Are Muslims into stem cell

research

Review of current available

literatureMaysa Al-Hussaini and Linda Kateb

King Hussein Cancer Center

Amman Jordan

No Disclosure

What are the types of human stem

cellsbull Totipotent cells

These are the cells

that can generate a

complex organism be

it animal or human

but they cannot self

regenerate These are

the embryonic cells

beginning with the

zygote until the 8-cell

morula stage

bull Pluripotent cells

These cells retain the capacity to transform into all three primary germ layers ie the endoderm mesoderm and ectoderm and therefore can still form a complex organism

They can mdash in contrast to the totipotent cells mdash self renew for example in tissues culture These are the cells of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and constitute what are usually called embryonic stem cells (ESCs)

What are the types of human stem

cells

bull Multi-potent and progenitor cells

These cells in the developing embryo are the descendants of the inner cell mass They are already differentiated and develop in specific types of cells eg blood cells liver cell cardiomyocytes neurons etc and eventually make the different body organs

What are the types of human stem

cells

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Purpose of the studyhellip

1

To explore the available medical literature relating to views of Muslims on the use of stem cells in research

2

To investigate the status of national legislationslaws in Muslim countries as listed in pub med

Method

A Pub med searchhellip

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical

Muslims

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical Islam

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical Arabs

General Features of the

Articles

Results Journals

bull A total of 16 articles were obtained

bull First article is on March 2004 was and last one on March

2012

bull On average 2 articlesyr

bull Thirteen articles (8125) were published in international

journals and 3 (1875) in regional journals

bull Saudi Medical Journal n=2

bull Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal n=1

bull Nine journals with impact factor ranging from 3986-051

bull American Journal of bioethics 3986

bull Most of which is in intermediate range impact factor (1046-

1256

Results Article

Ten (625) review articles

Three (1825) original articles

Two (125) commentaries

One (625) editorial

Type of articles

Reviews

2-36 pages

Original articles 5-11 pages

Commentaries 1-4 pages

Editorial

3 pages

Pages ranged from 1-

36 pages

Results AuthorsTen

from institutions within Muslim countries

Iranmdash4

Turkey---3

Saudi Arabia---2

Sudan---1

Six

from institutions in other countries

USA---2

Italymdash1

Brazil---1

Lithuaniamdash1

Germany--1

Contents of Articles

Perspective of discussion

bull Three articles (1875) addressed the issue of Islamic

perspective as part of international reviews in

comparison with other regions like Christianity Judaism

Hindu and others

bull Seven articles measured the Islamic perspective in

general

bull Five articles measured the views in relation to a specific

country

bull Iranian n=3

bull Turkish n=2

Results

bull There is a general agreement by Muslim scholars on the

acceptance of the use of stem cells in research

bull There is a general agreement on the source of stem

cells whether from embryonic fetal children or adult

sources

bull General agreement on the acceptance of embryo as a

ldquonon-human beingrdquo

bull Reproductive cloning is prohibited

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research hellipbull Adult stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with their consent

bull Children stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with parents permission

bull Fetal stem cells can be used in spontaneous abortion

with permission of the parents but prohibited in research-

induced abortion

bull Research on remaining (supernumerary) embryos

resulting from IVF no longer needed for reproduction

provided

bull Embryos were not produced specifically for research

bull AND parents consent to their use in research

bull Placenta and blood cord stem cells

bull Therapeutic cloning (Somatic cell nuclear transfer)

bull When the intent is to create tissueorgan from the individual

who needs it

bull The procedure is feasible

bull The result is expected to be good

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Sources of references used in

most articlesbull Holy Quran

bull Hadith

bull Ijtihad (independent judgment) to reach an opinion or

(Fatwa)

bull Ijma (consensus)

bull Qiyas (analogy)

bull Istihsan ( juristic preference )

bull Maslaha (public interest)

Points of controversieshellip

Moral status of the embryo

Points of controversieshellip

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

bull There is no specific definition of the beginning of life

either in the Quran or the ḥadῑth collections

bull It is generally agreed that ensoulment the breathing of

Allahrsquos rūḥ (spirit) into the fetus differentiates biological

life which starts at the time of fertilization from human

life

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

No Disclosure

What are the types of human stem

cellsbull Totipotent cells

These are the cells

that can generate a

complex organism be

it animal or human

but they cannot self

regenerate These are

the embryonic cells

beginning with the

zygote until the 8-cell

morula stage

bull Pluripotent cells

These cells retain the capacity to transform into all three primary germ layers ie the endoderm mesoderm and ectoderm and therefore can still form a complex organism

They can mdash in contrast to the totipotent cells mdash self renew for example in tissues culture These are the cells of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and constitute what are usually called embryonic stem cells (ESCs)

What are the types of human stem

cells

bull Multi-potent and progenitor cells

These cells in the developing embryo are the descendants of the inner cell mass They are already differentiated and develop in specific types of cells eg blood cells liver cell cardiomyocytes neurons etc and eventually make the different body organs

What are the types of human stem

cells

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Purpose of the studyhellip

1

To explore the available medical literature relating to views of Muslims on the use of stem cells in research

2

To investigate the status of national legislationslaws in Muslim countries as listed in pub med

Method

A Pub med searchhellip

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical

Muslims

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical Islam

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical Arabs

General Features of the

Articles

Results Journals

bull A total of 16 articles were obtained

bull First article is on March 2004 was and last one on March

2012

bull On average 2 articlesyr

bull Thirteen articles (8125) were published in international

journals and 3 (1875) in regional journals

bull Saudi Medical Journal n=2

bull Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal n=1

bull Nine journals with impact factor ranging from 3986-051

bull American Journal of bioethics 3986

bull Most of which is in intermediate range impact factor (1046-

1256

Results Article

Ten (625) review articles

Three (1825) original articles

Two (125) commentaries

One (625) editorial

Type of articles

Reviews

2-36 pages

Original articles 5-11 pages

Commentaries 1-4 pages

Editorial

3 pages

Pages ranged from 1-

36 pages

Results AuthorsTen

from institutions within Muslim countries

Iranmdash4

Turkey---3

Saudi Arabia---2

Sudan---1

Six

from institutions in other countries

USA---2

Italymdash1

Brazil---1

Lithuaniamdash1

Germany--1

Contents of Articles

Perspective of discussion

bull Three articles (1875) addressed the issue of Islamic

perspective as part of international reviews in

comparison with other regions like Christianity Judaism

Hindu and others

bull Seven articles measured the Islamic perspective in

general

bull Five articles measured the views in relation to a specific

country

bull Iranian n=3

bull Turkish n=2

Results

bull There is a general agreement by Muslim scholars on the

acceptance of the use of stem cells in research

bull There is a general agreement on the source of stem

cells whether from embryonic fetal children or adult

sources

bull General agreement on the acceptance of embryo as a

ldquonon-human beingrdquo

bull Reproductive cloning is prohibited

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research hellipbull Adult stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with their consent

