Architectural Technology 3.1 Case Study

John Hope GatewayRoyal Botanical Gardens, Edinburgh

Architectural Technology 3.1

Sam Hayes33241624

Aaron Morris33250666

Yuen Chak Ngai33242502

Daniel Whelan33245349

Brad McArdle33255523

Jan Harmens33254426

Christopher Pepper33250999

Stewart Craven33259578

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Building: John Hope Gateway.Client: Royal Botanical Gardens.

Location: Edinburgh, Scotland.Architect: Edward Cullinan Architects.

Contractor: Xircon.Completion: 2009.

Value: £10,700,000.

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The John Hope Gateway is home to Edinburgh’s botanical gardens. Building was designed by Edward Cullinan Architects and was

completed in 2009. The building is situated to the north of Edinburgh city centre. The building beautifully fits into its surrounding

environment making for a stunning link between nature and architecture.

A sustainable, low-energy, minimum-waste approach to the building's design became part of the message the Garden wished to convey to its

visitors. The Gateway has many demonstrable environmental solutions, including a biomass boiler, a green roof, rainwater

harvesting, a wind turbine, natural ventilation and passive night-time cooling.

KLH by the nature of its product, is a specialistin sustainable construction.

The cross laminated timber is produced from spruce and fir trees. They do not release co2 in production and can be recycled and reused to make other forms of timber panels.

Much of the by-product is used to manufacture our own biomass pellets which generate heat / power in the KLH factory, with the excess being sold to local CHP plants.

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Using KLH timber panels do not just create environmental benefits, but it can also save the cost of the building.

-Lighter structure, more economic design of the substructure and foundations (less concrete)

- Reduction on the the thickness of the transfer slab(less concrete)

- Prelims can be reduced due to the shortened construction programme

- Programming can be enhanced. E.g. pre-ordering windows, will be delivered to site.

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Cross-laminated timber (KLH) is produced from spruce strips that are stacked crosswise on top of each other and glued to each other. Depending on the purpose and static requirement, the plates are available in 3, 5, 7 or more board layers

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Compared to conventional timber construction products, cross-laminated timber offers entirely new possibilities when it comes to load transfer. Not only can loads be transferred in one direction but on all sides.

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The crossways arrangement of the longitudinal and crosswise lamellas reduces the swelling and shrinkage in the board plane to an insignificant minimum - static strength and shape retention increase considerably.

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The KLH Massivholz GmbH factories in Austria, cutting and beaming of KLH solid cross laminated timber boards takes place using state-of-the-art CNC technology.

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Because of the cross-lamination timber , the KLH panels are stronger than conventional wood products.

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The CO2 is absorbed by the trees, and the carbon is stored and oxygen been released.

With 1m³ of KLH panels will have approx 240-250kg of "locked-in" carbon.

The John Hope Gateway Biodiversity Centre has used 674m³ of KLH timber, which has locked 161760-168500kg of carbon.

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Single height columns

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Double height columns

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Load bearing masonry

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Double storey columns

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Load bearing masonry

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Longitudinal section A-A

Cross section B-B

1. Concrete pad foundations2. Concrete/Dolomite Floor3. Cold rolled mild steel columns4. First floor KLH beams5. Diagonal roof bracing

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Longitudinal section

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Steel base plate- The steel base plate is set into the concrete pad- Hessian sacks allow for tolerances needed when the column is introduced later on

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Shuttering- Ply shuttering is put up around the base plate so the next layers of concrete do not come in contact with steel

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Floor construction -The floor is built up around the shuttering-The column is not put in place until the top layer of concrete has dried through

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Column connection -The main column slots over the base plate- The hessian sacks under the base plate allow for slight movement of the column

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Grout- Grout is applied around the base plate to create a solid connection

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Concrete back fill- The remaining gap is backfilled with concrete once the column is in the correct position

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1. Inner supports2. Main column3. Top column connection4. Base connection5. First floor connection6. Flitch plate


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-The inner supports prevent the column from warping- There are a total of 4 cross sections- The gap in the middle is for the later first floor connection plate

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- The outer L plates are welded onto the inner supports- These will be done to a high tolerance to ensure that when they arrive on site they can be put in place quickly

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-The top connection plate welds into the column

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-The bottom connection is welded onto the column

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-The first floor connection plate should just slot through the column and be welded to the existing structure

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-The flitch plate slots though the top welded connection -This is again welded to the existing column

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Pad foundation-The pad foundation is cast with the connection plate inside it- Any required movement in the base plate is accommodated by the hessian sacks

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Shuttering- Ply shuttering is put up around the base plate so the next layers of concrete do not come in contact with steel

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Dolomite layer-Dolomite is the first layer to be poured on site- 200mm thick

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Blinding layer-A thin blinding layer is cast to seal the lower levels

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Concrete layer- A concrete base is poured for the main floor structure- 150mm thick

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DPM-The damp proof membrane is laid over the concrete

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Insulation-Rigid insulation is placed over the DPM layer- 100mm thick

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Final concrete layer-The top layer of concrete is polished to make it aesthetically pleasing - 100mm thick

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Main column-The main columns are now introduced on site once the floor build up is complete- These columns can be slightly altered due to hessian sacks in the foundations

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Concrete backfill-Once the column has been welded in place, concrete is poured to secure the column

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First floor beams- Paired 210mm x 815mm gluelam beams are lifted between the columns- There are two different sizes in columns

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First floor beams- Steel bolts are then put through both beams and the central connection plate- Total of 18 bolts hold both beams in place

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KLH floor panels- The KLH floor panels are now lifted and dropped in place individually- Each panel is 2m x 6m- 226mm thick

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KLH floor panels- The KLH floor panels are now lifted and dropped in place individually-Each panel is 2m x 6m- 226mm thick

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Top flitch plate- Now that the first floor is in, the top flitch plate can be prepped to receive the roof beams

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Roof beams - Each beam is exactly the same as tapers from 1035mm to 500mm- A slot is cut from the larger end to receive the flitch plate

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Roof beams - M24 bolts go through the beams and the connection plate to secure the beams in place- There are 24 bolts in total holding each beam

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Roof beams - M24 bolts go through the beams and the connection plate to secure the beams in place- There are 24 bolts in total holding each beam

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Connection plates- Each connection plate, connects four different beams together

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Connection plates- Each connection plate, connects four different beams together

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Connection plates- The arrangement of the bolts helps visitors understand the structure; a circular arrangement indicates a rotational force or movement while a vertical arrangement indicates a vertical force or shear.

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KLH roof panels- The roof panels are also made of KLH panels- 2m x 6m- 226mm thick

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Load Paths: A Live Load in the Office Space. The Occupier

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Gravity Exerts a Vertical Load on the First Floor

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Gravity Exerts a Vertical Load on the First FloorWhere the Seven Laminations of 42mm Thick KLH Panels form a stable platform

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Gravity Exerts a Vertical Load on the First FloorWhere the Seven Laminations of 42mm Thick KLH Panels form a stable platformAnd Distributes the Load Evenly Across the Panels

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Gravity Exerts a Vertical Load on the First FloorWhere the Seven Laminations of 42mm Thick KLH Panels form a stable platformAnd Distributes the Load Evenly Across the Panels To 855mm Thick Beams

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Gravity Exerts a Vertical Load on the First FloorWhere the Seven Laminations of 42mm Thick KLH Panels form a stable platformAnd Distributes the Load Evenly Across the Panels To 855mm Thick BeamsWhich Connect to and Transfer the Load to Columns Laid on a 6m by 8m GridLi

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Gravity Exerts a Vertical Load on the First FloorWhere the Seven Laminations of 42mm Thick KLH Panels form a stable platformAnd Distributes the Load Evenly Across the Panels To 855mm Thick BeamsWhich Connect to and Transfer the Load to Columns Laid on a 6m by 8m GridAnd then Delivers the Load to a Composite Pad and Raft Foundation

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Gravity Exerts a Vertical Load on the First FloorWhere the Seven Laminations of 42mm Thick KLH Panels form a stable platformAnd Distributes the Load Evenly Across the Panels To 855mm Thick BeamsWhich Connect to and Transfer the Load to Columns Laid on a 6m by 8m GridAnd then Delivers the Load to a Composite Pad and Raft FoundationWhere the Ground Resists With an Equal and Opposite Force

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Load Paths: A Dead Load on the Roof. The Skylight

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The Mass of the Skylight Exerts a Force

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The Mass of the Skylight Exerts a ForceOnto the Diagonal Grid Roof Beams,

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The Mass of the Skylight Exerts a ForceOnto the Diagonal Grid Roof BeamsWhich Transfer the Load onto the Flitch Plate of the Columns

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The Mass of the Skylight Exerts a ForceOnto the Diagonal Grid Roof BeamsWhich Transfer the Load onto the Flitch Plate of the ColumnsAnd Turns the Horizontal force into a Vertical Force

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The Mass of the Skylight Exerts a ForceOnto the Diagonal Grid Roof BeamsWhich Transfers the Load onto the Flitch Plate of the ColumnsAnd Turns the Horizontal force into a Vertical ForceThat Then Travels Down the Columns

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The Mass of the Skylight Exerts a ForceOnto the Diagonal Grid Roof BeamsWhich Transfer the Load onto the Flitch Plate of the ColumnsAnd Turns the Horizontal force into a Vertical ForceThat Then Travels Down the ColumnsAnd Into the Pad and Raft Composite FoundationD

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The Mass of the Skylight Exerts a ForceOnto the Diagonal Grid Roof BeamsWhich Transfer the Load onto the Flitch Plate of the ColumnsAnd Turns the Horizontal force into a Vertical ForceThat Then Travels Down the ColumnsAnd Into the Pad and Raft Composite FoundationWhere the Ground Exerts an Equal and Opposite ForceD

