Archaeology in the Archaeology in the Philippines Philippines

PARTDESPARTDES

Prof. Rondell C. Gascon, MAURPProf. Rondell C. Gascon, MAURPSchool of Design and ArtsSchool of Design and Arts

DLS- CSBDLS- CSB

Archaeology in the Archaeology in the Philippines Philippines

Archaeology defined:Archaeology defined:

► Archaeology is a means of studying the human Archaeology is a means of studying the human past. past.

► It is no longer just about excavations. It is no longer just about excavations. ► Archaeology has become multi-disciplinary Archaeology has become multi-disciplinary

involving sciences such as geology, botany, involving sciences such as geology, botany, zoology, climatology, volcanology, cartography, zoology, climatology, volcanology, cartography, geography, ecology, soil sciences, and in some geography, ecology, soil sciences, and in some instances, including environmental concerns. instances, including environmental concerns.

► Archaeology has become a multi-sectoral endeavor Archaeology has become a multi-sectoral endeavor as well. as well.

► Sites are not limited to specific areas but must Sites are not limited to specific areas but must necessarily involve entire communities where the necessarily involve entire communities where the projected fieldwork is to take place.projected fieldwork is to take place.

The Beginnings of Philippine The Beginnings of Philippine Archaeology Archaeology

► The discovery of The discovery of TABON cave in TABON cave in PalawanPalawan

► Site of an Site of an important important Philippine Philippine Archaeological Archaeological discovery: The discovery: The TABON MANTABON MAN

The Tabon CaveThe Tabon Cave► The Tabon cave The Tabon cave

complex is located complex is located on Lipuun Point, on Lipuun Point, Quezon, Palawan . Quezon, Palawan .

► It is a 138-hectares, It is a 138-hectares, of rugged cliffs and of rugged cliffs and deep slopes. deep slopes. Discovered by an Discovered by an American, the late American, the late Dr. Robert B. Fox Dr. Robert B. Fox and his team of and his team of Archaeologist from Archaeologist from the National the National Museum in 1962. Museum in 1962.

The Tabon CaveThe Tabon Cave► The discovery of the The discovery of the

caves have yielded an caves have yielded an important Archaeological important Archaeological find - Fossil human bones find - Fossil human bones (called the “Tabon Man”) (called the “Tabon Man”) tentatively dated from tentatively dated from 22,000 to 24,000 years 22,000 to 24,000 years ago. ago.

► Excavations were done Excavations were done from 1962 to 1970. Of the from 1962 to 1970. Of the 200 caves found in Lipuun 200 caves found in Lipuun Point only 29 caves were Point only 29 caves were fully explored, including fully explored, including Tabon Cave, which were Tabon Cave, which were found to been used for found to been used for habitation and / or burial habitation and / or burial sites by ancient people. sites by ancient people.

National treasure: Manunggul National treasure: Manunggul JarJar

► The Manunggul Jar was recovered at Chamber A of Manunggul Cave in Palawan.

► It is an elaborately designed burial jar with anthropomorphic figures on top of the cover that represent souls sailing to the afterworld in a death boat.

► The figure on the rear is holding a steering paddle with both hands; the blade of the paddle is missing.

National treasure: Manunggul National treasure: Manunggul JarJar

Carved like a head with eyes, nose, and mouth.

The execution of the ears, eyes, and nose has similarities with the contemporary woodcarvings of Taiwan, the Philippines, and many areas in Southeast Asia.

It is dated to as early as 710 - 890 B.C.

Maitum Anthropomorphic Burial Maitum Anthropomorphic Burial Jars  Jars 

► Maitum Maitum Anthropomorphic Anthropomorphic Potteries   The Potteries   The anthropomorphic anthropomorphic secondary burial jars secondary burial jars from Pinol, Maitum, from Pinol, Maitum, Saranggani Province Saranggani Province in Mindanao date in Mindanao date back to the Metal back to the Metal Age.  Age. 

►

Maitum Anthropomorphic Burial Maitum Anthropomorphic Burial JarsJars

►These burial jars are made of These burial jars are made of earthenware designed and formed like earthenware designed and formed like human figures with complete facial human figures with complete facial characteristics.  characteristics. 

