Architectural implications of Climate Engineering: Design

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Architectural implications of Climate Engineering: Design Case Experiences

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Matthias Schuler

Transsolar Energietechnik GmbH

Stuttgart Munich

New York

http//:www.transsolar.com

NTNU, Trondheim, 8-3-2010

Folie 2Identity

Architecture means the adaptation of the condition of a place to a given time by the willpower, desire and knowledge of certain human beings.

We never do this alone.

We always do it somewhere – certainly for some person or persons, but always also for everyone.

Louisiana ManifestoJean Nouvel, June 2005

Folie 3Design team

Building physicist

HVAC engineer

Structuralengineer

Climate engineer

Architect

Client

Folie 4The job of the Design Team

• Analyzing the local identities of a location and site

- context - history - culture - program - users - neighborhood - flexibiliy

- climate - ground - micro climate - local resources (energy, water, …) - materials

Folie 5Parameters for thermal comfort

heat radiation

air velocityturbulence

activityclothing

daylight quality solar radiationheat / light

indoor airquality

air temperaturehumidity

Folie 6Physical Phenomena - the basics

Convection

Stratification

Evaporation

Transmission / Reflection

Heat radiation

• Conduction

Folie 7Zollverein School, Essen by Sejima Nishizawa Architects

Design Team:Architect: Sanaa / Heinrich BöllStructural engineer: Bollinger + GrohmannTechnique coordination: TransplanClimate engineer: TranssolarMEP consultant: Winter IngenieureBuilding physics: Horstmann Berger

Folie 8Zeche Zollverein - industrial heritage with new program

Folie 9Mining water 600 - 1200 m³/h

to ilet

for

ha ndy caped

/ storag e

to ilet

for

wo men

to ilet

for

men

storage

storage

storage

storage

storage

to ilet

for

wo men

storage

to ilet

forwo men

to ilet

for

men

storage

storage

machine

(air conditioning)

machine

(air conditioning)

storage

storage

to ilet

for

men

storage

storagestorage

Pump station with heat exchanger (water /water)

Tamb -10 °C

Troom 22 °C

External wall withan active insulation

Emscher

mine Zollverein

hot water ( ~35 °C)in disused mining shafts

water level

1200 m deep mine shaft

+

28 -35°C

Folie 10Climate concept / cooling

Development of activated bubble deck slabs

Folie 11Unique local and innovative approach

• Double shell wall

100

250 250

• Active Insulation

300600

Monolytic concrete wall

Double shell concrete wallwith minimal insulation

Folie 12

UK Average % of total CO2 emissions

UK Average in ton CO2/capital

Space heating in the home 3% 0.38Hot water 4% 0.50Appliances in the home 3% 0.38Personal transport 18% 2.25Embodied energy in home infrastructure 3% 0.38Waste and consumer items 13% 1.63Food 24% 3.00Shared services (total energy for running schools, hospitals, financial services, etc) 12% 1.50Shared infrastructure (energy for constructing schools, hospitals, roads, airports, etc) 20% 2.50

total 100% 12.5

Folie 13Direct use of the geothermal heat source - the „active“ insulation

• Active Insulation

300

Concrete

InsideOutside

400

Pipe 22 mm

Wall losses

building heat losses

-10°C

27°C

20°C200 100

Folie 143D heat conduction (Horstmann Berger)

outside

inside

Folie 15Piping around the windows

Folie 16Active insulation under construction

Folie 17Cavity slab to reduce the dead weight by 35%

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Folie 24Concept check by IR photographie, T-amb=11°C, T-room=20°C

Folie 25

Linked Hybrid, Beijing,Steven Holl Architects, New York

Structure: Guy Nordensen, New YorkMEP: Consentini, New York

Linked Hybrid, Beijing

Folie 26Linked Hybrid / Moma 3, Beijing

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Linked Hybrid Complex, Beijing8 linked Apartment Towers + Cinema, Hotel, Kindergarden, Galleries, Shops, Gym + Cafe

Total area: 160 000 m²+ 50 000 m² parking

Construction Schedule:Start: 2005Finished: 2008

Folie 28Linked Hybrid, Beijing, Site plan

Folie 29Linked Hybrid elevated bridge program

Spa/Pool Fitness

Shop

Cafe

GallerieLibrary

Lounge

Restaurant

Tearoom

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Radiant Cooling / HeatingSlab integrated radiant heating / cooling system

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Displacement VentilationΔtsupply = 1 - 2 K

• low turbulence• low mixing• low cooling effect

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Integrated shaft concept for supply and exhaust air

Feeding the supply air from the bottom and releasing the exhaust air at the top is minimizing total shaft area by an integrated supply and exhaust shaft concept

Fire damper flaps or supply and exhaust air are separating floor levels and apartments from each other

COMMERCIAL

COMMERCIAL

PARKING

MECHANICALPARKING

SKY LOUNGE

PRIVATE ROOF GARDEN

(GROUND FLOOR Height)

(TOP FLOOR height)