bull Children stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with parents permission

bull Fetal stem cells can be used in spontaneous abortion

with permission of the parents but prohibited in research-

induced abortion

bull Research on remaining (supernumerary) embryos

resulting from IVF no longer needed for reproduction

provided

bull Embryos were not produced specifically for research

bull AND parents consent to their use in research

bull Placenta and blood cord stem cells

bull Therapeutic cloning (Somatic cell nuclear transfer)

bull When the intent is to create tissueorgan from the individual

who needs it

bull The procedure is feasible

bull The result is expected to be good

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Sources of references used in

most articlesbull Holy Quran

bull Hadith

bull Ijtihad (independent judgment) to reach an opinion or

(Fatwa)

bull Ijma (consensus)

bull Qiyas (analogy)

bull Istihsan ( juristic preference )

bull Maslaha (public interest)

Points of controversieshellip

Moral status of the embryo

Points of controversieshellip

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

bull There is no specific definition of the beginning of life

either in the Quran or the ḥadῑth collections

bull It is generally agreed that ensoulment the breathing of

Allahrsquos rūḥ (spirit) into the fetus differentiates biological

life which starts at the time of fertilization from human

life

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

What are the types of human stem

cellsbull Totipotent cells

These are the cells

that can generate a

complex organism be

it animal or human

but they cannot self

regenerate These are

the embryonic cells

beginning with the

zygote until the 8-cell

morula stage

bull Pluripotent cells

These cells retain the capacity to transform into all three primary germ layers ie the endoderm mesoderm and ectoderm and therefore can still form a complex organism

They can mdash in contrast to the totipotent cells mdash self renew for example in tissues culture These are the cells of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and constitute what are usually called embryonic stem cells (ESCs)

What are the types of human stem

cells

bull Multi-potent and progenitor cells

These cells in the developing embryo are the descendants of the inner cell mass They are already differentiated and develop in specific types of cells eg blood cells liver cell cardiomyocytes neurons etc and eventually make the different body organs

What are the types of human stem

cells

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Purpose of the studyhellip

1

To explore the available medical literature relating to views of Muslims on the use of stem cells in research

2

To investigate the status of national legislationslaws in Muslim countries as listed in pub med

Method

A Pub med searchhellip

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical

Muslims

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical Islam

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical Arabs

General Features of the

Articles

Results Journals

bull A total of 16 articles were obtained

bull First article is on March 2004 was and last one on March

2012

bull On average 2 articlesyr

bull Thirteen articles (8125) were published in international

journals and 3 (1875) in regional journals

bull Saudi Medical Journal n=2

bull Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal n=1

bull Nine journals with impact factor ranging from 3986-051

bull American Journal of bioethics 3986

bull Most of which is in intermediate range impact factor (1046-

1256

Results Article

Ten (625) review articles

Three (1825) original articles

Two (125) commentaries

One (625) editorial

Type of articles

Reviews

2-36 pages

Original articles 5-11 pages

Commentaries 1-4 pages

Editorial

3 pages

Pages ranged from 1-

36 pages

Results AuthorsTen

from institutions within Muslim countries

Iranmdash4

Turkey---3

Saudi Arabia---2

Sudan---1

Six

from institutions in other countries

USA---2

Italymdash1

Brazil---1

Lithuaniamdash1

Germany--1

Contents of Articles

Perspective of discussion

bull Three articles (1875) addressed the issue of Islamic

perspective as part of international reviews in

comparison with other regions like Christianity Judaism

Hindu and others

bull Seven articles measured the Islamic perspective in

general

bull Five articles measured the views in relation to a specific

country

bull Iranian n=3

bull Turkish n=2

Results

bull There is a general agreement by Muslim scholars on the

acceptance of the use of stem cells in research

bull There is a general agreement on the source of stem

cells whether from embryonic fetal children or adult

sources

bull General agreement on the acceptance of embryo as a

ldquonon-human beingrdquo

bull Reproductive cloning is prohibited

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research hellipbull Adult stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with their consent

bull Children stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with parents permission

bull Fetal stem cells can be used in spontaneous abortion

with permission of the parents but prohibited in research-

induced abortion

bull Research on remaining (supernumerary) embryos

resulting from IVF no longer needed for reproduction

provided

bull Embryos were not produced specifically for research

bull AND parents consent to their use in research

bull Placenta and blood cord stem cells

bull Therapeutic cloning (Somatic cell nuclear transfer)

bull When the intent is to create tissueorgan from the individual

who needs it

bull The procedure is feasible

bull The result is expected to be good

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Sources of references used in

most articlesbull Holy Quran

bull Hadith

bull Ijtihad (independent judgment) to reach an opinion or

(Fatwa)

bull Ijma (consensus)

bull Qiyas (analogy)

bull Istihsan ( juristic preference )

bull Maslaha (public interest)

Points of controversieshellip

Moral status of the embryo

Points of controversieshellip

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

bull There is no specific definition of the beginning of life

either in the Quran or the ḥadῑth collections

bull It is generally agreed that ensoulment the breathing of

Allahrsquos rūḥ (spirit) into the fetus differentiates biological

life which starts at the time of fertilization from human

life

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

bull Pluripotent cells

These cells retain the capacity to transform into all three primary germ layers ie the endoderm mesoderm and ectoderm and therefore can still form a complex organism

They can mdash in contrast to the totipotent cells mdash self renew for example in tissues culture These are the cells of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and constitute what are usually called embryonic stem cells (ESCs)

What are the types of human stem

cells

bull Multi-potent and progenitor cells

These cells in the developing embryo are the descendants of the inner cell mass They are already differentiated and develop in specific types of cells eg blood cells liver cell cardiomyocytes neurons etc and eventually make the different body organs

What are the types of human stem

cells

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Purpose of the studyhellip

1

To explore the available medical literature relating to views of Muslims on the use of stem cells in research

2

To investigate the status of national legislationslaws in Muslim countries as listed in pub med

