aRmosavleT partnioroba da socialur-ekonomikuri

politikis elementebi saqarTveloSi

analitikuri kvlevis Sedegebi:

sagareo vaWrobamigracia

soflis meurneoba

Tbilisi 2014

aRmosavleT partnioroba da socialur-ekonomikuri politikis elementebi saqa-rTveloSi

avtorebi: kaxa gogolaSvili naTia daReliSvili nino elizbaraSvili oleg SatberaSvili

proeqtis koordinatori: ekaterine mesxrikaZe

kvleva Sesrulebulia fridrix ebertis fondis mier dafinansebuli proeqtis far-glebSi – aRmosavleT partniorobis ganxorcielebis xelSewyoba saqarTveloSi, romelic xorcieldeba Semdegi organizaciebis mier:

• saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevis fondi• saqarTvelos asociacia – qali da biznesi• evropuli kvlevebi saqarTvelos inovaciuri ganviTarebisaTvis

ISBN: 978-9941-0-4625-4

proeqti ganxorcielda fridrix ebertis fondis mxardaWeriT. publikaciaSi warmodgenilia avtorTa piradi mosazrebebi. dauSvebelia fridrix ebertis fondis mier gamocemuli masalebis komerciuli mizniT gamoyeneba fondis Tanxmobis gareSe. The project has been implemented by the support of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. Commercial use of all media published by the FES is not permitted without the written consent of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. © Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 2014

ESIDG

sarCevi

Rrma da yovlismomcveli savaWro sivrce: bazris ormxrivi liberalizaciis TandaTanobiTi gza

kaxa gogolaSvilinaTia daReliSvili........................................................................................................................5

SromiTi migracia da reintegraciis problemebi saqarTveloSi

nino elizbaraSvili.....................................................................................................................23

sasoflo - sameurneo politika saqarTveloSi da evropuli integracia

oleg SatberaSvili......................................................................................................................37

5

Rrma da yovlismomcveli savaWro sivrce: bazris ormxrivi liberalizaciis TandaTanobiTi gza

kaxa gogolaSvilinaTia daReliSvili

Sesavali

2014 wlis 1 seqtembridan ZalaSi Sevida saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs So-ris Tavisufali savaWro sivrcis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba (DCFTA). DCFTA partniorebs sTavazobs vaWrobis farTo liberalizacias saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze satari-fo barierebis sruli aRmofxvriT.1 es konteqsti uprecedento SeTanxmebaa ara marto saqarTvelosTvis, aramed TviT evrokavSirisTvisac. evrokomisiis mTavari momlaparakeblis, filip kiusonis, TqmiT: `es aris yvelaze ambiciuri SeTanxmeba swored satarifo ganakveTebis gauqmebis xarisxis TvalsazrisiT. evrokavSirs jer molaparakebebis Sedegad aravisTvis dauTmia sabaJo tarifebis sruli gauqmeba.2 SeTanxmebis mniSvnelovani sakiTxia warmoSobis wesebi, romelic saqarTvelosTvis sakmaod SeRavaTiania, ramdenadac qveyanas mTlianad ar uzRudavs sxva qveynebT-an erToblivad warmoebuli saqonlis eqsports evrokavSirSi, SeTanxmebiT Cveu-lebrivad dadgenili pirobebiTa da sabaJo gadasaxadisgan ganTavisuflebiT.

arasatarifo barierebis minimalizacia miiRweva aseve kvotebisa da licen-ziebis praqtikuli gauqmebiT, antidempinguri da sakompensacio zomebis minimal-izaciiT, sabaJo procedurebis gamartivebiT da sxva. magram savaWro libera-lizaciis realur mTavar faqtors, gansakuTrebiT evrokavSirs bazarze daSvebis TvalsazrisiT, warmoadgens sanitariuli da fitosanitariuli normebisa (SPS) da vaWrobaSi teqnikuri barierebis (TBT) gadalaxvis problema.

wlebis ganmavlobaSi Cvens qveyanaSi gatarebulma libertarianulma midgomam momxmarebeli da garemo praqtikulad daucveli datova bazarze gamotanili sama-mulo da importuli saqonlisgan. qveyanaSi gauqmda yvela saxis teqnikuri regla-menti, sanitariuli inspeqcia, bazris zedamxedveloba, sursaTis uvneblobis wesebi da maTi gamtarebeli institutebi, ar arsebobda xarisxis infrastruqtura. aseTi midgoma srulad gamoricxavda evrokavSirTan raime saxis SeTanxmebis dadebas, romelic gaamartivebda Cveni produqtis maT bazarze ganTavsebas, amitom qveyanam swored 2009 wlidan, evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis Sesaxeb molapa-rakebis perspeqtivis gaCenis Semdeg, daiwyo intensiurad xarisxis infrastruq-turisa da produqtis uvneblobis sistemis Tavidan Seqmna.

evrokavSirTan SeTanxmebis gaformebas win uZRvoda sakanonmdeblo da in-stituciuri mSeneblobis mniSvnelovani mosamzadebeli samuSao iseT sferoebSi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen vaWrobaze _ konkurenciis dacva, saxelmwifo Sesyid-vebi, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacva, Sromis kanonmdebloba, garemos dacva da sxva. yvela am sferoSi evrokomisiis 2009 wlis gazafxulze warmodgenili re-komendaciebis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani CamorCena hqonda. asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da, kerZod, misi IV kari Seicavs saTanado debulebebs yvela am sferosTan dakavSirebiT da moiTxovs partniori qveynisgan evropul kanonmde-blobasTan gaTanabrebuli garemos uzrunvelyofas. magaliTad, saqarTvelo-ev-

1 asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris. kari IV. vaWroba da vaW-robasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, muxli 26, `importze sabaJo gadasaxadebis gauqmeba~.

2 Cawerilia 2013 wlis agvistoSi TbilisSi.

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rokavSiris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis 205-e-209-e muxlebi aweseben konkuren-ciis dacvis standartebs, romelic saqarTvelom unda Seasrulos; Tavi 9 exeba in-teleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvas da misi ZiriTadi debulebebi msoflio savaWro organizaciis TRIPS3 SeTanxmebas eyrdnoba, magram kidev ufro maRal standarts awesebs; Tavi 8 (sajaro Sesyidvebi) da Tavi 10 (vaWroba da mdgradi ganviTareba), romelic Seicavs garemos dacvisa da SromiTi uflebebis dacvis debulebebs, ufro konkretulad ki, muxli 229 (mravalmxrivi SromiTi standartebi da SeTanxmebebi) da muxli 230 (mravalmxrivi garemosdacviTi mmarTveloba da SeTanxmebebi).

evrokavSirTan Tavisufali savaWro sivrcis Seqmnas ara marto ekonomikuri, aramed politikuri ganzomilebac aqvs. es naTlad vlindeba im mwvave diskusiis fonze, romelsac marTaven ruseTis egidiT Seqmnili sabaJo kavSiris, rogorc re-gionuli gaerTianebis alternatiuli proeqtis, mxardamWerebi. am TvalsazrisiT uaRresad mniSvnelovania am sakiTxebis ufro Rrmad Seswavla, raTa politizire-bul atmosferoSi ar moxdes sakiTxebis realuri arsis gamrudeba da maTi aras-wori komunikacia.

kvlevis mizania:

1. daadginos, Tu ra saxis reJims gvTavazobs DCFTA sabaJo SeRavaTebis, warmoSobis wesebis, arasatarifo da teqnikuri barierebis TvalsazrisiT;

2. DCFTA evrokavSirTan da evraziuli kavSiri _ ra gavlenas moaxdens saqar-Tveloze am ori savaWro sistemis konfliqti?

kvleva ganxorcielda ZiriTadad oficialuri da Ria wyaroebidan mopove-bul masalebsa da aseve siRrmiseul interviuebze dayrdnobiT.

