Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods

[Teacher notes]

Organizer Sponsor Research Team

Arts Teaching Kit for Senior Secondary Curriculum

Visit: CentralArchitectural Forms in Different Time Periods

Visit: Central Architectural forms in different time periods

1.1 Itinerary

1.2 Background information: Central

1.3 Identifying different architectural styles

1.4 Checkpoints

1 City Hall

2 Old Supreme Court (Former Legislative Council Building)

3 HSBC Main Building

4 Bank of China Tower

5 The Old Dairy Farm Depot South Block (Fringe Club)

6 Duddell Street steps & gas lamps

Appendix: Western architectural styles

Summary, Key words and Further reading

01

03

04

05

05

08

11

13

15

16

17

18

ContentsPreamble

Teaching plan i

DisclaimerCreate Hong Kong of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region provides funding support to the project only, and does not otherwise take part in the project. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in these materials/events (or by members of the project team) do not reflect the views of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Communication and Technology Branch of the Commerce and Economic Development Bureau, Create Hong Kong, the CreateSmart Initiative Secretariat or the CreateSmart Initiative Vetting Committee.

Arts | Visit: Central Architectural Form

s in Different Time Periods

Teaching planLesson Contents

Field Trip

Central

Planned itinerary for the field trip

Historical background of Central

Architectural styles

Background information of various buildings

On-site exercise

Topic 09Visit: Central Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods

Major teaching areas

Visual ArtsVisual Arts Appreciation and Criticism in Context

Formal knowledge

Modes of presentation

Knowledge of history and ways of seeing

Knowledge in context

Learning objectives Be aware of the relationship of the historical backgrounds and architectural styles of different

buildings.

Understand the functions in each building and the effort put to retain the structure throughout different times.

Interdisciplinary teaching areasDesign and Applied Technology Strand 3 Value and Impact

Liberal Studies M2 Hong Kong Today

i



Duddell Street steps & gas lamps

The Old Dairy Farm Depot South Block(Fringe Club)

Pre-Trip Introduction (20 min) Background information of Central and architectural styles Objectives and introduction of on-site exercises Planned route

Field Trip (approximately 2 hours)

Bank of China Tower

HSBC Main BuildingCity Hall(Foyer)

Old Supreme Court (For-mer Legislative Council

Building)

1.1 Itinerary

1

2

3

4

56

20 min 15 min 15 min 10 min 10 min 10 min

1 2 3 4 5 6

0101



01

02

Proposed Route Arts Architectural Forms in Different TimesPoints of Interest

1. City Hall Aesthetics of Modernism in Architecture Geometry in Architecture Proportion in Architecture

2.Old Supreme Court (Former Legislative Council Building)

Aesthetics of Classical Architecture Mix of Colonial and Chinese Style Proportion in Architecture

3. HSBC Headquarters

Hi-Tech aesthetics in architecture Structure expressionism Prefabricated of building components Geometry in architecture

4. Bank of China Tower

Hi-Tech aesthetics in architecture Structure expressionism Geometry in architecture

5. The Old Dairy Farm Depot (Fringe Club)

Cultural reference in arts Form in relation with the streets Symbolism Historical and cultural influences on architecture

6. Duddell Street Steps & Gas Lamps

Cultural reference in arts Aesthetics in context Historical and cultural influences on architecture Evolution of Craft and Design Local materials

02



02

03

Major public spaceAs the heart of political administration, living and trade, a number of public parks were built in Central since the 19th century by the colonial government. The current Chater Garden was the former cricket ground for the British, while the Statue Square was once a place for political and military parade. These parks have now become popular grounds for leisure activities as well as public demonstrations.

The heart of politics and administrationThe concentration of government offices and buildings is an evidence to show Central being the heart of political and administrative centre for the past 171 years. The building cluster on the Government Hill and its central axis pointing straight towards the Victoria Harbour is a display of the former colonial governments authority over the city. Important government buildings such as the Government House, the Central Government Offices, the Former French Mission Building and the Old Supreme Court have created a closely articulated setting which helped ensure the governments effective controls over colonial politics and administration.

The significance of the Anglican Church for the British is manifested by the location of St. Johns Cathedral on the Government Hill, a political centre.