Method

A Pub med searchhellip

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical

Muslims

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical Islam

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical Arabs

General Features of the

Articles

Results Journals

bull A total of 16 articles were obtained

bull First article is on March 2004 was and last one on March

2012

bull On average 2 articlesyr

bull Thirteen articles (8125) were published in international

journals and 3 (1875) in regional journals

bull Saudi Medical Journal n=2

bull Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal n=1

bull Nine journals with impact factor ranging from 3986-051

bull American Journal of bioethics 3986

bull Most of which is in intermediate range impact factor (1046-

1256

Results Article

Ten (625) review articles

Three (1825) original articles

Two (125) commentaries

One (625) editorial

Type of articles

Reviews

2-36 pages

Original articles 5-11 pages

Commentaries 1-4 pages

Editorial

3 pages

Pages ranged from 1-

36 pages

Results AuthorsTen

from institutions within Muslim countries

Iranmdash4

Turkey---3

Saudi Arabia---2

Sudan---1

Six

from institutions in other countries

USA---2

Italymdash1

Brazil---1

Lithuaniamdash1

Germany--1

Contents of Articles

Perspective of discussion

bull Three articles (1875) addressed the issue of Islamic

perspective as part of international reviews in

comparison with other regions like Christianity Judaism

Hindu and others

bull Seven articles measured the Islamic perspective in

general

bull Five articles measured the views in relation to a specific

country

bull Iranian n=3

bull Turkish n=2

Results

bull There is a general agreement by Muslim scholars on the

acceptance of the use of stem cells in research

bull There is a general agreement on the source of stem

cells whether from embryonic fetal children or adult

sources

bull General agreement on the acceptance of embryo as a

ldquonon-human beingrdquo

bull Reproductive cloning is prohibited

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research hellipbull Adult stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with their consent

bull Children stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with parents permission

bull Fetal stem cells can be used in spontaneous abortion

with permission of the parents but prohibited in research-

induced abortion

bull Research on remaining (supernumerary) embryos

resulting from IVF no longer needed for reproduction

provided

bull Embryos were not produced specifically for research

bull AND parents consent to their use in research

bull Placenta and blood cord stem cells

bull Therapeutic cloning (Somatic cell nuclear transfer)

bull When the intent is to create tissueorgan from the individual

who needs it

bull The procedure is feasible

bull The result is expected to be good

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Sources of references used in

most articlesbull Holy Quran

bull Hadith

bull Ijtihad (independent judgment) to reach an opinion or

(Fatwa)

bull Ijma (consensus)

bull Qiyas (analogy)

bull Istihsan ( juristic preference )

bull Maslaha (public interest)

Points of controversieshellip

Moral status of the embryo

Points of controversieshellip

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

bull There is no specific definition of the beginning of life

either in the Quran or the ḥadῑth collections

bull It is generally agreed that ensoulment the breathing of

Allahrsquos rūḥ (spirit) into the fetus differentiates biological

life which starts at the time of fertilization from human

life

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

bull Multi-potent and progenitor cells

These cells in the developing embryo are the descendants of the inner cell mass They are already differentiated and develop in specific types of cells eg blood cells liver cell cardiomyocytes neurons etc and eventually make the different body organs

What are the types of human stem

cells

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Purpose of the studyhellip

1

To explore the available medical literature relating to views of Muslims on the use of stem cells in research

2

To investigate the status of national legislationslaws in Muslim countries as listed in pub med

Method

A Pub med searchhellip

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical

Muslims

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical Islam

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical Arabs

General Features of the

Articles

Results Journals

bull A total of 16 articles were obtained

bull First article is on March 2004 was and last one on March

2012

bull On average 2 articlesyr

bull Thirteen articles (8125) were published in international

journals and 3 (1875) in regional journals

bull Saudi Medical Journal n=2

bull Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal n=1

bull Nine journals with impact factor ranging from 3986-051

bull American Journal of bioethics 3986

bull Most of which is in intermediate range impact factor (1046-

1256

Results Article

Ten (625) review articles

Three (1825) original articles

Two (125) commentaries

One (625) editorial

Type of articles

Reviews

2-36 pages

Original articles 5-11 pages

Commentaries 1-4 pages

Editorial

3 pages

Pages ranged from 1-

36 pages

Results AuthorsTen

from institutions within Muslim countries

Iranmdash4

Turkey---3

Saudi Arabia---2

Sudan---1

Six

from institutions in other countries

USA---2

Italymdash1

Brazil---1

Lithuaniamdash1

Germany--1

Contents of Articles

Perspective of discussion

bull Three articles (1875) addressed the issue of Islamic

perspective as part of international reviews in

comparison with other regions like Christianity Judaism

Hindu and others

bull Seven articles measured the Islamic perspective in

general

bull Five articles measured the views in relation to a specific

country

bull Iranian n=3

bull Turkish n=2

Results

bull There is a general agreement by Muslim scholars on the

acceptance of the use of stem cells in research

bull There is a general agreement on the source of stem

cells whether from embryonic fetal children or adult

sources

bull General agreement on the acceptance of embryo as a

ldquonon-human beingrdquo

bull Reproductive cloning is prohibited

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research hellipbull Adult stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with their consent

bull Children stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with parents permission

bull Fetal stem cells can be used in spontaneous abortion

with permission of the parents but prohibited in research-

induced abortion

bull Research on remaining (supernumerary) embryos

resulting from IVF no longer needed for reproduction

provided

bull Embryos were not produced specifically for research

bull AND parents consent to their use in research

bull Placenta and blood cord stem cells

bull Therapeutic cloning (Somatic cell nuclear transfer)

bull When the intent is to create tissueorgan from the individual

who needs it

bull The procedure is feasible

bull The result is expected to be good

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Sources of references used in

most articlesbull Holy Quran

bull Hadith

bull Ijtihad (independent judgment) to reach an opinion or

(Fatwa)

bull Ijma (consensus)

bull Qiyas (analogy)

bull Istihsan ( juristic preference )

bull Maslaha (public interest)

Points of controversieshellip

Moral status of the embryo

Points of controversieshellip

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

bull There is no specific definition of the beginning of life

either in the Quran or the ḥadῑth collections

bull It is generally agreed that ensoulment the breathing of

Allahrsquos rūḥ (spirit) into the fetus differentiates biological

life which starts at the time of fertilization from human

life

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Purpose of the studyhellip

1

To explore the available medical literature relating to views of Muslims on the use of stem cells in research

2

To investigate the status of national legislationslaws in Muslim countries as listed in pub med