1. satarifo SeRavaTebi, arasatarifo barierebi

asocirebis SeTanxmebis IV karis 22-e muxlSi Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavi-sufali savaWro sivrcis (DCFTA) Seqmnis miznis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT: „mxareebi Seq-mnian Tavisufal savaWro zonas (sivrces) am SeTanxmebis debulebebis, tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb generaluri SeTanxmebis (GATT 1994) XXIV muxlis Sesabamisad“.4 msoflio savaWro orgnizaciis (mso) ZiriTadi SeTanxmebis es muxli arafers am-bobs Rrma da yovlismomcveli sivrcis Sesaxeb, is mxolod martiv Tavisufal vaW-robas uSvebs,5 rogorc gamonakliss „upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimidan“. miuxeda-vad amisa, Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali savaWro sivrcis Seqmna srulad pasuxobs msoflio savaWro orgnizaciis suliskveTebas da SeTanxmebebs. kerZod, SeiZleba magaliTad moviyvanoT teqnikuri barierebis Sesaxeb (WTO TBT) msoflio savaWro orgnizaciis SeTanxmeba6, romelic pirdapir mouwodebs wevr qveynebs, rom dauaxloon erTmaneTs an aRiaron erTmaneTis teqnikuri normebi da standarte-bi, rasac, Tavis mxriv, DCFTA maqsimalurad uwyobs xels. igive SeiZleba iTqvas msoflio savaWro orgnizaciis iseT SeTanxmebebTan dakavSirebiTac, rogoricaa SeTanxmeba inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli aspeqtebis Sesaxeb (TRIPS) da sanitariuli da fitosanitariuli zomebis Sesaxeb

3 Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ix.: www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/trips_e.htm4 saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris SeTanxmeba asocirebis Sesaxeb. kari IV, muxli 22. 5 GATT (47), Art. XXIV, 8 (b). ix.: www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/gatt47_02_e.htm6 WTO. Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. ix.: www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/17-tbt_e.htm#ann3_sp

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SeTanxmeba (SPS Agreement)7. es da kidev aTamde sxva SeTanxmeba saerTaSoriso vaW-robaSi8 e.w. arasatarifo barierebis SemzRudveli efeqtis Serbilebas an sruliad aRmofxvras emsaxureba. termini „Rrma“ SemoTavazebuli Tavisufali savaWro sivr-cis srul dasaxelebaSi SeiZleba Sesabamisi barierebis dawevis swored msoflio savaWro orgnizaciis zemomoyvanili SeTanxmebebis fonze ganvixiloT. amave dros aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu msoflio savaWro orgnizaciis SeTanxmebebi rekomendaciuli xasiaTisaa da ZiriTadad mimarTulebas iZleva, Tu saiT unda moaxdinon Zalisxmeva qveynebma, DCFTA ormxriv savaldebulo debulebebs warmoadgens, romelic am mowo-debebis srulad ganxorcielebis garantias iZleva.

1. 1. sabaJo tarifebi

Tavisufali vaWrobis nebismieri sivrcis mizani, pirvel rigSi, tarifebisa da vaWrobis sxva SemzRudveli zomebis gauqmebaa. am TavSi Cven asocirebis Sesa-xeb SeTanxmebis IV kariT gaTvaliswinebul sabaJo tarifebis gauqmebis sakiTxze SevCerdebiT.

upirveles yovlisa unda aRiniSnos, rom mxareebi SeTanxmdnen, rom saqon-liT vaWrobis klasifikacia unda efuZnebodes xelSekrulebis damdebi TiToeuli mxaris satarifo nomenklaturas, romelic Seesabameba 2012 wlis harmonizebul sistemas `saqonlis aRwerilobis da kodirebis harmonizebuli sistemis Sesaxeb“ saerTaSoriso konvenciis 1983 wlis redaqciisa (HS) da masSi Setanili cvlilebe-bis safuZvelze. es TavisTavad gamoricxavs sasaqonlo klasifikaciiT gamowveul SesaZlo uzustobebs da mis safuZvelze wamoWril davebs.

SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva: Tu yvela saxis saqoneli upirobod aris ganTavisu-flebuli sabaJo gadasaxadisagan, ratom unda warmoiSvas raime dava sasaqonlo klasifikaciis SeuTavseblobis gamo? sinamdvileSi, upirobo da sruli ganTavisu-fleba sabaJo gadasaxadisagan ar xdeba, radganac SeTanxmebis IV karis 26-e muxlis Tanaxmad, „am SeTanxmebis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg mxareebma unda gaauqmon yvela sa-baJo gadasaxadi meore mxareSi warmoSobil produqciaze, garda am muxlis me-2 da me-3 punqtiT gansazRvruli SemTxvevebisa da am muxlis me-4 punqtisaTvis zianis miyenebis gareSe. es gamonaklisebia:

1. II-A danarTSi CamoTvlili produqtebi Tavisufldeba satarifo ganakveTebidan mxolod miTiTebuli kvotis farglebSi.9

evrokavSirSi importirebisas kvotirebulia niori, romlis wliuri saim-porto kvota Seadgens 220 tonas. es raodenoba dabalia, fuladi gamosaxule-biT daaxloebiT naxevari milion aSS dolars Seadgens (sabazro fasebiT) maSin, rodesac saqarTvelos mTlianma eqsportma evrokavSirSi 2013 wels 600 milion aSS dolars gadaaWarba. nivris warmoeba saqarTveloSi 2013 wels 7,5 aTas tonas Seadgenda,10 rac daaxloebiT 30-jer aRemateba evrokavSiris saimporto kvotas, magram misi eqsporti mxolod SezRuduli raodenobiT xorcieldeba. magaliTad,

7 ix.: www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/ursum_e.htm#bAgreement8 magaliTad, rogoricaa antidempinguri zomebis Sesaxeb, an sakompensacio zomebis Sesaxeb, war-

moSobis wesebis Sesaxeb da sxva. 9 saqarTvelo-everokavSiris SeTanxmeba asocirebis Sesaxeb. kari IV, muxli 26. 2. 10 wyaro: saqstati. erTwliani kulturebis warmoeba. ix.: www.geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=427&lang=geo