After the handover of the sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997, the political significance has been shifting away from the Government Hill. In 2012, the Central Government Complex at Tamar was officially opened for use. It is located right next to the Peoples Liberation Army Hong Kong Building.

The financial centreDue to the open economic policy exercised by the former British colonial government, tremendous foreign investment was attracted to Hong Kong. As a famous entrept in the world, Central is regarded as the CBD (Central Business District) with a large number of office towers which facilitates trade and communication. Iconic buildings have been erected, symbolizing the financial powers behind. These buildings are mostly in western or modern architectural style, making Hong Kong one of the most distinctive metropolis in the world.

The increasing global financial and commercial trade has led to the blooming infrastructural development in Hong Kong, especially in Central. Both inter- and intra-city transportation networks are located in Central for easy accessibility.

The following modes of transport or network can be found in Central:

Intra-district: Central elevated walkway system, Mid-Levels escalator system

Intra-city: MTR, ferry, bus, tram, minibus

Inter-city: Airport Express (Hong Kong Station to Hong Kong International Airport)

Central, the political and cultural centreCentral has long been the cultural and political centre of Hong Kong since Hong Kong Island was occupied by the British in 1841. Globalization has had profound influence on this area in terms of the following aspects:

Central - the development of the heart of an international city

1.2 Background Information: Central

The Central Elevated Walkwayis an extensive network of escalators and footbridges in Central and Western district. The walkway provides an all-weather passage to facilitate pedestrian access between Jardine House, Chater House and the General Post Office. This also helps alleviating pressure of vehicle traffic.

ChvhLR10 - Wikipedia User

03



03

04

One can easily identify the architectural style of a building by observing its external appearance as well as its form of space and details of building.

1. Building MaterialsThe choice of building materials is not only affected by aesthetic concerns but also the level of technology at the time of construction, as well as the availability of the material. Natural materials such as stone and wood were popular before the invention of concrete and steel. For example, most ancient Roman buildings were built in stones, especially marble, a material naturally abundant in Italy. However, for many modern cities, concrete, glass and steel are the more popular materials as it is quicker to build with these modern materials.

2. TechnologyWith the advancement of technology, more building materials have been invented, widening the choices and possibilities of architectural design. Steel and sheet glass are commonly used in modern architecture, but they were not as widely used until their mass production was made available during the 19th century Industrial Revolution. Nowadays, apart from these High-tech materials, natural materials such as sustainable wood are also popular. On the other hand, more buildings are becoming digitized, using digital building skin in LED and TV screens as their changeable faade.

The pursuit of technological breakthroughs has reduced physical limitations and liberated building structure. Through time, the breakthroughs in structural design has helped architects and engineers to invent and explore new forms, followed by the creation of new spatial experience.

3. Cultural and Social InfluenceLastly, the architectural form and the aesthetic appearance are not only influenced by the above, but also affected by the culture and social values of the time. Even within two close periods or using similar techniques, the building form could be very different. Taking the Old Supreme Court (Legislative Council Building) for example, the building is in a colonial style influenced by Western aesthetics. However, to better suit the local climate, some details, such as the Chinese tile roof, are a reflection of Chinese influence. The stone used was granite, a locally available material of Hong Kong.

1 3

2

1. The Old Supreme Court is a Neoclassical building fused with Chinese details.2. HSBC Main Building, with its innovative structural system, is an example of High-tech architecture. Loky3. City Hall is a prime example of Modernist architecture in Hong Kong, emphasising clarity and functionality. Loky

1.3 Identifying different architectural styles

When identifying the style of a building...When designing a building often the designers are influenced not only by its time but reference to its site context.

04



04

City Hall

1.4 Checkpoints

Built in : 1956Style : Modernism / BauhausArchitects : Ron Phillips and Alan Fitch, British architects in Hong Kong at the time Use : A multi-purpose civic centre with facilities for performance arts Background :In 1867, the first City Hall was built by public contributions. It was a magnificent two-storey building in Renaissance Revival style, with colonnades and archways, housing a theatre, a library, a museum and assembly rooms. The building was used by Europeans and Chinese elites.In 1933, the City Hall was partly demolished to make way for the Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank Building. The rest was demolished in 1947 for the erection of the Bank of China Building. The new complex was built in the post-war period, aiming to provide recreational facilities and cultural programmes for the general public instead of just the upper class.