Method

A Pub med searchhellip

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical

Muslims

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical Islam

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical Arabs

General Features of the

Articles

Results Journals

bull A total of 16 articles were obtained

bull First article is on March 2004 was and last one on March

2012

bull On average 2 articlesyr

bull Thirteen articles (8125) were published in international

journals and 3 (1875) in regional journals

bull Saudi Medical Journal n=2

bull Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal n=1

bull Nine journals with impact factor ranging from 3986-051

bull American Journal of bioethics 3986

bull Most of which is in intermediate range impact factor (1046-

1256

Results Article

Ten (625) review articles

Three (1825) original articles

Two (125) commentaries

One (625) editorial

Type of articles

Reviews

2-36 pages

Original articles 5-11 pages

Commentaries 1-4 pages

Editorial

3 pages

Pages ranged from 1-

36 pages

Results AuthorsTen

from institutions within Muslim countries

Iranmdash4

Turkey---3

Saudi Arabia---2

Sudan---1

Six

from institutions in other countries

USA---2

Italymdash1

Brazil---1

Lithuaniamdash1

Germany--1

Contents of Articles

Perspective of discussion

bull Three articles (1875) addressed the issue of Islamic

perspective as part of international reviews in

comparison with other regions like Christianity Judaism

Hindu and others

bull Seven articles measured the Islamic perspective in

general

bull Five articles measured the views in relation to a specific

country

bull Iranian n=3

bull Turkish n=2

Results

bull There is a general agreement by Muslim scholars on the

acceptance of the use of stem cells in research

bull There is a general agreement on the source of stem

cells whether from embryonic fetal children or adult

sources

bull General agreement on the acceptance of embryo as a

ldquonon-human beingrdquo

bull Reproductive cloning is prohibited

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research hellipbull Adult stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with their consent

bull Children stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with parents permission

bull Fetal stem cells can be used in spontaneous abortion

with permission of the parents but prohibited in research-

induced abortion

bull Research on remaining (supernumerary) embryos

resulting from IVF no longer needed for reproduction

provided

bull Embryos were not produced specifically for research

bull AND parents consent to their use in research

bull Placenta and blood cord stem cells

bull Therapeutic cloning (Somatic cell nuclear transfer)

bull When the intent is to create tissueorgan from the individual

who needs it

bull The procedure is feasible

bull The result is expected to be good

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Sources of references used in

most articlesbull Holy Quran

bull Hadith

bull Ijtihad (independent judgment) to reach an opinion or

(Fatwa)

bull Ijma (consensus)

bull Qiyas (analogy)

bull Istihsan ( juristic preference )

bull Maslaha (public interest)

Points of controversieshellip

Moral status of the embryo

Points of controversieshellip

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

bull There is no specific definition of the beginning of life

either in the Quran or the ḥadῑth collections

bull It is generally agreed that ensoulment the breathing of

Allahrsquos rūḥ (spirit) into the fetus differentiates biological

life which starts at the time of fertilization from human

life

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

Purpose of the studyhellip

1

To explore the available medical literature relating to views of Muslims on the use of stem cells in research

2

To investigate the status of national legislationslaws in Muslim countries as listed in pub med

Method

A Pub med searchhellip

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical

Muslims

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical Islam

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical Arabs

General Features of the

Articles

Results Journals

bull A total of 16 articles were obtained

bull First article is on March 2004 was and last one on March

2012

bull On average 2 articlesyr

bull Thirteen articles (8125) were published in international

journals and 3 (1875) in regional journals

bull Saudi Medical Journal n=2

bull Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal n=1

bull Nine journals with impact factor ranging from 3986-051

bull American Journal of bioethics 3986

bull Most of which is in intermediate range impact factor (1046-

1256

Results Article

Ten (625) review articles

Three (1825) original articles

Two (125) commentaries

One (625) editorial

Type of articles

Reviews

2-36 pages

Original articles 5-11 pages

Commentaries 1-4 pages

Editorial

3 pages

Pages ranged from 1-

36 pages

Results AuthorsTen

from institutions within Muslim countries

Iranmdash4

Turkey---3

Saudi Arabia---2

Sudan---1

Six

from institutions in other countries

USA---2

Italymdash1

Brazil---1

Lithuaniamdash1

Germany--1

Contents of Articles

Perspective of discussion

bull Three articles (1875) addressed the issue of Islamic

perspective as part of international reviews in

comparison with other regions like Christianity Judaism

Hindu and others

bull Seven articles measured the Islamic perspective in

general

bull Five articles measured the views in relation to a specific

country

bull Iranian n=3

bull Turkish n=2

Results

bull There is a general agreement by Muslim scholars on the

acceptance of the use of stem cells in research

bull There is a general agreement on the source of stem

cells whether from embryonic fetal children or adult

sources

bull General agreement on the acceptance of embryo as a

ldquonon-human beingrdquo

bull Reproductive cloning is prohibited

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research hellipbull Adult stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with their consent

bull Children stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with parents permission

bull Fetal stem cells can be used in spontaneous abortion

with permission of the parents but prohibited in research-

induced abortion

bull Research on remaining (supernumerary) embryos

resulting from IVF no longer needed for reproduction

provided

bull Embryos were not produced specifically for research

bull AND parents consent to their use in research

bull Placenta and blood cord stem cells

bull Therapeutic cloning (Somatic cell nuclear transfer)

bull When the intent is to create tissueorgan from the individual

who needs it

bull The procedure is feasible

bull The result is expected to be good

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Sources of references used in

most articlesbull Holy Quran

bull Hadith

bull Ijtihad (independent judgment) to reach an opinion or

(Fatwa)

bull Ijma (consensus)

bull Qiyas (analogy)

bull Istihsan ( juristic preference )

bull Maslaha (public interest)

