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Introductory Presentation
Javier Santiso
Director and Chief Development Economist
OECD Development Centre
How serious are we about ownership?
A busy year for the Global Forum
Ownership in Practice
27-28 Sept 2007
Scaling up
10 Dec 2007
Banking on Development
28-29 Feb 2008
Think tanks
28 Apr 2008
Plenary
20 May 2008
DeFiNe EmNet
3
Accra
High-Level
Forum
2-4 Sept
2008
The message: true ownership requires local policies
But how can developing countries generate local policy
options when:
– donors have contributed to a “non-system” of international
development finance; and
– donors dominate the production of development knowledge?
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Global
Programmes
World Bank
UNDP
GFATM
GAVI
Global
Environment
Facility
Fast Track
Initiative/
Education for All
…
Others, e.g.
Islamic Dev.
Bank
NGOs
International
NGOs
Regional
dev. banks &
agencies
UN Specialised
Agencies
National NGOs
in donor
countries
National NGOs
in developing
countries
Multilateral
Donors
IMF
Public Private
Other
private
non profit
Private
for profit
DAC donors
Incl. bilateral
development
banks and
agencies
Other OECD
donors
(non-DAC)
Emerging donors
Bilateral
Donors
Foundations
Households
(e.g. remittances
and other private
transfers)
Firms
Commercial
Banks
Private Investors
Observer status in DAC
EC
The international “non-system” is expanding
23
47
4
2
5
12
325
Financing mechanisms are multiplying
6
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1945-54 1955-64 1965-74 1975-84 1985-94 1995-04
Cumulative number
Cumulative number of financing mechanisms
Cumulative number of financing mechanisms, including investment funds and philanthropic foundations
Source: Financing Development 2008: Whose Ownership?
OECD Development Centre
Based on Kaul and Conceicao (2006)
Private donors are matching official aid budgets
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
World Vision International
Italy
Gates Foundation
Ireland
Oxfam International
Austria
Soros Foundation
Portugal
$ billion
Budgets of Selected Official Donors and NGOs
Source: Koch, D. J., in
Financing Development 2008: Whose Ownership?
OECD Development Centre
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Development knowledge remains donor-driven
“Northern donors and think tanks and Northern-controlled
multilateral organizations dominate the development knowledge
industry. In so doing they exert a major influence on the policies
and decisions of governments in the South.”
by Norman Girvan (University of the West Indies)
from “Home-grown Solutions and Ownership”
prepared for our Workshop on “Ownership in Practice” (27-28 Sep 2007)
See: www.oecd.org/development/globalforum
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Donors fail to invest in Southern-based analysis
Of the annual $1.3 billion
of ODA on development
research, only 6 per cent
go to developing
countries
6 %
94 %
Research Within Developing Countries and Local Capacity Building
Other
Source: An Initiative to Strengthen Policy Analysis in Developing
Countries, Rationale Paper for IDRC-Hewlett Think Tanks
Initiative, 2006, based on OECD Creditor Reporting System
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Are NGOs better at fostering Southern views?
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6 %
94 %
Southern Representatives in NGO Boards
Northern Representatives in NGO Boards
Only 6 per cent of NGO Board members are from developing countries.
Source: Koch DJ, in
Financing Development 2008: Whose Ownership?
OECD Development Centre
Banks could also base more analysts in the South
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Developing countries lack think tanks
More than 70
per cent of the
world’s 5000
think tanks are
based in OECD
countries.
Source: Foreign Policy Research Institute’s Think Tanks and Civil
Societies Program (2007)
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North America38%
Western Europe24%
Asia12%
Eastern Europe
9%
Latin America8%
Africa5%
Middle East4%
Distribution of think tanks per continent
And Southern think tanks lack resources
Source: Santiso, J. and Whitehead, L. (2006), Ulysses, the Sirens and the Art of
Navigation: Political and Technical Rationality in Latin America,
Working Paper No. 256, OECD Development Centre 13
0 10 20 30 40 50
Heritage
Brookings
Carnegie
IPE
GRADE
APOYO
Million USD.
Annual Operating Budget (2005): Peru vs. USA
How do Peruvian and US think tanks compare?
But local thinking is vital for governance
14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Brazil Mexico Chile Venezuela Ecuador
Number of Think Tanks among World's top 228
Score in World Banks' Governance Effectivness Index (WGI3)
Number of Think Tanks and Governance Effectiveness
Source: OECD Development Centre, 2008, based on World Bank Governance
Indicators (2007) and data from the Foreign Policy Research Institute’s Think
Tanks and Civil Societies Program (2007).
A small step: the African Economic Outlook
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A report on Africa in partnership
with African institutions
(AfDB and UNECA).
The 2008 African Economic Outlook
has been produced in collaboration
with local researchers from:
Development Finance Network (DeFiNe)
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A global network of experts contributing to the Global Forum
OECD Development
Centre
Brookings (US)
CGD (US)
CPD (Bangladesh)
CIEPLAN (Chile)
Fedesarollo(Colombia)
DIAL (France)
DIE-GDI (Germany)
ODI (UK)
ISSER (Ghana)
NCAER (India)
NSI (Canada)
IBON (Philippines)
UNU-WIDER
DFI (UK)
A proposal to boost Southern research capacity
• Supporting local think tanks with endowments and long-
term core support
– A sustainable resource base
– Greater independence
– Incentives for a market of policy ideas
• Showing the way:
– Think Tanks Initiative (IDRC & Hewlett Foundation)
– Global Forum Seminar (28 April 2008)
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Whose ownership?
More information at:
www.oecd.org/dev/publications/finance/2008
Join the discussion at:
www.whoseownership.org
(an initiative of Colombia, Switzerland and
the OECD Development Centre)
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Thank you very much
Further information:
www.oecd.org/dev
www.oecd.org/development/globalforum
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