Arguments For Socialism

8/2/2019 Arguments For Socialism

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Jdjndaam{nflo Vd} alv jds }~m sef~ pd{h bd{ ndaam{nflo y}{yd~m~*Pfse sem }jcm{~sljcfj` sels7

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Dsem{ [fès~ Fj jd plv l{m ljv db sem bdoodpfj` {fès~ lbbmnsmc kv semofnmj~m7 Vd}{ blf{ cmlofj` d{ blf{ }~m {fès~/ d{ dsem{ lyyofnlkom ndyv{fèsmunmysfdj~ ljc ofafslsfdj~8 Sem l}sed{~ ad{lo {fès~8 [fès~ dsem{ ym{~dj~alv elrm mfsem{ fj sem pd{h fs~mob d{ fj edp sem pd{h f~ }~mc/ ~}ne l~y}kofnfsv d{ y{frlnv {fès~*

Jdsfnm Bd{ ljv {m}~m d{ cf~s{fk}sfdj/ vd} a}~s alhm noml{ sd dsem{~sem ofnmj~m sm{a~ db sef~ pd{h* Sem km~s plv sd cd sef~ f~ pfse l ofjh sd sef~pmk yl`m*

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~dnflof~s adrmamjs k{d}ès dj fj fs~ plhm* Semv {mnd{c lj lssmays sd l{ }mse{d}è sem semd{msfnlo neloomj`m~ sels sef~ ym{fdc el~ yd~mc7

Pev cfc kdse Omjfjf~s ndaa}jf~a ljc ~dnflo cmadn{lnv ndam sdn{f~f~4

Pels pm{m sem mndjdafn pmlhjm~~m~ db kdse ljc pels mndjdafnydofnv ~ed}oc l b}s}{m ~dnflof~s adrmamjs lcdys sd drm{ndam sem~m4

Edp nlj sem ~s{}`òm bd{ ydy}ol{ cmadn{lnv km fjsm`{lsmc fjsd sem

`dlo~ db l jmp adrmamjs4

Sem l{sfnom~ pm{m p{fssmj bd{ l rl{fmsv db y}kofnlsfdj~ d{ dnnl~fdj~*[lsem{ selj y{m~mjsfj` sema fj ne{djdod`fnlo d{cm{ pm elrm d{`ljf~mcsema fjsd sdyfn~* Sem {~s ~mnsfdj/ Bd}jclsfdj~/ cmlo~ pfse sem b}jcl!amjslo semd{msfnlo {m~d}{nm~ sels sem ~dnflof~s adrmamjs el~ lrlfolkom sd fsfj blnfj` fs~ n}{{mjs y{dkoma~*

Sem ~dnflof~s y{dgmns ljc sem pd{hfj` nol~~ y{drfcm~ ~dam bd}jclsfdjlol{`}amjs~ bd{ ~dnflof~a ljc sem nlylnfsfm~ {m|}f{mc sd lcrljnm sem ~dnflo!

f~s y{dgmns* Fs l{`}m~ pev sem pd{hfj` nol~~ jmnm~~l{fov {malfj~ l nmjs{londaydjmjs fj sem nol~~ ndayd~fsfdj db ~dnflof~s ydofsfnlo bd{nm~*

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y{dc}nm~ ~s{dj` mayf{fnloov rm{flkom {m~}os~ pem{ml~ sem ndaymsfj` ~}k!gmnsfrm semd{v db rlo}m f~ }jblo~flkom ljc vfmoc~ jd }~mb}o aln{d mndjdafny{mcfnsfdj~*

Sem ~mndjc ~mnsfdj db sem kddh fjno}cm~ l ~m{fm~ db ~ed{sm{ ad{m ydy}ol{ydomafn~*

L`lfj~s Jlsfdjlof~a lssmays~ sd muyolfj pev jlsfdjlof~a el~ sd km semmjmav db ~dnflof~s fcmdod`v/ ljc pev ~dnflof~s ~ed}oc km ndj~f~smjs fjsm{jl!sfdjlof~s* Kmvdjc ljsf!faym{flof~a l{`}m~ sels sem y{dbd}jc nelj`m~ db fa!ym{flof~a c}{fj` sem ;9se nmjs}{v {m|}f{m {mndj~fcm{fj` ljsf!faym{flof~al~ l cf~sfjns ~s{lsm`v* L`lfj~s [my}kofnljf~a l{`}m~ l`lfj~s sem {daljsf!nf~lsfdj db sem {my}kofnlj bd{a db `drm{jamjs kv ~dam dj sem K{fsf~e ombs*Pefo~s ofrfj` l~ semv cd fj l adjl{nev/ sem {my}kofn ~mma~ ~damsefj` {lc!

fnlo/ sem l{sfnom ~lv~ sels sef~ f~ l blo~m ylse sd ~ms d}s dj/ d}{ `dlo ~ed}ocjds km sem [my}kofn ~damsefj` cmofkm{lsmov kd{{dpmc b{da [dam kv sempmlosev bd}jcfj` blsem{~ db sem ]^L k}s l {lcfnlo cmadn{lnv* Cmadn!{lnv pfsed}s Ydofsfnflj~ slhm~ sef~ semam b}{sem{ ~ymoofj` d}s edp l {lcfnlocmadn{lnv d{ cmal{nev nd}oc dym{lsm*

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`{laam sels f~ ~ymnfn sd sem n}{{mjs ndjg}jns}{m*Sem {mrfmp db Afhm Alnjlf{~ [mrdo}sfdjl{v ^s{lsm`v/ mj`l`m~ pfse l

omlcfj` semd{msfnflj db sem Ndaa}jf~s Yl{sv db @{mls K{fslfj/ ped f~ s{v!

fj` sd {mrfrm nol~~fnlo @m{alj ^dnflo Cmadn{lnv* Pefo~s sef~ lyy{dlneel~ ~dam ~s{mj`se~ pemj ndjs{l~smc sd a}ne db sem Ombs/ fs f~ n{fsfnfwmc bd{elrfj` l ndj~m{rlsfrm lssfs}cm sd cmadn{lnv/ ofafsfj` fs~ lfa~ l~ ef~sd{fnlo^dnflo Cmadn{lnv cfc/ sd l yl{oflamjsl{v {my}kofn* ^fjnm


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Dofrm{ [m~~om{ lkd}s sem kddh db sem ~lam sfsom/ p{fssmj kv Ndss{moo ljcNdnh~edss* Fs y{drfcm~ l ndjnf~m ~vjdy~f~ db sem fcml~ db ~dnflof~a lcrd!nlsmc fj sels kddh*

Clrfc Wlnel{fle p{dsm Sem ~dnflof~s y{dgmns ljc sem pd{hfj` nol~~/ Cmadn!{lnv pfsed}s Ydofsfnflj~ ljc Ofafs~ db ~dnflo!cmadn{lsfn ydofsfn~* Sem l{sf!nom Kmvdjc ljsf!faym{flof~a pl~ p{fssmj gdfjsov* Yl}o Ndnh~edss p{dsm semdsem{ l{sfnom~*

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sfdj db ~drm{mf`jsv ljc cmymjcmjnm/ fj ~ed{s/ sem nd{{m~ydjc!fj` ~ymnfn bd{a db sem ~slsm*

Fj d{cm{ sd y{mrmjs sem {mm~slkof~eamjs db l {}ofj` nol~~ fj l ~dnflof~smndjdav sem ndoomnsfrm lyy{dy{flsfdj db sem ~}{yo}~ y{dc}ns a}~s km }j!cm{ ydy}ol{ ndjs{do* Sem amneljf~a~ bd{ lnefmrfj` sef~ elrm vms sd kmcmrmodymc* Fj ~}aal{v semj/ sem ~dnflof~s y{dgmns ndj~f~s~ db nelj`fj` semy{dym{sv {molsfdj~ ljc m~slkof~efj` bd{a~ mndjdafn d{`ljf~lsfdj ljc ydofs!fnlo fj~sfs}sfdj~ jmnm~~l{v bd{ ~}ne l ndoomnsfrm lyy{dy{flsfdj y{dnm~~* K}s

ped nlj nl{{v sef~ y{dgmns bd{pl{c4

Sem ~s{}ns}{lo nlylnfsv db sem pd{hfj` nol~~

Sem d{`ljf~lsfdjlo lkfofsfm~ db ydofsfnlo bd{nm~ sd }jcm{afjm {}ofj`!nol~~cdafjlsfdj/ lbbmns ~slsm ydofnv/ ljc lcrljnm sem `dlo~ db ~dnflof~a/ l{mcmymjcmjs dj sem mndjdafn nol~~!yd~fsfdj~ db fs~ al~~ kl~m* Sem y{dnm~~db ~dnflo {my{dc}nsfdj yolnm~ ymdyom fj cfbbm{mjs mndjdafn yd~fsfdj~ pfse

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cfbbm{mjs ~s{}ns}{lo ndj~s{lfjs~ ljc nlylnfsfm~ sd ~}nnm~~b}oov cmrmody ljc~}~slfj d{`ljf~lsfdj~*

Ef~sd{fnloov/ sem al~~ kl~m db ~dnflof~s adrmamjs~ el~ jmrm{ kmmj mu!

no}~frmov sem y{domsl{fls k}s el~/ sd rl{fd}~ cm`{mm~/ lo~d fjno}cmc sem yml~!ljs{v ljc ~mnsfdj~ db sem y{dbm~~fdjlo afccom nol~~/ ~}ne l~ smlnem{~/ olpvm{~ljc cdnsd{~* Al~~ adrmamjs~ ljc d{`ljf~lsfdj~ elrm cmrmodymc l ~dnflof~snel{lnsm{ sd sem musmjs sels semv elrm kmmj {ddsmc fj pd{hfj`!nol~~ ~s{}`!òm* Sem Nefjm~m ndaa}jf~s adrmamjs pl~ l nl~m fj ydfjs* Fs~ al~~kl~m pl~ drm{pemoafjòv {}{lo ljc cdafjlsmc kv sem yml~ljs{v/ k}s fs~d{`ljf~lsfdjlo bd{a ljc ~s{lsm`fn d}soddh pl~ fjfsfloov bd{amc fj pd{hfj`!nol~~ ~s{}`òm* Ndjrm{~mov/ sem Ydof~e ^dofcl{jd~n ~sl{smc d}s l~ l afof!sljs pd{hfj`!nol~~ adrmamjs pfse cmaljc~ db {fès~ ljc pd{hm{~ ~mob!

aljl`mamjs/ k}s fs~ omlcm{~efy ljc ~s{lsm`fn d}soddh pl~ ~ddj cdafjlsmckv sem Nlsedofn ne}{ne ljc ofkm{lo al{hms {mbd{am{~/ ljc kmnlam l rmef!nom bd{ nlyfslof~s {m~sd{lsfdj*

Nol~~ ndjfns f~ loplv~ makmccmc fj sem {molsfdj~ db y{dc}nsfdj l~ lndjfns drm{ pd{hfj` ndjcfsfdj~* Pd{hm{~/ fjcfrfc}loov d{ ndoomnsfrmov/cm{frm semf{ kl{`lfjfj` ydpm{ rf~!l!rf~ semf{ mayodvm{~ sd sem musmjs selssemv l{m fjcf~ymj~lkom sd sem y{dc}nsfdj y{dnm~~* Djm nlj cf~sfj`}f~e km!spmmj spd k{dlc svym~ db kl{`lfjfj` ydpm{7

%f& Al{hmsyolnm/ pefne {m~}os~ cf{mnsov b{da sfès olkd}{ al{hms~* Pd{h!m{~ pfse ~hfoo~ d{ n{mcmjsflo~ fj {molsfrm ~nl{nfsv*

%ff& Pd{hyolnm/ pefne {m~}os~ cf{mnsov b{da sem cf~{}ysfrm ydsmjsflo dbelosfj` nm{slfj }jfs~ db y{dc}nsfdj* Pd{hm{~ fj l ~s{lsm`fn odnlsfdjd{ hmv ~mnsd{ db sem nlyfslof~s mndjdav*3