Points of controversieshellip

Moral status of the embryo

Points of controversieshellip

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

bull There is no specific definition of the beginning of life

either in the Quran or the ḥadῑth collections

bull It is generally agreed that ensoulment the breathing of

Allahrsquos rūḥ (spirit) into the fetus differentiates biological

life which starts at the time of fertilization from human

life

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

Method

A Pub med searchhellip

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical

Muslims

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical Islam

bull Stem cell research ethics

bull Stem cell research controversies

bull Embryonic stem cells research ethics

bull Stem cell research ethical Arabs

General Features of the

Articles

Results Journals

bull A total of 16 articles were obtained

bull First article is on March 2004 was and last one on March

2012

bull On average 2 articlesyr

bull Thirteen articles (8125) were published in international

journals and 3 (1875) in regional journals

bull Saudi Medical Journal n=2

bull Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal n=1

bull Nine journals with impact factor ranging from 3986-051

bull American Journal of bioethics 3986

bull Most of which is in intermediate range impact factor (1046-

1256

Results Article

Ten (625) review articles

Three (1825) original articles

Two (125) commentaries

One (625) editorial

Type of articles

Reviews

2-36 pages

Original articles 5-11 pages

Commentaries 1-4 pages

Editorial

3 pages

Pages ranged from 1-

36 pages

Results AuthorsTen

from institutions within Muslim countries

Iranmdash4

Turkey---3

Saudi Arabia---2

Sudan---1

Six

from institutions in other countries

USA---2

Italymdash1

Brazil---1

Lithuaniamdash1

Germany--1

Contents of Articles

Perspective of discussion

bull Three articles (1875) addressed the issue of Islamic

perspective as part of international reviews in

comparison with other regions like Christianity Judaism

Hindu and others

bull Seven articles measured the Islamic perspective in

general

bull Five articles measured the views in relation to a specific

country

bull Iranian n=3

bull Turkish n=2

Results

bull There is a general agreement by Muslim scholars on the

acceptance of the use of stem cells in research

bull There is a general agreement on the source of stem

cells whether from embryonic fetal children or adult

sources

bull General agreement on the acceptance of embryo as a

ldquonon-human beingrdquo

bull Reproductive cloning is prohibited

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research hellipbull Adult stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with their consent

bull Children stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with parents permission

bull Fetal stem cells can be used in spontaneous abortion

with permission of the parents but prohibited in research-

induced abortion

bull Research on remaining (supernumerary) embryos

resulting from IVF no longer needed for reproduction

provided

bull Embryos were not produced specifically for research

bull AND parents consent to their use in research

bull Placenta and blood cord stem cells

bull Therapeutic cloning (Somatic cell nuclear transfer)

bull When the intent is to create tissueorgan from the individual

who needs it

bull The procedure is feasible

bull The result is expected to be good

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Sources of references used in

most articlesbull Holy Quran

bull Hadith

bull Ijtihad (independent judgment) to reach an opinion or

(Fatwa)

bull Ijma (consensus)

bull Qiyas (analogy)

bull Istihsan ( juristic preference )

bull Maslaha (public interest)

Points of controversieshellip

Moral status of the embryo

Points of controversieshellip

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

bull There is no specific definition of the beginning of life

either in the Quran or the ḥadῑth collections

bull It is generally agreed that ensoulment the breathing of

Allahrsquos rūḥ (spirit) into the fetus differentiates biological

life which starts at the time of fertilization from human

life

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

General Features of the

Articles

Results Journals

bull A total of 16 articles were obtained

bull First article is on March 2004 was and last one on March

2012

bull On average 2 articlesyr

bull Thirteen articles (8125) were published in international

journals and 3 (1875) in regional journals

bull Saudi Medical Journal n=2

bull Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal n=1

bull Nine journals with impact factor ranging from 3986-051

bull American Journal of bioethics 3986

bull Most of which is in intermediate range impact factor (1046-

1256

Results Article

Ten (625) review articles

Three (1825) original articles

Two (125) commentaries

One (625) editorial

Type of articles

Reviews

2-36 pages

Original articles 5-11 pages

Commentaries 1-4 pages

Editorial

3 pages

Pages ranged from 1-

36 pages

Results AuthorsTen

from institutions within Muslim countries

Iranmdash4

Turkey---3

Saudi Arabia---2

Sudan---1

Six

from institutions in other countries

USA---2

Italymdash1

Brazil---1

Lithuaniamdash1

Germany--1

Contents of Articles

Perspective of discussion

bull Three articles (1875) addressed the issue of Islamic

perspective as part of international reviews in

comparison with other regions like Christianity Judaism

Hindu and others

bull Seven articles measured the Islamic perspective in

general

bull Five articles measured the views in relation to a specific

country

bull Iranian n=3

bull Turkish n=2

Results

bull There is a general agreement by Muslim scholars on the

acceptance of the use of stem cells in research

bull There is a general agreement on the source of stem

cells whether from embryonic fetal children or adult

sources

bull General agreement on the acceptance of embryo as a

ldquonon-human beingrdquo

bull Reproductive cloning is prohibited

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research hellipbull Adult stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with their consent

bull Children stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with parents permission

bull Fetal stem cells can be used in spontaneous abortion

with permission of the parents but prohibited in research-

induced abortion

bull Research on remaining (supernumerary) embryos

resulting from IVF no longer needed for reproduction

provided

bull Embryos were not produced specifically for research

bull AND parents consent to their use in research

bull Placenta and blood cord stem cells

bull Therapeutic cloning (Somatic cell nuclear transfer)

bull When the intent is to create tissueorgan from the individual

who needs it

bull The procedure is feasible

bull The result is expected to be good

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Sources of references used in

most articlesbull Holy Quran

bull Hadith

bull Ijtihad (independent judgment) to reach an opinion or

(Fatwa)

bull Ijma (consensus)

bull Qiyas (analogy)

bull Istihsan ( juristic preference )

bull Maslaha (public interest)

Points of controversieshellip

Moral status of the embryo

Points of controversieshellip

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

bull There is no specific definition of the beginning of life

either in the Quran or the ḥadῑth collections

bull It is generally agreed that ensoulment the breathing of

Allahrsquos rūḥ (spirit) into the fetus differentiates biological

life which starts at the time of fertilization from human

life

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

Results Journals

bull A total of 16 articles were obtained

bull First article is on March 2004 was and last one on March

2012

bull On average 2 articlesyr

bull Thirteen articles (8125) were published in international

journals and 3 (1875) in regional journals

bull Saudi Medical Journal n=2

bull Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal n=1

bull Nine journals with impact factor ranging from 3986-051

bull American Journal of bioethics 3986

bull Most of which is in intermediate range impact factor (1046-

1256

Results Article

Ten (625) review articles

Three (1825) original articles

Two (125) commentaries

One (625) editorial

Type of articles

Reviews

2-36 pages

Original articles 5-11 pages

Commentaries 1-4 pages

Editorial

3 pages

Pages ranged from 1-

36 pages

Results AuthorsTen

from institutions within Muslim countries

Iranmdash4

Turkey---3

Saudi Arabia---2

Sudan---1

Six

from institutions in other countries

USA---2

Italymdash1

Brazil---1

Lithuaniamdash1

Germany--1

Contents of Articles

Perspective of discussion

bull Three articles (1875) addressed the issue of Islamic

perspective as part of international reviews in

comparison with other regions like Christianity Judaism

Hindu and others

bull Seven articles measured the Islamic perspective in

general

bull Five articles measured the views in relation to a specific

country

bull Iranian n=3

bull Turkish n=2

Results

bull There is a general agreement by Muslim scholars on the

acceptance of the use of stem cells in research

bull There is a general agreement on the source of stem

cells whether from embryonic fetal children or adult

sources

bull General agreement on the acceptance of embryo as a

ldquonon-human beingrdquo

bull Reproductive cloning is prohibited

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research hellipbull Adult stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with their consent