Modernism, in the broad sense, refers to modern thoughts, character, or practice. The term specifically describes the Modernist Movement in arts and culture from 19th to 20th century.

Architectural Modernism was widely adopted before and after WWII and continues to be a dominant architectural style into the late 20th century for institutional and corporate buildings.

05

p Photo taken when the City Hall was first opened in the 60s. It was intended to be a urban hub, well-connected with the Star Ferry Pier, Queens Pier and Edinburgh Place. Ron Phillips

1

1 Can you identify the architectural style of City Hall? How was it different from the style of surrounding buildings when it was built?

[Discussion]

Suggested Answers Bauhaus architectural style: asymmetrical composition with a sense of balance, use of curtain wall,

rectilinear form Form follows function: design around functional needs. Various functions housed in simple, no-frills

box-shaped volumes Minimal: clean lines and stark geometrical forms Unornamented and asymmetrical, a contrast to the surrounding colonial buildings (such as the Old

Supreme Court) with decorations

The style later on become a common way of design, widely adopted in the civic and public buildings in Hong Kong. Previous to the construction of City Hall, many buildings in Hong Kong are built in the western classical style as influenced by the British colonial governor.

05



05

06

3 Why do you think the architect chose to design in Modernist style?

2 Can you describe the characteristics of Modernism from the City Hall features highlighted below?

Possible Perspectives The new complex was built in the post-war period, aiming to provide recreational facilities and

cultural programmes for the general public instead of just the upper class. At that time, there was a new emphasis being placed on housing for immigrants from China.

At that time, mass production was encouraged as it saved cost. Citizens now had access to all the facilities that in the past they couldnt afford to go to. The piazza in front of the City Hall was designed to relate to Queens Pier, and the memorial garden was meant to enable people to enjoy a free public space.

Suggested Answers Facade of the Upper Block simple geometry and no color (just black and white) black color is used to make subtle appearance of form non-decorative / minimal : clean lines and stark

geometrical forms

Suggested Answers Staircase of the Upper Block Form follow function, the staircase is exposed and the Activities (function) can be clearly identified from

outside Due to changed regulations, escape fire staircases may

no longer be glazed

Suggested Answers courtyard(memorial garden) between lower block and

upper block the transition space is identified by simple lines of

columns which helps to separate the different functional spaces, at the same time visually connecting the space

Teaching TipsMore information can be found in:Visual Arts Topic 06: Proportion in Architecture

[Discussion]

06



06

07

4 Which functional space is wrapped with a glazed faade? Which functional space is wrapped in opaque concrete walls? What do you think were the reasons behind these different treatments?

Possible Perspectives

The functional requirements of the interior are reflected on the exterior. For spaces requiring natural lighting, extensive glazing is used. These include the restaurant in the Low Block, stairwells and the library on the High Block. The concert hall and the theatre on the Low Block, however, are enclosed within opaque walls for housing technical functions and blocking out daylight.

This illustrates the Modernist principle of form follow functions

City Hall, a multi-purpose civic centre in Hong Kong. The Low Block is comprised of functions requiring larger volumes such as concert hall, theatre, restau-rant, ballroom, foyer and main circulation areas. The High Block is made up of a number of smaller spaces including art galleries, museums, library and admin-istrative offices.

5 As Hong Kong continued to develop, the harbourfront near City Hall was reclaimed. Star Ferry Pier had to relocate in 2006 and the Queens Pier was demolished in 2008 to make way for the reclamation.

What do you think about these changes? How important

was the original intention of the architect to connect City Hall with Star Ferry Pier, Queens Pier, Edinburgh Place and Statue Square as one continuous, highly accessible urban hub?

07



07

08

Built in : 1900-1912 Architects : Aston Webb and E. Ingress BellStyle : Neoclassical with Chinese architectural elements

Use : 1912-1978: Supreme Court During Japanese occupation in World War II (December 1941 to August 1945), the building was used as the headquarters of Hong Kong Military Police.

19852011: Legislative Council Due to structural cracks discovered during the construction works of the Mass Transit Railway in 1978, the building was temporarily closed for alteration works. It was reopened in 1985 as the Legislative Council Building.

In 2012, the building was closed and planned to open as the Court of Final Appeal by 2015.