Sem ~ymnfn ndakfjlsfdj db sem~m kl{`lfjfj` ydpm{~ f~ pels mjcdp~ pd{h!m{~ l ~s{}ns}{lo nlylnfsv sd lcrljnm pemj olsmjs ndjfns drm{ pd{hfj` ndj!cfsfdj~ k{mlh~ d}s fjsd ndoomnsfrm nol~~ ~s{}`òm pfse mayodvm{~ ljc sem

nlyfslof~s nol~~* Semf{ ~}nnm~~ cmymjc~ dj semf{ ndoomnsfrm lkfofsv sd {lf~mljc ~}~slfj sem ydsmjsflo nd~s~ db cf~{}ysfj` y{dc}nsfdj {molsfrm sd sem nd~sdb ndjnm~~fdj~ bd{ nlyfslof~s~* B{da sem adamjs sem ~s{}`òm `dm~ kmvdjcdjm pfse faamcflsm mayodvm{~ ljc ndjsm~s~ fj~smlc sem ~s{}ns}{m db muf~s!fj` y{dym{sv {molsfdj~/ fs fjrdorm~ sem ~slsm ljc nol~~ ~s{}`òm kmndam~ lydofsfnlo ~s{}`òm*

Sd ~}aal{f~m/ Al{uf~s~ elrm alfjslfjmc sels lj d{`ljf~mc pd{hfj`!nol~~ a}~s ndj~sfs}sm l nmjs{lo ndaydjmjs db sem ~dnflof~s ydofsfnlo bd{nm~*

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Nb* Kmrm{ov ^form{/ Bd{nm~ db Olkd{7 pd{hm{~ adrmamjs ljc òdklofwlsfdj ~fjnm*


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Jds kmnl}~m db sem em{dfn ef~sd{fnlo ~s{}`òm~ bd}ès kv pd{hfj`!nol~~adrmamjs~ òdkloov/ k}s kmnl}~m db fs~

ef~sd{fnloov ndj~sfs}smc jls}{m l~ sem muyodfsmc ndoomnsfrmy{dc}nm{ pfsefj sem nlyfslof~s adcm db y{dc}nsfdj* L~ sem mu!yodfsmc nol~~/ fs f~ nl}ès fj l ~v~smalsfn nol~e pfse nlyfslo/pefne nljjds `mjm{loov ljc ym{aljmjsov ~lsf~bv fs~ jmmc~* L~sem alfj y{dc}nfj` nol~~/ fs el~ sem ydpm{ sd elos ljc pfsefjofafs~ {mcf{mns sem mndjdafn lyyl{ls}~ db nlyfslof~a/ fj y}{!~}fs db fs~ `dlo~* Ljc l~ sem ndoomnsfrm y{dc}nm{ fs el~ semdkgmnsfrm nlylnfsv sd bd}jc l jmp/ jdj!muyodfslsfrm adcm dby{dc}nsfdj* Sef~ ndakfjlsfdj db fjsm{m~s/ ydpm{ ljc n{mlsfrm

nlylnfsv cf~sfj`}f~em~ sem pd{hfj` nol~~ b{da mrm{v dsem{ ~d!nflo d{ ydofsfnlo bd{nm fj nlyfslof~s ~dnfmsv/ ljc |}lofm~ fs l~sem fjcf~ymj~lkom l`mjnv db ~dnflof~a*=

Nol~~ fjsm{m~s~ ljc fcmdod`fm~

Pefo~s sem pd{hfj` nol~~ f~ lj fjcf~ymj~lkom l`mjs bd{ sem ~dnflof~s y{dgmns/fs cdm~ jds alhm fs~ nol~~ fjcfrfc}lo~ blrd}{ ~dnflof~a8 sels {m|}f{m~ ljfcmdod`fnlo s{lj~bd{alsfdj* Fcmdod`v f~ sem amcf}a se{d}è pefne e}!

alj kmfj`~ ym{nmfrm ljc ofrm semf{ ofrm~ l~ ndj~nfd}~ l`mjs~* Fs fjbd{a~sema db pels f~ cm~f{lkom$}jcm~f{lkom8 pels muf~s~$cdm~ jds muf~s8 pels f~yd~~fkom$fayd~~fkom ljc ~d dj*2 Fcmdod`fm~ nol~e ljc ndaymsm drm{ pefnefjcfrfc}lo~ semv nlj lcc{m~~8 semv l{m {my{dc}nmc fj ljc se{d}è y{lnsfnm~sels lb{a d{ ~ljnsfdj lnnd{cfj` sd semf{ {m~ymnsfrm yd~s}olsmc kmofmb~*

Sem clfov y{lnsfnm~ dj sem ndaadcfsv ljc olkd}{ al{hms lcc{m~~ e}!alj kmfj`~ l~ lk~s{lns f~dolsmc g}{fcfnlo ~}kgmns~ %k}vm{$~moom{/ mayodvmm$!mayodvm{&/ pefom sem ofkm{lo yl{oflamjsl{v ~v~sma lcc{m~~m~ sema l~ lk!~s{lns }jfrm{~lo nfsfwmj~ %m|}lo rdsm{~ ljc AY~ {my{m~mjsfj` semf{ lk~s{lns

pfoo&* Sem~m y{lnsfnm~ lb{a sem ofkm{lo nlyfslof~s fcmdod`v kv lsdafw!fj` fjcfrfc}lo~7 Mndjdafn y{dnm~~m~ lyyml{ l~ lj musm{jlo/ }jndjs{doolkombd{nm pefom ydofsfn~ f~ {my{m~mjsmc l~ l alssm{ db ym{~djlo y{mbm{mjnm~ ljcy}kofn cmklsm* Ndjrm{~mov/ fjcfrfc}lo~ sels lssmays `d l`lfj~s sem ~dnflo d{!cm{ l{m blnmc pfse y{lnsfnm~ sels ~ljnsfdj fj lnnd{cljnm pfse ofkm{lo nlyfslo!f~s fcmdod`v7 }jmayodvamjs/ om`lo ~ljnsfdj~ d{ y}kofn mu!ndaa}jfnlsfdj*

=B{ljnf~ A}oem{j/ Sdpl{c~ ;999/ d{ Jmp~ b{da Vd}!Hjdp!Pem{m/JO[F$


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Se{d}è sem~m y{lnsfnm~ db lb{alsfdj ljc ~ljnsfdj sem nlyfslof~s ~dnflod{cm{ f~ {my{dc}nmc fcmdod`fnloov* Bd{ sed~m ped kmjms b{da sem ~v~sma/~dnfmsv lyyml{~ l~ b{mm ljc g}~s/ ljc lss{fk}sm semf{ pmlose sd ym{~djlo ~}n!

nm~~/ pefom bd{ sed~m ped l{m ls sem dsem{ mjc fs lyyml{~ l~ }jm|}lo ljclss{fk}sm semf{ olnh db pmlose sd ym{~djlo blfo}{m* Bd{ sem bd{am{ nlyfslof~af~ cm~f{lkom/ bd{ sem olssm{ jd losm{jlsfrm lyyml{~ yd~~fkom*

Fs nlj sem{mbd{m jds km muymnsmc sels l pl`m!olkd}{m{ kmndam~ l nda!afssmc ~dnflof~s am{mov kv rf{s}m db em{ mndjdafn yd~fsfdj* B}{sem{ad{m/pefom cfbbm{mjs nol~~!~ymnfn y{lnsfnm~ {my{dc}nm nol~~!~ymnfn fcmdod`fm~/sem fcmdod`fnlo alhm}y db fjcfrfc}lo~ f~ jds muel}~smc kv sema* Fj dsem{pd{c~/ nm{slfj y{lnsfnm~ alv mrdorm fj pd{hfj`!nol~~ jmfèkd}{eddc~ selslcc{m~~ fs~ fjelkfsljs~ l~ l cf~sfjns ~dnflo nol~~* K}s dsem{ y{lnsfnm~/ ~}ne l~

{mlcfj` sem jlsfdjlo jmp~ylym{/ lssmjcfj` y}kofn ~neddo d{ ne}{ne/ lcc{m~~dsem{ fcmdod`fnlo ~}kgmns~ selj nol~~ l~ jlsfdjlo~/ {mof`fd}~ kmofmrm{~ msn*Sem {molsfrm ~s{mj`se db sem~m fcmdod`fm~ l{m cmsm{afjmc kv sem ym{sfjmjnmdb sem y{lnsfnm~ se{d}è pefne semv l{m lb{amc ljc ~ljnsfdjmc*

^fjnm pd{hm{~ kmodj` sd lj muyodfsmc nol~~/ nol~~!~ymnfn y{lnsfnm~ {m!l~~m{s sema~morm~ ym{fdcfnloov fj sem ~v~smalsfn ndjfns pfse nlyfslo* Km!nl}~m db sem muyodfslsfrm jls}{m db sem nlyfslo sd olkd}{ {molsfdj~efy/ sem~mndjfns~ nljjds `mjm{loov ljc ym{aljmjsov ~lsf~bv pd{hm{~ jmmc~* Fs f~b{da sef~ blns sels lj dkgmnsfrm fjsm{m~s fj m~slkof~efj` l jdj!muyodfslsfrmadcm db y{dc}nsfdj l{f~m~* L`mjs~ elrm lj fjsm{m~s fj ~dam ~slsm db lbblf{~fb fs mjlkom~ sema sd lnefmrm semf{ pljs~* K}s fs f~ |}fsm ljdsem{ sefj` sd kmlpl{m db sef~ fjsm{m~s8 sels mjslfo~ lj fcmdod`fnlo s{lj~bd{alsfdj sels smoo~lj l`mjs edp sd {mlofwm fs~ fjsm{m~s*0

Fj dsem{ pd{c~ fs f~ fj ljc se{d}è ~dnflof~s d{`ljf~lsfdj~ sels mj`l`m fjpd{hfj`!nol~~ ~s{}`òm sels sef~ s{lj~bd{alsfdj nlj dnn}{* Se{d}è semf{rfnsd{fm~ sem ndoomnsfrm ~s{}ns}{lo nlylnfsv db pd{hm{~ f~ lb{amc* L jmn!m~~l{v ndjcfsfdj bd{ sef~ f~ sels sem d{`ljf~lsfdj~ fjrdorm l pfcm ~mnsfdj db

sem pd{hfj` nol~~ pfse l ~s{dj` ndoomnsfrm kl{`lfjfj` ydpm{* Se{d}è ~dof!cl{fsv sem dkgmnsfrm fjsm{m~s fj sem ~dnflof~s y{dgmns f~ lb{amc* L jmnm~~l{vndjcfsfdj bd{ sem rflkfofsv db sem y{dgmns f~ sem mam{`mjnm db fjsmoomns}lo~ muym{s~ fj cf~n}{~frm y{lnsfnm~ pfsefj sem adrmamjs sels nlj cmrmody/ndjcmj~m ljc cf~~mafjlsm fcml~ ljc y{d`{laalsfn dysfdj~* Olnhfj` sembd{am{ ndjcfsfdj omlc~ sd cmad{lof~fj` cmbmls~/ ~ljnsfdj~ sels }jcm{afjm~dnflof~s fcmdod`v* Olnhfj` sem olssm{ ndjcfsfdj pd{hfj`!nol~~ ~s{}`òm km!ndam~ cmbmj~frm d{ ~mnsfdjlo pfsed}s ljv odj`!sm{a ydofsfnlo `dlo~/ djovmsm{jlo ndjfns drm{ pd{hfj` ndjcfsfdj~ fj nlyfslof~a f~ ym{nmfrmc dj sem