bull Children stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with parents permission

bull Fetal stem cells can be used in spontaneous abortion

with permission of the parents but prohibited in research-

induced abortion

bull Research on remaining (supernumerary) embryos

resulting from IVF no longer needed for reproduction

provided

bull Embryos were not produced specifically for research

bull AND parents consent to their use in research

bull Placenta and blood cord stem cells

bull Therapeutic cloning (Somatic cell nuclear transfer)

bull When the intent is to create tissueorgan from the individual

who needs it

bull The procedure is feasible

bull The result is expected to be good

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Sources of references used in

most articlesbull Holy Quran

bull Hadith

bull Ijtihad (independent judgment) to reach an opinion or

(Fatwa)

bull Ijma (consensus)

bull Qiyas (analogy)

bull Istihsan ( juristic preference )

bull Maslaha (public interest)

Points of controversieshellip

Moral status of the embryo

Points of controversieshellip

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

bull There is no specific definition of the beginning of life

either in the Quran or the ḥadῑth collections

bull It is generally agreed that ensoulment the breathing of

Allahrsquos rūḥ (spirit) into the fetus differentiates biological

life which starts at the time of fertilization from human

life

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

Results Article

Ten (625) review articles

Three (1825) original articles

Two (125) commentaries

One (625) editorial

Type of articles

Reviews

2-36 pages

Original articles 5-11 pages

Commentaries 1-4 pages

Editorial

3 pages

Pages ranged from 1-

36 pages

Results AuthorsTen

from institutions within Muslim countries

Iranmdash4

Turkey---3

Saudi Arabia---2

Sudan---1

Six

from institutions in other countries

USA---2

Italymdash1

Brazil---1

Lithuaniamdash1

Germany--1

Contents of Articles

Perspective of discussion

bull Three articles (1875) addressed the issue of Islamic

perspective as part of international reviews in

comparison with other regions like Christianity Judaism

Hindu and others

bull Seven articles measured the Islamic perspective in

general

bull Five articles measured the views in relation to a specific

country

bull Iranian n=3

bull Turkish n=2

Results

bull There is a general agreement by Muslim scholars on the

acceptance of the use of stem cells in research

bull There is a general agreement on the source of stem

cells whether from embryonic fetal children or adult

sources

bull General agreement on the acceptance of embryo as a

ldquonon-human beingrdquo

bull Reproductive cloning is prohibited

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research hellipbull Adult stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with their consent

bull Children stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with parents permission

bull Fetal stem cells can be used in spontaneous abortion

with permission of the parents but prohibited in research-

induced abortion

bull Research on remaining (supernumerary) embryos

resulting from IVF no longer needed for reproduction

provided

bull Embryos were not produced specifically for research

bull AND parents consent to their use in research

bull Placenta and blood cord stem cells

bull Therapeutic cloning (Somatic cell nuclear transfer)

bull When the intent is to create tissueorgan from the individual

who needs it

bull The procedure is feasible

bull The result is expected to be good

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Sources of references used in

most articlesbull Holy Quran

bull Hadith

bull Ijtihad (independent judgment) to reach an opinion or

(Fatwa)

bull Ijma (consensus)

bull Qiyas (analogy)

bull Istihsan ( juristic preference )

bull Maslaha (public interest)

Points of controversieshellip

Moral status of the embryo

Points of controversieshellip

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

bull There is no specific definition of the beginning of life

either in the Quran or the ḥadῑth collections

bull It is generally agreed that ensoulment the breathing of

Allahrsquos rūḥ (spirit) into the fetus differentiates biological

life which starts at the time of fertilization from human

life

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

Results AuthorsTen

from institutions within Muslim countries

Iranmdash4

Turkey---3

Saudi Arabia---2

Sudan---1

Six

from institutions in other countries

USA---2

Italymdash1

Brazil---1

Lithuaniamdash1

Germany--1

Contents of Articles

Perspective of discussion

bull Three articles (1875) addressed the issue of Islamic

perspective as part of international reviews in

comparison with other regions like Christianity Judaism

Hindu and others

bull Seven articles measured the Islamic perspective in

general

bull Five articles measured the views in relation to a specific

country

bull Iranian n=3

bull Turkish n=2

Results

bull There is a general agreement by Muslim scholars on the

acceptance of the use of stem cells in research

bull There is a general agreement on the source of stem

cells whether from embryonic fetal children or adult

sources

bull General agreement on the acceptance of embryo as a

ldquonon-human beingrdquo

bull Reproductive cloning is prohibited

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research hellipbull Adult stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with their consent

bull Children stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with parents permission

bull Fetal stem cells can be used in spontaneous abortion

with permission of the parents but prohibited in research-

induced abortion

bull Research on remaining (supernumerary) embryos

resulting from IVF no longer needed for reproduction

provided

bull Embryos were not produced specifically for research

bull AND parents consent to their use in research

bull Placenta and blood cord stem cells

bull Therapeutic cloning (Somatic cell nuclear transfer)

bull When the intent is to create tissueorgan from the individual

who needs it

bull The procedure is feasible

bull The result is expected to be good

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Sources of references used in

most articlesbull Holy Quran

bull Hadith

bull Ijtihad (independent judgment) to reach an opinion or

(Fatwa)

bull Ijma (consensus)

bull Qiyas (analogy)

bull Istihsan ( juristic preference )

bull Maslaha (public interest)

Points of controversieshellip

Moral status of the embryo

Points of controversieshellip

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

bull There is no specific definition of the beginning of life

either in the Quran or the ḥadῑth collections

bull It is generally agreed that ensoulment the breathing of

Allahrsquos rūḥ (spirit) into the fetus differentiates biological

life which starts at the time of fertilization from human

life

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

Contents of Articles

Perspective of discussion

bull Three articles (1875) addressed the issue of Islamic

perspective as part of international reviews in

comparison with other regions like Christianity Judaism

Hindu and others

bull Seven articles measured the Islamic perspective in

general

bull Five articles measured the views in relation to a specific

country

bull Iranian n=3

bull Turkish n=2

Results

bull There is a general agreement by Muslim scholars on the

acceptance of the use of stem cells in research

bull There is a general agreement on the source of stem

cells whether from embryonic fetal children or adult

sources

bull General agreement on the acceptance of embryo as a

ldquonon-human beingrdquo

bull Reproductive cloning is prohibited

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research hellipbull Adult stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with their consent

bull Children stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with parents permission

bull Fetal stem cells can be used in spontaneous abortion

with permission of the parents but prohibited in research-

induced abortion

bull Research on remaining (supernumerary) embryos

resulting from IVF no longer needed for reproduction

provided

bull Embryos were not produced specifically for research

bull AND parents consent to their use in research

bull Placenta and blood cord stem cells

bull Therapeutic cloning (Somatic cell nuclear transfer)

bull When the intent is to create tissueorgan from the individual

who needs it

bull The procedure is feasible

bull The result is expected to be good

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Sources of references used in

most articlesbull Holy Quran

bull Hadith

bull Ijtihad (independent judgment) to reach an opinion or

(Fatwa)

bull Ijma (consensus)

bull Qiyas (analogy)

bull Istihsan ( juristic preference )

bull Maslaha (public interest)