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2012 wels saqarTvelodan eqsportirebulia 41,3 aTasi aSS dolaris niori,11 rac saerTaSoriso bazarze misi sabiTumo fasis (50 aSS centis/kg12) gaTvaliswinebiT daaxloebiT 80 tonaa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom axlo momavalSi saqarTvelos eqspor-ti verc ki aiTvisebs mocemul (220 tona) kvotas. sainteresoa, ra mizeziT dauwesa evrokavSirma saqarTvelos kvota aseT produqtze. molaparakebebisas dasmul am SekiTxvas, saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgenelTa cnobiT, upasuxes, rom saer-TaSoriso bazarze Zalze bevri dempinguri niori aRmoCnda (gansakuTrebiT CineTSi, didi mosavlis gamo), ramac Zalian daazarala evrokavSiris mwarmoeblebi. amrigad, aseTi SezRudva yvela partnior qveyanas Seexo. miuxedavad am axsna-ganmartebisa, Zalze negatiuri faqtia, rom evrokavSiri aseTi saxis SemzRudvel zomas mima-rTavs mcire qveyanasTan vaWrobaSi. aseTi mopyrobis pirobebSi (rac TavisTavad ar aris ucnauri) ar unda iyos gamarTlebuli saqarTvelos midgoma, romelic saimporto kvotas saerTod arc erT produqtze, arc erTi qveynisTvis ar adgens maSin, rodesac Cveni mwarmoeblebi (fermerebi) xSirad zaraldebian iafi ucxouri importis bazarze sruliad Tavisufali SemosvliTa da ganTavsebiT (zogjer dem-pinguri fasebiTac ki).

2. II-B danarTSi CamoTvlili produqtebi evrokavSirSi importisas unda daeqvem-debaros sabaJo gadasaxads, am gadasaxadis ̀ advaloruli~ komponentis gareSe.13

evrokavSirSi ori tipis sabaJo gadasaxadi moqmedebs: advaloruli14 (saqon-lis fasidan gamomdinare) da araadvaloruli, romlebic SeiZleba iyos specifi-kuri, kombinirebuli da alternatiuli.15 sabaJo gadasaxadis am formebs evrokav-Siri sakmaod intensiurad gamoiyenebs soflis meurneobis produqciaze. produq-tis dasabegri bazis gamosaTvlelad zogierT poziciaze evrokavSiri iyenebs mini-maluri fasis maCvenebels, romlidanac gamoiTvleba satarifo ganakveTis pro-centiT gaTvaliswinebuli gadasaxdeli Tanxa. amave dros rig produqtebze sabaJo ganakveTebi or komponents Seicaven: RirebulebiTs da specifikurs. Rirebule-biTi komponenti (advaloruli) gamoiTvleba produqtis sabaJoze deklarirebuli fasidan (Tu es metia minimalur fasze), xolo specifikuri (araadvaloruli) _ misi fizikuri moculobidan. imis mixedviT, Tu ra saxisa da fizikuri Tvisebebisaa produqti, gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva sazomi erTeuli, magaliTad: kilogrami, litri, metri da a. S.

aRniSnul danarTSi II-B sul 28 dasaxelebis sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis produqtia moxvedrili. es produqtebia: pomidori, kitri, artiSoki, yabayi, for-Toxali, mandarini, tanJerinebi, citrusis hibridebi, limoni, sufris yurZeni, va-Sli, msxali, gargari, alubali, bali, neqtarini, qliavi, yurZnis wveni.

danarTis saxelwodebaa „bazarze Sesvlis fass daqvemdebarebuli produqte-bi, romelTa importis gadasaxadis advaloruli komponenti gauqmebulia“. „bazarze Sesvlis fasi“, gauqmebuli advaloruli gadasaxadis pirobebSi, mniSvnelovani ar aris. samagierod, ufro mniSvnelovania miniSneba, rom am produqtebze gauqmebu-

11 wyaro saqstati. ix. iqve. saqarTvelos eqsporti sasaqonlo jgufebis mixedviT; 12 ix.: http://extension.psu.edu/business/ag-alternatives/horticulture/vegetables/garlic-production13 iqve, punqti 3. 14 Ad Valorem (laT.) - Rirebulebis Sesabamisi 15 satarifo ganakveTebis formirebis wesi mocemulia evrokomisiis Semdeg regulaciaSi: Council

Regulation (EEC) No. 2658/87, 23 July 1987 (OJ L 256, 7 September 1987). Viewed at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/Lex-UriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1987:256:0001:0675:EN:PDF

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lia (mxolod) advaloruli komponenti tarifisa, rac imas niSnavs, rom isini Se-sabamis produqtebze evrokavSiris regulaciiT16 gaTvaliswinebuli specifikuri (fizikuri sidideebidan gamomdinare) ganakveTebiT daibegrebian.

aq Cven gvainteresebs ori ram:

a. ramdenad maRalia SeRavaTi, romelsac advaloruli tarifis gauqmeba iZleva aRniSnul produqciaze?

b. ramdenad maRalia is araadvaloruli tvirTi, romelic daawveba Cvens (siaSi moyvanil) saqonels evrokavSiris bazarze importirebisas?

• pirvel kiTxvaze SeiZleba17 iTqvas, rom evrokavSiris sasoflo-sameurneo produqciaze dawesebulma saSualo sabaJo gadasaxadma (araadvalorulis CaT-vliT) 2013 wels Seadgina importirebuli produqtis Rirebulebis 14,8 pro-centi.18 zog produqtze ki gansakuTrebiT maRali advaloruli tarifia, mag., yurZnis wvenze _ 22%. aqedan daaxloebiT naxevari19 modis specifikur (araad-valorul) gadasaxadze. Tu martiv daskvnebs gavakeTebT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom DCFTA-s reJimiT soflis meurneobis produqciaze, zogadad, saqarTvelo Zalian did SeRavaTs iRebs. aseve, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom e.w. nawilobrivi „amoRebis“ siaSi mxolod 28 saxis produqciaa CamoTvlili (ZiriTadad xili da bostneuli), uamravi produqcia, maT Soris cxoveluri warmoSobisa, mTlianad Tavisufldeba sabaJo gadasaxadisagan (Tumca maT mimarT sxva saxis barierebi moqmedebs, razec qvemoT visaubrebT).

• meore kiTxvaze pasuxis misaRebad saWiroa dakvirvebiT gavaanalizoT evro-komisiis 2012 wlis regulacia № 927/2012, romelSic mocemulia yvela saxis produqciaze amJamad moqmedi sabaJo tarifebi. qvemoT cxrilSi Casmulia Sesa-bamisi monacemebi, romlebic amovkribeT zemoxsenebuli regulaciidan.

CN kodi 2012 produqciis aRweraspecifikuri ganakveTi (iangariSeba minimalur fasze qvemoT)

(yvelaze maRali sezonis dros. mag., pomidvrisTvis 1 marti-30 aprili)

07020000 07070005 07099100070993100805102008052050

pomidorikitriartiSoki yabayiforToxalimandarini

2.5 - dan 29.8 €/100 kg/2.2 - dan 37.3 €/100 kg/1.9 - dan 29.9 €/100 kg/1.4 - dan 15.2 €/100 kg/0.7 - dan 7.1 €/100 kg/0.6 - dan 10.6 €/100 kg/

08055010080610100808108008083090 08091000 0809210020096000

limoni sufris yurZeni vaSli msxali gargari alubali yurZnis wveni

1.1 - dan 25.6 €/100 kg/3.4 - dan 23.8 €/100 kg/1.1 - dan 23.8 €/100 kg/1 - dan 23.8 €/100 kg/2.1 - dan 22.7 €/100 kg/minimum 2.4 €/100 kg/ 0.8 – 27 €/ hl/

16 Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 927/2012 of 9 October 2012 amending Annex I to Council Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 on the tariff and statistical nomenclature and on the Common Customs Tariff.

ixileT: http://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/INTRA_CN_2013_EN.pdf17 WTO. Trade Policy Review by Secretariat. European Union. WT/TPR/S/284. 2013.. gv 45 18 iqve, gv. 4519 WTO Secretariat calculations, based on IDB database and Eurostat database.

