24
9/16/2015 1 Pat Westhoff ([email protected]) Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute University of Missouri www.fapri.missouri.edu Webinar September 16, 2015 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 60 124 58 Billion dollars Source: USDA Economic Research Service, August 2015

Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    1

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

1

Pat Westhoff ([email protected]) Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute

University of Missouriwww.fapri.missouri.edu

Webinar September 16, 2015

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

60

124

58

Billion dolla

rs

Source: USDA Economic Research Service, August 2015

Page 2: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

 05/06  06/07  07/08  08/09  09/10  10/11  11/12  12/13  13/14  14/15  15/16  16/17  17/18  18/19

Dolla

rs per bush

el

Farm price Nov. futures

Sources: USDA WASDE, Sep. 2015; CME November futures contracts, Sep. 15, 2015

The macro economy

The farm commodity market outlook Corn

Soybeans

Rice

Cotton

Livestock

What could change the outlook

Page 3: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

3

2014 2015 2016 2017

Real GDP growth

IHS (July) 2.4 2.2 3.1 2.7

Economist poll (Sep.) 2.4 2.6

CPI inflation

IHS (July) 1.6 0.2 1.8 2.3

Economist poll (Sep.) 0.4 2.0

Fed funds interest rate

IHS (July) 0.1 0.3 1.2 2.7

Unemployment rate

IHS (July) 6.2 5.4 5.1 5.0

Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and The Economist magazine poll of forecasters, September 2015

‐4

‐2

0

2

4

6

8

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Perce

nt

Real GDP growth 30‐year mortgage rate

Source: IHS Global Insight, July 2015

Page 4: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

4

2014 2015 2016 2017

World

IHS (July) 2.8 2.6 3.3 3.4

China 

IHS (July) 7.4 6.5 6.3 6.5

Economist poll (Sep.) 6.9 6.7

Euro area

IHS (July) 0.9 1.5 1.7 1.8

Economist poll (Sep.) 1.4 1.7

Mexico

IHS (July) 2.1 2.8 3.3 3.8

Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and The Economist magazine poll of forecasters, September 2015

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

Million m

etric tons

Pork Chicken Beef

Increase in China’s consumption from 1991‐2015: 49 mmtTotalU.S. consumption in 2015: 36 mmt

Source: USDA’s PSD Online, September 2015

Page 5: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

5

2014 2015 2016 2017

Euro per dollar 0.75 0.91 0.90 0.84

(dollars per euro) 1.33 1.10 1.11 1.19

(Sep. 15, 2015) 1.13

Chinese yuan per dollar 6.18 6.21 6.29 6.31

(Sep. 15, 2015) 6.37

Japanese yen per dollar 106 123 127 129

(Sep. 15, 2015) 120

Brazilian real per dollar 2.35 3.08 3.18 3.22

(Sep. 15, 2015) 3.86

Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and www.x‐rates.com, Sep. 15, 2015

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

 July 2013  July 2014  July 2015

In U.S. dollars per metric ton

Central Illinois Rio Grande Brazil

Source: USDA’s Foreign Agricultural Service “Oilseeds: World Markets and Trade,” various issues and author calculations using monthly exchange rates reported by www.x‐rates.com

Page 6: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

6

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

 July 2013  July 2014  July 2015

In U.S. dollars per metric ton

Central Illinois Rio Grande Brazil

Source: USDA’s Foreign Agricultural Service “Oilseeds: World Markets and Trade,” various issues and author calculations using monthly exchange rates reported by www.x‐rates.com

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

 July 2013  July 2014  July 2015

In Brazilian reals per metric ton

Central Illinois Rio Grande Brazil

‐25% vs. 2013

+6% vs. 2013

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Dolla

rs per barrel

IHS July June futures

Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts, September 15, 2015 

Page 7: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

7

FAPRI‐MU baseline update

Issued September 1

Based on mid‐August conditions

USDA’s World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE)

Issued September 11

Thus includes more up‐to‐date information

But there’s still much to learn about this year’s crop

Page 8: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

8

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

 08/09  10/11  12/13  14/15  16/17  18/19

Million acres

Area planted and harvested

Planted Harvested

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

 08/09  10/11  12/13  14/15  16/17  18/19Bush

els per acre

Yield

FAPRI‐Aug. USDA‐Sep.