Points of controversieshellip

Moral status of the embryo

Points of controversieshellip

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

bull There is no specific definition of the beginning of life

either in the Quran or the ḥadῑth collections

bull It is generally agreed that ensoulment the breathing of

Allahrsquos rūḥ (spirit) into the fetus differentiates biological

life which starts at the time of fertilization from human

life

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

Perspective of discussion

bull Three articles (1875) addressed the issue of Islamic

perspective as part of international reviews in

comparison with other regions like Christianity Judaism

Hindu and others

bull Seven articles measured the Islamic perspective in

general

bull Five articles measured the views in relation to a specific

country

bull Iranian n=3

bull Turkish n=2

Results

bull There is a general agreement by Muslim scholars on the

acceptance of the use of stem cells in research

bull There is a general agreement on the source of stem

cells whether from embryonic fetal children or adult

sources

bull General agreement on the acceptance of embryo as a

ldquonon-human beingrdquo

bull Reproductive cloning is prohibited

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research hellipbull Adult stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with their consent

bull Children stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with parents permission

bull Fetal stem cells can be used in spontaneous abortion

with permission of the parents but prohibited in research-

induced abortion

bull Research on remaining (supernumerary) embryos

resulting from IVF no longer needed for reproduction

provided

bull Embryos were not produced specifically for research

bull AND parents consent to their use in research

bull Placenta and blood cord stem cells

bull Therapeutic cloning (Somatic cell nuclear transfer)

bull When the intent is to create tissueorgan from the individual

who needs it

bull The procedure is feasible

bull The result is expected to be good

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Sources of references used in

most articlesbull Holy Quran

bull Hadith

bull Ijtihad (independent judgment) to reach an opinion or

(Fatwa)

bull Ijma (consensus)

bull Qiyas (analogy)

bull Istihsan ( juristic preference )

bull Maslaha (public interest)

Points of controversieshellip

Moral status of the embryo

Points of controversieshellip

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

bull There is no specific definition of the beginning of life

either in the Quran or the ḥadῑth collections

bull It is generally agreed that ensoulment the breathing of

Allahrsquos rūḥ (spirit) into the fetus differentiates biological

life which starts at the time of fertilization from human

life

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

Results

bull There is a general agreement by Muslim scholars on the

acceptance of the use of stem cells in research

bull There is a general agreement on the source of stem

cells whether from embryonic fetal children or adult

sources

bull General agreement on the acceptance of embryo as a

ldquonon-human beingrdquo

bull Reproductive cloning is prohibited

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research hellipbull Adult stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with their consent

bull Children stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with parents permission

bull Fetal stem cells can be used in spontaneous abortion

with permission of the parents but prohibited in research-

induced abortion

bull Research on remaining (supernumerary) embryos

resulting from IVF no longer needed for reproduction

provided

bull Embryos were not produced specifically for research

bull AND parents consent to their use in research

bull Placenta and blood cord stem cells

bull Therapeutic cloning (Somatic cell nuclear transfer)

bull When the intent is to create tissueorgan from the individual

who needs it

bull The procedure is feasible

bull The result is expected to be good

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Sources of references used in

most articlesbull Holy Quran

bull Hadith

bull Ijtihad (independent judgment) to reach an opinion or

(Fatwa)

bull Ijma (consensus)

bull Qiyas (analogy)

bull Istihsan ( juristic preference )

bull Maslaha (public interest)

Points of controversieshellip

Moral status of the embryo

Points of controversieshellip

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

bull There is no specific definition of the beginning of life

either in the Quran or the ḥadῑth collections

bull It is generally agreed that ensoulment the breathing of

Allahrsquos rūḥ (spirit) into the fetus differentiates biological

life which starts at the time of fertilization from human

life

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research hellipbull Adult stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with their consent

bull Children stem cells can be used without causing harm to

patients and with parents permission

bull Fetal stem cells can be used in spontaneous abortion

with permission of the parents but prohibited in research-

induced abortion

bull Research on remaining (supernumerary) embryos

resulting from IVF no longer needed for reproduction

provided

bull Embryos were not produced specifically for research

bull AND parents consent to their use in research

bull Placenta and blood cord stem cells

bull Therapeutic cloning (Somatic cell nuclear transfer)

bull When the intent is to create tissueorgan from the individual

who needs it

bull The procedure is feasible

bull The result is expected to be good

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Sources of references used in

most articlesbull Holy Quran

bull Hadith

bull Ijtihad (independent judgment) to reach an opinion or

(Fatwa)

bull Ijma (consensus)

bull Qiyas (analogy)

bull Istihsan ( juristic preference )

bull Maslaha (public interest)

Points of controversieshellip

Moral status of the embryo

Points of controversieshellip

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

bull There is no specific definition of the beginning of life

either in the Quran or the ḥadῑth collections

bull It is generally agreed that ensoulment the breathing of

Allahrsquos rūḥ (spirit) into the fetus differentiates biological

life which starts at the time of fertilization from human

life

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

bull Therapeutic cloning (Somatic cell nuclear transfer)

bull When the intent is to create tissueorgan from the individual

who needs it

bull The procedure is feasible

bull The result is expected to be good

Conditions on use of stem cells in

research

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Sources of references used in

most articlesbull Holy Quran

bull Hadith

bull Ijtihad (independent judgment) to reach an opinion or

(Fatwa)

bull Ijma (consensus)

bull Qiyas (analogy)

bull Istihsan ( juristic preference )

bull Maslaha (public interest)

Points of controversieshellip

Moral status of the embryo

Points of controversieshellip

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

bull There is no specific definition of the beginning of life

either in the Quran or the ḥadῑth collections

bull It is generally agreed that ensoulment the breathing of

Allahrsquos rūḥ (spirit) into the fetus differentiates biological

life which starts at the time of fertilization from human

life

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

Six Principles of Use of Human

Stem Cells in Research

No human embryo research is permitted and no explicit permission is given to perform research on existing human embryonic stem cells

