Archaebacteria and EubacteriaArchaebacteria and Eubacteria

Photography Copyright D.Bausch. Public Domain Access Granted.

Structure and FunctionStructure and Function

Bacteria are prokaryotesBacteria are prokaryotes

Unlike eukaryotic animal cells, bacteria have cell walls.Unlike eukaryotic animal cells, bacteria have cell walls.

Bacteria also have circular DNA called Bacteria also have circular DNA called plasmids, plasmids, which is NOTwhich is NOTenclosed in a nucleus as eukaryotic animal DNA is. enclosed in a nucleus as eukaryotic animal DNA is.

If bacteria encounter If bacteria encounter periods of low water, periods of low water, low nutrients, intense low nutrients, intense heat, intense cold, or heat, intense cold, or a high level of poisons a high level of poisons they are able to formthey are able to formendospores, endospores, which which are capsules that protect are capsules that protect them from these harsh them from these harsh conditions.conditions.

Types of NutritionTypes of Nutrition

Bacteria can obtain nutrients in several different ways and are Bacteria can obtain nutrients in several different ways and are classified as one of the following types of feeders: classified as one of the following types of feeders:

HeterotrophHeterotroph: obtain their nutrients by consuming other : obtain their nutrients by consuming other organisms. organisms. This includes This includes saprobes, bacteria that feed on decaying saprobes, bacteria that feed on decaying material and organic wastesmaterial and organic wastes, as well as those that live as , as well as those that live as parasites, absorbing nutrients from living organisms.parasites, absorbing nutrients from living organisms.

PhotoautotrophPhotoautotroph: are photosynthetic (use sunlight and carbon : are photosynthetic (use sunlight and carbon dioxide to form sugars) dioxide to form sugars)

PhotoheterotrophPhotoheterotroph: : can obtain nutrients can obtain nutrients in the way that in the way that heterotrophs or heterotrophs or photoautotrophs dophotoautotrophs do

ChemoheterotrophChemoheterotroph: : obtains energy obtains energy through through chemical reactions chemical reactions involving chemicals involving chemicals and mineralsand minerals Photography Copyright D.Bausch. Public Domain Access Granted.

Types of EnvironmentsTypes of Environments

Depending on the species, bacteria can Depending on the species, bacteria can be be aerobicaerobic which means they require which means they require oxygen to liveoxygen to live

or or

anaerobicanaerobic which which means oxygen is means oxygen is deadly to them. deadly to them.

Photography Copyright D.Bausch. Public Domain Access Granted.

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria

Types of Archaebacteria: MethanogensTypes of Archaebacteria: Methanogens

These Archaebacteria These Archaebacteria are anaerobes. They are anaerobes. They make methane make methane (natural gas) as a (natural gas) as a waste product. They waste product. They are found in swamp are found in swamp sediments, sewage, sediments, sewage, and in buried landfills. and in buried landfills. They have been be They have been be used to produce used to produce methane fuel as a by methane fuel as a by product of sewage product of sewage treatment and landfill treatment and landfill operations.operations.

Para. Retrieved on July.24.2010 from http://www.wikicommons.com. Public Domain Access.

Types of Archaebacteria: Types of Archaebacteria: HalophilesHalophiles

These are salt-loving bacteria that grow These are salt-loving bacteria that grow in places like the Great Salt Lake of in places like the Great Salt Lake of Utah or salt ponds on the edge of San Utah or salt ponds on the edge of San Francisco Bay. Halophiles are Francisco Bay. Halophiles are aerobes whichaerobes whichuse oxygen to use oxygen to convert the convert the energy stored inenergy stored intheir food into their food into usable energy forusable energy fortheir cell processes.their cell processes.Gendou. Retrieve on July.24.2010 from http://www.wikicommons.com.

Public Domain Access.

Types of Archaebacteria: Types of Archaebacteria: ThermophilesThermophiles

These are Archaebacteria from hot springs and other These are Archaebacteria from hot springs and other high temperature environments. Some can survive in high temperature environments. Some can survive in environments which are hotter than the boiling environments which are hotter than the boiling temperature of water. They are anaerobes, performing temperature of water. They are anaerobes, performing anaerobic respiration without oxygen. anaerobic respiration without oxygen.