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siidan Cans, rom minimaluri fasis moTxovnebis daukmayofileblobis Sem-TxvevaSi (rac sezonurad cvalebadia), produqti ibegreba araadvaloruli tari-fiT, mzardi koeficientiT. magaliTad, Tu pomidori 1 aprilidan 30 aprilamde SegaqvT evrokavSiris bazarze, 100 kilogramze 112 evroze nakleb fasad, is ibe-greba 2.5 evroTi yovel 100 kilogramze. xolo Tu Tqveni produqtis fasi 103 evros dabla Camoscda, maSin is yovel 100 kg-ze ufro mniSvnelovani TanxiT _ 29.8 evroTi ibegreba. martivad aseTi sqema fasis konkurenciis dasaTrgunadaa gamogo-nili. savaraudod, zemoCamoTvlili produqtebi sensitiur kategorias warmoad-gens rigi wevri qveynebisTvis da evrokomisia cdilobs Sida bazarze maTze iseTi fasebi SeinarCunos, romelic adgilobriv mwarmoeblebs xels aZlevs. gasagebia, rom Cvens fermerebs aseT pirobebSi gauWirdebaT konkurenciis gaweva fasiT da bazarze warmatebis miRwevas mxolod maRali xarisxis, gansakuTrebuli jiSebisa da saTanado marketingis xarjze Tu SeZleben.

3. II-C danarTSi CamoTvlili produqtebi (sul 15 pozicia. soflis meurneobis produqtebi) daeqvemdebareba gayalbebis sawinaaRmdego meqanizms.20

asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis 27-e muxli ganmartavs gayalbebis sawinaaR-mdego meqanizmis moqmedebas. aseTi meqanizmi evrokavSirs mxolod saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebiT ar aqvs. siaSi mocemulia rogorc soflis meurneobis produqcia, ise soflis meurneobis gadamuSavebuli produqcia, CN kodis rvaniSna CaSliT, sul 200-ze meti dasaxeleba. soflis meurneobisa da rZis produqtebi, saqonlis, Ror-is, frinvelis xorci, kvercxi, sokoebi, marcvlovnebi, alao da xorblis webovana, saxameblebi, Saqari, anaceri, qato, sxva narCenebi, tkbili simindi, gadamuSavebuli Saqari, gadamuSavebuli marcvleuli, sigareti. gayalbebis sawinaaRmdego meqanizmi gulisxmobs siiT gaTvaliswinebuli produqtebis importze zRvruli raodenobis miniWebas, romelTa zemoT Sesabamisi produqti aRar daeqvemdebareba SeTanxme-biT miniWebul sabaJo prefereneciebs da Semdegi eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi mis mi-marT gamoyenebuli iqneba e.w. „konvenciuri“ (Cveulebrivi) mopyroba. imisTvis, rom qveyanam Tavi aaridos aseT SezRudvas, mis oficialur organoebs esaWiroebaT evrokavSirisTvis mtkicebulebebis warmodgena, rom qveyanaSi namdvilad iwarmoe-ba Sesabamisi produqtis ufro meti saeqsporto raodenoba, vidre dawesebulia mocemuli SezRudviT. am meqanizmis SemoReba ganpirobebuli iyo SiSiT, rom mesame qveynebidan Semosulma produqtma gayalbebuli warmoSobis sertifikatis meSveo-biT ar miiRos evrokavSiris bazarze daSvebis is specialuri pirobebi, romelsac am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo iRebs. SeTanxmebuli zRvruli maCveneblebi, rogorc wesi, daqvemdebarebul produqtTan mimarTebiT qveynis saeqsporto potencialiT gani-sazRvreba. Cven SevarCieT (SemTxveviT) sami produqti da SevamowmeT, Tu maTTan dakavSirebiT ra sawarmoo potenciali aqvs am momentisTvis saqarTvelos. qvemoT sqemaze kargad Cans, rom yovel produqtze dawesebuli „kvotebi“ qveyanaSi warmoe-buli odenobis daaxloebiT 10%-s Seadgens. marTalia, am mocemuli produqtebis saqarTvelodan evrokavSirSi eqsporti amJamad saerTod ar xorcieldeba, risi mizezic arasatarifo barierebia, magram faqtia, rom Tu mwarmoeblebi moaxerxeben sanitariuli standartebis dakmayofilebas, qveyanas sruli SesaZlebloba aqvs, rom meqanizmiT dawesebul zRvrul raodenobaze bevrad meti produqti gaitanos evrokavSiris bazarze.

20 saqarTvelo-everokavSiris SeTanxmeba asocirebis Sesaxeb. kari IV, muxli 26. 2.

11

produqti sawarmoo simZlavre zRvruli done

xorci 42 000 t. 4 400 t.

kvercxi 550 mln. erTeuli 6 000 t. daaxloebiT 50 mln. erTeuli

rZis produqti 589 mln. litri 1.650 t.

saerTo jamSi, am tipis SezRudva ar warmoadgens gadaulaxav problemas da saTanado muSaobis SemTxvevaSi bizness ar unda Seeqmnas Seferxebebi produqciis eqsportTan dakavSirebiT, magram aucilebelia kompetenturi samTavrobo uwyebis aqtiuri muSaoba imisTvis, rom droulad moxdes biznesisgan informaciis miReba evrokavSirSi meqanizmis SezRudvebs daqvemdebarebuli produqtis eqsportis ganx-orcielebis survilis Sesaxeb. mTavrobam unda Camoayalibos biznesTan sainforma-cio interaqciis meqanizmi, romelic eqsportisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli warmoebis zrdis tendenciis operatiulad dafiqsirebis saSualebas mogvcems. sxva SemTxve-vaSi, SesaZloa dazaraldnen eqsportiorebi, romlebic sruliad keTilsindisier biznesoperaciebs gegmaven.