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Basement floor-In-situ concrete is cast for the basement floor- 250mm thick

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Basement floor-In-situ concrete is cast for the basement floor- 250mm thick

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Basement walls-In-situ concrete walls are cast using plyboard shuttering- 250mm thick

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Basement ceiling construction - Acroprops are put in place the support the shuttering for the ceiling poor

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Concrete roof shuttering- Plyboard is layered to create the shuttering

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Basement roof- 250mm thick pre-cast concrete slabs

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Site backfill- Once the basement concrete panels have been positioned , the basement excavation is backfilled

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Pad foundations- As a result of good load bearing underlying strata, pad foundations were the most suitable choice of main foundation - The pad foundations are positioned on a 6m x 8m grid which is shared by the primary structural system-There are two sizes of pad foundations. The larger 1500mm x 1500mm x 800mm pads support the primary structural steel columnswhereas the smaller 1200mm x 1200mm x 800mm pads support the wooden cladding facade and atrium area

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Alternative foundations-Raft foundations were used in areas of load bearing capacity such as the entrance and structural cores- Strip foundations were used for elongated load bearing retaining walls at the rear of the building

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Shuttering - The foundation perimeter is encased with ply board shuttering

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Dolomite/hardcore layer-A 200mm thick compacted dolomite is poured around the plyboard shuttering

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Blinding/screed layer- A 6mm blinding layer is poured to fill and cracks and gaps within the dolomite to prevent water causing a freeze thaw effect which ultimately prevents cracking within the dolomite and concrete foundations

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Concrete- A concrete layer is poured over reinforced steel re-bar which together act as a composite layer to help distribute uneven loads- The concrete is 150mm thick and completes the structural foundations

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DPC- The damp proof course is laid over the entire length of the concrete for waterproofing purposes

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Insulation- 100mm thick Kingspan rockwool insulation is laid

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Under floor heating- Polybutylene piping is laid out over the insulation in isolation zones to allow different areas of the building to be heated individually

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Polished concrete-A 100mm thick layer of concrete with marble veneer finish to complete the finished floor level of 600mm

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Remove shuttering- Now that the floor build up is complete the shuttering can be removed

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Single storey columns- 12 columns are welded into position, attached to the pad foundations . The steel work will start in one corner and progress across site to add strength during the construction sequence

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Entrance columns- Full height cold rolled mild steel including flitch plates are erected in the atrium area due to full height uninterrupted nature

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Load bearing masonry- Along steel work a group of brick layers

will start laying load bearing masonry

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First floor beams- First floor beams are introduced while steel beams are still being erected to provide lateral strength during the build process to withstand wind loading

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Continuation of columns and beams- Steel and load bearing masonry progress

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Continuation of columns, beams and advanced brickwork

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Continuation of columns and beams- Steel and load bearing masonry progress

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Completion of columns and beams- Steel and load bearing masonry progress

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Advanced ramp brickwork and pond concrete- The load bearings areas are completed with cavity and window and door openings- Wet tradesman will then start laying the in-situ concrete retaining walls for the water feature

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KLH floor panels- 2m x 6m KLH panels are added to provide horizontal support during construction

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Diagonal roof bracing- The diaconal roof bracing is erected in a similar fashion to the columns by building from a corner and progressing across the building

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Continuation of diagonal roof bracing- Diagonal roof bracing progress

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KLH roof panels-Each KLH panel has seven laminate layers totalling 226mm thick and are 2m x 6m- The KLH panels span a total of 100m x 50m

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Entrance columns- Atrium glazing framework connected to steel base plates which connect to concrete raft foundations

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Lower cladding- Lower cladding is constructed of 3000mm x 250mm x 50mm stained Scots Pine

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Intermediate cladding-Intermediate cladding is constructed of 3000mm x 250mm x 50mm dark stained Scots Pine-- Complete with internal window glazing and 1100mm tall vertical louvre system

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Final cladding-Final cladding is constructed of 3000mm x 250mm x 50mm stained Scots Pine and forms the structural basis of the roof parapett

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Zinc roof-Zinc flashing completes the wooden cladding by providing a waterproof layer for the parapettroof- A zinc roof is added to toilets complete with aluminium grey water storage sistern

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DPC

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Insulation- 100mm thick rigid insulation

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Concrete tray- A corrugated 12mm thick 100mm riveted concrete in-filled tray is constructed

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Sedum bedding tray- Several containment trays are formed as part of the Sedum roof

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Soil- Compacted aerated soil is filled to accommodate Sedum layer

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Pebbles- A layer of medium to fine course pebbles surround the soil filled containment rays to provide increased drainage

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Soffit- A finishing layer of wood encases and

waterproofs the roof build up

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ETFE roof skylights-Steel framework, timber batons, plastic window frames, glazing and ETFE skylight roofing are added along with remaining windows to weather proof the building

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Glazing- By starting the construction in January the building was weatherproof by the start of next winter, allowing for internal walls and first fix progression while construction is not viable due to weather

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Sedum roof- The Sedum roof is used as a dual purpose facility, it is a lightweight, cheap and efficient insulation layer. It also collects a larger volume of water for the grey water system

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on 1) Pad foundations and columns

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2) Insulation bracket

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2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation

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2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab

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2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane

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2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping

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2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP

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2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete

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2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation

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2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane

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2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks

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2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall

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2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams

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2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel

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2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane

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2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam

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2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam17) Beam fixing

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2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam17) Beam fixing18) Beam

Caf

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2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam17) Beam fixing18) Beam19) Under floor heating

Caf

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ea s

ecti


2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam17) Beam fixing18) Beam19) Under floor heating

Caf

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ea s

ecti


2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam17) Beam fixing18) Beam19) Under floor heating20) Raised timber floor

Caf

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ea s

ecti


2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam17) Beam fixing18) Beam19) Under floor heating20) Raised timber floor

Caf

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ea s

ecti


2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam17) Beam fixing18) Beam19) Under floor heating20) Raised timber floor21) Column

Caf

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ecti


2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam17) Beam fixing18) Beam19) Under floor heating20) Raised timber floor21) Column22) Timber decking

Caf

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ecti


2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam17) Beam fixing18) Beam19) Under floor heating20) Raised timber floor21) Column22) Timber decking23) Pressed metal insulated panel

Caf

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ea s

ecti



Caf

é ar

ea s

ecti



Caf

é ar

ea s

ecti



Caf

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ea s

ecti


2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam17) Beam fixing18) Beam19) Under floor heating20) Raised timber floor21) Column22) Timber decking23) Pressed metal insulated panel24) Glass

Caf

é ar

ea s

ecti


2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam17) Beam fixing18) Beam19) Under floor heating20) Raised timber floor21) Column22) Timber decking23) Pressed metal insulated panel24) Glass25) Pressed metal insulation pad

Caf

é ar

ea s

ecti


2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam17) Beam fixing18) Beam19) Under floor heating20) Raised timber floor21) Column22) Timber decking23) Pressed metal insulated panel24) Glass25) Pressed metal insulation pad26) RWP

Caf

é ar

ea s

ecti


2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam17) Beam fixing18) Beam19) Under floor heating20) Raised timber floor21) Column22) Timber decking23) Pressed metal insulated panel24) Glass25) Pressed metal insulation pad26) RWP27) Stone block

Caf

é ar

ea s

ecti


2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam17) Beam fixing18) Beam19) Under floor heating20) Raised timber floor21) Column22) Timber decking23) Pressed metal insulated panel24) Glass25) Pressed metal insulation pad26) RWP27) Stone block28) Dressed coping stone

Caf

é ar

ea s

ecti


2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam17) Beam fixing18) Beam19) Under floor heating20) Raised timber floor21) Column22) Timber decking23) Pressed metal insulated panel24) Glass25) Pressed metal insulation pad26) RWP27) Stone block28) Dressed coping stone29) Supports to roof

Caf

é ar

ea s

ecti


2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam17) Beam fixing18) Beam19) Under floor heating20) Raised timber floor21) Column22) Timber decking23) Pressed metal insulated panel24) Glass25) Pressed metal insulation pad26) RWP27) Stone block28) Dressed coping stone29) Supports to roof30) Cross laminated timber panel

Caf

é ar

ea s

ecti

on

1) Pad foundations and columns2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam17) Beam fixing18) Beam19) Under floor heating20) Raised timber floor21) Column22) Timber decking23) Pressed metal insulated panel24) Glass25) Pressed metal insulation pad26) RWP27) Stone block28) Dressed coping stone29) Supports to roof30) Cross laminated timber panel31) Sedum roof

Caf

é ar

ea s

ecti

on

1) Pad foundations and columns2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam17) Beam fixing18) Beam19) Under floor heating20) Raised timber floor21) Column22) Timber decking23) Pressed metal insulated panel24) Glass25) Pressed metal insulation pad26) RWP27) Stone block28) Dressed coping stone29) Supports to roof30) Cross laminated timber panel31) Sedum roof32) Timber cap

Caf

é ar

ea s

ecti

on

1) Pad foundations and columns2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam17) Beam fixing18) Beam19) Under floor heating20) Raised timber floor21) Column22) Timber decking23) Pressed metal insulated panel24) Glass25) Pressed metal insulation pad26) RWP27) Stone block28) Dressed coping stone29) Supports to roof30) Cross laminated timber panel31) Sedum roof32) Timber cap33) Sedum roof build up

