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ARCH489_Fall2009_Lecture1 - Aug 25Architecture; Course Presentation; Tall Buildings; Innovation; Structural Systems
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Structural Systems for Tall BuildingsProfessor Mahjoub Elnimeiri, PhD
Fall 2009 - Lecture 1
What is structure?Structure/Architecture Interaction
State of Art of Tall Buildings (from modern era to present)
Efficiency
- Materials
- Gravity System
- Lateral System
- Foundation
Constructability
- Simplicity
- Time
What is Structure
Reinforced Concrete Structural Systems
160
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
NU
MB
ER
OF
OFF
ICE
STO
RIE
S
Efficiency of Structural Steel Systems
NU
MB
ER O
F ST
OR
IES
(OFF
ICE
BU
ILD
ING
S)
POUNDS PER SQUARE FOOR (PSF)
structure20-30%
MEP20-25%
elevator system6-12%
architecture30-40%
Structural Economy, Efficiency and ConstructabilityCost of Structure in relation to Total Construction Costs
• Location: 875 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois
• Status: completed
• Groundbreaking: 1965
• Completion: 1969
• Use: Mixed use
• Height: 1127 feet (344 meters)
• Floor Count: 100
• Floor Area: 853,432 sq.ft. (260,126 sq.m.)
- Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP- Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
- Contractor: Tishman Construction Company
- Developer: John Hancock Insurance
John Hancock Center
Sears Tower
• Location: 233 S Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois
• Status: completed
• Groundbreaking: 1972
• Completion: 1974
• Use: Office
• Height: 1451 feet (442 meters)
• Floor Count: 110
• Floor Area: 4,497,700 sq.ft. (418,064 sq.m.)
- Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP- Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
- Contractor: Morse-Diesel Inc.
- Developer: Sears, Roebuck and Company
One Magnificent Mile
• Location: 940 N Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois
• Status: completed
• Groundbreaking: 1978
• Completion: 1983
• Use: Mixed
• Height: 673 feet (205 meters)
• Floor Count: 57
- Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP - Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
• Location: 441 E. Erie Street, Chicago, Illinois
• Status: completed
• Completion: 1986
• Use: Mixed use
• Height: 570 feet (174 meters)
• Floor Count: 58
- Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP - Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
Onterie Center
World Trade Center
• Groundbreaking: August 5, 1966
• Completion: April 4, 1973
• Destroyed: September 11, 2001
• Use: Office
• Height: 1368 / 1362 feet (417 / 415 meters)
- Architect: Minoru Yamasaki, Emery Roth & Sons Consulting- Engineers: John Skilling & Leslie Robertson- Contractor: Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
Simulation of the collapse
http://video.pbs.org:8080/ramgen/wgbh/mediastorage/nova/minutes/2907_220.rm
Simulation of the collapse
Chicago Spire
• Location: 400 N Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois
• Status: under construction
• Groundbreaking: June 25, 2007
• Completion: 2011 estimated
• Use: Residential
• Height: 2000 feet (609.6 meters)
• Floor Count: 150
• Floor Area: 3,000,000 sq.ft. (278,709 sq.m.)
- Architect: Santiago Calatrava and Perkins+Will- Structural Engineer: Thorton Tomasetti- Contractor: Case Foundation- Developer: Shelbourne Development
Foundation
• 34 concrete and steel caissons 36.5m (120’) deep
• 32m (104’) diameter cofferdam 24m (78’) deep
• 1m (3.2’) wide perimeter wall 24.2m (80’) deep
• 98 bell caissons to support substructure
Superstructure
• Composite structural system : concrete core and steel columns
• 7 w-shaped mega columns at ground level rise to become 21 internal columns
• Columns shift inwards at each of the 4 outrigger floors
• 6” thick light weight reinforced concrete slab rotates 2 degrees on every floor
Calatrava’s sketch
Dubai Towers
• Location: Dubai, UAE
• Status: proposed
• Completion: 2011
• Use: Mixed
• Height: 1805 feet (550 meters)
• Floor Count: 120
• Floor Area: 2,259,264 sq.ft. (210,000 sq.m.)
- Architect: Thompson, Ventulett, Stainback- Structural Engineer: cdci engineers international- Developer: Sama
HEIGHT BUILT-UP AREA
TOWER-01 360 m 120,000 sq. m
TOWER-20 410 m 140,000 sq. m
TOWER-21 460 m 160,000 sq. m
TOWER-29 550 m 210,000 sq. m
Tower29Height 550m
Towers Heights and Areas
Plaza Level Floor Plan − 1st Floor
Office Zone 3 − Local 2: 74th − 76th
Hotel Guest Rooms: 108th
Hangkang City Tower, Seoul, Koreaproposed, 1996
Tall Building Research at IIT