1.2. warmoSobis wesebi

SeTanxmebis I oqmSi21 gansazRvrulia warmoSobis wesebi, romlebic gana-pirobebs bazarze produqtis erovnuli reJimiT daSvebas. es oqmi Zalze mniS-vnelovania, radgan masSi miTiTebuli wesebi xSir SemTxvevaSi pirdapir ukavSirde-ba saerTaSoriso kooperaciis konteqstSi qveynis saeqsporto potencials. SeRava-Tiani warmoSobis wesebi mniSvnelovan stimuls iZleva imisTvis, rom adgilobrivma biznesma saboloo produqtSi metad gamoiyenos ucxouri komponentebi, romlebic xSirad ukeTesi xarisxisaa, da evrokavSiris bazarze SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswine-buli SeRavaTiani pirobebiT ganaTavsos. es, erTi mxriv, ufro did perspeqtivas uSlis adgilobriv warmoebas, romelic ucxouri ingredientebis an makompleqte-beli masalebis gareSe ver awarmoebs srulad konkurentunarian produqts. meore mxriv es aZlevs ucxour bizness stimuls, rom eZebon saqarTveloSi partniorebi, romlebTanac Seqmnidnen maTTvis momgebian kooperacias erToblivi produqtis evrokavSirSi gasaRebis mizniT, xolo mesamec _ es gazrdis stimuls saqarTveloSi fulis dabandebisa da aq warmoebis gaSlisTvis. oqmi adgens warmoSobis wesebTan dakavSirebuli iseTi kategoriebis parametrebs, rogoricaa qveyanaSi warmoSobili produqcia mTlianad, warmoSobis kumulacia, sakmarisad damuSavebuli an gada-muSavebuli produqcia, adgens Sefasebis erTeuls, ganmartavs wesebs iseT katego-riebTan dakavSirebiT, rogoricaa aqsesuarebi, saTadarigo nawilebi da instrumen-tebi, kompleqtebi, neitraluri elementebi. xelSekrulebis mxaris teritoriaze warmoSobil produqtad miiCneva produqti, „romelic an mTlianad aris damzade-buli qveynis teritoriaze, an masSi Semavalma masalebma ganicades sakmarisi da-muSaveba xelSemkvrel qveyanaSi~. mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, Tu ra igulisxmeba sakmaris damuSavebaSi. amis Taobaze oqmis me-5 muxlSia aRniSnuli, romelic sxva-

21 saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris SeTanxmeba asocirebis Sesaxeb. oqmi I, `saqonlis warmoSobis~ cnebis gansazRvris da administraciuli TanamSromlobis meTodebis Sesaxeb. ix.: www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=30&info_id=17011

12

dasxva saxis produqtisTvis da maTSi Semavali komponentebisTvis gansxvavebul wesebs gvTavazobs. amisTvis mas axlavs danarTi I, romelSic produqtebis da maT-Si Semavali komponentebis grZeli siaa mocemuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom zogadad ev-rokavSirs warmoSobis wesebTan dakavSirebiT ori saxis midgoma aqvs SemuSavebuli _ arapreferenciuli da preferenciuli. orive midgomas 1992 wlis (EEC) No 2913/92 evrokavSiris regulacia awsebs22, xolo 2013 wlis (EEC) No 2454/93 sabWos regula-cia23 ganxorcielebis wessa da konkretul parametrebs adgens.

arapreferenciuli midgoma pasuxobs warmoSobis wesebis Sesaxeb vaWro-bis msoflio organizaciis marakeSis SeTanxmebis (1994) suliskveTebas, romlis mixedviTac, adgilze warmoebul produqtad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxolod iseTi, romelmac bolo mniSvnelovani transformacia adgilwarmoSobis qveyanaSi gani-cada. vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis warmoSobis wesebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis yvela xelmomwer mxares, miuxedavad mimdinare harmonizaciis procesisa, jer ar SeuTanxmebia am cnebasTan dakavSirebuli produqtebisa da maTSi Semavali kompo-nentebis damuSavebis minimaluri zRvruli siebi (dasaSvebi procentuli Semadgen-loba), magram evrokomisiis zemoxsenebul regulaciaSi mocemulia sasaqonlo po-ziciebis sruli sia (warmoebuli produqciisTvis warmoSobis statusis misaniWe-blad warmoSobis armqone masalebze gansaxorcielebeli saWiro samuSaoebisa da gadamamuSavebeli procesebis CamonaTvali),24 romelsac evrokavSiri uyenebs me-same qveynebs konkretul moTxovnebad, produqtis an misi nawilis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT. es sia ar aris specifikurad preferenciuli reJimisTvis gankuT-vnili. warmoSobis wesebTan dakavSirebulia uamravi biurokratiuli da sxva saxis procedura, antidempinguri politikis CaTvliT, amitom am erTian sias evrokav-Siri yvelas erTnairad uyenebs25. magram preferenciuli reJimisTvis sia gamoi-yeneba, rogorc maCvenebeli imisa, Tu ra produqciaze gavrceldeba preferen-ciuli satarifo SeRavaTebi, iqneba es GSP, avtonomiuri reJimi Tu Tavisufali savaWro sivrce. evrokavSiris Sesabamisi regulaciiT26 dadgenili es sia pirdapir aris gadmotanili saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris SeTanxmebaSi da araviTar specialur preferencias am TvalsazrisiT ar iTvaliswinebs. miuxedavad amisa, is isedac sak-maod tolerantulia (teqstilis produqciis CaTvliT) da, albaT, molaparake-bebis dros am mimarTulebiT gansxvavebuli damatebiTi preferenciebis moTxovna Cevni mxridan Sedegs ver gamoiRebda.

vaWrobis xelSewyobisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania aseve kumulaciis efeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs produqtis warmoSobis ramdenime qveynisTvis praqtiku-lad gaerTianebas. evrokomisiis zemoxsenebuli regulacia am konteqstSi ramde-nime saxis kumulacias moicavs: ormxrivs _ rodesac or saxelmwifoSi erToblivad warmoebuli produqcia oriveSi aRiqmeba, rogorc partnior saxelmwifoSi war-

22 COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) No 2913/92 of 12 October 1992 establishing the Community Customs Code (OJ L 302, 19.10.1992, p. 1). ix.: www.eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1992R2913:20070101:EN:PDF

23 COMMISSION REGULATION (EEC) No 2454/93 of 2 July 1993 laying down provisions for the implementation of Coun-cil Regulation (EEC) No 2913/92 establishing the Community Customs Code (OJ L 253, 11.10.1993, p. 1)

24 saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris SeTanxmeba asocirebis Sesaxeb, oqmi I, danarTi II, ix.: www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=30&info_id=17011

25 COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) No 2913/92 of 12 October 1992 establishing the Community Customs Code (OJ L 302, 19.10.1992, p. 1). Annex 13a, p. 459 ix.: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1992R2913:20070101:EN:PDF

26 Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2454/93 laying down provisions for the implementation of EEC No 2913/92 establishing the Community Customs Code.