Sources: FAPRI‐MU baseline update, August 2015 and USDA WASDE, September 2015 

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

 05/06  06/07  07/08  08/09  09/10  10/11  11/12  12/13  13/14  14/15  15/16  16/17  17/18  18/19

Billion bush

els

FAPRI‐MU August USDA September

Sources: FAPRI‐MU baseline update, August 2015 and USDA WASDE, September 2015 

Page 9: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

9

Sep. USDA2014/15

Sep. USDA2015/16

Aug. FAPRI 2015/16

Aug. FAPRI2016/17

Area planted (mil. a.) 90.6 88.9 88.9 90.5

Area harvested (mil. a.) 83.1 81.1 81.1 82.6

Yield (bu./a.) 171.0 167.5 168.8 166.8

Supply & use (mil. bu.)

Production 14,216 13,585 13,686 13,772

Feed & residual use 5,300 5,275 5,269 5,319

Ethanol & coproduct use 5,205 5,250 5,253 5,240

Other domestic use 1,365 1,380 1,361 1,357

Exports 1,875 1,850 1,886 1,872

Ending stocks 1,732 1,592 1,720 1,734

Price per bushel $3.68 $3.45‐$4.05 $3.68 $3.71

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

 05/06  06/07  07/08  08/09  09/10  10/11  11/12  12/13  13/14  14/15  15/16  16/17  17/18  18/19

Dolla

rs per bush

el

Farm price Dec. futures

Sources: FAPRI‐MU baseline update, Aug. 2015; CME December futures contracts, Sep. 15, 2015

Page 10: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

10

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

 08/09  10/11  12/13  14/15  16/17  18/19

Dolla

rs per acre

Market revenues, variable costs

Market revenues Variable costs

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

 08/09  10/11  12/13  14/15  16/17  18/19Dolla

rs per acre

Market net returns

Market net returns

Source: FAPRI‐MU baseline update, August 2015 

Page 11: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

11

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

 08/09  10/11  12/13  14/15  16/17  18/19

Million acres

Area planted and harvested

Planted Harvested

30

32

34

36

38

40

42

44

46

48

50

 08/09  10/11  12/13  14/15  16/17  18/19Bush

els per acre

Yield

FAPRI‐Aug. USDA‐Sep.

Sources: FAPRI‐MU baseline update, August 2015 and USDA WASDE, September 2015 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

 05/06  07/08  09/10  11/12  13/14  15/16

Million m

etric tons

China imports

U.S. exports

Brazil exports

Source: USDA PSD Online, September 2015 

Page 12: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

12

Sep. USDA2014/15

Sep. USDA2015/16

Aug. FAPRI 2015/16

Aug. FAPRI2016/17

Area planted (mil. a.) 83.7 84.3 84.3 82.4

Area harvested (mil. a.) 83.1 83.5 83.5 81.6

Yield (bu./a.) 47.8 47.1 46.9 44.9

Supply & use (mil. bu.)

Production 3,969 3,935 3,916 3,665

Crush 1,870 1,870 1,867 1,867

Other domestic use 179 130 145 143

Exports 1,835 1,725 1,773 1,785

Ending stocks 210 450 401 301

Price per bushel $10.06 $8.40‐9.90 $9.12 $9.15

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

 05/06  06/07  07/08  08/09  09/10  10/11  11/12  12/13  13/14  14/15  15/16  16/17  17/18  18/19

Dolla

rs per bush

el

Farm price Nov. futures

Sources: FAPRI‐MU baseline update, Aug. 2015; CME November futures contracts, Sep. 15, 2015

Page 13: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

13

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

 08/09  10/11  12/13  14/15  16/17  18/19

Dolla

rs per acre

Market revenues, variable costs

Market revenues Variable costs

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

 08/09  10/11  12/13  14/15  16/17  18/19Dolla

rs per acre

Market net returns

Market net returns

Source: FAPRI‐MU baseline update, August 2015 

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

 08/09  10/11  12/13  14/15  16/17  18/19

Dolla

rs per acre

Corn

Soybeans

Source: FAPRI‐MU baseline update, August 2015 

Page 14: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

14

Sep. USDA2014/15

Sep. USDA2015/16

Aug. FAPRI 2015/16

Aug. FAPRI2016/17

Area planted (mil. a.) 2.94 2.61  2.77 2.91

Area harvested (mil. a.) 2.92 2.57 2.74 2.89

Yield (lb./a.) 7,572 7,374 7,472 7,603

Supply & use (mil. cwt.)

Production 221.0 189.5 205.0 219.7

Imports 24.7 25.5 25.5 25.5

Domestic use & residual 128.7 125.0 129.4 129.7

Exports 100.3 97.0 105.7 112.5

Ending stocks 48.5 41.5 43.3 46.3

Price per hundredweight $13.20 14.20‐15.20 $13.78 $13.84

Long grain rice $11.90 12.80‐13.80 $11.95 $12.45

Page 15: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

15

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

 08/09  10/11  12/13  14/15  16/17  18/19

Dolla

rs per hundredweight

U.S.