►These were associated with metal These were associated with metal implements; glass beads and bracelets; implements; glass beads and bracelets; shell spoon, scoop, bracelets and shell spoon, scoop, bracelets and pendants; earthenware potteries with pendants; earthenware potteries with incised designs and cut-out foot-rings; incised designs and cut-out foot-rings;

Indigenous PeoplesIndigenous Peoples

► include peoples who are regarded as indigenous include peoples who are regarded as indigenous on account of their populations, which inhabited on account of their populations, which inhabited the country at the time of conquest or the country at the time of conquest or colonization, colonization,

► or at the time of inroads of non-indigenous or at the time of inroads of non-indigenous religions and cultures, religions and cultures,

► or the establishment of present state boundaries, or the establishment of present state boundaries, who retain some or all of their social, economic, who retain some or all of their social, economic, cultural and political institutions, cultural and political institutions,

► but who may have been displaced outside from but who may have been displaced outside from their traditional domains or who have resettled their traditional domains or who have resettled outside their ancestral domain.outside their ancestral domain.

The IPs comprise of:The IPs comprise of:► ••                  Those who have not lost patrimony over their Those who have not lost patrimony over their

landslands••                  Those who have been displaced from their Those who have been displaced from their

traditional domainstraditional domains

Indigenous Peoples’ Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act of 1997 Rights Act of 1997

(IPRA)(IPRA)

Case Study: The Case Study: The IfugaoIfugao Ethnolinguistic GroupEthnolinguistic Group

Cordillera Administrative Region Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)(CAR)

Map 1. Ifugao Location in Northern Luzon

Case Study: The Ifugao Case Study: The Ifugao Ethnolinguistic GroupEthnolinguistic Group

The Batad Rice terraces in The Batad Rice terraces in Ifugao: The concept of land Ifugao: The concept of land

“In Banaue (or in Ifugao) land represents life, life is equated to land, without the Terraces, Ifugao is nothing.”

The Ifugao Rice CultureThe Ifugao Rice Culture

UNESCO World Heritage SiteUNESCO World Heritage Site

Woodcarving in IfugaoWoodcarving in Ifugao

Ifugao Mountain House: Ifugao Mountain House: A prototype of Bahay KuboA prototype of Bahay Kubo

The interior and roofing of The interior and roofing of Ifugao houseIfugao house

The “HUDHUD” The “HUDHUD”

► The “hudhud” is recited The “hudhud” is recited and chanted among the and chanted among the Ifugao people during the Ifugao people during the sowing and harvesting sowing and harvesting of rice, funeral wakes of rice, funeral wakes and other rituals. and other rituals.

► Estimated to have Estimated to have originated before the originated before the 7th century, the 7th century, the “hudhud” - comprised of “hudhud” - comprised of some 40 episodes - some 40 episodes - often take three or four often take three or four days to recite. days to recite.

► The language of the chants, almost The language of the chants, almost impossible to transcribe, is full of impossible to transcribe, is full of repetitions, synonyms, figurative terms and repetitions, synonyms, figurative terms and metaphors. metaphors.

► Performed in a leader/chorus style, the Performed in a leader/chorus style, the reciter - often an elderly woman - occupies a reciter - often an elderly woman - occupies a key position in society. key position in society.

► There is only one tune, common to the There is only one tune, common to the entire region, for all of the verses. Very few entire region, for all of the verses. Very few written examples of “hudhud” exist. written examples of “hudhud” exist.

The “Bulol”: Rice GodThe “Bulol”: Rice God

Ifugao as farmers and Ifugao as farmers and huntershunters

Ifugao marriage ceremonyIfugao marriage ceremony

Most Ifugao warriors wore the “neck-ladder” Most Ifugao warriors wore the “neck-ladder” tattoo (tattoo (ardanardan) which signified the movement ) which signified the movement

of a neophyte warrior to another level. of a neophyte warrior to another level.