Old Supreme Court (Former Legislative Council Building)2

p The Old Supreme Court was declared as a Grade I monument by the Antiquities and Monuments Office and is protected legally under the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance

Colonial Style Architecture

Under the rule of the British colonial government, the Old Supreme Court was built in a Western architectural style. This is Neoclassical style, with features of classical Greek and Roman architecture (850 BC-476 AD), but constructed after the 18th century. However, because of climatic and geographical differences, architectural features were altered to fit local conditions. This mixed, adaptive design is what we call the Colonial Style.

Stylobate

Columns

Architrave EntablatureFrieze

Pediment

p Various parts of a classical Greek faade, composed mainly of stylobate, colonnade, entablature and pediment. Some of these features are also used in the Neoclassical Old Supreme Court Building. Helen Fan

ChvhLR10 - Wikipedia User

Teaching TipsMore information can be found in:Visual Arts Topic 06: Proportion in Architecture

08



08

09

Lant

ern

Dom

e

Pedi

men

t

Stat

ue o

f Th

emis

Ioni

c co

lum

n

Arch

09



09

10

[Exercise 1]

On top of the pediment stands a 2.7m high statue of Justice, represented by the Greek goddess Themis. She holds a pair of scales in her right hand and a sword in her left hand; the scales represent fairness and the sword is a symbol of power. She is blindfolded, symbolizing impartiality.

Can you identify the Western and local features of the Old Supreme Court?

[Do you know...]

Suggested AnswersThe double-layered Chinese tile roof shows how a Western building is altered to adapt to local climate.

Suggested AnswersA Western dome covered in precast concrete tiles and surmounted by a feature called a lantern. A crown representing British rule is placed above the lantern.

Suggested AnswersGreek Ionic columns with simplified details, typical of Neoclassical architecture

Suggested AnswersThe verandah circling the building is a feature adopted for better ventilation in the hot, humid subtropical climate of Hong Kong

u Statue of Themis ChvhLR10 - Wikipedia User 10



10

11

HSBC Main Building

Suggested Answers Assembled structure Simple, clean geometric forms Unornamented Unobstructed view of the harbour with the open space of Statue Square in

front of the building Externalized suspension trusses spanning the construction at double-height

levels forming the most distinctive visual elements on the building envelope Open plan office Ground floor is open for public circulation

3

Built in : 1983-1985 Style : High-techArchitect : Lord Norman Foster, Pritzker Prize-winning architect

History of the HSBC Main Building:First generation : 1865-1886Second generation : 1886-1935 (Victorian style)Third generation : 1935-1978 (mixed Art Deco and Stripped Classical Style i.e. classical elements simplified to show only structural or proportional systems)Current building : 1986 (High-tech architecture)

u Contrasting architectural styles in Central Old Supreme Court in Neoclassical style and the nearby HSBC Main Building in High-tech style Ian Lambot

p High-tech aesthetics Expression of structural elements is the key of architectural beauty Foster + Partners

Photo Taking TipsPhotography not allowed anywhere in the building except in the atrium

High-tech architectural style

High-tech, or high technology, is an architectural style that emerged in the 1970s, with an emphasis on technological advancement and structure. The structural elements of the building are externalized and exposed, giving these buildings a skeletal look. This honesty of structure and emphasis on technology are part of the aesthetics.

One foreign example is the Centre Georges Pompidou (Pompidou Centre) in Paris, built in 1971. The Centre was designed by Italian architects Renzo Piano and Gianfranco Franchini and British architect Richard Rogers.

What special features and aesthetics do you see in the design?

[Exercise 2]

11



11

12

Historical Significance A valued icon of Hong Kong as a world-level metropolitan and contributed to the growth of Hong

Kongs tertiary sector The architect, Lord Norman Foster, is also the architect for Hong Kong International Airport, Kai Tak

Cruise Terminal and West Kowloon Cultural District.

Social and Cultural Significance The land between the HSBC Main Building and the harbour waterfront is planned to remain a

permanent free space for the public, as stated in the lease with the Government The building with unobstructed view of the harbour is considered to enjoy good Feng Shui (water

represents wealth in Feng Shui) The ground level of the building is open for public circulation. It has also been a favourite gathering

space for foreign domestic helpers and social activism such as Occupy Central.