13

moebuli da iseT mopyrobas imsaxurebs, rogorsac maT Soris dadebuli prefern-ciuli SeTnxmeba iTvaliswinebs; regionuli kumulacia _ gulisxmobs ramdenime qveynis farglebSi imave saxis urTierTobas da ganvrcobili kumulacia _ erTi partniori qveynisTvis dawesebul kumulaciur efeqts ganavrcobs sxva saxelm-wifoebzec, romelTanac mas Tavisufali savaWro sivrcis SeTanxmeba aqvs. saqar-Tvelo-evrokavSiris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis I oqmis muxli 3-is Tanaxmad, „..produqcia CaiTvleba mxaris teritoriaze warmoSobilad, Tu misi miReba moxda am teritoriaze, da gamoyenebulia masalebi, romlebic warmoSobilia xelSekrulebis damdebi sxva mxaris teritoriaze an TurqeTSi warmoSobili masalebi, romlebzec vrceldeba evrokavSiri-TurqeTis asocirebis sabWos 1995 wlis 22 dekembris 7 gadawyvetileba No 1/9527 da Semdeg: „aucilebeli ar aris, rom aseTi masala iyos sakmarisad damuSavebuli-gadamuSavebuli“. ra Tqma unda, Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom garda evrokavSirisa, kumulacia TurqeTzedac vrceldeba, radganac es met stmuls miscems Turqul bizness saqarTvelosTan kooperaciuli kavSiri gaaZli-eros. amave dros, SeTanxmebaSi ar aris Cadebuli arc regionuli da arc evrokav-Siris sxva partnior qveynebTan kumulaciis SesaZlebloba. magaliTad, Zalze sain-tereso iqneboda, evrokavSirs ecno kumulacia Cvensa da moldovur da ukrainul nawarms Soris, es gzas gauxsnida Cvens qveynebs Soris met integracias. aseve, mniSvnelovania, rom kumulacia aRiarebul iqnes evropis ekonomikuri sivrcis monawile EFTA-s qveynebTan da SveicariasTan. momavalSi aucilebelia saqarTve-los mTavrobam aseve ifiqros warmoSobis wesebis evromediteranuli kumulaciis sistemasTan SeerTebazec, romelic jer ganxilvis stadiaSia.

1.3. teqnikuri barierebi

vaWrobaSi teqnikuri barierebi arasatarifo barierebis umniSvnelovanesi formaa, romelic evrokavSiris savaWro politikis erT-erTi qvakuTxedia. sayo-velTaod cnobilia, rom evrokavSiris bazarze daSveba samrewvelo produqciisT-vis Zalze garTulebulia uamravi direqtivisa da regulaciis gamo, romlebic aweseben teqnikur reglamentebs, standartebsa da Sesabamisobis Sefesebis wesebsa da procedurebs. es regulaciebi, pirvel rigSi, emsaxurebian produqtebis an maT-Si Semavali mavne komponetebisagan adamianisa da garemos dacvas. Rrma da yovlis-momcveli savaWro sivrcis (DCFTA) yvelaze ambiciuri mizani swored am teqnikuri barierebis daZlevaa, imisTvis, rom saqarTveloSi nawarmobi saqoneli yovelgvari damatebiTi Semowmebisa da procedurebis gavlis gareSe ganTavsdes evrokavSiris bazarze. am mizniT SeTanxmeba moiTxovs saqarTveloSi evrokavSiris saerTo teqni-kuri regulaciebis (globaluri da axali midgomis direqtivebiT gaTvaliswine-buli teqnikuri reglamentebi da standartebi) danergvas, Sesabamisi instituci-uri garemos (standartizacia, metrologia, akreditacia da Sesabamisobis Sefase-ba), aqve Sedis bazris zedamxedvelobis institutebi, ganviTarebas, romlebic am regulaciebis srul amoqmedebas uzrunvelyofs. asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis 44-e-49-e muxlebi (kari IV, Tavi III) zustad gansazRvraven saqarTvelos mTavrobis

27 Decision No 1/95 of the EC-Turkey Association Council of 22 December 1995 on implementing the final phase of the Customs Union applies to products other than agricultural products as defined in the Agreement establishing an Association between the European Community and Turkey and other than coal and steel products as defined in the Agreement between the European Coal and Steel Community and the Republic of Turkey on trade in products covered by the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community.

14

amocanebs. SeTanxmebis III-A danarTi gansazRvravs saqarTvelos seqtoruli kanon-mdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan daaxloebis grafiks, xolo III-B da-narTi im horizontaluri kanonmdeblobis nusxas, romelic mTavrobam reforme-bis gasatareblad saorientaciod unda gamoiyenos. saqarTvelom aseve etapobri-vad unda miiRos evropuli standartebi erovnul standartebad, harmonizebu-li standartebis CaTvliT, da gaauqmos maTTan winaaRmdegobaSi myofi erovnuli standartebi. evrokavSiris mier erovnuli akreditebuli organoebis mier gace-mul Sesabamisobis sertifikatebis aRiareba moxdeba ori gziT _ saqarTvelos xarisxis infrastruqturis institutebi (saqstandarti, akrediatciis erovnuli organo _ akreditaciis centri) unda gawevriandnen Sesabamis evropul organi-zaciebSi da saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris unda gaformdes SeTanxmeba sam-rewvelo produqciis Sesabamisobis Sefasebasa da aRiarebaze (ACAA).28 es SeTanxmeba SesaZloa seqtorulad amoqmeddes imisda mixedviT, Tu romel dargebSi gveqneba realuri progresi sakanonmdeblo daaxloebis TvalsazrisiT. am etapze saqarTve-los miRebuli aqvs eqvsi direqtiva im 21-dan, romelTac SeTanxmeba etapobrivad iTxovs momavali rva wlis ganmavlobaSi. magram mxolod kanonSemoqmedeba ar aris sakmarisi, maTi efeqtiani implementaciisTvis kidev bevri ram aris gasakeTebeli. gansakuTrebiT susti rgolia Sesabamisobis Sefasebis sistema, romelsac saTana-dod aRWurvili laboratoriebis qseli esaWiroeba produqciis testirebisTvis, aseve, bazris zedamxedveloba, romelic am etapze erTi specializebuli organi-zaciis (samSeneblo inspeqciis) bazaze funqcionirebs, sruliad arasakmarisi mate-rialuri, teqnikuri da sakadro resursebis pirobebSi.

1.4. sanitariuli da fitosanitariuli zomebi (SPS)

evrokavSiris kanonmdebloba cxovelTa da mcenareTa janmrTelobis dacvis dargSi (Sesabamisad, sursaTis uvneblobis TvalsazrisiT adamianis dacvisac) Zalze ganviTarebuli da daxvewilia. saqarTvelom Tavisi kanonmdeblobisa da in-stitutebis Seqmna am mimarTulebiT sul ramdenime wlis win daiwyo da Sesabamisad, Zalze didi samuSao aqvs Casatarebeli imisTvis, rom miuaxlovdes evrokavSiris standartebs. SeTanxmebis ZiriTadi miznebi am sferoSi swored qarTuli maregu-lirebeli sistemis evrokavSiris maregulirebel sistemasTan daaxloeba da amis safuZvelze mxareebis mier gatarebuli zomebis ekvivalenturobis aRiarebis sis-temis Camoyalibebaa. es TavisTavad xels Seuwyobs sxva mniSvnelovani miznis rea-lizacias, or mxares Soris vaWrobis ganviTarebas.

SeTanxmebis pirobebis Tanaxmad, evrokavSiris mxares praqtikulad pirda-pir eZleva saqarTveloSi yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe sakuTari mcenareuli da cxoveluri warmoSobis produqciis importis saSualeba. es ganpirobebulia ara asimetriuli damokidebulebiT, aramed saqarTvelos mxaris mniSvnelovani Camor-CeniT rogorc sakanonmeblo da instituciuri (romelic uzrunvelyofs normebis dacvas), ise warmoebis sferoSi arsebuli SesaZleblobebis TavalsazrisiT.