Option 1

Research is permitted only on existing human embryonic stem cell lines not on human embryos

Option 2

Research is permitted only on remaining embryos no longer needed for reproduction

Option 3

Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Option 4Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through somatic cell nuclear transfer into human eggs or zygotes (therapeutic cloning) and

Option 5Research is permitted both on remaining embryos (see Option 3) and on embryos created specifically for research purposes through the transfer of human somatic cell nuclei into nonhuman animal eggs for example rabbit eggs

Option 6

Sources of references used in

most articlesbull Holy Quran

bull Hadith

bull Ijtihad (independent judgment) to reach an opinion or

(Fatwa)

bull Ijma (consensus)

bull Qiyas (analogy)

bull Istihsan ( juristic preference )

bull Maslaha (public interest)

Points of controversieshellip

Moral status of the embryo

Points of controversieshellip

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

bull There is no specific definition of the beginning of life

either in the Quran or the ḥadῑth collections

bull It is generally agreed that ensoulment the breathing of

Allahrsquos rūḥ (spirit) into the fetus differentiates biological

life which starts at the time of fertilization from human

life

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

Sources of references used in

most articlesbull Holy Quran

bull Hadith

bull Ijtihad (independent judgment) to reach an opinion or

(Fatwa)

bull Ijma (consensus)

bull Qiyas (analogy)

bull Istihsan ( juristic preference )

bull Maslaha (public interest)

Points of controversieshellip

Moral status of the embryo

Points of controversieshellip

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

bull There is no specific definition of the beginning of life

either in the Quran or the ḥadῑth collections

bull It is generally agreed that ensoulment the breathing of

Allahrsquos rūḥ (spirit) into the fetus differentiates biological

life which starts at the time of fertilization from human

life

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

Points of controversieshellip

Moral status of the embryo

Points of controversieshellip

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

bull There is no specific definition of the beginning of life

either in the Quran or the ḥadῑth collections

bull It is generally agreed that ensoulment the breathing of

Allahrsquos rūḥ (spirit) into the fetus differentiates biological

life which starts at the time of fertilization from human

life

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

Points of controversieshellip

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

bull There is no specific definition of the beginning of life

either in the Quran or the ḥadῑth collections

bull It is generally agreed that ensoulment the breathing of

Allahrsquos rūḥ (spirit) into the fetus differentiates biological

life which starts at the time of fertilization from human

life

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

Points of controversies

ldquoMoral status of embryosrdquo

What is the day of ensoulment in embryo

bull 40 days

bull 42 days

bull 48-50 days

bull 80 days

bull 120 days

What is the ethical relevance of ensoulment

bull Categorical versus gradual change

bull Biological versus human life

What is the relation to ldquoPrimitive streakrdquo

bull Head from tail and right from left

bull Organs start to develop

What is the relation to implantation

bull Pre-embryo ldquolt 14 days after fertilizationrdquo versus

bull Personhood ldquoge 14 days after fertilizationrdquo

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

National guidelinesregulations

bull Clear national guidelines and regulations on the use of

stem cells in research are available only in two Muslim

countries Iran and Turkey

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

In Iran

bull One of the first countries that has produced hESCs in

2003

bull National and Regional Committees for Medical Research

Ethics and the production of National Codes of ethics in

Biomedical Research in 1990

bull The introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for

medical ethics at national level in 2002

bull The production of the specific National Ethical Guidelines

for Biomedical Research in 2005

bull (Larinjani B et al Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec)

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

In Turkey

bull 1960 Medical Deontology Regulations by Turkish

Ministry of Health

bull 1998 Patientsrsquo Right Regulations by Turkish Ministry of

Health

bull 2005 Ministry of Health stopped the ldquoEmbryonic Stem

cell researchrdquo

bull 2006 ldquoRegulations for Clinical Researchrdquo

bull ldquoGuidelines for Clinical Research on Non-Embryonic stem

Cellsrdquo which was a general regulation that allowed Adult

Stem cell Researchldquo

bull (Arda B et al Stem Cell Rev 2009)

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

Howeverhellip

bull None of the articles explored scientists or public opinion

perception or understanding of the use of stem cells in

research

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

Conclusion

- There is general agreement by the majority of Muslim scholars on the use of stem cell in research

- International literature is still poor when it comes to measuring scientists and public views

- National regulationslegislations are urgently needed in most Muslim and in particular Arab countries

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

Referencesbull Walters L Human embryonic stem cell research an intercultural perspective Kennedy Inst Ethics

J 2004 Mar14(1)3-38

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Islamic perspective on human cloning and stem cell researchTransplant Proc2004 Dec36(10)3188-9

bull Aksoy S Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty with special reference to embryonic stem cell research J Med Ethics 2005 Jul31(7)399-403

bull Al-Aqeel AI Ethical guidelines in genetics and genomics An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J2005 Dec26(12)1862-70

bull Hug K Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell research versus the moral status of a human embryo--does one have to be compromised for the other Medicina (Kaunas) 200642(2)107-14

bull Abdur Rab M Khayat MH Human cloning Eastern Mediterranean Region perspective East MediterrHealth J 200612 Suppl 2S29-37

bull Aramesh K Dabbagh S An Islamic view to stem cell research and cloning Irans experience Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)62-3

bull Sadeghi M Islamic perspectives on human cloning Am J Bioeth 2007 Feb7(2)51-61

bull Saniei M De Vries R Embryonic stem cell research in Iran status and ethics Indian J Med Ethics2008 Oct-Dec5(4)181-4

bull Ozturk Turkmen H Arda B Ethical and legal aspects of stem cell practices in Turkey where are we J Med Ethics 2008 Dec34(12)833-7

bull Diniz D Embryonic stem cell research ethical challenges for developing world bioethics DevWorld Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)ii-iv

bull Larijani B Zahedi F Contemporary Medical Ethics an overview from Iran Dev World Bioeth 2008 Dec8(3)192-6

bull Arda B Aciduman A An evaluation regarding the current situation of stem cell studies in Turkey Stem Cell Rev 2009 Jun5(2)130-4 Epub 2009 May 12

bull Al-Aqeel AI Human cloning stem cell research An Islamic perspective Saudi Med J 2009 Dec30(12)1507-14

bull Ilkilic I Ertin H Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world positions and reflections Stem Cell Rev 2010 Jun6(2)151-61

bull Fadel HEDevelopments in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning Islamic ethical positions a review Bioethics 2012 Mar26(3)128-35

Thank you