Ian Lambot

[Discussion]How do you think the design breakthrough of HSBC has influence the skyline of Hong Kong? Compare the style of building before and after HSBC is built.

Possible PerspectivesThe standout structure has make the Hong Kong Skyline become unique in the world. Before HSBC Headquarters was built, the buildings envelope in the areas are much more opaque and regular in outlook, e.g. The Charter Building, Prince Building. The building made a breakthrough in the architectural style and lead highrise building designs towards a hi-tech expression e.g. Cheung Kong Building, Citi Plaza Building. Which the facade become more transparent and more innovative design is encouraged to make Hong Kong Skyline more dynamic.

12



12

13

What is the role of geometry in the composition of building?

Concise geometry and structurally expressive Given a relatively small footprint, the structure is highly

efficient with a square base morphing upwards into triangular prisms, giving the tower a dynamic form

Designed with reference to bamboo, a Chinese cultural symbol Carefully proportioned to give the tower an elegant, slender

appearance Distinctively different elevations on four sides

p The interior of the atrium also echoes with the triangular exterior forms

Bank of China Tower4

Built in : 1985-1990Style : High-techArchitect : I. M. Pei, Pritzker Prize-winning architect

Use : Headquarters of Bank of China Hong Kong; other office storeys are leased out. The site was the former address of the Murray House, which was dismantled in 1982 and relocated to Stanley in the 2000s.

u With a striking angular form, the Bank of China is an iconic piece of Structural Expressionism. The idea for the form came from bamboo, a symbol of growth and prosperity in Chinese culture. However, there have been comments on the poor Feng Shui the building causes to its surroundings due to the triangular form and the crosses (X) of its structural frame. WiNG - Wikipedia User

Teaching TipsMore information on the relationship between the structure and space can be found in:Science Topic 02 VISIT: Central - `Structure of Skyscraper

13



13

14

p Plans and elevation of the Bank of China Tower. The form transforms from a square at the base to a prism. Helen Fan

[Exercise 3]Draw a sketch of geometrical composition of the Bank of China Tower.

p The idea of Chinese Garden is integrated with Bank of China, a piece of modern architecture

The architect of the building, I. M. Pei, is well-known for using geometry and especially triangles in his design. The triangle is the most structurally stable and efficient geometrical shape. It is therefore widely used in high-tech buildings for structural efficiency and strength.

As a Chinese, Pei has also blended Chinese symbols and traditions in his design

Do you know any other buildings designed by him?

[Do you know...]

Casey Hon

14



14

15

5 The Old Dairy Farm Depot South Block (Fringe Club)

p Fringe Clubs property was originally a pitch-roofed Dairy Farm Depot built in 1890. Its pitched roof was demolished in 1908.

p Bandaged brickwork decoration was added in 1916. With circular bulls eye windows and square motifs

p Its filleted southwest corner was added during 1913 renovation

p Bandaged brickwork was replaced by paint rendering and Shanghai plaster cladding in around 1940s

Built in : 1890Style : Neoclassisicm (meaning a mixed style based on classicism)Use : 1890-1970s - Old Dairy Farm Depot consisting office, dairy shop, with cold storage warehouse and room for meat smoking

1984-present - Hong Kong Fringe Club, a non-profit arts organization Currently consists: two studio theatres, three exhibition areas, one pottery workshop, one showroom, one rehearsal studio, two bars, roof garden and offices

Significance : A Grade I historic building The first awardee of Hong Kong Government Heritage Award in 2001 in recognition of its success in historic conservation

p The external wall features a mix of different materials, including the distinctive red and white bandaged stucco and brickwork. The base of the walls were decorated with Shanghai plaster (a rough-textured material) simulating granite. Casey Hon

15



15

Possible PerspectivesYes, the gas lamps should be kept. The Duddell gas lamps are an important part of the street. They are a perfect match with the granite steps. It is

important to retain these original features and keep them functioning in order to preserve a historical place in a coherent manner

The lamps in Western style are a reminder of the history and technological development of Hong Kong. We should conserve such valuable artefacts in order for future generations to understand our home city better.

No, the gas lamps should not be kept. With mature electric technology, we do not need gas lamps anymore. The resources spent on maintaining these

lamps could be spent on other areas. Furthermore, they can, however, remain on site.