Caf

é ar

ea s

ecti

on

1) Pad foundations and columns2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam17) Beam fixing18) Beam19) Under floor heating20) Raised timber floor21) Column22) Timber decking23) Pressed metal insulated panel24) Glass25) Pressed metal insulation pad26) RWP27) Stone block28) Dressed coping stone29) Supports to roof30) Cross laminated timber panel31) Sedum roof32) Timber cap33) Sedum roof build up

Caf

é ar

ea s

ecti

on

1) Pad foundations and columns2) Insulation bracket 3) Below slab insulation4) Ground loadbearing slab5) Slip membrane6) Concrete topping7) Insulation RWP8) In situ concrete9) Insulation10) Breather membrane11) Engineering blocks12) Stone wall13) Floor beams14) Cross laminated timber panel15) Single poly membrane 16) Beam17) Beam fixing18) Beam19) Under floor heating20) Raised timber floor21) Column22) Timber decking23) Pressed metal insulated panel24) Glass25) Pressed metal insulation pad26) RWP27) Stone block28) Dressed coping stone29) Supports to roof30) Cross laminated timber panel31) Sedum roof32) Timber cap33) Sedum roof build up34) Outer flooring

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base

Typ

ical

wal

l se

ctio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat17) Insulation

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat17) Insulation18) Laminated timber panel

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat17) Insulation18) Laminated timber panel19) Vertical timber stud

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat17) Insulation18) Laminated timber panel19) Vertical timber stud20) Cavity

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat17) Insulation18) Laminated timber panel19) Vertical timber stud20) Cavity21) Vertical sawn larch cladding

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat17) Insulation18) Laminated timber panel19) Vertical timber stud20) Cavity21) Vertical sawn larch cladding22) 2x plasterboard and vapour barrier

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat17) Insulation18) Laminated timber panel19) Vertical timber stud20) Cavity21) Vertical sawn larch cladding22) 2x plasterboard and vapour barrier23) Insulation and laminated timber panel

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat17) Insulation18) Laminated timber panel19) Vertical timber stud20) Cavity21) Vertical sawn larch cladding22) 2x plasterboard and vapour barrier23) Insulation and laminated timber panel24) Vertical timber stud

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat17) Insulation18) Laminated timber panel19) Vertical timber stud20) Cavity21) Vertical sawn larch cladding22) 2x plasterboard and vapour barrier23) Insulation and laminated timber panel24) Vertical timber stud25) Lower rail on cleats

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat17) Insulation18) Laminated timber panel19) Vertical timber stud20) Cavity21) Vertical sawn larch cladding22) 2x plasterboard and vapour barrier23) Insulation and laminated timber panel24) Vertical timber stud25) Lower rail on cleats26) Slotted cleat

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat17) Insulation18) Laminated timber panel19) Vertical timber stud20) Cavity21) Vertical sawn larch cladding22) 2x plasterboard and vapour barrier23) Insulation and laminated timber panel24) Vertical timber stud25) Lower rail on cleats26) Slotted cleat27) Cross laminated timber floorboard

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat17) Insulation18) Laminated timber panel19) Vertical timber stud20) Cavity21) Vertical sawn larch cladding22) 2x plasterboard and vapour barrier23) Insulation and laminated timber panel24) Vertical timber stud25) Lower rail on cleats26) Slotted cleat27) Cross laminated timber floorboard28) Angles to fix vertical panel to horizontal

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat17) Insulation18) Laminated timber panel19) Vertical timber stud20) Cavity21) Vertical sawn larch cladding22) 2x plasterboard and vapour barrier23) Insulation and laminated timber panel24) Vertical timber stud25) Lower rail on cleats26) Slotted cleat27) Cross laminated timber floorboard28) Angles to fix vertical panel to horizontal29) Insulation

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat17) Insulation18) Laminated timber panel19) Vertical timber stud20) Cavity21) Vertical sawn larch cladding22) 2x plasterboard and vapour barrier23) Insulation and laminated timber panel24) Vertical timber stud25) Lower rail on cleats26) Slotted cleat27) Cross laminated timber floorboard28) Angles to fix vertical panel to horizontal29) Insulation30) Sedum roof

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat17) Insulation18) Laminated timber panel19) Vertical timber stud20) Cavity21) Vertical sawn larch cladding22) 2x plasterboard and vapour barrier23) Insulation and laminated timber panel24) Vertical timber stud25) Lower rail on cleats26) Slotted cleat27) Cross laminated timber floorboard28) Angles to fix vertical panel to horizontal29) Insulation30) Sedum roof

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat17) Insulation18) Laminated timber panel19) Vertical timber stud20) Cavity21) Vertical sawn larch cladding22) 2x plasterboard and vapour barrier23) Insulation and laminated timber panel24) Vertical timber stud25) Lower rail on cleats26) Slotted cleat27) Cross laminated timber floorboard28) Angles to fix vertical panel to horizontal29) Insulation30) Sedum roof31) Vertical timber stud

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat17) Insulation18) Laminated timber panel19) Vertical timber stud20) Cavity21) Vertical sawn larch cladding22) 2x plasterboard and vapour barrier23) Insulation and laminated timber panel24) Vertical timber stud25) Lower rail on cleats26) Slotted cleat27) Cross laminated timber floorboard28) Angles to fix vertical panel to horizontal29) Insulation30) Sedum roof31) Vertical timber stud32) Timber cap

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat17) Insulation18) Laminated timber panel19) Vertical timber stud20) Cavity21) Vertical sawn larch cladding22) 2x plasterboard and vapour barrier23) Insulation and laminated timber panel24) Vertical timber stud25) Lower rail on cleats26) Slotted cleat27) Cross laminated timber floorboard28) Angles to fix vertical panel to horizontal29) Insulation30) Sedum roof31) Vertical timber stud32) Timber cap

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat17) Insulation18) Laminated timber panel19) Vertical timber stud20) Cavity21) Vertical sawn larch cladding22) 2x plasterboard and vapour barrier23) Insulation and laminated timber panel24) Vertical timber stud25) Lower rail on cleats26) Slotted cleat27) Cross laminated timber floorboard28) Angles to fix vertical panel to horizontal29) Insulation30) Sedum roof31) Vertical timber stud32) Timber cap33) Sawn larch cladding

Typ

ical

wal

l sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pad foundations3) Load bearing slab4) Engineer blocks5) Foundation casing6) Waterproof membrane7) Concrete slab8) Slot drain9) Insulation10) Façade fixtures11) Breather membrane12) Laminated timber panel13) Horizontal timber element14) Laminated timber panel15) Cross laminated timber floor16) Slotted MS cleat17) Insulation18) Laminated timber panel19) Vertical timber stud20) Cavity21) Vertical sawn larch cladding22) 2x plasterboard and vapour barrier23) Insulation and laminated timber panel24) Vertical timber stud25) Lower rail on cleats26) Slotted cleat27) Cross laminated timber floorboard28) Angles to fix vertical panel to horizontal29) Insulation30) Sedum roof31) Vertical timber stud32) Timber cap33) Sawn larch cladding34) Window fixture

Gla

ss e

ntr

ance

sec

tio

n1) Concrete base

Gla

ss e

ntr

ance

sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pebble marble surface

Gla

ss e

ntr

ance

sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pebble marble surface3) Cold rolled mild steel column

Gla

ss e

ntr

ance

sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pebble marble surface3) Cold rolled mild steel column4) Marble veneered concrete

Gla

ss e

ntr

ance

sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pebble marble surface3) Cold rolled mild steel column4) Marble veneered concrete 5) Chanel framed single glazed window

Gla

ss e

ntr

ance

sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pebble marble surface3) Cold rolled mild steel column4) Marble veneered concrete 5) Chanel framed single glazed window6) Cross laminated timber panels

Gla

ss e

ntr

ance

sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pebble marble surface3) Cold rolled mild steel column4) Marble veneered concrete 5) Chanel framed single glazed window6) Cross laminated timber panels7) Laminated timber panel

Gla

ss e

ntr

ance

sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pebble marble surface3) Cold rolled mild steel column4) Marble veneered concrete 5) Chanel framed single glazed window6) Cross laminated timber panels7) Laminated timber panel8) Insulation

Gla

ss e

ntr

ance

sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pebble marble surface3) Cold rolled mild steel column4) Marble veneered concrete 5) Chanel framed single glazed window6) Cross laminated timber panels7) Laminated timber panel8) Insulation9) Laminated timber panel

Gla

ss e

ntr

ance

sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pebble marble surface3) Cold rolled mild steel column4) Marble veneered concrete 5) Chanel framed single glazed window6) Cross laminated timber panels7) Laminated timber panel8) Insulation9) Laminated timber panel

Gla

ss e

ntr

ance

sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pebble marble surface3) Cold rolled mild steel column4) Marble veneered concrete 5) Chanel framed single glazed window6) Cross laminated timber panels7) Laminated timber panel8) Insulation9) Laminated timber panel10) Sedum tray

Gla

ss e

ntr

ance

sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pebble marble surface3) Cold rolled mild steel column4) Marble veneered concrete 5) Chanel framed single glazed window6) Cross laminated timber panels7) Laminated timber panel8) Insulation9) Laminated timber panel10) Sedum tray 11) Automatic opening vent columns

Gla

ss e

ntr

ance

sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pebble marble surface3) Cold rolled mild steel column4) Marble veneered concrete 5) Chanel framed single glazed window6) Cross laminated timber panels7) Laminated timber panel8) Insulation9) Laminated timber panel10) Sedum tray 11) Automatic opening vent columns12) Insulation