Wingchi. Retrieved on July.25.2010 from http://www.wikicommons.com. Public Domain Access.

Types of Archaebacteria: Types of Archaebacteria: ThermophilesThermophiles

Thermophiles are interesting because they contain genes for heat-Thermophiles are interesting because they contain genes for heat-stable enzymes that are of great value. An example is taq stable enzymes that are of great value. An example is taq polymerase, an enzyme that is used to make large numbers of polymerase, an enzyme that is used to make large numbers of copies of a DNA sequences in a DNA sample. This process is copies of a DNA sequences in a DNA sample. This process is called Polymerase Chain Reaction and is a very important called Polymerase Chain Reaction and is a very important technology used in medicine, biotechnology, and biological technology used in medicine, biotechnology, and biological research. research.

Wingchi. Retrieved on July.25.2010 from http://www.wikicommons.com. Public Domain Access.

EubacteriaEubacteria

Types of Eubacteria: Types of Eubacteria: CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria

This is a group of bacteria that includes some that This is a group of bacteria that includes some that are single cells and some that are chains of cells. are single cells and some that are chains of cells. You may have seen them as "green slime" in your You may have seen them as "green slime" in your aquarium or in a pond. aquarium or in a pond.

Cyanobacteria are aerobes which can perform Cyanobacteria are aerobes which can perform photosynthesis. It is believed that plants photosynthesis. It is believed that plants developed their ability to perform photosynthesis developed their ability to perform photosynthesis by inheriting the ability from the cyanobacteria by inheriting the ability from the cyanobacteria when the eukaryotic cells of plants engulfed when the eukaryotic cells of plants engulfed prokaryotic cyanobacteria. prokaryotic cyanobacteria.

Cyanobacteria were the first organisms on Earth to Cyanobacteria were the first organisms on Earth to perform photosynthesis and they made the first oxygen in perform photosynthesis and they made the first oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere.the Earth's atmosphere.

Vojtech.dostal. Retrieved on July.24.2010 from http://www.wikicommons.com. Public Domain Access.

Types of Eubacteria: Types of Eubacteria: ActinomycetesActinomycetes

Bacteria are often Bacteria are often thought of as the thought of as the causes of human causes of human and animal and animal disease. disease. However, certain However, certain bacteria, the bacteria, the actinomycetes, actinomycetes, produce valuable produce valuable antibiotics such as antibiotics such as streptomycin and streptomycin and nocardicin. nocardicin.

Types of Eubacteria: SymbiontsTypes of Eubacteria: Symbionts Other bacteria live symbiotically in the guts of animals or Other bacteria live symbiotically in the guts of animals or

elsewhere in their bodies.elsewhere in their bodies. For example, For example,

bacteria in bacteria in your gut your gut produce produce vitamin K vitamin K which which is essential is essential for blood clot for blood clot formation.formation.

Other bacteria live in nodules on the roots of Other bacteria live in nodules on the roots of certain plants, converting nitrogen into a form certain plants, converting nitrogen into a form that is useable by the plant. In return, the that is useable by the plant. In return, the bacteria receives nutrients from the plant.bacteria receives nutrients from the plant.

Ninjatacoshell. Retrieved on July.24.2010 from http://www.wikicommons.com. Public Domain Access.

Importance of EubacteriaImportance of Eubacteria

Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread.sourdough bread.

Saprobes help to break down dead organic Saprobes help to break down dead organic matter.matter.

Bacteria make up the base of the food web in Bacteria make up the base of the food web in many environments.many environments.

Reproductive Strategies Reproductive Strategies

of Archaebacteria and of Archaebacteria and

EubacteriaEubacteria

One way that bacteria reproduce is through Binary Fission or budding. During this process the single strand of DNA in the bacteria is copied to produce another strand of DNA, and the cell divides into two cells. Each of the two cells now has one identical strand of DNA.

Reproductive Strategies of Reproductive Strategies of ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria

and Eubacteriaand Eubacteria

Another form of Another form of

bacterial reproduction bacterial reproduction

is conjugation. In is conjugation. In

conjugation, two conjugation, two

bacterial cells meet bacterial cells meet

and transfer genetic and transfer genetic

material through material through

a pilus.a pilus.

Shapes of BacteriaShapes of Bacteria