0Nb* Lomu Nloofjfnd~/ Alhfj` Ef~sd{v/ Elval{hms Kddh~/ ;99=*


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ed{fwdj*

Y{dnm~~m~ db s{lj~fsfdj

Sem ~dnflof~s y{dgmns lcrljnm~ pemj {}ofj`!nol~~ ydpm{ f~ pmlhmjmc ljcpemj bd{a~ db ndoomnsfrm lyy{dy{flsfdj muyljc* Kdse }jcm{afjm sem mu!yodfslsfrm {molsfdj~ db y{dc}nsfdj* Sef~ dnn}{~ bd{ fj~sljnm se{d}`e pfj!jfj` pd{hm{~ {f`es~ fj sem pd{hyolnm ljc fj ~dnfmsv/ sem m~slkof~eamjs dbnd!dy~/ l y}kofn pmobl{m ~mnsd{ pfse }jfrm{~lo y{fjnfyom~ db cf~s{fk}sfdj/ymm{!y{dc}nmc cf`fslo ofk{l{fm~/ yl{sfnfylsd{v k}c`ms~/ ljc ~d dj* Fj sem~mlcrljnm~/ sem ~mmc~ db l ~dnflof~s ~dnfmsv `{dp/ k}s semv blnm faamcflsmdk~slnom~ fj sem muf~sfj` y{dym{sv {molsfdj~ cmbmjcmc kv sem ndj~sfs}sfdj db

sem ~slsm lyyl{ls}~* Sem |}m~sfdj db s{lj~bm{ db ~slsm ydpm{ f~ sem{mbd{m}jlrdfclkom bd{ ~dnflof~s~*

Hl{o Hl}s~hv5 l{ }mc sels sem pd{hfj` nol~~ elc sd `lfj ydpm{ fj ~dnfmsvkmbd{m ~dnflof~s~ mjsm{ l yl{oflamjsl{v `drm{jamjs sd fayomamjs l s{lj~f!sfdjlo y{d`{laam* ^fjnm semv ~ms d}s sd nelj`m sem y{dym{sv {molsfdj~ ljcm~slkof~efj` l ndoomnsfrm lyy{dy{flsfdj y{dnm~~/ sem ~dnflof~s `drm{jamjs f~yfsmc l`lfj~s {}ofj`!nol~~ ydpm{* Ls {~s sem{m alv km ydofsfnlo dyyd~f!sfdj kv sem d{`ljf~mc k}~fjm~~ ndaa}jfsv* Pemj sem ndjfns fjsmj~fm~sem ~v~smafn ydpm{ db nlyfslo sd pfsec{lp fjrm~samjs~ ~ms~ sem mndjdav

fjsd ~sl`jlsfdj ljc sem slu kl~m db sem ~slsm f~ pmlhmjmc* Y{m~~}{m alvfjn{ml~m l~ ~ljnsfdj~ b{da sem fjsm{jlsfdjlo al{hms~ ljc sem yd~~fkom ndo!oly~m db y{dc}nsfdj bdoodp~* ]jcm{ nm{slfj ndjcfsfdj~ sem ~dnflof~s `dr!m{jamjs alv mrmj blnm nd}jsm{!{mrdo}sfdjl{v afofsl{v bd{nm* Fs~ blsm f~ fjdsem{ pd{c~ ndjcfsfdjmc dj sem d{`ljf~lsfdjlo nlylnfsfm~ db sem ~dnflof~sadrmamjs d}s~fcm sem nmjs{m db sem ~slsm lyyl{ls}~ sd cmbmjc l`lfj~s{}ofj`!nol~~ {mlnsfdj ljc ~}~slfj sem y{dc}nsfrm ~mnsd{~ db sem mndjdav*

Dj sem dsem{ eljc/ pemj Hl}s~hv~ ~s{lsm`fn {dlc sd ydpm{ f~ kodnhmckv sem ~slsm fs~mob m*`* fj l}sed{fsl{flj bd{a~ db {}om sem y{dnm~~ db ~d!nflof~s s{lj~bd{alsfdj kmndam~ ndjcfsfdjmc dj sem mam{`mjnm db l ydofsfnlo{mrdo}sfdj* Bdoodpfj` Pmkm{~ blad}~ bd{a}ol/ sem ~slsm f~ cmjmc kv semmum{nf~m db l adjdydov db om`fsfalsm }~m db bd{nm drm{ l `frmj sm{{fsd{v*L {mrdo}sfdj loplv~ fjrdorm~ l k{mlhfj` db sels adjdydov ljc sem mam{!`mjnm db c}lo ydpm{ sels ndjsm~s~ fs* L~ Ym{{v Ljcm{~dj ydfjs~ d}s/ b{daPmkm{~ bd{a}ol bdoodp~ se{mm yd~~fkom plv~ fj pefne fs nlj l{f~m76

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Om`fsfalnv* Sem adjdydov db ~slsm ydpm{ f~ k{dhmj kv cf~g}jns}{m~/~}ne l~ afofsl{v cmbmls d{ ~nlo ndooly~m/ sels }jcm{afjm sem fcmdo!d`v db fs~ {}om m~ymnfloov pfsefj sem l{amc bd{nm~ ljc sem k}{ml}!

n{lnv* Fs~ om`fsfalnv f~ cm~s{dvmc djnm l ydpm{b}o dyyd~fsfdj alhm~l nd}jsm{!nolfa db om`fsfalnv*

Bd{nm* L ndm{nfrm lyyl{ls}~ db sem ~slsm f~ drm{pemoamc fj l |}fnhhjdnh!d}s kodp db fj~}{`mjs bd{nm~* Sef~ f~ djov yd~~fkom pemj sem~slsm el~ kmmj ~mrm{mov pmlhmjmc kv pl{ d{ mndjdafn cf~odnlsfdj*Sem~m ndjcfsfdj~ l{m mus{mamov }j~slkom/ ljc sem d}sndam cmymjc~dj sem lkfofsv db sem fj~}{`mjs bd{nm~ sd {lyfcov k}foc jmp ~slsm ~s{}n!s}{m~*

Sm{{fsd{v* Sem ~slsm~ adjdydov db ydpm{ f~ m{dcmc kv k{mlhfj` dbbmjd}`e sm{{fsd{v sd m{mns l nd}jsm{!~slsm sels nlj cmbmjc fs~mob l~ pmool~ cmrmodyfj` ydofsfnlo/ mndjdafn ljc afofsl{v nlylnfsfm~ pfsefj selsdrm{pemoa ljc jloov cmbmls sem ~slsm*

Sem B{mjne/ [}~~flj ljc Nefjm~m {mrdo}sfdj~ fjrdormc cfbbm{mjs mom!amjs~ db sem~m y{dnm~~m~* Semf{ d}sndam~ pm{m cmsm{afjmc kv sem ~dnflondayd~fsfdj db sem ydofsfnlo bd{nm~ sels ndjsm~smc ~slsm ydpm{ ljc semf{ d{!

`ljf~lsfdjlo lkfofsfm~ sd {lyfcov lclys }jcm{ {mrdo}sfdjl{v ndjcfsfdj~*Pefne ~s{lsm`fn ylse~ l{m bml~fkom bd{ lcrljnfj` sem ~dnflof~s y{dgmns fjsem ;


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db Yd{s}`lo/ pl~ bloofj`/ sem blfo}{m db sem n}os}{lo {mrdo}sfdj fj Nefjl pl~~mssfj` sem mndjdafn ~nmjm bd{ sem s{f}aye d{ {mlnsfdj fj sem


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K{fslfj mjnd}{l`mc afccom nol~~ l~yf{fj` ydofsfnflj~ fj sem Ml~s ofhm Hol}~ljc y{m~l`mc l ~fs}lsfdj fj pefne Elvmhflj mndjdafn cdns{fjm~ pd}oc km!ndam sem d{sedcduv* Selsnem{~ cdns{fjm SFJL/ Sem{m F~ Jd Losm{jlsfrm/

%sd nlyfslof~a& pl~ `mjm{loov lnnmysmc*Sem semd{msfnlo cdafjljnm db b{mm al{hms mndjdafn fcml~ elc kv sem

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fb mjlnsmc pd}oc dymj sem plv sd l jmp yd~s!nlyfslof~s nfrfof~lsfdj/ g}~s l~sed~m db ^afse dymjmc sem plv sd sem yd~s bm}clo nfrfof~lsfdj*

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dav sels }jcm{olv K{fsf~e Ofkm{lof~a* ;


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^elfhe ljc Bl{gd}j " Alnedrm{ fs~ {dom f~ nl}~lo fj muyolfjfj` sem lns}locvjlafn~ db nlyfslof~a* Bd{ Ymsm{~ fs kmndam~ kdse l ad{lo y{fjnfyom ljclj d{`ljf~fj` ndjnmys bd{ sem b}s}{m ~dnflof~a*

Sem semd{msfnlo lcrljnm~ F {mbm{ sd/ dnn}{{mc l~ sem ;9se nmjs}{v `lrmplv sd sem ;


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>* Edp yev~fn~ f~ rlofclsfj`sem Olkd}{ Semd{v db Rlo}m

Pemj F pl~ l ~s}cmjs av mndjdafn~ y{dbm~~d{ sdoc }~ sels pefo~s semolkd}{ semd{v db rlo}m elc kmmj lj fayd{sljs ef~sd{fnlo ~sl`m fj sem cm!rmodyamjs db mndjdafn~/ fs pl~ jdp hjdpj sd km blsloov lpmc* ;9senmjs}{v mndjdaf~s~ ~}ne l~ ^{lbbl ljc ^la}mo~dj elc ~edpj sels fs pl~}jjmnm~~l{v sd lnnd{c olkd}{ ljv ~ymnflo yolnm fj d}{ }jcm{~sljcfj` dby{fnm~* Fj~smlc/ sem ~s{}ns}{m db y{fnm~ nd}oc km ym{bmnsov pmoo }jcm{~sddcl~ sem {m~}os db sem adjmsl{v nd~s~ blnmc kv {a~ ljc sem kmelrfd}{ dby{ds alufaf~fj` mjs{my{mjm}{~* Fb sem{m pl~ fj {mlofsv jd ~}ne sefj` l~olkd}{ rlo}m/ fs bdoodpmc sels Al{u~ semd{v db muyodfslsfdj pl~ lj fjrlofcfjn}{~fdj db ad{lo y{mg}cfnm~ fjsd sem yd~fsfrm ~nfmjnm db mndjdafn~*

Sem y{dbm~~d{ ped sl}`es }~ sef~/ Flj ^smmcalj/ pl~ lns}loov |}fsm ombs

pfj`/ lj lnsfrm amakm{ db sem Ndaa}jf~s Yl{sv*Sef~ f~ g}~s lj ljmncdsm/ k}s blns sels mrmj l y{dafjmjs ndaa}jf~s fj!smoomns}lo kmofmrmc sels sem nmjs{lo ndaydjmjs db Al{u~ semd{v pl~ ~nfmj!sfnloov pd{seom~~ f~ ~f`jfnljs* Fj {ms{d~ymns fs `lrm lj fjcfnlsfdj db edpydd{ov y{myl{mc sem fjsmoomns}lo~ db sem ndaa}jf~s adrmamjs pm{m sd km/pemj blnmc pfse sem rm{v fjsmj~m fcmdod`fnlo lsslnh~ dj ~dnflof~a pefne}jbdocmc fj sem


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nlj ~sfoo ~lv sefj`~ lkd}s sema fj sem l``{m`lsm* Pm nlj ~lv pels semf{lrm{l`m ~ymmc pfoo km %semf{ smaym{ls}{m& ljc pels semf{ ofhmov cf~s{fk}sfdj~fj ~ylnm pfoo km*

Sem k{ljne db yev~fn~ pefne ~s}cfm~ sef~ f~ ~slsf~sfnlo amneljfn~ d{ sem{!adcvjlafn~* Fj~smlc db alhfj` cmsm{afjf~sfn ~slsmamjs~/ fs cmlo~ pfsey{dklkfofsfm~ ljc lrm{l`m~/ k}s fs ~sfoo ndam~ }y pfse b}jclamjslo olp~/ semolp~ db sem{adcvjlafn~/ pefne elrm kmmj bd}jc sd `drm{j sem kmelrfd}{db d}{ }jfrm{~m*

Jdp em{m f~ sem ~}{y{f~m, Pemj semv lyyofmc sem amsedc db ~slsf~sf!nlo amneljfn~ sd sem nlyfslof~s mndjdav/ semv bd}jc sels sem y{mcfnsfdj~fs alcm ndfjnfcmc load~s mulnsov pfse sem olkd}{ semd{v db rlo}m l~ ~msd}s fj rdo}am < db Al{u~ Cl~ Hlyfslo* ^slsf~sfnlo amneljfn~ ~edpmc sels

sem ~moofj` y{fnm~ db `ddc~ pd}oc rl{v fj y{dyd{sfdj sd semf{ olkd}{ ndjsmjsg}~s l~ Al{u elc l~~}amc* Kmnl}~m sem al{hms f~ neldsfn/ fjcfrfc}lo y{fnm~pd}oc jds km mulnsov m|}lo sd olkd}{ rlo}m~/ k}s semv pd}oc no}~sm{ rm{vnod~mov l{d}jc olkd}{ rlo}m~* Pefo~s fj Cl~ Hlyfslo F sem olkd}{ semd{vdb rlo}m f~ g}~s slhmj l~ lj mayf{fnloov rlofc {}om db se}ak* Al{u hjmp fspl~ {fès/ k}s cfc jds ~lv pev* Em{m ls ol~s pl~ l ~d}jc yev~fnlo semd{vmuyolfjfj` fs*

Fs f~ sem gdk db ~nfmjnm sd }jndrm{ nl}~lo amneljf~a~* Djnm fs el~ cdjmsef~ fs nlj alhm y{mcfnsfdj~ pefne nlj km sm~smc* Fb spd ndaymsfj` semd{fm~alhm cfbbm{mjs y{mcfnsfdj~ lkd}s {mlofsv/ pm nlj kv dk~m{rlsfdj cmsm{afjmpefne semd{v f~ {fès* Sef~ f~ sem jd{alo ~nfmjsfn amsedc*

Bl{gd}j ljc Alnedrm{~ semd{v alcm nm{slfj y{mcfnsfdj~ pefne pmjscf{mnsov l`lfj~s sem y{mcfnsfdj~ alcm kv n{fsfn~ db Al{u ~}ne l~ ^la}mo!~dj* Fj yl{sfn}ol{ semf{ semd{v y{mcfns~ sels fjc}~s{fm~ pfse l efè olkd}{sd nlyfslo {lsfd pfoo km ad{m y{dslkom* Ndjrmjsfdjlo mndjdafn~ y{mcfns~sels sem{m pfoo km jd ~}ne ~v~smalsfn cfbbm{mjnm kmspmmj sem y{ds {lsm~fj cfbbm{mjs fjc}~s{fm~* Pemj y}s sd sem sm~s fs s}{jmc d}s sels Bl{gd}j ljc

Alnedrm{ pm{m {fès* Fjc}~s{fm~ pfse l efè olkd}{ sd nlyfslo {lsfd l{mad{m y{dslkom* K}s sef~ f~ mulnsov pels pm ~ed}oc muymns fb sem ~d}{nm dby{ds pl~ sem muyodfslsfdj db olkd}{ {lsem{ selj nlyfslo* Semf{ semd{v alcmy{mcfnsfdj~ pefne jds djov s}{jmc d}s sd km mayf{fnloov ~yds dj/ k}s ls sem~lam sfam rm{fmc Al{u~ semd{v db sem muyodfslsfdj db sem pd{hm{*

Sem jmus kf` lcrljnm pl~ alcm kv sem yev~fnf~s Rfhsd{ Vlhdrmjhd/ ped~edpmc fj ef~ ylym{ sem ^slsf~sfnlo Amneljfn~ db Adjmv sels adjmv fj lal{hms mndjdav yolvmc sem ~lam {dom l~ mjm{`v fj yev~fn~*

G}~s l~ mjm{`v f~ ndj~m{rmc fj ndoof~fdj~ kmspmmj adomn}om~/ ~d adjmv

f~ ndj~m{rmc fj sem lns~ db k}vfj` ljc ~moofj`* ^d bl{ ~d dkrfd}~,

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Pels pl~ jds dkrfd}~ pl~ pels sef~ fayofm~* Vlhdrmjhd ~edpmc selssem olp~ db sem{adcvjlafn~ semj fayov sels sem cf~s{fk}sfdj db adjmv km!spmmj ymdyom pfoo bdoodp sem ~lam bd{a l~ sem cf~s{fk}sfdj db mjm{`v km!

spmmj adomn}om~ fj l `l~7 sem ~d nloomc @fkk~!Kdoswaljj cf~s{fk}sfdj* Sef~~d}jc~ rm{v ~nfmjsfn/ k}s pels cdm~ fs lns}loov amlj4

Pels sem @fkk~!Kdoswaljj cf~s{fk}sfdj db adjmv ~lv~ f~ sels l bmp ymd!yom pfse mjc }y pfse l ods db adjmv ljc l ods db ymdyom pfse mjc }y pfserm{v ofssom adjmv* Fs ~lv~ sels sem cf~s{fk}sfdj db adjmv pfoo km rm{v }j!mrmj/ g}~s l~ pm ~mm fj nlyfslof~s ~dnfmsv* Fj blns Vlhdrmjhd ~edpmc selssem cf~s{fk}sfdj db pmlose fj sem ]^L s~ sem @fkk~!Kdoswalj cf~s{fk}sfdjy{mssv nod~mov*

Sem{m f~ l smjcljnv sd sefjh sels {fne ymdyom dpm semf{ pmlose sd fjsmoof!

`mjnm d{ mbbd{s/ k}s yev~fn~ smoo~ }~ jd* @frmj l al{hms mndjdav/ semj semolp~ db neljnm amlj sels l ods db adjmv pfoo mjc }y fj sem eljc~ db l bmpymdyom*

Fj blns pemj pm oddh ls sem ]^L pm jc sels sem cf~s{fk}sfdj db pmlosef~ mrmj ad{m }jmrmj sels pm pd}oc muymns b{da sem @fkk~!Kdoswaljj olp*Fb sem @fkk~ Kdoswalj olp emoc/ sem{m pd}oc km afoofdjlf{m~ k}s jd kfoofdj!lf{m~* Pev sem cf~yl{fsv4

Vlhdrmjhd~ d{f`fjlo m|}lsfdj~ {my{m~mjsmc lj mndjdav sels f~ {lsem{ofhm pels Al{u nloomc ~fayom ndaadcfsv y{dc}nsfdj* Fs l~~}amc djovk}vfj` ljc ~moofj * Ad{m {mnmjs pd{h kv Vlhdrmjhd ljc P{fès/ el~~edpj sels fb vd} adcfbv sem~m m|}lsfdj~ sd loodp mfsem{ sem ml{jfj` dbfjsm{m~s dj adjmv/ d{ sem ef{fj` db pl`m olkd}{/ semj sem m|}lsfdj~ y{mcfnsl ydol{f~lsfdj db sem ydy}olsfdj fjsd spd `{d}y~* Sem `{mls k}oh db sem ydy!}olsfdj/ sem pd{hfj` nol~~ ljc ymssv kd}{`mdf~/ bdoodp l @fkk~!Kdoswaljjfjndam cf~s{fk}sfdj* K}s sem{m f~ l ~mndjc nol~~/ sed~m ped~m fjndam cm!{frm~ b{da nlyfslo/ ped~m pmlose pfse bdoodp l cfbbm{mjs olp/ pels f~ nloomcl ydpm{!olp* L`lfj/ oddh fj cmslfo ls sem cf~s{fk}sfdj db pmlose fj ljc vd}

y{drfcm mulnsov sem cf~s{fk}sfdj y{mcfnsmc kv Vlhdrmjhd~ semd{v* Sef~/~lv~ Vlhdrmjhd/ y{drm~ sels Al{u pl~ {fès pemj em ~lfc sels adcm{j ~d!nfmsv pl~ nday{f~mc db spd cf~sfjns ljc dyyd~mc nol~~m~7 nlyfslof~s~ ljcpd{hm{~*

^d adcm{j yev~fn~ el~ ~edpj sels jds djov pl~ Al{u {fès fj ef~ kl~fnljlov~f~/ k}s em pl~ {fès kmnl}~m ef~ ndjno}~fdj~ bdoodp b{da sem ad~skl~fn olp~ db yev~fn~/ sem olp~ db sem{adcvjlafn~*

Sem{m f~ lo~d l om~~ dkrfd}~ ndjno}~fdj sels pm nlj c{lp b{da yev~fn~{molsfj` sd sem }jcm~f{lkofsv db Al{hms ^dnflof~a* Pm nlj ~mm b{da Vlhd!

rmjhd~ pd{h sels l al{hms ~dnflof~s mndjdav pd}oc lo~d elrm l rm{v }j!

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mrmj cf~s{fk}sfdj db adjmv* Sem{m sdd sem @fkk~!Kdoswaljj olp pd}oc{}om* L ~aloo j}akm{ db ymdyom d{ nd!dym{lsfrm~ pd}oc mjc }y pfse l odsdb adjmv/ ljc aljv ~}ne ymdyom d{ nd!dym{lsfrm~ pd}oc mjc }y ydrm{sv

~s{fnhmj* B{da sef~ nlyfslof~a pd}oc km {m`mjm{lsmc* L~ Omjfj p{dsm7~aloo y{dc}nsfdj mj`mjcm{~ nlyfslof~a ljc sem kd}{`mdf~fm ndjsfj}d}~ov/clfov/ ed}{ov/ ~ydjsljmd}~ov/ ljc dj l al~~ ~nlom*

P{fssmj fj ;995

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3* Ef~sd{fnlo Alsm{flof~a d{^}kgmnsfrf~a

F la lj mj`fjmm{ ]jcm{ nlyfslof~s ~v~sma~ db olp/ ~dam db sem~m om`lo ~}kgmns~

L `ddc alsm{flof~s semd{v db sem ~}kgmns db {f`es pl~ y{m~mjsmc kv Yl~e}hljf~/ fj

ef~ Loo`malfjm [mnes~ome{m }jc Al{uf~a}~


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nd{{m~ydjc sd e}alj kdcfm~/ dsem{~ sd kdcfm~ nd{yd{lsm* Fs f~ sem~m g}{fcfnlo~}kgmns~ sels k}v ljc ~moo ndaadcfsfm~/ ljc/ {my{dc}nm sema~morm~ fj semy{dnm~~* Fj sef~ {my{dc}nsfdj y{dnm~~/ semv l{m {my{dc}nmc kdse l~ y{dy{f!

msd{~/ ljc l~ yev~fnlo y{dnm~~m~ %e}alj amslkdof~a~/ lnsfrm dfo {mjm{fm~/***&*

B{da sem ~sljcydfjs db sem ~mob cmrmodyamjs db nlyfslo$~}kgmns/ alsm{flo~}kgmns~/ {a~/ l{m sed}ès db l~ nlyfslo~/ fj~sljsflsfdj~ db NLYFSLO*Sef~ plv db oddhfj` ls sefj`~ f~ lj fcmlof~s fjrm{~fdj*

Sem ~mndjc y{dkoma/ f~ sels sem jdsfdj db nlyfslo l~ l ~}kgmns f~ sfmc }ypfse sem fcml db nlyfslo l~ ~mob!muyljcfj` rlo}m* Sef~ f~ pels sem bd{a}ola!n!a f~ loo lkd}s* Pem{m `doc f~ adjmv/ sem bd{a}ol f~ {mlof~sfn* K}s mrmjl~ fs pl~ p{fssmj sef~ pl~ ef~sd{fnloov dk~domsm* Ndaam{nflo s{lj~lnsfdj~

pm{m jds/ nl{{fmc d}s }~fj` `doc* Nlyfslof~s s{lcm f~ l kloljnfj` db ln!nd}js~/ mfsem{/ fj Al{u~ clv/ se{d}è sem nf{n}olsfdj db kfoo~ db munelj`m/d{ se{d}è sem noml{ljnm db nem|}m~*

Fb ndaam{nm dnn}{~ se{d}è nem|}m noml{ljnm/ semj sem{m f~ jd odj`m{ lnf{n}fs db rlo}m se{d}è sem bd{a~ a!n!a* Lj lnnd}js pfse l kljh/ }jofhml edl{c/ el~ jd rlo}m* Fs f~ fj~smlc l {mnd{c db mjsfsomamjs sd rlo}m* F sefjh/sem{mbd{m/ sels sem }~m db sem nf{n}fs a!n!a kv Al{u a}~s km ~mmj l~ lymcl`d`fn cmrfnm/ y{m~mjsfj` pels `dm~ dj fj l ~fayom sd }jcm{~sljc k}skl~fnloov ljlne{djf~sfn bd{a*

Pemj djm f~ ~smmymc fj lj doc ofsm{ls}{m/ djm~ afjc kmndam fjelkfsmckv cmlc ~dnflo {molsfdj~* Ne{f~sflj~/ sdclv sefjh fj nlsm`d{fm~ ofhm Ne{f~ssem Od{c/ Ne{f~s sem [mcmmam{/ ndjnmys~ db l ~olrm ~dnfmsv pfse sem fj~sf!s}sfdj db alj}af~~fdj/ pfsed}s l `{fy dj sem adcm{j pd{oc* Pm Al{u!f~s~ elrm d}{ sed}ès~ lkd}s adjmv ~elymc kv l y{m~mjslsfdj/ fjs}fsfrm sdpd{hm{~ fj Rfnsd{fl~ clv/ sd peda adjmv pl~ `doc/ pfsed}s nd{{molsm~ fjl pd{oc db cmkfs nl{c~*

Bdn}~ fj~smlc dj alsm{flo ~}kgmns~ ljc semf{ ndjcfsfdj~ db {my{dc}nsfdj/

semj adjmv lyyml{~ noml{ov fj sem bd{a fj pefne âfse y{m~mjs~ fs ydpm{sd ndaaljc sem olkd}{ db dsem{~* L kljh kloljnm f~ ydpm{ drm{ olkd}{*Bdn}~ jds dj sem ~mob mrdo}sfdj db ~}a~ db rlo}m/ k}s dj edp g}{fcfnlo~}kgmns~/ {a~/ {my{dc}nm semf{ cm~ydsf~a drm{ olkd}{*

F~ nlyfslo sem ~}kgmns db Nlyfslo4

F~ Al{u~ Nlyfslo lkd}s sem ~mob cmrmodyamjs db sem ~}kgmns nlyfslo/ d{ f~ fslkd}s nlyfslof~a* Av faamcflsm kfl~ f~ sd ~lv fs f~ lkd}s nlyfslof~a/ ~fjnm

sd ~lv sels nlyfslo pl~ sem dkgmns db fjrm~sf`lsfdj afès fayov l Em`moflj

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y{m~}aysfdj sels b{da sem ndjnmys db nlyfslo loo sem ndjn{msm bmls}{m~ dbnlyfslof~a nd}oc km cmc}nmc ~damsefj` pefne F bmmo sd km af~slhmj*

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Fs alv km dkgmnsmc sels sef~ edymom~~ov lk~s{lns/ l~ lk~s{lns load~s/ l~slohfj` lkd}s pfoo* K}s sem{m f~ lj fayd{sljs cfbbm{mjnm* Sem lyy{dlne dbs{mlsfj` sem k{lfj l~ lj l}sdalsdj el~ mj`mjcm{mc l y{dc}nsfrm {m~ml{ney{d`{la* Djm nlj/ l~ Neda~hv cfc fj sem 9vml{~/ msn* Fj ndjs{l~s/ pfoo pfoo slhm }~ jdpem{m* Fs nod~m~ db cf~n}~~fdj*

Y}ssfj` l~fcm sem |}m~sfdj db jls}{m/ ped s{lj~bd{a~ sem pd{oc fb jdsfjcfrfc}lo~/ lnsfj` fjcfrfc}loov ljc l~ yl{s~ db ~dnflo nol~~m~ ljc `{d}y~4

F elrm l se{mm vml{ doc cl}èsm{/ ljc sdclv l~ pm ~ls cdpj sd ~}yym{/ ~emydfjsmc sd sem yfm fj sem afccom db sem slkom/ ljc l~hmc }~ ped f~ sels4*

Pm muyolfjmc sels sef~ pl~ sem p{dj` |}m~sfdj/ ~em ~ed}oc elrm l~hmc

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pels f~ sels* L ped |}m~sfdj/ cmaljc~ l ym{~dj l~ lj lj~pm{*Ped s{lj~bd{a~ sem pd{oc4Pev/ sem @{mls Emoa~alj/ fo C}nm/ sed~m ~}ym{amj ped km~s{fcm ef~!

sd{v ofhm ndod~~f*L~h fj~smlc/ pels s{lj~bd{a~ sem pd{oc/ ljc dsem{ lj~pm{~ ~y{fj` }y7

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l~~f`jmc sema {dom~4L{m fjcfrfc}lo~ am{mov }jndj~nfd}~ lnsd{~ fj l ef~sd{fnlo y{dnm~~4L~h am fj~smlc pemsem{ sem olp~ db ef~sd{v l{m hjdplkom/ pemsem{ yd!

ofsfnlo yl{sfm~ nlj alhm nlon}olsmc lssmays~ sd muyodfs sef~ hjdpomc`m/ ljc

F pd}oc lj~pm{ vm~*L~h am fj~smlc pemsem{ ymdyom nlj km alcm sd kmofmrm sels semf{ lnsfdj~

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=* Ndaymsfj` semd{fm~ p{dj`d{ jds mrmj p{dj`

Fjsmoomns}lo klnh`{d}jc

Sem n{fj`m

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y{dbm~~fdjloov fjrdormc fj sem ~}kgmns l{m muymnsmc sd km alsemalsfnloovofsm{lsm ljc muym{fmjnmc fj sem ljlov~f~ db ~slsf~sfnlo clsl* Sem~m l~ymns~db semf{ s{lfjfj` amlj~ sels semf{ klnh`{d}jc el~ fj ~dam plv~ ad{m fj

ndaadj pfse ymdyom ped l{m s{lfjmc l~ jls}{lo ~nfmjsf~s~ selj pfse dsem{~dnflo ~nfmjsf~s~* Sem{m el~ lo~d kmmj l odj` s{lcfsfdj db mndjdaf~s~ kd{!{dpfj` ndjnmys}lo ~s{}ns}{m~ b{da sem jls}{lo ~nfmjnm~* Af{dp~hf ~edpmcsels aljv db sem ndjnmys~ }~mc fj al{`fjlof~s mndjdafn~ pm{m kd{{dpmccf{mnsov b{da nol~~fnlo amneljfn~ c}{fj` sem olsm * K}s djm

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pd}oc ~ml{ne sem ef~sd{v db mndjdafn~ fj rlfj pm{m djm sd oddh bd{ sem n{}!nflo muym{famjs d{ dk~m{rlsfdj pefne cf~y{drmc sem olkd}{ semd{v db rlo}m*Sem{m pl~ jdjm*

Lbsm{ Hdne ljc Yl~sm}{/ sem afl~al semd{v db cf~ml~m cfmc d}s* Fs pl~ndayomsmov {myolnmc kv sem `m{a semd{v/ ped~m `{mlsm{ y{lnsfnlo mbbmnsfrm!jm~~ l~ l `}fcm sd y}kofn emlose aml~}{m~ pl~ jd odj`m{ fj cd}ks* K}s lbsm{Gmrdj~ ljc Amj`m{/ sem olkd}{ semd{v db rlo}m cfc jds kv ljv amlj~ cfmd}s* Fs ndjsfj}mc sd ~y{mlc ljc `lfj fj}mjnm/ kmndafj` sem d{sedcduv fjsem ]^^[ ljc dsem{ ~dnflof~s nd}js{fm~ fj sem afccom db sem ;9se nmjs}{v*Pem{m ljc pemj l yl{sfn}ol{ semd{v cdafjlsmc dpmc l ods sd ydofsfn~/ lofssom sd lm~semsfn~ ljc jdsefj` sd dk~m{rlsfdj*

Jds mrmj p{dj`

F amjsfdj lm~semsfn~ kmnl}~m sem{m nlj km ofssom cd}ks sels sem mcfnm dbjmd!nol~~fnlo mndjdafn~ elc l alsemalsfnlo ~dyef~sfnlsfdj ljc mom`ljnmsels sem olkd}{ semd{v db rlo}m ls {~s olnhmc* Sem al{`fjlo semd{v elcnlon}o}~/ edad`mjmd}~ b}jnsfdj~/ ljc fj fs~ olsm{ rm{~fdj~ K{dpm{~ umcydfjs semd{ma* Fj ndjs{l~s sem olkd}{ semd{v db rlo}m fjfsfloov fjrdormcjdsefj` a}ne ad{m ~dyef~sfnlsmc selj sem ndjnmys~ db {lsfd~ d{ lrm{l`m~3*

Alse~ nlj km ~mc}nsfrm* Sem {f`d}{ ljc ndj~f~smjnv db l alsemalsfnlo

semd{v nlj/ sd sed~m ped elrm muymjcmc sem mbbd{s sd }jcm{~sljc fs/ `frmfs n{mcmjnm* Sef~ f~ }jy{dkomalsfn pem{m sem semd{v f~ g}~s alse~* K}spemj sem alse~ nolfa~ sd km l adcmo db sem {mlo pd{oc/ kml}sv nlj af~!omlc* Sem{m el~/ bd{ mulayom/ kmmj {mnmjs n{fsfnf~a pfsefj yev~fn~ db semcdafjljnm db ~s{fj` semd{v XÊ95/Pdf92Q* âdofj loom`m~ sels sem alsem!alsfnlo kml}sv db ~s{fj` semd{v el~ ~mc}nmc l `mjm{lsfdj db yev~fnf~s~ fjsdlj l{ml pefne/ olnhfj` ljv muym{famjslo rm{fnlsfdj/ f~ ofssom ad{m seljkml}sfb}o ~ymn}olsfdj* Sels/ em ~lv~/ f~ pev rm Bfmoc~ Amclo~ `frmj bd{alsemalsfnlo pd{h dj ^s{fj` Semd{v k}s jd Jdkmo y{fwm~* Bfmoc~ Amclo~l{m `frmj bd{ kmfj` ~al{s/ Jdkmo Y{fwm~ bd{ kmfj` {fès* Sem y{dkoma pfse~s{fj` semd{v/ âdofj ljc Pdfs ~lv/ f~ sels fs `frm~ jd ~}k~sljsfrm sm~slkom

n{}nflo mjc {m~}os~ db sem al{`fjlof~s {mrdo}sfdj* Sem al{`fjlo y{fjnfyom pl~jds fs~mob jmp/ fs elc kmmj fjnd{yd{lsmc fj sem [fnl{cflj ljc Al{uflj semd{fm~db {mjs* Fj sem s{lj~fsfdj kmspmmj sem spd ~neddo~ fs nlj km l{`}mc sels @d~~mjljc Gmrdj~ ~}yyd{smc l al{`fjlo olkd}{ semd{v db rlo}m XEl`92/ El`


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y{mcfnsfdj~/ ljc fj sem lk~mjnm db sem~m fs f~ jmfsem{ rm{flkom jd{ blo~flkoml~ l ~nfmjsfn semd{v*

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dj sef~* ^s{fj` semd{f~s~ alv vms ndam }y pfse ~dam mayf{fnloov sm~slkomy{dyd~fsfdj* K}s sem kl~fn amsedcdod`fnlo ydfjs {lf~mc kv fs~ n{fsfn~ f~~}{mov rlofc* Sd km ~nfmjsfn/ l semd{v a}~s smoo }~ ~damsefj` cfbbm{mjslkd}s sem pd{oc* Fs el~ sd smoo }~ ~damsefj` pm pd}oc jds elrm hjdpjpfsed}s fs* Fb sem semd{v f~ s{}m/ semj {mlofsv a}~s km cf~nm{jfkov cfbbm{mjsb{da sem plv fs pd}oc km fb l {frlo semd{v pl~ s{}m*

L evydsem~f~ nlj km ~nfmjsfn ljc s}{j d}s mrmjs}loov sd km p{dj`* Fsalv alhm y{mcfnsfdj~ lkd}s dk~m{rlsfdj~/ ljc pemj sem~m dk~m{rlsfdj~l{m alcm/ ~dam db sema alv s}{j d}s cfbbm{mjs b{da pels pl~ y{mcfnsmc*

^}ne l semd{v pl~ ls oml~s l ~nfmjsfn evydsem~f~/ lokmfs l jloov blo~fmcdjm* K}s sem nel{`m f~ sels ~s{fj` semd{v f~ jds mrmj p{dj`/ kmnl}~m fs ~lv~jdsefj` lkd}s sem }jfrm{~m sels nlj km mayf{fnloov sm~smc*

Fb pm `d b{da yev~fn~ sd mndjdafn~ pm nlj l~h/ pels ~d{s db semd{v f~sem olkd}{ semd{v db rlo}m4

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Pmoo fs f~ noml{ sels/ fj fs~ ~s{dj`m~s ljc ~fayom~s bd{a/ sem olkd}{ semd{vdb rlo}m cdm~ ~lv ~damsefj` sm~slkom* Fs ~lv~ sels muymjcmc olkd}{ f~ sem~d}{nm db adjmsl{v rlo}m lccmc* Djm nlj/ fj y{fjnfyom/ lcc }y ed}{~ dbolkd}{ sels l{m cf{mnsov ljc fjcf{mnsov }~mc }y fj y{dc}nfj` sem d}sy}s~ dbcfbbm{mjs fjc}~s{fm~ ljc semj ndayl{m sef~ pfse sem adjmsl{v rlo}m lccmc*Fb sem ed}{~ db olkd}{ s}{j d}s sd km }jnd{{molsmc d{ {lsem{ ydd{ov nd{{molsmcpfse sem adjmsl{v rlo}m lccmc semj sem semd{v pd}oc elrm kmmj blo~fmc*

Djm nlj dbsmj `}l{c l semd{v l`lfj~s blo~fnlsfdj kv l}ufofl{v evydsem!~m~* Sem ad~s blad}~ db sem~m pm{m sem @{mmh myfnvnom ljc cmbm{mjs lc!

g}~samjs~ sd adcmo~ db yoljmsl{v adsfdj* Sem~m loodpmc sem evydsem~f~

sels loo yoljmsl{v adsfdj nd}oc km cmndayd~mc fjsd }jfbd{a nf{n}ol{ nda!ydjmjs~ sd km {mndjnfomc pfse sem ls sfam~ rf~fkov {ms{d`{lcm adsfdj db semyoljms~* Fj ad{m {mnmjs semd{v/ djm alv ~}~ymns sels sem evydsem~fwmc cl{halssm{ ljc cl{h mjm{`v/ }~mc sd muyolfj `lolnsfn d{kfs~ ljc lnnmom{lsmc nd~!afn muylj~fdj/ yolv l {dom sels f~ yefod~dyefnloov ljlod`d}~ sd Ysdomalfnmyfnvnom~*

Fj mndjdafn~ djm nlj bd{a}olsm pmlhm{ rm{~fdj~ db sem olkd}{ semd{vdb rlo}m fj pefne adjmsl{v rlo}m lccmc f~ y{dyd{sfdjlo jds sd dk~m{rmcolkd}{/ k}s sd ~dnflo jmnm~~l{v olkd}{* Fb djm ~d cmjm~ ~dnfloov jmnm~~l{v

olkd}{/ sels fs~ jmnm~~fsv f~ djov {mrmlomc kv kv sem adrmamjs db al{hms

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y{fnm~/ semj djm cdm~ fjcmmc mjc }y pfse l semd{v ~d pmlh l~ sd km jdsmrmj p{dj`* Sem{m f~ lj lakf`}fsv fj sem }~l`m db sem sm{a ~dnfloov jmn!m~~l{v olkd}{* Dj sem djm eljc fs alv km }~mc sd amlj }~fj` jd ad{m

olkd}{ sd y{dc}nm ~lv l odlb db k{mlc selj f~ jmnm~~l{v }jcm{ sem y{mrlfo!fj` ~slsm db smnejdod`v/ dj sem dsem{ fs alv amlj }~fj` jd ad{m olkd}{ fjsem klhfj` fjc}~s{v selj f~ jmnm~~l{v `frmj sem omrmo db cmaljc bd{ k{mlc*Sem {~s fjsm{y{mslsfdj db ~dnfloov jmnm~~l{v ~sfoo omlrm~ }~ pfse l sm~slkomevydsem~f~/ sem ~mndjc fj~}olsm~ sem evydsem~f~ b{da sm~s* Sem{m el~ kmmjl {m`{msslkom smjcmjnv kv ~dam l}sed{~= sd bd{a}olsm sem olkd}{ semd{v dbrlo}m fj sef~ pmlh }jblo~flkom bd{a*

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Xêl65Q/ XANN6=Q/ XWln92Q/ XSA9;Q ladj` dsem{~* Sem~m ~s}cfm~ ~edpsvyfnloov ~edp nd{{molsfdj~ db l{d}jc 6=- d{ ad{m kmspmmj sem adjmsl{vrlo}m db fjc}~s{fm~ d}sy}s~ ljc sem olkd}{ {m|}f{mc sd y{dc}nm sels d}sy}s*2

Fs f~ fjsm{m~sfj` sd ndjs{l~s sef~ ~s{dj` {m~}os bd{ sem ~fayom olkd}{ semd{vdb rlo}m/ pfse fs~ alfj ndaymsfsd{ sem al{`fjlof~s semd{v db rlo}m* Sef~f~ kl~mc dj sem fcml sels y{fnm~ mrdorm sd omrmo~ ls pefne al{`fjlo }sfof!sfm~ ym{ # l{m m|}lof~mc ln{d~~ cfbbm{mjs y{dc}ns~* Sef~ f~ lj }jblo~flkomy{dyd~fsfdj* ^fjnm ~}kgmnsfrm }sfofsfm~ l{m }jdk~m{rlkom/ fs f~ fayd~~fkom sdcd sem ~d{s db nd{{molsfdj ~s}cfm~ ndayl{fj` sem y{fnm ~s{}ns}{m db l nd}js{vpfse }sfofsfm~ sels elrm kmmj cdjm bd{ sem olkd}{ semd{v db rlo}m* Ljv y{fnm~s{}ns}{m sels djm dk~m{rm~ nd}oc km ~lfc sd {mmns ~}kgmnsfrm }sfofsfm~* Sef~yl{s db al{`fjlof~s semd{v f~ }j~nfmjsfn ljc bloo~ fjsd sem jds mrmj p{dj`nlsm`d{v*

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=F la sefjhfj` em{m db lcrdnlsm~ db rlo}m bd{a semd{v ~}ne l~ Pfoofla~ ljc[m}smj*

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clsl el~ sem lcrljsl`m db `frfj` cf{mns ym{~dj!vml{ `}{m~ bd{ sem olkd}{ }~mcfj mlne fjc}~s{v*

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Sem {momrljnm db y{dklkfof~sfn adcmo~

Sem olkd}{ semd{v db rlo}m f~ mayf{fnloov sm~slkom/ ljc sem mrfcmjnm bd{ fs f~

mayf{fnloov ~s{dj`* Sem al{`fjlof~s semd{v f~ fj ol{`m yl{s }jsm~slkom/ ljcsm~slkom yl{s~ elrm kmmj blo~fmc/ k}s fs {mslfj~ mjd{ad}~ov ad{m fj}mjnmselj fs~ doc {frlo* Pev4

Sem{m l{m dkrfd}~ov ~dnfdod`fnlo {ml~dj~ pev sem olkd}{ semd{v db rlo}mafès km }jydy}ol{ ljc fs lo~d slhm~ sfam bd{ {m~}os~ y}kof~emc fj {molsfrmovofssom {mlc gd}{jlo~ sd ym{ndolsm* K}s mrmj ladj` sed~m ~vaylsemsfn sd nol~!~fnlo d{ Al{uflj ydofsfnlo mndjdav ped l{m lpl{m db sem y}kof~emc {m~}os~sem{m el~ kmmj om~~ selj }jfrm{~lo lnnmysljnm db sema* Sef~/ F sefjh/ f~kmnl}~m pefo~s sem olkd}{ semd{v db rlo}m f~ mayf{fnloov ~}yyd{smc/ fs el~

ef~sd{fnloov olnhmc ljv dkrfd}~ amneljf~a* Fs {malfjmc ls sem omrmo db l~slkom mayf{fnlo {molsfdj~efy k}s sem nl}~lo y{dnm~~ kmefjc fs pl~ }jnoml{*Pev ~ed}oc y{fnm~ km cmsm{afjmc kv sem pd{h jmnm~~l{v sd alhm sefj`~4

Bl{gd}j ljc Alnedrm{~ semd{v

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|}f{fj` cfbbm{mjs dkgmns~/ ~mma~ sd km sem djov nf{n}a~sljnmpefne nlj lbbd{c ljv {}om bd{ munelj`fj` sema bd{ djm lj!dsem{* Fb ladj` l jlsfdj db e}jsm{~/ bd{ mulayom/ fs }~}loovnd~s~ spfnm sem olkd}{ sd hfoo l kmlrm{ pefne fs cdm~ sd hfoo lcmm{/ djm kmlrm{ ~ed}oc jls}{loov munelj`m bd{ d{ km pd{sespd cmm{* Fs f~ jls}{lo sels pels f~ }~}loov sem y{dc}nm db spdclv~ d{ spd ed}{~ olkd}{/ ~ed}oc km pd{se cd}kom db pels f~}~}loov sem y{dc}nm db djm clv~ d{ djm ed}{~ olkd}{*%Xâf03QNelysm{ 2&

Pmoo/ l ~hmysfnlo jmd!nol~~fnlo afès ~lv/ sels pl~ loo rm{v pmoo fj lj ml{ovljc {}cm ~slsm db ~dnfmsv/ k}s pev ~ed}oc sem ~lam y{fjnfyom lyyov sdclvpemj âfse~ d{f`fjlo amneljf~a jd odj`m{ dym{lsm~4

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Pels nlj pm cmc}nm lkd}s kmoo n}{rm~ bd{ rlo}m lccmc ym{ rm{sfnloovfjsm`{lsmc # db pl`m~/ ofhm sels ~edpj fj Bf`}{m =*


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mndjdaf~s~/ fayd{smc sem bd{a db {ml~djfj` sels elc kmmj }~mc fj sem{!adcvjlafn~ d{ ~slsf~sfnlo amneljfn~* Sef~ k{ljne db yev~fn~ cmlo~ pfsesem kmelrfd}{ db ol{`m ndayomu ~v~sma~ pfse e}`m j}akm{~ db cm`{mm~ dbb{mmcda* Sem nol~~fnlo mulayom db sef~ svym db ~v~sma f~ `l~ ndayd~mc dbe}`m j}akm{~ db {ljcdaov adrfj` adomn}om~*

Fj ~}ne l ~v~sma fs f~ b{}fsom~~ sd s{v ljc bd{a l cmsm{afjf~sfn ljc af!n{d~ndyfn yfns}{m db sem fjsm{lnsfdj db fjcfrfc}lo adomn}om~* K}s vd} nljalhm l j}akm{ db }~mb}o cmc}nsfdj~ lkd}s sem ~slsf~sfnlo y{dym{sfm~ db sempedom ndoomnsfdj db adomn}om~* Fs pl~ b{da sem ~slsf~sfnlo y{dym{sfm~ db ~}ne

ndoomnsfdj~ sels Kdoswaljj pl~ lkom sd cm{frm sem olp~ db sem{adcvjlafn~XKdo6=Q*

Pels Bl{gd}j ljc Alnedrm{ cfc pl~ lyyov sef~ bd{a db {ml~djfj` sdljdsem{ neldsfn ~v~sma pfse l ol{`m j}akm{ db cm`{mm~ db b{mmcda7 semal{hms mndjdav* Fj cdfj` sef~ semv fjfsflsmc l jmp cf~nfyofjm db ~s}cv7mndjdyev~fn~* Sef~/ fj l rm{v {lcfnlo plv/ rfmp~ sem mndjdav l~ l y{d!nm~~ pfsed}s l ~}kgmns* Fs l~~}am~ jdsefj` lkd}s hjdpfj` ~}kgmns~/ fj~smlcfs lssmays~ sd lyyov sem y{fjnfyom db yl{~fadjv* Fs l~~}am~ jdsefj` lkd}ssem fjcfrfc}lo mndjdafn lnsd{~* Fj~smlc fs semd{f~m~ sem l``{m`lsm ndj!~s{lfjs~ ljc ljc ~slsf~sfnlo cf~s{fk}sfdj~ db sem ~v~sma sels l{f~m b{da seml~~}aysfdj db alufalo cf~d{cm{* L ~}ne sef~ lyy{dlne f~ ljlsemal sd sem~}kgmnsfrf~s L}~s{flj ~neddo*6

Vlhdrmjhd~ adcmo

Sem mndjdyev~fn~ lyy{dlne pl~ b}{sem{ cmrmodymc kv Vlhdrmjhd ped lssem sfam cfc jds hjdp db Bl{gd}j ljc Alnedrm{~ ml{ofm{ pd{h*

Sem{adcvjlafn~ y{mcfns~ sels ~v~sma~ smjc sd ~mssom fjsd l ~slsm db alu!fa}a mjs{dyv* Sem ndj~m{rlsfdj olp~ ~ymnfbv sels pefo~s sef~ {ljcdafwl!sfdj dnn}{~ mjm{`v a}~s km ndj~m{rmc* Kdoswaljj ljc @fkk~ ~edpmc selssef~ fayofm~ sels sem y{dklkfofsv cf~s{fk}sfdj db mjm{`fm~ sels amms~ sem~mspd n{fsm{fl f~ djm ofhm sels ~edpj fj Bf`}{m =*;*

Vlhdrmjhd XNAN(96/ CV9;Q el~ l{`}mc sels ~fjnm adjmv f~ ndj~m{rmcfj sem k}vfj` ljc ~moofj` db ndaadcfsfm~ fs f~ ljlod`d}~ sd mjm{`v* Fb

6 @frmj semf{ Nlsedofn y{dkomalsfn/ sem L}~s{flj ~neddo jc fs f~ fjndjnmfrlkom bd{

mndjdafn~ sd cf~ymj~m pfse sem nlsm`d{v db ~}kgmns8 ~mm sem cmklsm dj sef~ f~~}mls sem Af~m~ D{`ljf~lsfdj*

35


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Bf`}{m =*;*7 Sem @fkk~ Kdoswaljj bd{a db cf~s{fk}sfdj* Od`l{fsea db mj!m{`v dj sem ed{fwdjslo luf~/ od`l{fsea db y{dklkfofsv cmj~fsvdj sem rm{sfnlo djm*

sem ~v~sma ~mssom~ fjsd l alufa}a mjs{dyv ~slsm semj adjmsl{v pmlosepfoo ndam sd bdoodp l @fkk~ Kdoswaljj cf~s{fk}sfdj* Em f~ lkom sd ~edp%~mm Bf`}{m =*>& sels sem dk~m{rmc fjndam cf~s{fk}sfdj bd{ 60- db sem ]^ydy}olsfdj f~ pmoo muyolfjmc kv l jm`lsfrm muydjmjsflo cf~s{fk}sfdj db sem

@fkk~ bd{a*

Sem{m {malfj~ l ~}ym{!sem{alo slfo db fjndam %sem sdy >-&ped~m fjndam f~ jds ndjbd{aljs pfse alufalo mjs{dyv k}sbdoodp~ l ydpm{ olp cf~s{fk}sfdj*

Sem blns sels fjndam cf~s{fk}sfdj ndj~f~s~ db spd cf~sfjnsyl{s~ {mrmlo~ sem spd!nol~~ ~s{}ns}{m db sem Lam{fnlj ~dnfmsv*

Ndmuf~smjnm db sem muydjmjsflo ljc ydpm{!olp cf~s{fk}sfdj~ f~lo~d hjdpj fj yol~al yev~fn~ ljc l~s{dyev~fn~/ pem{m semvl{m nloomc sem sem{alo ljc ~}ym{!sem{alo yl{s~ * Sem kd}jc!l{v kmspmmj sem odpm{ ljc }yym{ nol~~m~ nlj km cmjmc l~sem fjsm{~mnsfdj ydfjs db sem muydjmjsflo ljc ydpm{!olp s~fj Bf`*X=*>Q* Bd{


50/225

Bf`}{m =*>*7 Sem {m~}os~ db Vlhdrmjhd ljc [d~~m{ XV[G96Q bd{ sem lns}locf~s{fk}sfdj db adjmv fjndam fj sem ]^/ ~edpfj` l `ddc ssd sem @fkk~ Kdoswaljj cf~s{fk}sfdj bd{ sem algd{fsv db semydy}olsfdj* Sem{m muf~s l ydy}olsfdj db rm{v pmlosev ymdyomsels cd jds s dj sem n}{rm ljc ped~m pmlose a}~s l{f~m b{dal cfbbm{mjs y{dnm~~*

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olp yo}~ {ljcdajm~~* Sem jdj sem{alo cf~s{fk}sfdj b{da sem rfdolsfdj dbndj~m{rlsfdj olp* Vlhdrmjhd ~lv~ sels sem jdj sem{alo `{d}y {mov dj fj!ndam b{da nlyfslo ljc sem ~sdnh al{hms* Sef~ f~ ndj~f~smjs pfse Al{u~

ljlov~f~ sels y{ds fj `mjm{lo nlj jds l{f~m pfsefj l ndj~m{rlsfrm ~v~sma/k}s b{da ~damsefj` d}s~fcm db sem ndj~m{rlsfrm ~v~sma y{dc}nsfdj db ~}{!yo}~ rlo}m* Sem fjfsflo ljlov~f~ db sem munelj`m db ndaadcfsfm~ kv Al{ufj Nlyfslo nlj km {mlc l~ cm~n{fkfj` sem olp~ `drm{jfj` sem ndj~m{rlsfdjdb rlo}m fj munelj`m*

Sem ~}kgmns db fjndam ljc pmlose cf~s{fk}sfdj~ ljc ~dnflofjm|}lofsv pl~ rm{v ydy}ol{ ls sem s}{j db ljdsem{ nmjs}{v ljcf~ l~~dnflsmc pfse sem jlam~ db Yl{msd/ Od{mjw/ @fjf/ @fk{ls/

ljc Nelaym{jdpjm/ ladj` dsem{~* Bdoodpfj` sem pd{h kvYl{msd/ lssmjsfdj db {m~ml{nem{~ pl~ y{fal{fov bdn}~mc dj semydpm{ olp~* Edpmrm{/ pemj yev~fnf~s~ sddh l b{m~e oddh lssem mayf{fnlo clsl/ semv bd}jc l cfbbm{mjs/ muydjmjsflo olpbd{ sem odpm{ yl{s db sem cf~s{fk}sfdj* Cmadj~s{lsfdj db sem}kf|}fsd}~ jls}{m db sem muydjmjsflo cf~s{fk}sfdj bd{ adjmv/pmlose/ ljc fjndam f~ djm db sem jmp ndjs{fk}sfdj~ y{dc}nmckv mndjdyev~fn~* Sem adsfrlsfdj/ db nd}{~m/ nlam b{da semKdoswaljj!@fkk~ cf~s{fk}sfdj fj yev~fn~* B}{sem{ ~s}cfm~ {m!

rmlomc l ad{m cmslfomc yfns}{m db sem spd!nol~~ cf~s{fk}sfdjfj l ~dnfmsv* Losed}è ~dnflo nol~~m~ elrm kmmj hjdpj fjydofsfnlo mndjdav ~fjnm Hl{o Al{u/ {mlofwlsfdj sels semv l{mcm~n{fkmc kv ~fayom alsemalsfnlo cf~s{fk}sfdj~ f~ |}fsm jmp*Rm{v fjsm{m~sfj` pd{h pl~ cdjm kv sem nday}sm{ ~nfmjsf~s FljP{fès XP{f9=/ P{f95Q/ ped cmadj~s{lsmc mam{`mjnm db spdnol~~m~ fj lj l`mjs!kl~mc ~fa}olsfdj db fjfsfloov m|}lo l`mjs~*XV[G96Q

P{fès el~ ~edpj/ fj sem pd{h sels [d~~m{ ljc Vlhdrmjhd nfsm/ sels {lj!cda munelj`m adcmo~ `mjm{lsm ndakfjmc @fkk~ yo}~ ydpm{ olp cf~s{fk}!sfdj~ l~ ~ddj l~ vd} loodp sem ef{fj` db olkd}{* Sef~ f~ l`lfj ndj~f~smjspfse Al{u~ doc ljlov~f~*

Fj ndjno}~fdj pm nlj ~lv sels {mnmjs pd{h el~ `djm l odj` plv sd {m!m~slkof~efj` sem ~nfmjsfn n{mcmjsflo~ db Al{uflj mndjdafn~* Fs el~ cdjm~d kv slhfj` ofsm{loov ef~ lyed{f~a lkd}s cf~ndrm{fj` sem olp~ db adsfdjdb sem nlyfslof~s ~v~sma*

P{fssmj fj ;9


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[mbm{mjnm~

KO6< P* K{}~ ljc H* Ol~hf/ B{da Al{u sd sem al{hms7 ^dnflof~a fj

~ml{ne db lj mndjdafn ~v~sma/ Dubd{c ]jfrm{~fsv Y{m~~/ ]^L/


53/225

^el65 L* A* ^elfhe/ Sem mayf{fnlo ~s{mj`se db sem olkd}{ semd{v db rlo}m/Al{uflj Mndjdafn~7 L [mlyy{lf~lo %[* Kmoodd{m/ mc*&/ rdo* ;/Alnafoolj/


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Yl{s FF*

L`fslsfdj

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C}sv

C}sv el~ sd km alcm d}s sd km l rm{v/ rm{v fayd{sljs sefj` kmnl}~m fs dbsmj

s}{j~ d}s sd km clj`m{d}~ d{ }jyoml~ljs* Fj sem ml{ov vml{~ db sef~ nmjs}{vsem `drm{jamjs cmnfcmc sels fs pl~ d}{ `{ljcblsem{~ c}sv sd `d ljc hfooymdyom ped nlam b{da @m{aljv* Sef~ fjrdormc y}ssfj` dj k{dpj nodsem~pefne pm{m nloomc sem jlsfdjlo }jfbd{a* Jmus d}{ `{ljcblsem{~ pm{m sdocsels fs pl~ semf{ c}sv sd dkmv nm{slfj amj b{da sem }yym{ nol~~m~ nloomcdbnm{~* Jmus sem~m dbnm{~ sdoc sema sels fs pl~ semf{ c}sv sd ploh fj b{djsdb alnefjm `}j~ pefne amj fj `{mv }jfbd{a~ pm{m `dfj` sd lfa ls sema*Ad~s db sema cfc l~ semv pm{m sdoc ljc `ds ~eds*

Lbsm{pl{c~ semf{ kdcfm~ pm{m ofjmc }y fj jmls {dp~ ljc pefsm ~sdjm~

pm{m y}s dj sdy db sema* Semf{ kdcfm~ pm{m semj `frmj l jmp jlam* Semvpm{m nloomc d}{ òd{fd}~ cmlc*Sem jlsfdjlof~s fcml kmnlam ndaadj fj ol~s spd e}jc{mc vml{~* Fs pmjs

lodj` pfse sem cmrmodyamjs db nlyfslof~a* Fj bm}clo sfam~ ymdyom pm{m om~~jlsfdjlof~sfn* Fj~smlc db ~fj`fj` ljsema~ ljc ~lo}sfj` l`~/ semv ~pd{m lo!om`fljnm sd l yl{sfn}ol{ ym{~dj* Sef~ ym{~dj pl~ nloomc l ~drm{mf`j* Ymdyomy{daf~mc sd dkmv efa ljc ès bd{ efa* Fj om~~ d{cm{ov yolnm~ ymdyom~pd{m sd dkmv odnlo nolj nefmb~ d{ rl{fd}~ svym~ db od{c~*

Nl}~m~

Sem {ml~dj sels jlsfdjlof~a el~ kmndam ndaadj ~fjnm sem ~sl{s db nlyf!slof~a f~ sels sem nlyfslof~s nol~~m~ fj cfbbm{mjs yl{s~ db sem pd{oc pljsmcsd y{dsmns semf{ edam al{hms* Sd cd sef~ semv jmmcmc sd ~ms }y nlyfslof~s`drm{jamjs~* Sem~m `drm{jamjs~ pd}oc semj y}s }y n}~sda~ kl{{fm{~ selspd}oc y{dsmns sema b{da bd{mf`j ndaymsfsfdj ljc yl~~ rl{fd}~ dsem{ olp~sd emoy sem cmrmodyamjs db fjc}~s{v* Sem~m `drm{jamjs~ pd}oc km alcm}y db k}~fjm~~ amj ljc dsem{ y{dbm~~fdjlo amj ~}ne l~ olpvm{~*

Hfj`~ }~mc sd nolfa sels semv a}~s km dkmvmc kmnl}~m semv pm{m lnsfj`l~ @dc~ {my{m~mjslsfrm dj ml{se* Fj dsem{ pd{c~ semv nolfamc l cfrfjm {fèssd {}om* Fj adcm{j sfam~ sef~ fcml kmnlam om~~ ljc om~~ yol}~fkom* Fb ymdyompd}oc jd odj`m{ kmofmrm sem avse sels sem hfj` pl~ @dc~ {my{m~mjslsfrm/semv pm{m mrmj om~~ ofhmov sd kmofmrm sels l `drm{jamjs alcm }y db kljhm{~ljc fjc}~s{flof~s~ elc kmmj ~mjs kv @dc* Sef~ f~ pev sem jlsfdjlof~s fcmlkmnlam jmnm~~l{v* Ymdyom pm{m sd km sl}ès sels dkmcfmjnm sd sem `drm{j!amjs pl~ semf{ c}sv sd sem jlsfdj* Kv sem }~m db ~dj`~ ljc ~vakdo~ ljcnm{madjfm~/ sem jlsfdj pl~ alcm sd ~mma ~dam ~}ym{jls}{lo mjsfsv/ g}~s l~`dc elc kmmj fj sem yl~s*

=2


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Sef~ f~ pev b{da l ~dnflof~s ~sljcydfjs jlsfdjlof~a f~ loplv~ ljfoo}~fdj* Sem{m l{m jd `ddc ljc klc jlsfdjlof~a/ fs f~ l~ Cm Omdj nloomc fs/sem blo~m~s db loo blo~m ylse~*

Fj sef~ fs f~ ofhm {mof`fdj/ fs f~ blo~m/ k}s ods~ db ymdyom kmofmrm fj fs ljcdjm nlj jds {moflkov alhm sema cf~!kmofmrm fs kv dyy{m~~fdj* Dyy{m~~fdjdb l {mof`fdj d{ l jlsfdjlof~s fcmdod`v kv ljdsem{ {mof`fdj d{ jlsfdjlof~adjov {mfjbd{nm~ ymdyom~ ~mj~m db fcmjsfsv pfse fs* Fs pl~ bd{ sef~ {ml~dj ljcsef~ lodjm sels Omjfj cmbmjcmc sem {f`es db jlsfdj~ sd ~mob cmsm{afjlsfdj kmnl}~m ljv lssmays sd cmjv fs am{mov {mfjbd{nmc jlsfdjlof~s fcmdod`v*

P{fssmj fj


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db sem ]^^[ fjsd cf~sfjns jlsfdjlo mndjdafm~ fj sem


59/225

`ljf~mc fcmdod`fnlo lyyl{ls}~m~ db sem ydofsfnlo yl{sfm~/ olp/ ljc jlsfdjloamcfl*

L~ n}{{mjsov ndj~sfs}smc sem M] ~s{}ns}{m ndj~sljsov {mfjbd{nm~ sem y{d!

nm~~ db jlsfdjlo fcmjsfnlsfdj* Ydofsfnlo yl{sfm~ l{m jlsfdjlo* Jm`dsflsfdj~fj sem Nd}jnfo db Afjf~sm{~ l{m kmspmmj {my{m~mjslsfrm~ db sem jlsfdjlo~slsm alnefjm~/ pfse afjf~sm{~ nolfafj` sd {my{m~mjs sem @{mmh/ @m{aljd{ B{mjne* msn* fjsm{m~s~* ^fjnm sem M] el~ jd slu ndoomnsfdj alnefjm{v dbfs~ dpj/ fs~ {mrmj}m~ lyyml{ l~ ~damsefj` `frmj sd fs kv sem jlsfdj ~slsm~*Loo sef~ {mfjbd{nm~ ~mob fcmjsfnlsfdj pfse ljc odvlosv sd sem jlsfdjlo ~slsm~*

^dam nda{lcm~ ~lfc sd am pefo~s fj @m{aljv/ vm~ fcmloov pm pd}oc ofhmsd ~mm fjsm{jlsfdjlo ~dnflof~s d{`ljf~lsfdj/ k}s vd} nlj jds `ms lplv b{dasem {mlofsv db jlsfdj~ d{ ymdyom~ lsslneamjs sd jlsfdjlo n}os}{m~* M}{dym f~

jds sem ]^ semv ~lv/ pm elrm cfbbm{mjs olj`}l`m~ ljc se}~ cfbbm{mjs jlsfdj~*F kmofmrm sef~ f~ sem p{dj` plv sd oddh ls sefj`~* Sem jlsfdjlof~a f~ ndj!

~m|}mjnm db sdclv~ ydofsfnlo ~s{}ns}{m jds sem nl}~m db fs* Fj aljv nl~m~ jl!sfdjlof~a f~ l {mnmjs ef~sd{fnlo y{dc}ns/ alj}blns}{mc kv jlsfdjlof~s adrm!amjs~ ~mmhfj` semf{ dpj ~slsm alnefjm sd ndjs{do* Sdclv djm nlj pfsjm~~edp sem jlsfdjlof~s yl{sv fj ^ndsoljc f~ alj}blns}{fj` ~}ne fcmjsfnlsfdj7fs ylfjs~ sem s{lfj~/ k}~ yl~~m~ ljc `drm{jamjs ~slsfdjl{v pfse sem jlsfdjlol`/ fs ndj~sljsov {lf~m~ ydofsfnlo f~~}m~ fj jlsfdjlo }~ rm{~}~ sema sm{a~*Sef~ y{dnm~~ pl~ nl{{fmc d}s dj l `{ljc ~nlom fj sem ;9se nmjs}{v pfsesem cf~~do}sfdj db L}~s{d!E}j`l{v/ fj sem omlc }y sd ljc lbsm{alse db pd{ocpl{ FF/ ljc l`lfj lbsm{ sem bloo db sem ^drfms Kodnh*

M}{dym el~ aljv olj`}l`m~* K}s pm nlj ~mm sels cfbbm{mjs olj`}l`m~cd jds jmnm~~l{fov omlc sd jlsfdjlof~a* Fjcfl f~ l bmcm{lo ~slsm pfse aljvolj`}l`m~/ k}s fs~ ydofsfn~ l{m alfjov d{`ljf~mc l{d}jc loo Fjcfl ydofsfnloyl{sfm~ ljc adrmamjs~/ ljc ymdyom~ y{fal{v fcmjsfnlsfdj f~ pfse Fjcfll~ l bmcm{lsfdj {lsem{ selj pfse sem bmcm{lo ~slsm~* Sef~ f~ kmnl}~m sembmcm{lsfdj el~ l ~s{dj` nmjsm{/ pfse l yl{oflamjs sels el~ slu {lf~fj` ljc

om`f~olsfrm ydpm{~*Fj M}{dym mndjdafn n{f~m~ l{m ~mssomc kv el``ofj` kmspmmj sem omlcm{~db sem jlsfdj ~slsm~/ pfse sem kf` ~slsm~ ofhm B{ljnm ljc @m{aljv fjmrfslkovcdafjlsfj`* K}s fj l ]^ ndjsmus sels pd}oc km ofhm sem `drm{jd{~ db Nlof!bd{jfl d{ Jmp Vd{h elrfj` ~}aafs~ sd cmsm{afjm sem blsm db sem ]jfdj* Fs

g}~s cdm~ jds elyymj/ jd{ cdm~ fs elyymj fj Fjcfl/ kmnl}~m sem~m nd}js{fm~elrm l y{dym{ bmcm{lo ~slsm*

Sdclv sem{m l{m se{mm `{mls bd{nm~ fj M}{dym sels l{m }jcm{afjfj` jl!sfdjlof~a* Sem {~s f~ sem fjsm{jms kv amlj~ db pefne sem {mnmjs y{dsm~s

adrmamjs~ elrm d{`ljf~mc* Sem ~mndjc f~ adrmamjs db ymdyom sd pd{h

=6


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ljc sd ~s}cv* Fj ^ndsoljc sdclv/ pfse l ydy}olsfdj db lkd}s = afoofdj pmelrm elc 299/999 ndafj` sd pd{h b{da Ydoljc lodjm* L a}osfjlsfdjlopd{hfj` ydy}olsfdj f~ kmfj` n{mlsmc* Ljc jloov sem{m f~ sem mndjdafn

od`fn db adjmsl{v }jfdj pefne f~ alhfj` sem doc M] ndj~sfs}sfdjlo ~s{}n!s}{m }jrflkom*

Sem Ombs jmmc~ jdp/ ad{m selj mrm{/ sd k{mlh pfse jlsfdjlof~a~ pmk dbalvl*

29


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0* Kmvdjc ljsf!faym{flof~a

Bd{ ~dnflof~s~/ sem {mnmjs lssmays kv sem ]^ ~slsm lyyl{ls}~ sd k{fj` klnhol{`m!~nlom dnn}ylsfdj~ dj sem pd{oc ~nmjm {mrfrmc sem {momrljnm db ljsf!faym{flof~a l~ l ~sljnm b{da pefne sd dyyd~m sem elrdn ljc nl{jl`m fj!fnsmc dj al~~m~ db F{l| ljc Lb`eljf~slj* Fs lo~d {mjmpmc lj fjsm{m~s fjsem semd{v db faym{flof~a ~fjnm sem ]^ dnn}ylsfdj~ al{hmc l k{mlh fj sems{mjc lbsm{


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l~ pmoo l~ ~mn}{fj` sem ~}yyov db dfo sem alfj mjm{`v ~d}{nm fj adcm{jfjc}~s{flof~mc nlyfslof~a/ efèov ndjnmjs{lsmc fj Pm~s L~fl*

Sem {~s amneljf~a pl~ ls fs~ ymlh c}{fj` l yel~m sels Omjfj l~~}amc

sd km sem efèm~s ~sl`m db nlyfslof~a/ k}s lbsm{ sem Vlosl ndjbm{mjnm fs pl~fj sm{afjlo cmnofjm* Djm kv djm mlne amneljf~a pl~ mfsem{ pmlhmjmc d{ fjl y{dnm~~ db cm~s{}nsfdj dj l òdklo ~nlom* Sd ndym pfse sem c{lalsfn ~efbs~fj òdklo nlyfslof~a/ ~}k~m|}mjs Al{uf~s!Omjfjf~s semd{fm~ db faym{flof~a~efbsmc bdn}~ sd ndjnmys~ ~}ne l~ jmd!ndodjflof~a/ }jm|}lo munelj`mljc olkd}{ l{f~sdn{lnv* Pm l{`}m sels sef~ }jcm{~sljcfj` db sem pd{oc~fjnm


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cf{mns ndodjflo muylj~fdj ljc ndjs{do*

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