Tattooing culture of IfugaoTattooing culture of Ifugao

► his movement maintained the warrior class of his movement maintained the warrior class of the polity, and was believed to be the life-the polity, and was believed to be the life-force of the community. force of the community.

► By wearing the centipede (By wearing the centipede (ginayamanginayaman) on the ) on the chest, the Ifugao warrior took on a new chest, the Ifugao warrior took on a new identity: claws and a poisonous bite were identity: claws and a poisonous bite were characteristics that symbolically fortified the characteristics that symbolically fortified the wearer. wearer.

► Ifugao elders also recount that centipedes Ifugao elders also recount that centipedes were believed to be powerful spiritual guides were believed to be powerful spiritual guides that sometimes led headhunters on their that sometimes led headhunters on their quest for human trophies. quest for human trophies.

Northern Luzon Ethnolinguistic Northern Luzon Ethnolinguistic ARTIFACTSARTIFACTS

► SACRED HUMAN SACRED HUMAN REMAINS RITUALLY REMAINS RITUALLY WRAPPED INWRAPPED INAN IFUGAO TRIBAL AN IFUGAO TRIBAL TEXTILETEXTILE

► BONTOC SILVER BONTOC SILVER "LINGLINGO" FERTILITY "LINGLINGO" FERTILITY CHARM (A STYLIZED CHARM (A STYLIZED REPRESENTATIONS OF REPRESENTATIONS OF THE FEMALE THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN)REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN)

► IFUGAO "PUNAM-HAN" IFUGAO "PUNAM-HAN" SACRIFICIAL OFFERTORYSACRIFICIAL OFFERTORYBOX  WITH CARVINGS OFBOX  WITH CARVINGS OFSEATED FIGURES ONSEATED FIGURES ONTHE HANDLESTHE HANDLES

► IFUGAO "PUNAM-HAN"IFUGAO "PUNAM-HAN"SACRIFICIAL OFFERTORY SACRIFICIAL OFFERTORY BOX WITH STYLIZED BOX WITH STYLIZED CARVINGSCARVINGSOF BOAR'S HEADS AS OF BOAR'S HEADS AS HANDLESHANDLES

► IFUGAO "PUNAM-HAN" IFUGAO "PUNAM-HAN" SACRIFICIAL OFFERTORY SACRIFICIAL OFFERTORY BOX THAT FEATURES ABOX THAT FEATURES AWOVEN RATTAN ANDWOVEN RATTAN ANDBONE HANDLEBONE HANDLE

► BONTOC WARRIOR'S BONTOC WARRIOR'S RITUAL "BOAYA" HEAD RITUAL "BOAYA" HEAD HUNTING NECKLACE: HUNTING NECKLACE: SHELL, BOAR TUSK, SHELL, BOAR TUSK, RATTAN, FIBERRATTAN, FIBERAND BONEAND BONE

► KALINGA’S "PINAGAS" KALINGA’S "PINAGAS" HEAD HUNTING AXEHEAD HUNTING AXE

► IFUGAO "REVENGE"IFUGAO "REVENGE"BASKET CONTAINS ALLBASKET CONTAINS ALLTHE BROKEN REMAINSTHE BROKEN REMAINSFROM A COMPLETE FROM A COMPLETE HUMANHUMANSKULL OF A HEAD SKULL OF A HEAD HUNTED VENDETTA HUNTED VENDETTA VICTIMVICTIM

► IFUGAO CEREMONIAL IFUGAO CEREMONIAL WOODEN BOWL FROM WOODEN BOWL FROM THETHEVILLAGE: "CAMBULO"VILLAGE: "CAMBULO"

► IFUGAO IFUGAO CEREMONIACEREMONIAL SPOONL SPOON

► An An envelope bagenvelope bag from the Bontoc from the Bontoc Culture (an older Culture (an older piece typical in the piece typical in the Northern Northern Philippines) and a Philippines) and a runnerrunner from the from the Ifugao Culture of Ifugao Culture of Ifugao Province Ifugao Province

The Concept of Land use in The Concept of Land use in IfugaoIfugao

COMMUNAL FORESTCOMMUNAL FOREST

Concept:

•Land Cover

Indigenous regulation:

•Very limited human activity

•No Entry Zone

THE INDIGENOUS LAND USE SYSTEMTHE INDIGENOUS LAND USE SYSTEM

PRIVATE PRIVATE FOREST-”MUYONG”FOREST-”MUYONG”

Concept:

•Land Use - Production

Indigenous regulation:

•Assisted Rejuvenation

•Selective Harvesting

RICE TERRACESRICE TERRACES

Concept:

•Land Use - Production

Indigenous regulation:

•Synchronized Planting

•Annual “tinawon”Maintenance

VILLAGEVILLAGE

Concept:

•Land Use - Settlement

Indigenous regulation:

•Contained development “greenbelt” - “Agidayan” & “dolyah”

•Specific production use

•Contains development

NOTE: LAND USELAND USE CONCEPTS DIFFER AMONG IFUGAO TRIBES

THE INDIGENOUS CONSERVATION ZONING SYSTEMTHE INDIGENOUS CONSERVATION ZONING SYSTEM

CORE “natural” VALUE – forest cover

BUFFER “cultural & natural” VALUE– minimizes human activity on forest cover

CORE “cultural” VALUE – terrace agriculture & engineering

BUFFER “cultural” VALUE

-defines settlement zone

HUMAN SETTLEMENT

LAND LAND ELEVATIOELEVATIO

NN

ETHNO-ETHNO-LINGUISTIC LINGUISTIC

GROUPGROUP

POLITICAL POLITICAL UNITUNIT

(MUNICIPALIT(MUNICIPALITY)Y)

DISTINCT DISTINCT CHARACTERISTICS/CHARACTERISTICS/SOCIAL BEHAVIORSOCIAL BEHAVIOR

more than more than 500 500 meters meters above sea above sea levellevel

KalanguyaKalanguya TinocTinoc Passive, Reserved, Passive, Reserved, CommunalCommunalHangluluHanglulu AsipuloAsipulo

TuwaliTuwali KianganKiangan Old settlers, Social Old settlers, Social hierarchyhierarchyHungduanHungduan

HingyonHingyon Combative Combative

LagaweLagawe SettlersSettlers

BanaueBanaue Segmented communal Segmented communal settlerssettlers

AyanganAyangan MayoyaoMayoyao Highly communal, Highly communal, Cohesive, NomadicCohesive, NomadicAguinaldoAguinaldo

BUT THE LAND COVER CONCEPT IS THE SAME IN EVERY TRIBE

IN THE IFUGAO WATERSHED, THE LAND USES DIFFER AMONG THE DIFFERENT TRIBES

ADAPTING INDIGENOUS CONCEPTS IN NATIONAL POLICIES

• AS A POLICY, THE LINE BETWEEN LAND USE (PRODUCTION AREAS i.e. medical use) AND THE NATURAL LAND COVER MUST BE DEFINED AND MAINTAINED

AND THE LINE IS MAINTAINED BY GENERATIONS OF FAMILIES

Current Issues: IFUGAOCurrent Issues: IFUGAO

►Urbanization (structures/ buildings Urbanization (structures/ buildings endangering the rice terraces)endangering the rice terraces)

►Lost of interest among the new Lost of interest among the new generation of Ifugao (more of them left generation of Ifugao (more of them left their lands or sold it so they can study their lands or sold it so they can study in Manila or urban area)in Manila or urban area)

►Environmental problemsEnvironmental problems►PoliticsPolitics

Exercise no. 1Exercise no. 1

►1. Using your oslo paper or short bond, 1. Using your oslo paper or short bond, CREATE a TATTOO pattern for the CREATE a TATTOO pattern for the Ifugao Ethnoliguistic group.Ifugao Ethnoliguistic group.

►2. The design should well-represent 2. The design should well-represent the culture of the IFUGAO and their the culture of the IFUGAO and their traditions.traditions.

►3. Use pen or pencils only. Provide a 3. Use pen or pencils only. Provide a short explanation of your tattoo short explanation of your tattoo patternpattern