SERVICE

(TYPICAL FLOOR Height)

ACsupply

sand separation

air exhaust

air intake

heat recovery Ventilation Concept

Corridor

Fire Damper Flapsfor Supply+ Exhaust Air

Corridor

Folie 33

Bathroom

Operablewindow

Underfloor air outlet Supply air distribution in pressurized floor

Displacement ventilation with 0.5 air change per hour

Open concrete floor at perimeterwith slab integrated heaing / cooling

external roller shade

Corridor

Central fresh air supply ~ 20 °Cdehumidified to about 8 g/kg

Matched air ducts forsupply and exhaust air

Fire damper flaps for supply + exhaust air

Optional tenant fan coil

Heating coil insuspended ceiling

Climate and Energy Concept Apartments

Linked Hybrid / Moma Apartment climate and energy concept

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Efficient External Shadingbut?? Design, ?? visual connection

External Roller Shutter Systemmanually operated for shading,privacy,and safety

Folie 35s_enn - Roller shade with geometrical selectivity

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Folie 37Linked Hybrid, Beijing, Mock-Up Apartment

Linked Hybrid / Moma Apartment mock-up

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Linked Hybrid / Moma Apartment mock-up


Linked Hybrid / Moma 3, Beijing


Linked Hybrid / Moma 3, Beijing

Folie 41Slab integrated heating/cooling pipes and ventilation ducts

Folie 42

Geothermal System600 2 -U-pipe Borehole HX with 100 m depth

5 MW total heating power2 MW total free cooling power

Linked Hybrid / Moma Geothermal system

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Looped Hybrid Housing, Beijing Geothermal System with borehole heat exchanger, cooling tower, chiller (summer) and heat pump (winter)

System Temperatures 3rd - 5th year

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

17520 26280 35040 43800

Time in h

Tem

pera

ture

s in

°C

Ambient temp. [C]

Pile System Inlet Temp. [C]

Pile System Outlet Temp. [C]

Borehole heat exchanger - pile temperatures 3rd to 5th year

Spring / autumn: free cooling mode

Tpile,out < 20°C

Summer: chiller mode Tpile,out > 30°C

Winter: Heat pump

mode Tpile,out < 10°C

Linked Hybrid Geothermal System Analysis

Borehole heat exchanger - pile temperatures 3rd to 5th year

Folie 44

Estimation of pool water balance / purification plant load

Average daily pool water balance:

Extracted pool water: - 278 m³/d

Average rain water: + 13 m³/d

Average evaporation: - 23 m³/d

Purified exchange water: + 240 m³/d

Net fresh water need: + 28 m³/d

Average water load for purification plant

Gray water from apartments:+ 320 m³/d

Extracted pool water: + 278 m³/d

Total purification water load: + 598 m³/d

Plant purification rate: 86%

Total purified water gain: + 514 m³/d

Wasserkonzept

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Linked Hybrid

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Folie 53

Matthias Schuler

Towards a sustainable citywith zero CO2 footprint and a future vision

Masterplan for Masdar City, Abu Dhabi

in collaboration with

Foster & Partners Architects, LondonTraffic, Systematica, MilanoInfrastructure, water, waste, WSP, LondonEnergy concept, Transsolar, StuttgartMEP, Flack & Kurtz, ParisSolar systems, ETA, Florence

Folie 54Masdar City Program Briefing

Hotel ServicedApartments & Convention Centre67,941 sqm

Catering & Retail Plaza22,279 sqm

Commercial / Office Centre235,800 sqm

Masdar Centreand Station120,000 sqm

Hotel Retail

Commercial

Employee Housing / Village1,406,250 sqm

CommunitySupport140,625 sqm

Sport Zone31,552 sqm

Community Support

Sport and Leisure Zone

Residential

Car Parking Energy Production

Residents Car Parking50%600,000 sqm

Commuter Car Parking50%605,883 sqm

Sustainable Energy Prouction

464,000 sqm

Support

University Special Economy Zone

ScienceCentre38,400sqmUniversity incl.

Student Housing193,732 sqm

Office575,225 sqm

TechnologyPark360,000 sqm

Research and Development

Local Centres20,000 sqm

Research Labs61,600 sqm

Folie 55Abu Dhabi - from desert to a city in 40 years

1960

Folie 56Energy efficiency is prime strategy

Energy consumption for project site and 3.8 Mio m² buildingsfor UAE today standard towards Masdar guidelines

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

2,000,000

UAE today 550 ha final concept 230 ha

Ann

ual e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n [M

Wh/

year

] solar potentialwater distributionwaste treatmentstreet lightingon site trafficdesalinationdistributionBuilding operation

-79%

mis

sing

sol

ar a

reas

Folie 57What does a sustainable approach means

• A sustainable approach cannot be solved only by technical concepts, but demands a rethinking of the way of living.

• We have to learn from local natural adaptations, which minimizes energy and material consumption.

• This means a change in our daily behavior in respect of mobility, comfort expectations, water, energy and material consumption and waste production.