16

[Discussion]1 From 1950s onwards, all the gas lamps in Hong Kong were replaced by electric lamps. Why do you

think these gas lamps at Duddell Street have been kept?

Duddell Street Steps & Gas Lamps6

Built in : Granite steps, 18751889 Street Lamp, early 20th centuryUse : Connection between Ice House Street and Queens Road Central

Aesthetic Significance Earliest reference to the street lamps dated back to

1922, noted as Two-light Rochester Models Good quality stonework (granite) Colonial features Rare masonry balustrades in Hong Kong

Historical Significance Declared monument An iconic street scene reflecting the colonial

history of Hong Kong Duddell street was named after George Duddell, an

auctioneer and significant property owner in the area in the mid-19th century.

The only four surviving gas-powered street lamps in Hong Kong

Cultural Significance The nostalgic atmosphere has inspired many

famous movie scenes, e.g. In the Mood for Love directed by Wong Kar-Wai

p The grand granite balustrades

Casey Hon

Teaching TipsMore information on local conservation can be found in: Liberal Studies Topic 08`Conservation and Revitalization of Historic Buildings

16



16

p The Parthenon Mike Hui

p The Pantheon Richjheath - Wikipedia User

p Notre Dame Cathedral Tom S. - Wikipedia User

p St. Peters Square Franois Malan - Wikipedia User 17

Ancient Greek architectureConsidered the origin of Western architecture, ancient Greek architecture has a history of over a thousand years, distinguished by the use of classical order, which is a particular proportioning system composed of elements such as columns, the pediment, the entablature and so on. Greek buildings have simple, clear forms.

Examples: The Parthenon, Athens, Greece (438 BC)Temple of Athena Nike, Athens, Greece (427 BC)

Ancient Roman architectureDated back to 100 BC, with significant influence from Greek architecture. Distinguished by elements such as semi-circular arches, domes and the volumetric gesture. The Roman temples, amphitheatres, baths, basilicas etc. stand testimony to the greatness of this style. Often referred as classical architecture together with ancient Greek architecture.

Examples: The Colosseum, Rome, Italy (82 AD)The Pantheon, Rome, Italy (188 AD)

Gothic architecture (12th to 16th century)The style was prominent during the high and the late Medieval period, distinguished by pointed arches (different from the semicircular Roman arches), large rose windows, window tracery and the emphasis on the creation of vertical lines in the design.

Examples: Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France (1163 AD)Kings College Chapel, Cambridge, UK (1515 AD)

Neoclassical Architecture (18th to late 19th century)Beginning in the 18th century, the style was influenced by Classical Greek and Roman architecture, and partly influenced by the Italian Palladian style.

Examples: St Peters Square, Vatican (1667 AD)The British Museum, London, UK (1847 AD)

17

Appendix: Western Architectural Styles



17

Key words

Further reading

BauhausClassical architectureColonial architecture Geometry and Proportion

ModernismNeoclassical architectureStructural expressionism

1. 2009 h t tp : / / r thk .hk /e lea r n ing /a r ch i t ec tu r e tour / i ndex .h tm

2. Leisure and Cultural Services Department. Webisite of Antiquities and Monuments Office. 2004,. h t tp : / /www.amo.gov.hk /en/ma in .php

3. HSBC Main Building. Arup, 2012 h t tp : / /www.a r up. com/Pro jec t s /HSBC_Headquar te r s_1_Queens_Road_Cen t r a l . aspx

4. LegCo Civic Education Corner - The Legislative Council Building. Hong Kong Legislative Council. 2012. h t tp : / /www. l egco.gov.hk /young/eng l i sh /bu i l d ing / l egco_bu i l d ing_1 .h tm l

5. Hong Kong City Hall - Introduction. Hong Kong City Hall. Leisure and Cultural Services Department, 2007. h t tp : / /www.c i t yha l l . gov.hk /en/ index .php

6. CUP Publishing Ltd. 2005

Summary Central has always been Hong Kongs economic and political centre, featuring many landmark buildings that have contributed to the evolution of the citys unique skyline.

The form and outlook of a building is not purely aesthetic, but is also influenced by its cultural, political and technological context.

Organizer Research Team



Sponsor

18

Documents

Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods