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Architecture booklet (Summer 2010)
Citation preview
ROME City of Water
Infrastructure The Aqueductus
The Aqueductus were often many miles long
They were built near clean water sources located outside the city limits, and subsequently channeled clean water into Roman towns
Topography
All water pipes of the Aqueductus were open channels driven by gravity flow
The water flowed freely in rectangular channels, rather than sealed tubes
Urban Objects
The Fountains
Typologies of the Roman Fountain
MOSTRE FOUNTAINS terminal “display” fountains associated with the Aqueduct
ORNAMENTAL FOUNTAINS
WALL (MURAL) FOUNTAINS
“SEMI-PUBLIC” FOUNTAINS & DRINKING FOUNTAINS
FONTANELLE small neighborhood fountains
“NASONE” FOUNTAINS Fontanelle (1887)
SERVICE FOUNTAINS laundry fountains (Baroque Period)
ABBEVERATOIO fountains for animals
Fountains: Water as Urban Objects
Construction of the aqueductus determined the location of each fountain
FOUNTAINS water storage points within the distributed water system of the city (aqueductus)
CASTELLUM transformed into monumental fountains during the Roman Empire
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1500: Papa Sisto V Restoration of the ancient Roman aqueductus and fountains
1600: Gianlorenzo Bernini utilizes “decorative dynamism” of Baroque ornamental features and creates the Fountain of the Four Rivers (Piazza Navona)
During the Baroque Era, water and objects became landmarks
The fountain (and obelisk) functioned as a centerpoint
During the time between 1930-1937, a new Roman aqueductus was built
Society The Roman Bath
All Roman towns had public baths. These baths were used not only for swimming or bathing—they created the center of social life.
The Imperial Baths and the Balnae were the first attempts to provide communal bathing on a large scale.
BALNAE designed primarily for the neighborhood. Average of 5 bath houses per block, and 1 balnaeum for every 35 apartment buildings.
Logistics of bath locations were solved by improving the aqueduct.
There were two other ingenious inventions which contributed to the popularity of the Roman bath: vaulted ceilings (which supported massive roofs), and the hypocaust heating system.
Baths and Bathing
The thermae was designed with the idea of a recreational center.
Thermae walls enclosed an endless array of places:
Sports centers
Swimming pools
Parks
Libraries
Small Theatres (music, poetry)
Great Halls (parties)
Restaurants
Sleeping Quarters
The numerous centers and sources of entertainment ensured that anyone and everyone could enjoy the thermae.
*Many of the thermae were considered “free zones”—outside the jurisdiction of the law
The Roman Empire
A Culture of Water
The Culture of Water is still present in the contemporary city
Religion &
Public Life
Rome became the center of spiritual and political power during the Medieval Period. due in large part to the huge influence of
Christianity.
Everyday life in the Middle Ages revolved around Christian
commerce and faith.
Medieval Rome was not only the center of spiritual and
political power—it was also a place for commerce and
agricultural exploitation, where the population sought security
within the city walls.
The typical medieval market was set up in a square or plaza in the center of town. Local residents brought the food they grew and the animals they raised to sell or barter; some crafts people would also sell their goods.
This arrangement continues today in markets like the one in Campo di Fiori.
Roman Publicness and Event Space
Historical Context Baroque and Beyond
Piazza del Popolo
Pope Sisto V 1st to lay the foundation of the modern city
Religiously-oriented, but focused on the relationship between urban access and function
Baroque Period Rectilinear axis with a focal point—commonly, the obelisk Creation of a coherent, organized urban system which consisted of 3 main components: long, narrow streets; square (piazza); and, a focal point within the square
Rome as the Capital City
19th Century
New meaning of the piazza: symbolic function; not just a gathering place
Celebration of political rather than religious power
Use of buildings for civic functions, in addition to a central space designed as a public garden
Honorary statue replaced the obelisk and became the central focal point, symbolizing political power and also honoring civic life.
Event Space The Piazza
Gathering: La Grande Piazza Piazza del Popolo / Piazza di Spagna / Piazza Navona
A,rac/on for Interna/onal Visitors
Cultural Exchange (Rome & int’l cultures)
Gathering Space
Main Center (Piazza Navona)
Public Garden / Recreational Space
Piazzette: negotiated piazzas The small piazzas of Rome
Generated by transformation of the ‘urban fabric’, emerging spontaneously rather than through methodical plans.
Developed via convergence of streets or residual spaces, or from demolitions and new constructions.
Support neighborhood activities and community life.
Sometimes connected to interior courtyard of building, becoming extension of the private outdoor space
Neighborhood and
Sub-Identity
During the Fascist period in Italy, over 600 buildings were demolished in order to create space for the urban reconstruction of Mussolini. The demolitions displaced around 2,000 people, many of which were related to new housing developments or “social housing”, the borgate.
By 1930, there were over 6,000 people living in municipal housing areas like Garbatella. Social housing was provided on the basis of moving residents out of the city and into “clean, country air”…
…despite these claims, the social housing communities were, in reality, poorly built; lacking many basic necessities; and located far from public transportation.
Conditions in the borgate have improved during the past few decades, and residents maintain an identity different than those in other sections of Rome.