions


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Chicago Auditorium Building_ 1886-1890 CE Pennsylvania Station _ 1910 CE

ARCHITECT

OWNER / CLIENT- Government- Businesses- Institutions

CONTRACTOR

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Questions?

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READINGS

REQUIRED:

1- Dovey, Kim. “Architectural Ethics: A Dozen Dilemmas”. Architecture Australia. 1989.

2- Segal, Paul. “CH 2 - The Parties in the Construction Industry”. Professional Practice: A Guide to Turning Designs into Buildings. 2006.

SUGGESTED:

3- Roth, Leland M. “CH 6 - The Architect: From High Priest to Professional”. Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History, and Meaning. 1993.