Gla

ss e

ntr

ance

sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pebble marble surface3) Cold rolled mild steel column4) Marble veneered concrete 5) Chanel framed single glazed window6) Cross laminated timber panels7) Laminated timber panel8) Insulation9) Laminated timber panel10) Sedum tray 11) Automatic opening vent columns12) Insulation

Gla

ss e

ntr

ance

sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pebble marble surface3) Cold rolled mild steel column4) Marble veneered concrete 5) Chanel framed single glazed window6) Cross laminated timber panels7) Laminated timber panel8) Insulation9) Laminated timber panel10) Sedum tray 11) Automatic opening vent columns12) Insulation13) Pressed aluminium gutter with down pipes

Gla

ss e

ntr

ance

sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pebble marble surface3) Cold rolled mild steel column4) Marble veneered concrete 5) Chanel framed single glazed window6) Cross laminated timber panels7) Laminated timber panel8) Insulation9) Laminated timber panel10) Sedum tray 11) Automatic opening vent columns12) Insulation13) Pressed aluminium gutter with down pipes14) Automatic opening vents

Gla

ss e

ntr

ance

sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pebble marble surface3) Cold rolled mild steel column4) Marble veneered concrete 5) Chanel framed single glazed window6) Cross laminated timber panels7) Laminated timber panel8) Insulation9) Laminated timber panel10) Sedum tray 11) Automatic opening vent columns12) Insulation13) Pressed aluminium gutter with down pipes14) Automatic opening vents15) Window 4m span 120x200

Gla

ss e

ntr

ance

sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pebble marble surface3) Cold rolled mild steel column4) Marble veneered concrete 5) Chanel framed single glazed window6) Cross laminated timber panels7) Laminated timber panel8) Insulation9) Laminated timber panel10) Sedum tray 11) Automatic opening vent columns12) Insulation13) Pressed aluminium gutter with down pipes14) Automatic opening vents15) Window 4m span 120x20016) Pressed all internal cover by ETFE contractor

Gla

ss e

ntr

ance

sec

tio

n1) Concrete base2) Pebble marble surface3) Cold rolled mild steel column4) Marble veneered concrete 5) Chanel framed single glazed window6) Cross laminated timber panels7) Laminated timber panel8) Insulation9) Laminated timber panel10) Sedum tray 11) Automatic opening vent columns12) Insulation13) Pressed aluminium gutter with down pipes14) Automatic opening vents15) Window 4m span 120x20016) Pressed all internal cover by ETFE contractor17) ETFE pillow fixture

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Fire ExitsDoors in the fire cores are held open on electro-magnetic devices-these devices had not yet been activated when we visited.Sliding doors in the entrance and back of the building are fall safe automatic doors with a ‘break-out’ facility.

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Other Exits

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Capacity of Each Space

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Fire Cores

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Fire Travel DistancesThe maximum travelling distance should be 42.5meters as the building is public visitors centre

47m

30m

39m

17m

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Area Outside Fire Travel DistancesThe space outside the fire travel distance was allowed as a timber downstand beam was put within the ceiling which will form a smoke reservoir. Therefore occupants can escape via a smoke free reservoir.

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Exits to Assembly Points

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Assembly Points

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Fire Zone 1

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Fire Zone 2

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Fire Zone 3

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Fire Zone 4

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Fire Zone 5

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

60 min Protected Zone

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

60 min Protected Walls and Doors

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan


Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Access For Emergency Services

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Emergency Services Turning CirclesThese must be a minimum of 14m in diameter.

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Smoke Detectors and Sprinklers

Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Fire Exits

Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Other Exits

Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan


Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Fire Cores

Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Fire Travel Distances

16m

28m

16m

37m

Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Fire Zone 1

Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Fire Zone 2

Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Fire Zone 3

Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Fire Zone 4

Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Fire Zone 5

Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan


Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan


Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan


Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan


Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Hazardous ZoneThe kitchen

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Fire ExitsDoors in the fire cores are held open on electro-magnetic devices-these devices had not yet been activated when we visited.Sliding doors in the entrance and back of the building are fall safe automatic doors with a ‘break-out’ facility.

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Other Exits

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan


Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Fire Cores

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Fire Travel DistancesThe maximum travelling distance should be 42.5meters as the building is public visitors centre

47m

30m

39m

17m

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Area Outside Fire Travel DistancesThe space outside the fire travel distance was allowed as a timber downstand beam was put within the ceiling which will form a smoke reservoir. Therefore occupants can escape via a smoke free reservoir.

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Exits to Assembly Points

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Assembly Points

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Fire Zone 1

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Fire Zone 2

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Fire Zone 3

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Fire Zone 4

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Fire Zone 5

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan


Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan


Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan


Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Access For Emergency Services

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan

Emergency Services Turning CirclesThese must be a minimum of 14m in diameter.

Fire

Str

ateg

y Ground Floor Plan


Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Fire Exits

Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Other Exits

Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan


Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Fire Cores

Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Fire Travel Distances

16m

28m

16m

37m

Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Fire Zone 1

Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Fire Zone 2

Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Fire Zone 3

Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Fire Zone 4

Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Fire Zone 5

Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan


Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan


Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan


Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan


Fire

Str

ateg

y First Floor Plan

Hazardous ZoneThe kitchen

Spring:

Autumn:

Summer:

Winter:

> 480460 - 480440 - 460420 - 440400 - 420380 - 400380 - 380340 - 360< 340

> 640600 - 640560 - 600520 - 560480 - 520440 - 480400 - 440360 - 400< 360

> 170160 - 170150 - 160140 - 150130 - 140120 - 130110 - 120100 - 110< 100

> 320300 - 320280 - 300260 - 280240 - 260220 - 240200 - 220180 - 200< 180

Average Values (Hours)Average Values (Hours)

Average Values (Hours) Average Values (Hours)

Sola

r A

nal

ysis Sunshine Duration Averages:

25

20

15

10

05

0

-05

-10

-15

-20

-25

Average Min and Max Temperature Degrees Celsius: Extreme Min and Max Temperature Degrees Celsius:

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

25

20

15

10

05

0

-05

-10

-15

-20

-25

Sola

r A

nal

ysis Temperature Averages:

The general solar analysis shows that the site averages temperatures above 0 degrees Celsius throughout the yearOccasional extreme temperatures may occur and the building should factor in these extremesAdvantages: The relatively steady temperature should inform accurate predictions for building systemsDisadvantages: the occasional extreme temperature could occur and preparations for such days should be factored

9.00, March

There are no man-made structure casting shadow onto the building. The shadowing of the building is only affected by itself and the foliage around it in the garden

Sola

r A

nal

ysis Shadow Study:

12.00, March


Sola

r A

nal

ysis Shadow Study:

15.00, March


Sola

r A

nal

ysis Shadow Study:

18.00, March


Sola

r A

nal

ysis Shadow Study:

9.00, July


Sola

r A

nal

ysis Shadow Study:

12.00, July


Sola

r A

nal

ysis Shadow Study:

15.00, July


Sola

r A

nal

ysis Shadow Study:

18.00, July


Sola

r A

nal

ysis Shadow Study:

9.00, September


Sola

r A

nal

ysis Shadow Study:

12.00, September


Sola

r A

nal

ysis Shadow Study:

15.00, September


Sola

r A

nal

ysis Shadow Study:

18.00, September


Sola

r A

nal

ysis Shadow Study:

9.00, December


Sola

r A

nal

ysis Shadow Study:

12.00, December


Sola

r A

nal

ysis Shadow Study:

15.00, December


Sola

r A

nal

ysis Shadow Study:

18.00, December


Sola

r A

nal

ysis Shadow Study:

Summer: Winter:

> 2520 - 2515 - 2010 - 158 - 106 - 8< 6

Average Values (Knots)> 2520 - 2515 - 2010 - 158 - 106 - 8< 6

Average Values (Knots)

Win

d A

nal

ysis Mean Wind Speed Averages:

The wind analysis shows that the site may experience winds which average 10-25 knots throughout the yearAdvantages: strong winds can be used by wind turbines to generate powerDisadvantages: the shape of the building may cause adverse wind deflections

Jan:

May:

Sept:

Feb:

June:

Oct:

Mar:

July:

Nov:

Apr:

Aug:

Dec:

Win

d A

nal

ysis Month By Month:

N

S

EW

Win

d A

nal

ysis Year Overall:

The wind analysis shows that the site may experience strong winds, predominantly from the north-east and south-west

The large trees around the site can channel the wind into narrow spaces and increase wind forces and speed

Win

d A

nal

ysis Wind Channels:

Win

d A

nal

ysis South West:

Strong winds often approach the site from the south-west

Win

d A

nal

ysis South West:

1. Winds approach from the south-west

Win

d A

nal

ysis South West:

1. Winds approach from the south-west2. As wind is forced through channels speeds increase

Win

d A

nal

ysis South West:

1. Winds approach from the south-west2. As wind is forced through channels speeds increase

Win

d A

nal

ysis South West:

1. Winds approach from the south-west2. As wind is forced through channels speeds increase3. Wind disperses into more open ground

Win

d A

nal

ysis South West:

As the wind passes by the large trees areas of negative pressurePositive pressureNegative pressure

Win

d A

nal

ysis South West:


Win

d A

nal

ysis South West:


Win

d A

nal

ysis South West:


Win

d A

nal

ysis North East:

Strong winds often approach the site from the north-east

Win

d A

nal

ysis North East:

1. Winds approach from the north-east

Win

d A

nal

ysis North East:

1. Winds approach from the north-east2. As wind is forced through channels speeds increase

Win

d A

nal

ysis North East:

1. Winds approach from the north-east2. As wind is forced through channels speeds increase

Win

d A

nal

ysis North East:

1. Winds approach from the north-east2. As wind is forced through channels speeds increase3. Wind disperses into more open ground

Win

d A

nal

ysis North East:


Win

d A

nal

ysis North East:


Win

d A

nal

ysis North East:


Win

d A

nal

ysis North East:


Spring:

Autumn:

Summer:

Winter:

> 800600 - 800500 - 600400 - 500300 - 400250 - 300200 - 250150 - 200< 150

> 800600 - 800500 - 600400 - 500300 - 400250 - 300200 - 250150 - 200< 150

> 800600 - 800500 - 600400 - 500300 - 400250 - 300200 - 250150 - 200< 150

> 800600 - 800500 - 600400 - 500300 - 400250 - 300200 - 250150 - 200< 150

Average Values (mm)Average Values (mm)

Average Values (mm) Average Values (mm)

Wat

er A

nal

ysis Rainfall Averages:

Mean Monthly Rainfall (mm):

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

Wat

er A

nal

ysis Rainfall Averages:

Rainfall analysis shows that the site experiences a large amount of rainfall throughout the yearAdvantages: rainwater may be harvested for utilitiesDisadvantages: the building will need to be very weather tight and damp conditions may restrict material choice

Spring:

Autumn:

Summer:

Winter:

> 4030 - 4020 - 3015 - 2010 - 155 - 10< 5

< 0.5

> 4030 - 4020 - 3015 - 2010 - 155 - 10< 5

> 4030 - 4020 - 3015 - 2010 - 155 - 10< 5

Average Values (mm)Average Values (mm)

Average Values (days) Average Values (mm)

Wat

er A

nal

ysis Lying Snow Averages:

26

24

22

20

18

16

14

12

10

08

06

04

02

26

24

22

20

18

16

14

12

10

08

06

04

02

Average No. Days Ground Frost: Average No. Days Air Frost:

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Wat

er A

nal

ysis Frost:

Snow and frost analysis shows that the site may experience severe cold spellsAdvantages: no significant advantagesDisadvantages: lying snow will need to be accounted for in room loading, colder conditions may not be suitable for some environmental conditions

Wat

er A

nal

ysis River Location:

The site is located on raised ground to the north of the Water of Leith

Wat

er A

nal

ysis Flood Zone:

Flood analysis shows that the site should not experience any significant flooding should the river burst its banks.

Please note: localised flooding could occur if drains are not properly maintained and cleared due to the large volume of rainfall the site experiences.

Borehole Sample Map:G

eo

logy

An

alys

is

Borehole Sample 130m:

0m

5m

10m

TopsoilSoft Silt And Sandy ClayMedium Dense Brown ClayFirm Dark Gray Gravelly ClayGravel And SandSand With Broken SandstoneFire Clay

Cobble SetsMudstoneRed Clay With Burnt ShaleConcreteCompacted Brick FillBoulders / Broken RockParaffin Shale

Medium Sand Mixed With StoneWeak Weathered MudstoneTarmacBroken StoneFirm SandstoneBlack Ash FillingBlack Sand

Key:

Ge

olo

gy A

nal

ysis




Key:

0m

5m

10m

15m

Ge

olo

gy A

nal

ysis Borehole Samples:




Key:

0m

5m

10m

15m

Ge

olo

gy A

nal

ysis Borehole Samples:

Key:1: Clay and Large Stones2:Clay3: Broken Rock and Boulders4: Coarse Gravel and Boulders5: Black Sand6: Sandstone7: Clay8: Paraffin Shale9: Sandstone10: Clay11: Sandstone12: Clay with Boulders and Gravel13: Sandstone14: Clay15: Sandstone16: Fireclay17: Sandstone and Quartz

1

234567

8

9

101112

13

14

15

1617

0 - 9.14m9.14 - 13.1m13.1 - 15.24m15.24 - 22.55m22.55 - 25.29m25.29 - 30.17m30.17 - 30.78m30.78 - 40.23m40.23 - 53.64m53.64 - 54.25m54.25 - 57.30m57.30 - 67.05m67.05 - 86.56m86.56 – 87.17m87.17 - 118.87m118.87 - 122.52m122.52 - 129.54m

Ge

olo

gy A

nal

ysis Geological Build-Up 130m:

Geological analysis shows that the site sits on approx. 25m of clay and sand. After 25m there are significant deposits of sandstone.

Around the site the smaller bore hole samples suggest that a lot of man made spoil could occur. This should not be a problem for the specific site because of the age of the gardens.

We would suggest that pad foundations would be suitable for these geological conditions.

Entrance foyer- Natural lighting from the two side glass facade and ETFE roofing- Artificial lighting system is using spot light to shire from the floor up to the roof and from the roof coming down, when the outside is dark- Naturally Ventilated by passive ventilation

Ground FloorZo

nin

g –

Pri

nci

pal

Sp

ace

s

Toilet- Although natural light enter the area from the small glazing on the roof, but artificial lighting is still required- Mechanical ventilated space

Ground FloorZo

nin

g –

Pri

nci

pal

Sp

ace

s

Open plan space- Natural light enter the space from the glass facade and ETFE roofing- Artificial lighting is also required to increase the luminosity- Passive Ventilated from automatically controlled vents- Mechanical ventilation will be use when its needed- Under floor heating is used

Ground FloorZo

nin

g –

Pri

nci

pal

Sp

ace

s

Toilet- Natural and artificial lighting are both used to light up the space- Mechanical ventilated space - Under floor heating is used

Ground FloorZo

nin

g –

Pri

nci

pal

Sp

ace

s

Circulation and Storage-Glazing are installed but due to small openings artificial lighting is mostly used- Spaces are mechanical ventilated- Under floor heating is used

Ground FloorZo

nin

g –

Pri

nci

pal

Sp

ace

s

Plant room- Artificial lighting is constantly needed due to lack of windows, but with the space being not having a lot of human access, the light will not required to be on for a long period of time- Mechanically ventilated through vents controlled by extractor fans

Ground FloorZo

nin

g –

Pri

nci

pal

Sp

ace

s

Open plan spaces- Natural light enter the space from the glass facade and ETFE roofing- Artificial lighting is also required to increase the luminosity- Passive Ventilated from automatically controlled vents- Mechanical ventilation will be use when its needed- Under floor heating is used

First FloorZo

nin

g –

Pri

nci

pal

Sp

ace

s

Office- Natural and artificial lighting are both used in this space- On the facade glazing, white light reflectors are installed to reflect all available sunlight into the space to reduce the need for artificial lighting- The top of the internal walls are also made of glass which allows light enter from the roof atrium- Mechanical ventilated space- Under floor heating is used

First FloorZo

nin

g –

Pri

nci

pal

Sp

ace

s

Kitchen- Natural and artificial lighting are both used to light up the space- It is assume that it is mechanically ventilated, because of the function of the space and the lack of window- Under floor heating is used

First FloorZo

nin

g –

Pri

nci

pal

Sp

ace

s

Toilet- Artificial lighting is used in the enclosed space- Mechanical ventilated space- Under floor heating is used

First FloorZo

nin

g –

Pri

nci

pal

Sp

ace

s

Circulation and Storage- The space is mainly artificial lighted. Although there are glazed opening, but the opening is not big enough to have the space totally naturally lighted- Mechanical ventilated space- Under floor heating is used

First FloorZo

nin

g –

Pri

nci

pal

Sp

ace

s

Education room- Natural and artificial lighting are both used to light up the space- Natural ventilation is controlled by the automatically controlled vents- Mechanical ventilation will be use when its needed- Under floor heating is used

First FloorZo

nin

g –

Pri

nci

pal

Sp

ace

s

First Floor PlanPublic Spaces

Zon

ing

–P

rin

cip

al S

pac

es

First Floor PlanPrivate Spaces

Zon

ing

–P

rin

cip

al S

pac

es

Ground Floor PlanPublic Spaces

Zon

ing

–P

rin

cip

al S

pac

es

Ground Floor PlanPrivate Spaces

Zon

ing

–P

rin

cip

al S

pac

es

Due to the buildings orientation to the sun,

there is very little direct sunlight allowed into the

building one measure implemented to allow sunlight into the office

spaces are these Louvre's. They work by bouncing a

subdued sunlight into the offices

The building internal atriums are lit by roof light

which have a polymer cover on them. This is to give a more uniform and

bright light rather than direct intense sun light. As there is gallery space with

in the atriums this polymer helps to block out

UV rays.

Nat

ura

l Lig

hti

ng Lighting Systems:

Nat

ura

l Lig

hti











UV rays.

Nat

ura

l Lig

hti











UV rays.

Nat

ura

l Lig

hti











UV rays.

Nat

ura

l Lig

hti











UV rays.

Despite the buildings position in relation to the sun, it has been designed to make the most of

the suns natural light throughout the day.

Maximum sun angle 73 degrees

Nat

ura

l Lig

hti

ng Summer 9am:

Summer 12pm


Nat

ura

l Lig

hti

ng Summer 12pm:


Nat

ura

l Lig

hti

ng Summer 5pm:

Minimum sun angle 20 degrees

Nat

ura

l Lig

hti

ng Winter 9am:


Nat

ura

l Lig

hti

ng Winter 12pm:


Nat

ura

l Lig

hti

ng Winter 5pm:

The restaurant light system consists of fluorescent tubes

suspended from the ceiling and integrated into panels that aid

acoustics' and contain heating and ventilation pipes.

Restaurant:

Exhibition Space:

In the exhibition space no lighting could be integrated into the

structural beams or walls this means all the lighting is suspended

within a neat panel system that also contains all of the heat and

ventilation ducts.The lighting in this space

comprises of spot lights that can be moved along tracks to alter the

space depending on what the exhibition requires.

Art

ific

ial L

igh

tin

g Lighting - Space By Space:

The restaurant light system consists of fluorescent tubes

suspended from the ceiling and integrated into panels that aid

acoustics' and contain heating and ventilation pipes.

In the evening the space is transformed by atmospheric blue

LED lighting that is contained within the same suspended ceiling

panels.

Restaurant:

Exhibition Space:

In the exhibition space no lighting could be integrated into the

structural beams or walls this means all the lighting is suspended

within a neat panel system that also contains all of the heat and

ventilation ducts.The lighting in this space

comprises of spot lights that can be moved along tracks to alter the

space depending on what the exhibition requires.

Art

ific

ial L

igh

tin


The exterior lighting consists of LED units that illuminate up the blue slate wall. This create and

interesting effect of shadows and highlight using the natural form of

the stone work.

Exterior Lighting:

Timber Staircase:

The stairs are one of the most outstanding features within the building. The lighting engineers

worked with architects and manufacturers to integrate an LED

lighting system that would compliment the sculptural form.The LED strips are built into the

treads of the stair and illuminate both the top and bottom of the

staircase.

Art

ific

ial L

igh

tin


Section to show the use of lighting throughout the building

Art

ific

ial L

igh

tin

g Lighting - Building Overall:

The buildings primary ventilation strategy is the use of windows and vents along side atriums and opening roof lights to create a chimney

stack effect to naturally cool the volume.

Nat

ura

l Ven

tila

tio

n

The buildings primary ventilation strategy is the use of windows and vents along side atriums and opening roof lights to create a chimney

stack effect to naturally cool the volume.

Nat

ura

l Ven

tila

tio

n

There is no air conditioning or air pumped within the building, instead the building relies

on allowing air to enter the building through air vents that are automatically controlled by comparing outside temperatures with the

temperatures inside the building

Nat

ura

l Ven

tila

tio

n

This safes energy and has the additional benefit of allowing us to breathe fresh air instead of

recycled ‘second hand’ air.

Nat

ura

l Ven

tila

tio

n

This safes energy and has the additional benefit of allowing us to breathe fresh air instead of

recycled ‘second hand’ air.

Nat

ura

l Ven

tila

tio

n

The services come up the side of the lift shaft located next to the kitchen, above the basement where the plant room is located. In this plant room the utilities enter the building ready to be distributed

throughout the structure. The plant room also services the heating cooling and ventilation systems.

Plant Room Location:Se

rvic

e R

un

s



Plant Room Location:Se

rvic

e R

un

s



Plant Core Location:Se

rvic

e R

un

s



Plant Core Location:Se

rvic

e R

un

s



Service Run Locations:Se

rvic

e R

un

s

Serv

ice

Ru

ns Service Run Locations:



Serv

ice

Ru







rvic

e R

un

s




rvic

e R

un

s




rvic

e R

un

s

Serv

ice

Ru

ns



Service Run Locations:

Serv

ice

Ru







rvic

e R

un

s




rvic

e R

un

s




rvic

e R

un

s

Serv

ice

Ru

ns Heating and Cooling System:

The heating and cooling system on the ground floor is a flat line

radiant system manufactured by Zehnder. The system is an efficient

way of maintaining an ambient temperature. It does this by using

convection to move air through the unit which dependent on

requirements can heat or cool the effected space. The system uses

hot or cold water pumped through the system to either heat or cool

the space depending on the requirement of the gallery.

Serv

ice

Ru









Serv

ice

Ru









Heating and Cooling System:








Serv

ice

Ru

ns

Nat

ura

l Lig

hti

ng

Sect

ion

4 -

Sust

ain

abili

ty

A - Wind TurbineB - Sedum RoofC - Rainwater HarvestingD - Solar PanelsE - Bio-mass Boiler

Win

d T

urb

ine Current Wind Turbine System:

Current System:

Computer control system(Uses a gust tracking algorithm to detect the behaviour of the wind. This information is then used to gain maximum power from the wind during gusts, to optimize the turbine performance.)

Compact size(Five metres high and three metres in diameter makes it compact and easy to integrate)

One moving part(Limits maintenance and inspection)

Wire safety system(Built in wire tensile system to prevent parts coming away from the turbine in the event of structural failure)

A

Turbine specification:

Physical dimensions 5.5m tall, 3.1m diameterGenerator Direct drive, mechanically integrated,

weather sealed permanent magnet generatorPower control Peak power tracking constantly optimises

turbine output for all sites and wind speedsPower The projected peak power at 16m/s is:

8.5kW aerodynamic; 7.0kW DC; 6.5kWh at 7m/sAnnual energy yield 4197kWh at 5m/s to BWEA standards

Up to 12729kWh at 7m/sNo reduction in power output at up to 40%

turbulence intensityOperating wind speeds Cut in at sustained 5m/s; Cut out sustained

26m/sDesign life 25 years (annual inspections

recommended)Rotor construction Carbon fibre

Power Regulation and shutdownPower regulation above 13.5m/s wind

speed, auto shutdown in high wind speeds (above 26m/s)Roof mounting 6m mastTower mounting 18m mastRemote monitoring Event log can be accessed via PC. Remote

monitoring stores operation, average wind speeds and kW hours of electricity generatedWarranty Two years on components

Win

d T

urb

ine Current Wind Turbine System - Statistics:

A

Win

d T

urb

ine

The turbine can generate around 4000 to 10000kWh per year, energy enough to supply an office which has 15-20 men.

Current Wind Turbine System:A

Designed as a quiet solution of consuming wind energy. Because of its quietness, it can be installed in urban areas.

Win

d T

urb

ine Current Wind Turbine System:

A

Win

d T

urb

ine Wind Turbine Does Not Work:

The wind turbine is not currently working

Possible reasons for turbine failure could be: Too strong / weak wind strengthWind blocked by trees Hardware or software failureA

The Turbine will work at speeds between 5m/s and 26m/s Speeds below 5m/s are shown in Red, The grey areas show up to an optimum speed of approx 16m/s Analysis shows that the site experiences suitable wind speeds for turbine operation

Win

d T

urb

ine Wind Strength?:

Jan:

May:

Sept:

Feb:

June:

Oct:

Mar:

July:

Nov:

Apr:

Aug:

Dec:

A

= Turbine Location

Win

d T

urb

ine Turbine Positioning?:

The Turbine will work with winds from any direction As shown in the wind analysis the site experiences strong channels of wind around and over the building Analysis indicates the turbine should not be blocked from the wind and have strong channels passingA

Win

d T

urb

ine Computer System?:

The chosen turbine incorporates a sophisticated computer system which: Determines when to spin turbine to start Determines when to brake in high winds Decides when to shut down Production of event logs for analysis Predictive controller learns site wind analysis over time Remote monitoring

Analysis shows under the environmental conditions of the site the turbine should operate. Because conditions are adequate we would suggest that the turbine may have malfunctioned due hardware or software problems.

A

Quietrevolution QR5 Windspire Gyromill Venturi Turbine Ropatec Vertical

Cut in: 5m/s 4m/s 2m/s 1.94m/s

Optimum: 16m/s 5.4m/s 5m/s 13.88m/s

Max: 26m/s 45m/s 40m/s 75m/s

kW/hr: 9600 2000 500 2300

Features: Low Noise Predictive Controller Auto Shut Down Low Vibration

Low Noise Small Scale Self Starting High Strength

Low Noise Almost continuous Low Cost Ideal for Low Speeds

Low Noise Low Maintenance Aerodynamic brakingsystem

Win

d T

urb

ine Correct Turbine Choice?:

Our Suggestion:We believe alternative vertical turbines would be suited to the site. A turbine which does not rely on computer systems wouldeliminate the chance of software failure.

A

Win

d T

urb

ine Alternative Turbine Choice?:

Our Suggestion:A system using the Ropatec Vertical turbine would be more suited to the site.

Ropatec Vertical Turbine Quietrevolution QR5

Operates at lower speed Requires higher speeds

Able to operate at higher speeds Unable to operate at highest speeds

Optimum speed is higher Optimum speed is lower

Generates less power Generates more power

Aerodynamic braking system Computerised braking system

Although the Quiet revolution produces more power and it optimal at lower speeds, we believe that the Ropatec would be better suited due to its ability to work in lower and higher winds. Also by eliminating a reliance on complex computer systems will minimise failure.

More desirable traits are highlighted in red

A

Win

d T

urb

ine Alternative Turbine Choice?:

Our Suggestion:Using two Ropatec Vertical turbines would give more power generation and produce approx. 2/3 of the power from the Quietrevolution QR5 system

We would suggest utilising both wind channels and putting a second turbine on the south-east corner

Although 2 Ropatec turbines only produce 4600kW/hr compared to 9600kW/hr of the Quietrevolution QR5 system we believe the ability to run at lower and higher speeds would make up for some of this loss

= Turbine Location

A

Green roof is a roof that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium.

Green roof has a longer lifespan than conventional roof, with roofs are under constant ultra-violet light.

In it’s first summer the roof was colonised by butterflies, insects and birds

Gre

en

Ro

of Current Roof System:

B

Gre

en

Ro

of Green Roof Section:

Key:1. Sedum Roof2. Rock Fill3. Growing Medium4. Primary Filter Layer5. Secondary Filter LayerDrainage Layer6. Root Barrier7. Insulation8. Vapour Control Layer9. Cross Laminated Timber

1346

7

8

9

25

B

Green roof provide a sustainable drainage as it reduce the immediate storm-water run off, by trapping the water within the soil and plants.

Gre

en

Ro

of Drainage:

B

Green roof has a longer lifespan than conventional roof, with roofs are under constant ultra-violet light.

Gre

en

Ro

of Life Span:

B

Gre

en

Ro

of

During the summer, solar energy is utilised by plants for evapotranspiration, reducing the temperature of the green roof and the surrounding microclimate.

Summer

Winter

During the winter months, a green roof can add to the insulating qualities of the roof. Water has a negative effect on thermal conductance. So in damp winter climate, such as the UK, a green roof will add little to the overall thermal performance of the roof.

Thermal Properties:B

Gre

en

Ro

of

Sedums herbs Sedums herbs perennials Perennials grasses shrubs Grasses shrubs trees76 – 102 mm 127 – 178 mm 203 -279 mm 305 + mm

The roof currently has a thinner growing medium which is only suitable to plants such as sedum, we believe that the roof could benefit biodiversity by having different plant species.

Green Roof Depth Analysis:

The thickness of the growing medium will be depends on the vegetation. The taller and bigger the vegetation , the thicker the growing medium. This is because of the taller and bigger the plants, the more and longer the roots they will have to keep them stable.

B

Gre

en

Ro

of Potential Biodiversity Promotion :

Our Suggestion:The botanical gardens could help bio-diversity by having a green roof incorporating plants which help endangered insect species.

However, as discussed on the previous page this would increase the loading on the roof if a thicker growing medium was needed.

We suggest a tiered system to enable more diverse planting. This would minimise growing medium thickness and maintain a reduced loading on the structure

B

Large Heath Butterfly (Coenonympha tullia)

Habitat: Bog moss Hare’s-tail Cottongrass Cross-leaved Heath

Northern Brown Argus (Aricia artaxerxes)

Habitat:Drained and unimproved grasslandsRock-roseSheltered scrubPatches of bare ground

Gre

en

Ro

of Potential Biodiversity Promotion - Priority Species in UK Biodiversity Action Plan:

The roof has already been colonised by some common butterflies and insects. However the area around the site is home to the following endangered butterflies which we feel can benefit from different roof planting

B

Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary (Boloria selene)

Habitat: Bracken Pteridium aquilinumDamp grassland Flushes and moorlandOpen wood-pasture

Dark Green Fritillary (Argynnis aglaja)

Habitat:Flower-rich grasslandPatches of scrubBracken Pteridium aquilinum

Gre

en

Ro

of Potential Biodiversity Promotion - Priority Species in UK Biodiversity Action Plan:

The roof has already been colonised by some common butterflies and insects. However the area around the site is home to the following endangered butterflies which we feel can benefit from different roof planting

B

Current System:

2x 7000 litre tanks(5000 litre per tank dedicated to rainwater)

Simple filter system(Because the rainwater is only being use as toilet water, large and complex filter system can be avoid, Gravity treatment cyclonic filters are used to the north)

Part gravity fed(Harvesting to the north toilet drum is gravity fed)

Part pumped(Harvesting to the south end of the building is pumped with the booster set to allow all WC’s in building to be served)

Low maintenance Low running cost

Rai

nw

ater

Har

vest

ing Current Rainwater Harvesting From Roof Area:

C

On this building, the rainwater is collected from the roof and used for flushing the toilets.

Rai

nw

ater

Har

vest


C

Rai

nw

ater

Har

vest


Some of the rainwater being store away, the large drainage system for the rainwater will not be required, as another solution on reducing the cost on the construction of the building.

C

Rai

nw

ater

Har

vest


This system reduces the amount of water needed to flush the toilet by at least 36% a year.

36%

C

Rai

nw

ater

Har

vest

ing Potential Rainwater Harvesting From Roof Area:

Our Suggestion:We believe that the rainwater harvesting system can be more efficient than 36%

Surface area of roof =1630.099817m2

Based of the following criteria:Adequate drainage can be used to collect 100% of the waterThe green roof does not consume a large quantity of the waterC

Rai

nw

ater

Har

vest

ing

Jan = 195,610Feb = 138,560Mar = 163,010Apr = 130,410May = 154,860Jun = 179,310

Jul = 187,460Aug = 171,160Sept = 203,760Oct = 220,060Nov = 187,460Dec = 203,760

Potential Rainwater Harvesting From Roof Area:


22,000

20,000

18,000

16,000

14,000

12,000

10,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

Key:

= 2000 Litres Collected

We believe the surface area of the roof and average rainfall for Edinburgh can provide 100% of the water for the building

C

Rai

nw

ater

Har

vest

ing

No. Visitors 2010 = 707,244 visitorsPublic Buildings require = 3-10 litres per person100% rainwater harvesting system requires = 2,121,732 litres Summer total (April to September) = 1,273,039.2 litresWinter total (October – March) = 848,692.8 litresSummer month = 212,173.2 litresWinter month = 141,448.8 litres

22,000

20,000

18,000

16,000

14,000

12,000

10,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000


(We will allow 3 litres per visitor because not all visitors to the park will use the facilities)

(As there are more visitors in summer 60% of the total will be required and 40% in winter)

Required Rainwater for 100% Rainwater Usage:

Key:

= Required

C

Rai

nw

ater

Har

vest

ing

22,000

20,000

18,000

16,000

14,000

12,000

10,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

Key:

= Harvested = Stored = Shortage


Jan = +54,161.2Feb = -2888.8Mar = +21561.2Apr = -81763.2May = -57313.2Jun = -32863.2

Jul = -24713.2Aug = -41013.2Sept = -8413.2Oct = +78611.2Nov = +46011.2Dec = +62311.2

Yearly shortage = -19,465.6

Rainwater harvesting from roofYearly capacity = 99.08%

Collected Water Vs Required Water:C

The roof falls just short of providing 100% water for the building.

Our Suggestion:Harvesting water from the car park to provide any extra water Supplying the missing 0.92% Provide in times of low rain Allow extra water for the green roof

(Car park would be only suitable for flushing toilets due to potential contamination from cars)

Rai

nw

ater

Har

vest

ing How to Achieve 100% Rainwater Harvesting:

Surface area of car park area = 407.374491m2C

Utilising rainwater from both the roof and car park should supply a large surplus which can be utilised in other ways

Our Suggestion:If car park water is used as first choice for toilets, the large surplus of water collected from the roof could use a UV sterilisation system to produce safe drinking water.

Advantages:No chemicals added to the water Low running costs Simple maintenance Safe and environmentally friendly

Rai

nw

ater

Har

vest

ing

Rain water harvested from roof

Secondary filtration with a minimum of 5 micron filter to remove any remaining sediment

Pre-filtration 10 micron filter to remove larger sediment

UV sterilisation systems to kill bacteria and viruses making the water suitable for drinking

Safe dinking water produced

Making Rainwater Safe to Drink:C

Photovoltaic and solar hot water heating panels are installed on the south side of the roof.

Sola

r Po

wer Current Solar Power System:

D

Sola

r Po

wer

Photovoltaic Panel Charge Controller

Charge Controller

Electric Meter

Battery Electrical Device

National Grid

Solar Power System:D

Key:1.) N-type silicon2.) Junction3.) P-type silicon

4.) Photons5.) Electron flow6.) ‘Hole’ flow

Sola

r Po

wer Solar Power System - Panel Build-Up:

123

45

6

Photons in sunlight strike PV and may be absorbed by atom Energy of the photon transferred to the electron of the atom that receives that energy. Cell materials (semiconductors)

N-type, – charge (lot of nearly free electrons)P-type, + charge (lot of "Holes“ - when an electron has left its place)

When an electron is free to move and has a negative charge it will try to catch a positive charge Although the charges are attracted it is impossible for electrons to pass the junction The only way to find a Hole is by going out from the solar cell, through an electrical device and toward the P-Type semiconductor. Thus creating electricity.D

When a visible light strike a solar cell, three things would happen:1) Pass straight through2) Be reflected3) Be absorbed

Sola

r Po

wer

1) 2) 3)

Solar Power System:D

11sqm of photovoltaic panel on the roofGenerate 1400 kWh per year, which is equal saving 600kg of carbon dioxide per year

Sola

r Po

wer Solar Power System:

D

Sola

r Po

wer

Evacuated tube solar thermal panels

Water pump

Hot water

Boiler

Solar Heating System:D

Key:1.) Evacuated Tube2.) Copper Heat Pipe3.) Non-toxic LiquidSo

lar

He

atin

g Solar Heating System - Panel Build-Up:

Infra-red radiation from the sun is absorbed by this sealed heat pipe which contains an anti-freeze liquid. As heat rises, hot vapours from the antifreeze rise up to the top of the heat pipe where its copper tip connects with a header pipe through which more antifreeze flows This hot antifreeze is pumped through pipes inside the hot water tank with the end result that the water gets hotter and the antifreeze cooler

1

3

2

Hot vapour rises to heat pipe tip

Cold vapour liquefies and returns to bottom

D

15sqm of solar hot water panels can generate 12 kV of warm water, which will provide enough hot water for 100000 hand wash or 1500 showers per year

Sola

r H

eat

ing Solar Heating System:

D

The photovoltaic and the solar hot water heating panels both do not work.During us visit to the building, the panels were protected

We suggest an alternative method of heating could be more appropriate

Sola

r H

eat

ing Solar Heating System:

D

He

atin

g A

lter

nat

ive Alternative Heating Method:

Ground Source Heat Pump:1.) Energy absorbed from the ground2.) Transferred to the refrigerant3.) Refrigerant turns to gaseous state4.) Refrigerant compressed, reducing its volume causes temperature rise

5.) Heat exchanger extracts heat from refrigerant to heat water6.) After loss of heat energy refrigerant turns back to liquid 7.) Cycle begins again

1

2

3

4

5

6

D

Our Suggestion:Ground source heat pumps require a large space to lay pipes, to minimise damaging the site gardens we suggest the use of a bore hole heat pump.

He

atin

g A

lter

nat

ive Alternative Heating Method:

The geology study shows it is relatively easy to drill a borehole to a depth of approx. 25m. Which will be sufficient for the ground source heat pump.

25m

D

He

atin

g A

lter

nat

ive Alternative Heating Method - Heat Pump Efficiency:

Standard Gas Boiler:

Ground Source Heat Pump:

The ratio of output energy compared to input energy is called co-efficiency of performance (COP). Most standard boilers have a COP of 1 (i.e. 1kW energy is turned into 1kW heat energy). Ground source heat pumps often achieve a COP of 4. At temperature of 35-45 degrees Celsius COP 5 can be achieved.

D

Co

olin

g A

lter

nat

ive Alternative Heating Method – Combined Passive Cooling System

Our Suggestion:The bore hole can also be utilised in combination with the water tank to provide passive cooling

Summer Cooling:1.) Rainwater collected2.) Rainwater transferred to storage tank3.) Cold energy absorbed from the water tank4.) Cold transferred via distribution system

Winter Heating:5.) Heat energy absorbed6.) Transferred to the refrigerant7.) Refrigerant turns to gaseous state8.) Refrigerant compressed9.) Heat exchanger extracts heat from refrigerant to heat water10.) After loss of heat energy refrigerant turns back to liquid 11.) Cycle begins again

1

23

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

h Summer(Cold used for cooling)

Winter h(Heat used for compressor)

D

Bio

mas

s B

oile

r

The Biomass Boiler is used to heat water and the building . The waste ash is then mixed into the soil and acts as fertilizer. The Botanical Garden uses a closed loop system of burning trees and waste from the garden and then replanting any trees used.

EUtilising Waste From The Biomass Boiler:

Bio

mas

s B

oile

r

Advantages-Biomass is a sustainable fuel source if managed correctly, i.e. trees need to be planted to replace those used.

-It is virtually carbon neutral.

-If they are well maintained and run they will produce very little smoke.

-Biomass is a good way of using up waste wood. It is used by the Royal Botanical Gardens for a large proportion of their garden waste.

Disadvantage-The main disadvantage of using biomass boilers is the need for a regular supply of wood however this is over come by the building being a Botanical garden Centre.

Fact-12 cubic metres of wood chips can produce similar levels of heat to 1000 litres of heating oil. For your information, 4.8 cubic metres (approx 4.8 tonnes) of raw wood makes 12 cubic metres of chips.

EAdvantages and Disadvantages of Biomass Boilers:

The Use of KLH Panels

Co

ncl

usi

on

Structure:

KLH panels are manufactured to specific sizes and thicknesses which means bulk producing is easy

In the event of a fire, the laminations of the panels make it difficult for the fire to spread throughout the building

The panels are easily assembled and connected on site, reducing labour costs and construction time

Compared to other structural systems, they are very small/thin which means thin load bearing walls are possible

They are manufactured from a sustainable wood source and are a storage of carbon

Structure:

During the construction of the building there were relatively few problems with the build up. This was due to the standardised KLH panelling system.

The first floor, roof and beams were all built offsite and simply delivered to be bolted onto the columns. This consequently meant that the building could be constructed extremely quickly and with relatively low skilled labourers.

This not only made it cheaper to build but it also meant that there were a limited number of human errors during construction.

Although the building is now structurally complete, the main contractor Xircon went into liquidation towards the end of the build. This has consequently meant that many small finishing bits on the building are either yet to be done or a later contractor had to finish.

Wind Turbine:

The current wind turbine is not working due to a technical fault. From our analysis we believe the malfunction could be due to the complex computer system that controls the turbine.

We suggest an alternative vertical turbine would be more suited to the site because a turbine which does not rely on computer systems would eliminate the chance of software failure.

After analysing several vertical turbines we would suggest a system using the Ropatec Vertical turbine would be more suited to the site. The Ropatec would work under both lower and higher wind speeds. The wind analysis shows that the site could experience high wind due to channelling.

The downside to the Ropatec turbine is that is produces less power. To make up for this loss we suggest using two Ropatec Vertical turbines would produce approx. 2/3 of the power from the Quietrevolution QR5 system. The wind analysis shows that the site could be suited to a second turbine to the south of the building, we would suggest locating the second Ropatec turbine here.

Sustainability Conclusion:

Sedum Roof:

One of the key objectives of the botanical gardens is to promote biodiversity. We feel that the roof of this building has missed an opportunity to help struggling species of insects and birds. We suggest a green roof which incorporates plants which help endangered insect species would be more suited.

New species of plants on the roof may require deeper growing medium which would in turn increase the loading on the building. In order to have both deeper growing medium yet maintain a lower loading force we suggest a tiered system could be suitable and enable more diverse planting.

The roof has already been colonised by some common butterflies and insects. Our research showed that there are several species of endangered butterfly which are a priority for government biodiversity targets. We suggest selective planting could create a suitable habitat for these endangered butterflies.

We suggest that the following changes and additions could greatly increase the sustainability of the building:

Co

ncl

usi

on

Rainwater Harvesting:

Currently the rainwater harvesting system provides 36% of the toilet water. We believe that the rainwater harvesting system can be utilised better and become more efficient than 36%. Our aim is to increase the amount of water harvested to provide 100% of the water for the building. Based on our calculations with the size of the roof, the amount of average rain on the site and the average consumption of water per visitor it is possible to harvest almost 100% of the water for the building.

Because rain amounts fluctuate we also suggest harvesting water from the car park would provide extra water to supply the 0.92% shortfall from the roof, provide in times of low rain and also provide water to feed the green roof.

If the building had a system which could utilise rainwater from both the roof and the car park our research shows that 100% of the needed water would be achieved. This can be achieved by increasing the size of the storage tanks and the area of water harvesting.

Car park water would be used as first choice for toilets.We suggest installing a UV filtration system so that the large surplus of water collected from the roof could be sterilised to produce safe drinking water. This filtration and sterilisation system would also be more suited than the current filtration system which leaves the water yellow and has resulted in complaints from the visitors.

Solar panels:

The current solar panel system is not working due to a technical fault. The specific fault is unknown, but we suggest that by using several systems together will provide a back-up to cover such times.

Based on our geological research we suggest that the site is suitable for a ground source heat pump. Commonly ground source heat pumps require a large space to lay pipes, we suggest that to minimise damaging the site gardens the use of a bore hole heat pump would be more suitable. The geological research shows that a bore hole of 25m should be easy to drill before reaching sandstone.

By combining the suggested ground source heat pump with both the bio mass boiler and the solar heating (when it becomes active) the building would be more covered for all eventualities. Ground source heat pumps are also one of the most efficient ways to heat the building and has significant environmental advantages over traditional heating systems.

The bore hole system can also be used in reverse to provide additional cooling in the summer. By using the borehole in combination with the water tank the building should be able to cool the passing liquid enough to provide passive cooling to the building

We suggest that the following changes and additions could greatly increase the sustainability of the building:

Sustainability Conclusion:C

on

clu

sio

n

http://www.edwardcullinanarchitects.com/http://www.rbge.org.uk/http://www.journal-online.co.uk/article/7493-visitor-numbers-for-botanics-on-the-risehttp://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/es/print.htmlhttp://www.solaruk.net/lazer2_solar_thermal_collectors.asp?gclid=CL3njZ7X7KwCFSFItAod_2CLHQhttp://www.coste53.net/downloads/Edinburgh/Edinburgh-Presentation/78.pdfhttp://www.architecture.com/SustainabilityHub/Casestudies/5-RoyalBotanicGardenEdinburgh.aspxhttp://www.petervaldivia.com/technology/energy/solar-power.phphttp://www.energ.co.uk/gshp-technologyhttp://www.britishbutterflies.co.uk/protected.asphttp://www.windfinder.com/windstats/windstatistic_edinburgh.htmhttp://www.quietrevolution.com/index.htm?gclid=CJOGmdvh76wCFdEhtAodPmZfPwhttp://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Vertical_Axis_Wind_Turbineshttp://www.zae-bayern.de/english/division-2/projects/archive/regenerative-cooling-system.htmlwww.speirsandmajor.comwww.zehnder.co.ukwww.edwardcullinanarchitects.co.ukwww.rbge.org.uk

http://www.edwardcullinanarchitects.com/

http://www.rbge.org.uk/

http://www.journal-online.co.uk/article/7493-visitor-numbers-for-botanics-on-the-rise

















http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/es/print.html

http://www.solaruk.net/lazer2_solar_thermal_collectors.asp?gclid=CL3njZ7X7KwCFSFItAod_2CLHQ

http://www.coste53.net/downloads/Edinburgh/Edinburgh-Presentation/78.pdf



http://www.architecture.com/SustainabilityHub/Casestudies/5-RoyalBotanicGardenEdinburgh.aspx



http://www.petervaldivia.com/technology/energy/solar-power.php




http://www.energ.co.uk/gshp-technology



http://www.britishbutterflies.co.uk/protected.asp

http://www.windfinder.com/windstats/windstatistic_edinburgh.htm

http://www.quietrevolution.com/index.htm?gclid=CJOGmdvh76wCFdEhtAodPmZfPw

http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Vertical_Axis_Wind_Turbines

http://www.zae-bayern.de/english/division-2/projects/archive/regenerative-cooling-system.html









http://www.speirsandmajor.com/

http://www.zehnder.co.uk

http://www.edwardcullinanarchitects.co.uk

http://www.rbge.org.uk

Documents

Architectural Technology 3.1 Case Study