Thai

Source: FAPRI‐MU baseline update, August 2015 

0

5

10

15

20

25

 08/09  10/11  12/13  14/15  16/17  18/19

Dolla

rs per hundredweight

Japonica

Other M/S

Long grain

Nov. futures

Source: FAPRI‐MU baseline update, August 2015; CME rough rice futures, Sep. 15, 2015 

Page 16: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

16

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

 08/09  10/11  12/13  14/15  16/17  18/19

Dolla

rs per acre

Market revenues, variable costs

Market revenues Variable costs

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

 08/09  10/11  12/13  14/15  16/17  18/19Dolla

rs per acre

Market net returns

Market net returns

Source: FAPRI‐MU baseline update, August 2015 

Page 17: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

17

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

 05/06  07/08  09/10  11/12  13/14  15/16

Million bales Production

Use

End. stocks

Imports

Source: USDA’s PSD Online, September 2015 

Sep. USDA2014/15

Sep. USDA2015/16

Aug. FAPRI 2015/16

Aug. FAPRI2016/17

Area planted (mil. a.) 10.85 8.40  8.75 9.09

Area harvested (mil. a.) 9.16 8.01 7.75 7.56

Yield (lb./a.) 826 777 784 812

Supply & use (mil. bales)

Production 15.75 12.98 12.65 12.78

Mill use 3.55 3.68 3.66 3.76

Exports 10.84 9.70 9.38 9.00

Ending stocks 3.44 3.01 3.04 3.07

Price per pound (cents) 60.5 58‐72 65.1 63.8

Page 18: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

18

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

 05/06  06/07  07/08  08/09  09/10  10/11  11/12  12/13  13/14  14/15  15/16  16/17  17/18  18/19

Cen

ts per pound

Farm price Dec. futures

Sources: FAPRI‐MU baseline update, Aug. 2015; CME December futures contracts, Sep. 15, 2015

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

 08/09  10/11  12/13  14/15  16/17  18/19

Dolla

rs per acre

Market revenues, variable costs

Market revenues Variable costs

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

 08/09  10/11  12/13  14/15  16/17  18/19

Dolla

rs per acre

Market net returns

Market net returns

Source: FAPRI‐MU baseline update, August 2015 

Page 19: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

19

2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21

Corn ($/bu.) 4.46 3.70 3.68 3.71 3.96 4.09 4.14 4.13

Soybeans ($/bu.) 13.00 10.05 9.12 9.15 9.98 10.31 10.42 10.50

Wheat ($/bu.) 6.87 5.99 5.10 5.05 5.24 5.55 5.72 5.76

  Durum 7.46 8.81 6.31 6.01 6.23 6.61 6.82 6.87

  Other spring 6.73 5.75 5.38 5.35 5.55 5.87 6.05 6.09

  Winter 6.89 5.92 4.94 4.91 5.09 5.39 5.56 5.59

Upland cotton (cents/lb.) 77.90 60.50 65.07 63.78 63.10 65.84 67.07 67.22

Sorghum ($/bu.) 4.28 4.00 3.90 3.73 3.90 4.02 4.04 4.04

Rice ($/cwt) 16.30 13.30 13.78 13.84 13.71 14.06 14.26 14.32

  Long grain  15.40 11.90 11.95 12.45 12.33 12.79 13.08 13.16

  Medium/short (exc. Japonica) 15.70 14.60 14.81 14.95 14.86 14.81 14.92 15.03

  Japonica 20.70 20.50 21.01 19.44 19.31 19.25 19.40 19.54

Barley ($/bu.) 6.06 5.30 4.58 4.40 4.62 4.75 4.83 4.83

Oats ($/bu.) 3.75 3.21 2.35 2.66 2.72 2.77 2.80 2.80

Peanuts (cents/lb.) 24.90 22.00 20.02 19.61 21.27 22.36 23.13 22.95

Sunflower seed ($/cwt) 21.40 22.25 19.10 19.02 21.27 20.18 20.60 20.79

Canola ($/cwt) 20.60 17.00 16.68 16.54 17.05 17.52 18.06 18.26

Note: FAPRI‐MU prepared these projections in August 2015 based on information available at that time.  

2014 2015 2016

Beef production (bil. lbs.) 24.32 23.61 24.99

Pork production (bil. lbs.) 22.86 24.54 24.72

Broiler production (bil. lbs.) 38.14 39.58 40.66

Milk production (bil. lbs.) 206.0 208.9 213.0

5‐area direct steers per cwt. $154.56 $152‐$155 $147‐$159

51‐52% lean hogs per cwt. $76.03 $50‐$51 $46‐$49

All milk per cwt. $23.97 $16.80‐$17.00 $16.10‐$17.10

Source: USDA’s World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates, September 2015 

Page 20: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

20

Projection for USDA FAPRI‐MU Futures

Next year 12.5% 15.0% 19.0%

2 years ahead 17.7% 20.4% 25.1%

3 years ahead 22.9% 22.3% 23.6%

4 years ahead 26.2% 26.1% 24.2%

5 years ahead 29.7% 28.9% 26.9%

Average of above 21.8% 22.5% 23.8%

Sources: USDA and Futures estimates by Scott Irwin and Darrell Good in a FarmDoc piece posted Feb. 4 (http://farmdocdaily.illinois.edu/2015/02/long‐term‐forecasts‐and‐farm‐bill‐program‐choice.html).  FAPRI‐MU estimates compiled by FAPRI‐MU and reported in a FarmDoc piece by Pat Westhoff on Feb. 12 (http://farmdocdaily.illinois.edu/2015/02/price‐projections‐and‐farm‐bill‐program‐choices.html).

Weather

General economy

Policy

“Black swans”

Page 21: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

21

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

 06/07  08/09  10/11  12/13  14/15  16/17  18/19

Dolla

rs per bush

el

Actual/average

Source: FAPRI‐MU stochastic baseline, March 2015

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

 06/07  08/09  10/11  12/13  14/15  16/17  18/19

Dolla

rs per bush

el

Actual/average

#5

Source: FAPRI‐MU stochastic baseline, March 2015

2017 yield in #5: 176 bu./a.

Page 22: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

22

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

 06/07  08/09  10/11  12/13  14/15  16/17  18/19

Dolla

rs per bush

el

Actual/average

#5

#255

#455

Reference

Source: FAPRI‐MU stochastic baseline, March 2015

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

 06/07  08/09  10/11  12/13  14/15  16/17  18/19

Dolla

rs per bush

el

Actual/average

90th percentile

10th percentile

Reference

Source: FAPRI‐MU stochastic baseline, March 2015

Page 23: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

23

Projected  payments Program election

(2014‐18, $/acre) (share of base area)

ARC PLC ARC  PLC

Corn $27 $20 93% 7%

Soybeans $17 $10 97% 3%

Wheat $11 $14 58% 42%

Sorghum $11 $21 34% 66%

Barley $10 $22 25% 75%

Oats $2 $1 68% 32%

All rice $4 $66 5% 95%

Peanuts $45 $138 0% 100%

Sources: FAPRI‐MU stochastic baseline, March 2015;

   calculations based on USDA election data, June 2015.

Notes: Projected payments are average annual 

   payments across 500 stochastic outcomes.  Rice 

   figures are for all rice; nearly 100% of long grain

   rice base area elected PLC. 

Source: Table 1 from Choices article by Westhoff, Gerlt and Glauber, http://www.choicesmagazine.org/choices‐magazine/submitted‐articles/farm‐program‐elections‐budget‐costs‐and‐the‐wto

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

 14/15  15/16  16/17  17/18  18/19

Billion dolla

rs

ARC payments

90th percentile Mean 10th percentile

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

 14/15  15/16  16/17  17/18  18/19

Billion dolla

rs

PLC payments

90th percentile Mean 10th percentile

Source: Figures 2 and 3 from Choices article by Westhoff, Gerlt and Glauber, http://www.choicesmagazine.org/choices‐magazine/submitted‐articles/farm‐program‐elections‐budget‐costs‐and‐the‐wto

Page 24: Arkansas webinar pw 9 16 15 final - uaex.edu · 16/09/2015  · The farm commodity market outlook ... Sources: IHS Global Insight, July 2015 and NYMEX June futures contracts,September

9/16/2015

24

Global grain and oilseed supplies remain large, depressing prices

With a mature biofuel sector and questions about China, what will be the future engine of crop demand growth?

Under normal conditions, expect crop prices to average well below recent peak levels 

Weather and other factors can always cause a positive (or negative) surprise in any given year

FAPRI‐MU website: www.fapri.missouri.edu

To contact Pat Westhoff: 573‐882‐4647  [email protected]

FAPRI‐MU team: Julian Binfield Sera Chiuchiarelli Deepayan Debnath Scott Gerlt Hoa Hoang Lauren Jackson Willi Meyers Kateryna Schroeder Wyatt Thompson Jarrett Whistance Peter Zimmel