28 saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris SeTanxmeba asocirebis Sesaxeb, muxli 48. ix.: www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=30&info_id=17011

15

1.4.1 sawarmoebis sia, pirobiTi aRiareba

SeTanxmebis ZalaSi SesvlisTanave mxareeebs miecemaT ufleba, rom moiTxo-von cxoveluri produqciis mwarmoebeli eqsportiori sawarmoebis cnoba impor-tiori mxaris mier maTi winaswari inspeqtirebis gareSe. am momentisTvis saqar-Tvelos arc erTi sawarmo ar aris registrirebuli evrokavSirSi, amitom am wesiT realizacia SesaZloa kargi stimuli aRmoCndes maTTvis. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom am SemTxvevaSi momTxovni mxare iRebs pasuxismgeblobas am sawarmoTa mxridan Se-sabamisi dadgenili pirobebis dakmayofilebaze da gvevlineba garantor mxared importiori qveynis kompetenturi organoebis winaSe. amave dros, rogorc Cans, es procedura arc ise martivad dainergeba, rogorc erTi SexedviT Cans. VII danarTi sakamao pirobebs awesebs eqsportiori mxaris kompetenturi organosaTvis, romel-mac unda daamowmos siaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis Sesabamisoba evrokavSiris nor-mebTan. importiori mxare, danarTis Tanaxmad, itovebs uflebas, rom moaxdinos Sesabamisi damowmeba, romelic „...exeba kompetenturi organos struqturasa da organizacias, romelic pasuxismgebelia sawarmoebis aRiarebaze“.29 importiori mx-are (da, ra Tqma unda, aq evrokavSiri igulisxmeba) aseve itovebs uflebas, rom ar daamtkicos sia an moaxdinos misi modifikacia da a.S. mas aseve SeuZlia mogviane-biT amoiRos siidan sawarmoebi, romlebic ver akmayofileben moTxovnebs. danarTi aseve miuTiTebs imaze, rom eqsportiori mxaris kompretenturi organo unda im-saxurebdes importiori mxaris organos ndobas. rogorc vxedavT, es muxli, erTi mxriv, amartivebs cxoveluri produqciis eqsportior sawarmoTa registracias, magram amave dros did pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs saqarTvelos kompetentur or-ganoebs, romlebic TviTon axdenen am SemTxvevaSi testirebasa da inspeqtirebas, amisTvis ki unda iyvnen aRWurvili saTanado laboratoriuli teqnikiT, kadrebiT, gamocdilebiT. maTi muSaoba unda iyos gamWvirvale da a.S. sxva SemTxvevaSi es privilegia auTvisebeli darCeba.

1.4.2 etapobrivi daaxloeba da ekvivalenturobis cnoba

SeTanxmebis XI danarTSi etapobriv daaxloebaze saubrisas igulisxmeba ori ram: a) kanonmdeblobis daaxloeba da b) Semowmebis procdurebis daaxloeba. orive sferoSi daaxloebis Sesaxeb mxare (saqarTvelo) atyobinebs partniors, romelic afasebs am informacias. am danarTSive aris miniSneba, rom „Tu Sefasebis Sedegi dadebiTia individualuri RonisZiebisaTvis, RonisZiebaTa jgufisaTvis, seqtoris, qveseqtoris, saqonlis an saqonlis jgufis sistemisaTvis, winamdebare SeTanxmebis 57(4) muxlis pirobebi unda iqnes gamoyenebuli“30. 57 (4) muxlis31 pirobebis gamoy-eneba ki gulisxmobs saqarTvelos uflebas, moiTxovos ekvivalenturobis aRiareba zemoxsenebuli saqonlis jgufebis an RonisZiebebisTvis. magram ras iZleva ekviva-lenturobis aRiareba? pirvel rigSi, es mniSvnelovania sertificirebis proce-duris aRiarebis da, Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos kompetenturi organos mier gace-muli sertifikatebis cnobis TvalsazrisiT. meore, mniSvnelovania SeTanxmebis IX

29 saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris SeTanxmeba asocirebis Sesaxeb. danarTi VII, punqti “d”, gv. 46 muxli 48. ix.: www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=30&info_id=17011

30 saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris SeTanxmeba asocirebis Sesaxeb, danarTi XI-A, nawili II, punqti 1 (Semow-meba). ix.: www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=30&info_id=17011

31 saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris SeTanxmeba asocirebis Sesaxeb, kari IV, muxli 57(4), gv. 25. ix.: www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=30&info_id=17011

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danarTSi mocemuli cxoveluri da mcenareuli warmoSobis produqtebis importis sasazRvro Semowmebis (romelic moicavs specialur mosakreblis xarjs) sixSiris Sesamcireblad. aseTi Semcirebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas (saTanado daaxloebis SemTxvevaSi) miiRebs speciluri (SPS) qvekomiteti.

2. DCFTA evraziuli kavSiris winaaRmdeg 2011 wels ruseTi, belarusi da yazaxeTi SeTanxmdnen, rom 2015 wlisT-

vis „evraziis sabaJo kavSirs“ evrokavSiris sapirwone organizaciad _ „evraziis ekonomikur kavSirad“ gardaqmnian. aRmosavleT partniorobis qveynebis politi-kuri gadawyvetilebebi prognozirebuli scenaris mixedviT ar ganviTarda, ker-Zod, ruseTis wnexs Sedegad mohyva belarusis aqtivoba ruseTTan da yazaxeTTan erTad sabaJo kavSiris daarsebis Sesaxeb; somxeTis uari asocirebis SeTanxmebis xelmoweraze da, Sesabamisad, sabaJo kavSirSi gawevrianebis perspeqtiva; ukrai-nis gancxadebam (vilniusis samitis win) asocirebis SeTanxmebaze xelmoweris ga-dadebis Sesaxeb qveyanaSi revolucia da Semdgom samoqalaqo omis provocireba moaxdina; ruseT-azerbaijanis dialogi mTiani yarabaRis konfliqtis mogvarebis sanacvlod, azerbaijanis sabaJo kavSirSi gawevrianeba; moldovaSi komunisturi partiis gaaqtiureba eqsprezidentis meTaurobiT da bolos _ saqarTvelos mtkice neba evropasTan ekonomikuri da polikuri asocirebisa. saboloo jamSi saqarT-velo, moldova da ukraina ganagrZoben evrointegraciis rTul gzas, rac 2014 wlis 27 ivniss evrokavSirTan SeTanxmebis xelmoweriT sabolood dadasturda. aRmosavleT partniorobis danarCeni qveynebis sabaJo kavSirSi gawevrianeba (Tum-ca azerbaijanis sakiTxi jer ar dgas dRis wesrigSi) uSualo gavlenas moaxdens saqarTvelosa da mezobeli qveynebis savaWro-ekonomikur urTierTobebze, radga-nac „sabaJo kavSiris wveri qveynebi iyeneben erTobliv tarifsa da regulirebis sxva erTobliv zomebs mesame qveynebTan saqonliT vaWrobis dros“.