• All energy consumption must come from renewable sources and materials have to flow in a cycle.

• Due to the limited capacities of renewable energies, like sun, wind and geothermal, in the first essential step is to minimizing the demands and consumption.

• Urban density is one of the major approaches for a sustainable living.

Folie 58Annual hourly outdoor temperature profile

122°F

104

86

68

50

32

iwec_abu_dhabi

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

tem

pera

ture

[°C

]High temperaturesand high humidity levels

Folie 59Site exposure to strong winds

wind rose: Dubai

0100200300400500600700800900

10000°

20°

40°

60°

80°

100°

120°

140°

160°

180°

200°

220°

240°

260°

280°

300°

320°

340°

heigth: 10 m; wind ve

west

Sea water temperature range:15 - 34°C

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Black beetles:drinking the dew in the morning, collected on his back

Dorkas gazelle:Survive for months without drinking, water collection through wet grass feeding in the morning,kidneys work with minimal water consumption for decontamination

Extreme conditions demand prefect adaptations

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• General: The head in the fire, the feet in the water• shadowing by ventilated roof• living from the fruits - roof integrated energy

collection• layering below the shadow roof• using the ground for energy buffering

Application in general strategies for the Masdar Development

Ventilatedshadow roof

Compact building

Layeredfacade

Soil heatexchanger

Folie 62Recommendations: Wind parallel streets not longer than 75 m

Main winddirection

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Masdar City - the new hub for research and development of renewable energy components

City program around the university MIST (Masdar Institut of Science and Technology)

Folie 64Light Rail Transport(LRT) and Personal Rapid Transport (PRT)

Folie 65Layering of the City

Personal Rapid Transport

Main Infrastructure

Pedestrian level

Buildings

Services

Folie 66Energy efficiency is prime strategy

Energy consumption for project site and 3.8 Mio m² buildingsfor UAE today standard towards Masdar guidelines

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

2,000,000

UAE today 550 ha final concept 230 ha

Ann

ual e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n [M

Wh/

year

] solar potentialwater distributionwaste treatmentstreet lightingon site trafficdesalinationdistributionBuilding operation

-79%

mis

sing

sol

ar a

reas

reduction

Folie 67Consideration about the density of living on site in respect of total energy consumption

Energy for living contents:

conditioning, water

desalination, on site traffic and

street lights

Total energy consumption of the whole Masdar Development for mobility and living,depending on ration of people living on site

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000

1,000,000

1 2 3

Ene

rgy

[MW

h/a]

total energy for livingoff site traffic

30% living on site 50% living on site 100% living on site

Folie 68All energy by electricity but domestic hot water - large square

Masda Development - Energy Demand

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

450,000

Heat [MWh_th] Electricity [MWh_e]

Ener

gy [M

Wh/

a]

water distributionwaste treatmentstreet lightingon site traffic, PRTdesalination 9,600 m3/daydistributionBuilding equipment energy demandbuilding latent energy demandbuilding sensible demandB

uild

ings

Folie 69Masdar City Masterplan

Folie 70City climate

Folie 71Masdar City is under construction – University scheduled to open in February 2010

Folie 72What can we learn from Masdar?

• The world needs examples• Urban densities up to 180 Pers./ha• City for the people not for the cars• Public transportation replacing individual mobility• Efficiency for energy and resources is 80% of the bill• Economical evaluation for at least 30 years• 22 bill $ for a city project for 100.000 people

with CO2 neutral operation, with education, research and production of innovative products

Folie 73Torontos new development

Folie 74The Lower Don Lands Development

Folie 75Requirements at Every Scale

• Energy supply network

• Energy generation

• Waste management plan

• Food supply plan

• Water supply network

• Water treatment plan

• Traffic (motorized or not)

Development Scale Requirements


• Solar access

• Site access

• Energy delivery

• Stormwater flows

Block Scale Requirements


• Façade performance

• Building systems

• Daylight access

• Waste storage

• Local energy generation

• Water efficiency

• Materials efficiency

Building Scale Requirements


• Indoor comfort

• Daylighting

• Waste separation

Unit Scale Requirements


Scale Dependency• Each scale is dependent on successful

implementation of strategies at all other scales• Example: Sufficient daylighting cannot be achieved

in residential if the site plan doesn’t allow daylight penetration

Folie 80Reminder

„In all the counting and evaluation, we should not forget about the urban and architectural quality, done by architects, not by evaluators“Steven Holl, Knut Hamsun Center, Hamaroy

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UK Average % of total CO2 emissions

UK Average in ton CO2/capital

Space heating in the home 3% 0.38Hot water 4% 0.50Appliances in the home 3% 0.38Personal transport 18% 2.25Embodied energy in home infrastructure 3% 0.38Waste and consumer items 13% 1.63Food 24% 3.00Shared services (total energy for running schools, hospitals, financial services, etc) 12% 1.50Shared infrastructure (energy for constructing schools, hospitals, roads, airports, etc) 20% 2.50

total 100% 12.5

Documents

Architectural implications of Climate Engineering: Design