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17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 11
Are Environmental Problems Are Environmental Problems Getting Worse or Better?Getting Worse or Better?
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 22
Environmental PolicyEnvironmental Policy
Pattern of Government decisions and Pattern of Government decisions and actions intended to address environmental actions intended to address environmental problemsproblems–– Defining environmental problemsDefining environmental problems–– Devising programs and activities to manage Devising programs and activities to manage
themthem
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 33
Environmental Policy MakingEnvironmental Policy Making
How the government determines what How the government determines what are/not environmental problems and which are/not environmental problems and which deserve government attentiondeserve government attention–– InstitutionsInstitutions
How publicHow public concerns are translated in to concerns are translated in to government concernsgovernment concerns
–– ProceduresProcedures
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 44
Environmental PoliticsEnvironmental Politics
Clash of interests, ideas, & values that Clash of interests, ideas, & values that occurs occurs ---- inside and outside of inside and outside of government government ---- in the course of defining in the course of defining environmental problems and deciding environmental problems and deciding what government should (not) do about what government should (not) do about themthem–– Include public participationInclude public participation
VotingVotingLetter writingLetter writingLobbyingLobbying
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 55
Environmental PoliticsEnvironmental PoliticsWhat are the real problems we face as a society What are the real problems we face as a society and how do we characterize and prioritize them?and how do we characterize and prioritize them?–– Environmental problems vs. other problemsEnvironmental problems vs. other problems
Should our government do anything about the Should our government do anything about the environmental problem(s) we identify?environmental problem(s) we identify?If so, what are our choices for government If so, what are our choices for government action? What can government do and what action? What can government do and what should government do?should government do?Once we know what we want government to do, Once we know what we want government to do, how do we make it happen?how do we make it happen?
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 66
Scientific & Engineering Data in Scientific & Engineering Data in Environmental PolicyEnvironmental Policy
Where does science and technology come Where does science and technology come into play?into play?–– Defining the Defining the somesome of the characteristics of of the characteristics of
environmental problemsenvironmental problems–– Defining Defining some aspectssome aspects of the solutions for of the solutions for
solving the problemssolving the problems
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 77
Scientific & Engineering Data in Scientific & Engineering Data in Environmental PolicyEnvironmental Policy
“Emerging” science & technology“Emerging” science & technology–– TentativeTentative–– UncertainUncertain–– SpeculativeSpeculativeLooking for the truth vs. Looking for Looking for the truth vs. Looking for evidenceevidence–– Many ways to present dataMany ways to present data
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 88
Are Environmental Problems Are Environmental Problems Getting Worse or Better?Getting Worse or Better?
What do the Data show?What do the Data show?
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 99
Things Are Getting WorseThings Are Getting Worse
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 1010
World PopulationWorld Population
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060
Year
Popu
latio
n (m
illio
ns)
PopulationProjection
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 1111
World Population GrowthWorld Population Growth
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060Year
Per
cent
Gro
wth
GrowthProjection
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 1212
GDP per capita (2000)GDP per capita (2000)
$0
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
$35,000
GDP/pop
USJapanGermanyUKSwedenMexicoChinaIndiaNigeria
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 1313
COCO22 EmissionsEmissionsper Capita (1996)per Capita (1996)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
USAJa
panGerm
any
UKSwed
enM
exico
China
India
Nigeria
Wor
ldC
O2
(ton
nes p
er c
apita
)
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 1414
Energy ConsumptionEnergy Consumptionper capita (1997)per capita (1997)
050
100150200250300350400
USJa
pan
German
y
UKSwed
enM
exico
ChinaIn
diaNige
riaW
orld
Mill
ions
BT
Us p
er C
apita
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 1515
Municipal TrashMunicipal Trashkg per capitakg per capita
0100200300400500600700800
US
Japan
German
y UK
Sweden
Mexi
coChina
India
Nigeria
Wor
ld
kg p
er c
apita
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 1616
Ecological FootprintEcological Footprint
05
101520253035
US
Japan
German
y
UKM
exico
China
India
Nigera
Wor
ldA
cres
per
Cap
ita Eco. FootprintEco. Productive Land
Ecological Footprint
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 1717
Things Are Getting BetterThings Are Getting Better
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 1818
Population GrowthPopulation Growth19901990--20002000
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
USJa
pan
German
y
UKSw
eden
Mex
icoChina
India
Nigeria
Wor
ld%
Ann
ual G
row
th
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 1919
COCO22 Emissions per GDPEmissions per GDP(1996)(1996)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
USAJa
panGerm
any
UKSw
eden
Mex
icoChina
India
Nigeria
CO
2/G
DP
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 2020
BTUs Consumed per GDPBTUs Consumed per GDP(1996)(1996)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
USAJa
panGerm
any
UKSw
eden
Mex
icoChina
India
Nigeria
BT
Us/
GD
P
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 2121
US Energy Use & GDPUS Energy Use & GDP
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
BTUs
/ G
DP
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 2222
US SOUS SO22 Pollution & GDPPollution & GDP
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
SO2
/ GDP
U.S. U.S. NONOxx Emissions Emissions vsvs GDP/PopGDP/PopN
O-x
Em
issi
on
s
GDP per Capita5000 10000 20000 30000
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1930
19351940
19451950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1984198519861987
198819891990199119921993
19941995199619971998
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 2424
US CO2 EmissionsUS CO2 Emissions
1,250
1,300
1,350
1,400
1,450
1,500
CO2 Emissions
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 2525
US CO2 Emissions / GDPUS CO2 Emissions / GDP
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
CO2
Emis
sion
s/G
DP
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 2626
ENDEND
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 2727
Simon & KahnSimon & Kahn
Life expectancy is rising globallyLife expectancy is rising globallyBirth rates are fallingBirth rates are fallingGlobal food supply is increasingGlobal food supply is increasingNo statistical evidence of species lossNo statistical evidence of species lossFish catch is increasingFish catch is increasingAgriculture not constrained by land Agriculture not constrained by land availabilityavailability
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 2828
Simon & KahnSimon & Kahn
US farmland is not being lost to US farmland is not being lost to urbanizationurbanizationWater is not growing scarceWater is not growing scarceNo sign of serious climate changeNo sign of serious climate changeMineral resources are become less scarceMineral resources are become less scarceNuclear power is safe and competitiveNuclear power is safe and competitiveAir and Water pollution threats are Air and Water pollution threats are exaggeratedexaggerated
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 2929
U.S. PopulationU.S. PopulationUrban & RuralUrban & Rural
0
50
100
150
200
250
Popu
latio
n (m
illio
ns)
1900 1920 1940 1960 1990Year
RuralUrban
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 3030
US Vehicles MilesUS Vehicles Milesper capitaper capita
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Year
Veh
icle
Mile
s per
Cap
ita
17.32 Limited Earth?17.32 Limited Earth? 3131
Federal Environmental Laws PassedFederal Environmental Laws Passed(including amendments)(including amendments)
0123456789
10N
umbe
r Pa
ssed
1945-19
50
1951-19
55
1956-19
60
1961-19
65
1966-19
70
1971-19
75
1976-19
80
1981-19
85
1986-19
90
1991-19
95
1996-20
00