2.1 evraziis sabaJo kavSiri

evraziis sabaJo kavSiri jerjerobiT sam mTavar aqtors warmoadgens _ ruseTs, yazaxeTsa da belaruss, romelTac sabaJo kavSiris Seqmnis gadawyvetileba 2006 wlis agvistoSi evraziis ekonomikuri gaerTianebis araformalur samitze miiRes. sabaJo kavSiris Seqmna iTvaliswinebs erTiani sabaJo teritoriis Seqmnas, romlis farglebSic ar moqmedebs sabaJo gadasaxadi da ekonomikuri xasiaTis Sez-Rudvebi (gamonaklisia antidempinguri zomebi), erTiani sabaJo tarifis SemoRebas da mesame qveynebTan savaWro urTierTobis regulirebis erTian standartebs. 2015 wlisTvis isini mTliani Sida produqtis 15-17%-iT gazrdas varaudoben.

aseTi kavSirebisTvis gare bazrebze gasvla ufro maRal konkurenciasa da gadasaxadebs ukavSirdeba. amitom vaWroba umeteswilad kavSiris SigniT mimdina-reobs, fasebi arabunebrivad maRalia da, Sesabamisad, ekonomikac ver viTardeba. erTiani sabaJo kavSiri wevr qveynebs kidev ufro dauqvemdebarebs ruseTis ekono-mikas. xelSekruleba belarussa da yazaxeTs (momavalSi somxeTsac) sagareo tari-febis gazrdas avaldebulebs, raTa Seusabamon igi ruseTisas. am gaerTianebis wev-roba „ar gamoricxavs specialuri dacviTi, antidempinguri da kompensaciis Ron-

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isZiebebis gatarebas qveynebis mier“.32 Tu gavixsenebT Cvens magaliTs, saqarTvelo jer kidev dsT-is wevri qveyana iyo,33 roca mis winaaRmdeg 2006 wels gamoyenebuli embargo swored „specialur dacviT“ normebs ukavSirdeboda da sursaTis uvne-blobis zomebis dacviT aixsna. SedarebisTvis, DCFTA-s xelmomwer qveynebs xeli mi-uwvdebaT evrokavSiris 500 mln. momxmarebelsa da mis bazarze, romlis erToblivi ekonomika Seadgens 12,9 trilion evros34, xolo misi metoqe ruseTis mier marTul sabaJo kavSirs mxolod 170 mln momxmarebeli hyavs da misi erToblivi ekonomika 1,4 trilion evros35 Seadgens.

2.2 saqarTvelosa da aRmosavleT partniorobis qveynebis savaWro urTierTobebi

saqarTvelos sagareo-savaWro brunvaSi am qveynebis wilma 27% Seadgina, maT Soris eqsportSi _ 21% da importSi _ 29%. (2012 wels, Sesabamisad, 27, 15 da 31%). evrokavSiris qveynebze modioda savaWro deficitis 33% (2012 wels 38%).36

2013 wels evrokavSiris qveynebSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis eqspor-tma 123 mln. evro Seadgina da 2012 welTan SedarebiT 30%-iT gaizarda, samrewve-lo produqciis eqsporti 10%-iT gaizarda da 539 mln. evro Seadgina. sul saqar-Tvelos eqsportma evrokavSirSi 2013 wels evrostatis monacemebiT 669 mln. evro Seadgina.37

saqarTvelos intensiuri savaWro urTierTobebi aqvs mezobel qveynebTan: 2013 wels aTi umsxvilesi savaWro partniori qveynis wilma saqarTvelos mTlian sagareo-savaWro brunvaSi 66,2% Seadgina (ix. diagrama 1).

wyaro: saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro.38

32 evraziuli sabaJo kavSiri: kidev erTi aguri ruseTis ekonomikuri imperiis saZirkvelSi, `tabu-la~, Tbilisi, 2010, www.tabula.ge/ge/story/52445-evraziuli-sabazho-kavshiri-kidev-erti-aguri-rusetis-ekonomi-kuri-imperiis-sadzirkvelshi

33 dsT oficialurad qveyanam 2008 wlis omis Semdeg datova34 www.epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu 35 www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/en/main/36 wyaro: saqstati. 2014 ix.: www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/bop/FTrade_%202013_GEO.pdf37 wyaro: European Commission Directorate-General for Trade. 16-04-2014 1 Units A4 / G2. European Union, Trade in

goods with Georgia. gv. 5. ix.: www.trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/september/tradoc_113383.pdf aRsaniSnavia, rom evrostatisa da saqstatis monacemebi gansxvavdeba. magaliTad, saqastatis

monacemebiT, saqarTvelos eqsportma evrokavSirSi 2013 wels 607 mln. aSS dolari Seadgina. 38 ix.: www.economy.ge/uploads/files/sagareo_vachroba/2013_trade_turnover_final_1.pdf

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diagrama 1-dan Cans, rom azerbaijani rigiT meore umsxvilesi savaWro part-nioria, somxeTi ki me-7 adgilzea. orive qveyanasTan (da mxolod maTTan) saqarTve-los dadebiTi savaWro saldo aqvs. es xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom politikuri gadawyvetilebebi _ aRniSnuli qveynebis evropuli gzis nacvlad ruseTi-belaru-si-yazaxeTi sabaJo kavSirSi gawevrianebis Sesaxeb _ pirdapir gavlenas moaxdens saqarTvelos savaWro urTierTobebze.

saqarTvelosa da mezobel qveynebs Soris gansakuTrebuli savaWro urTier-Tobebi arsebobs39, kerZod, ormxrivi xelSekrulebebi Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesa-xeb.40 mezoblebis sabaJo kavSiris wevrobis samomavlo perspeqtiva saqarTvelosa da maT Soris savaWro urTierTobebis gacilebiT gauaresebas _ „mesame qveynis“ statuss _ gulisxmobs.

aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom somxeTis gadawyvetilebas erTgvarovani azri ar mohyolia arc qveyanaSi da arc mis farglebs gareT, eqspertebis nawili ruse-Tis zewolad afasebs batoni sarqisianis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebas. magali-Tad, litvis sagareo saqmeTa ministri linas linkeviCusi ganmartavs: „sabaJo kav-SirTan mierTebis somxeTis gancxadebas Cven ganvixilavT im zewolis konteqst-Si, romelsac ruseTi axdens ara marto somxeTze, aramed sxva partniorebzec“41. somexi politologi riCard giragosiani wers: „sabaJo kavSirSi SesvliT somxeTi Tavs swiravs saerTaSoriso izolaciisaTvis, raTa gadaiqces ruseTze daqvemde-barebul qveyana-garnizonad“42.

rac Seexeba azerbaijans, ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis centris (CESD) kvlevis mixedviT43, azerbaijanisa da sabaJo kaSiris urTierToba ganxilulia moklevadian da grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi: Tu es qveyana gawevriandeba sabaJo kavSirSi, moklevadian periodSi azerbaijanis mTliani Siga produqti gaizrdeba 2%-iT, qveynis bazari gafarTovdeba da moicavs sabaJo kavSiris wevr qveynebs, Se-sabamisad, Semcirdeba arasatarifo barierebi. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli gamoiwvevs saeqsporto produqciis fasis Semcirebasa da konkurentunarianobis zrdas.

grZelvadian periodSi azerbaijanis sabaJo kavSiris wevroba ar iqneba efeq-tiani, vinaidan mocemuli qveynis ekonomika didwiladaa damokidebuli navTobisa da gazis seqtorebze (94,49 % mTel eqsportSi, 2013 wlis pirveli naxevari), Sesa-bamisad, mTliani eqsportis mxolod Zalian mcire nawili gava sabaJo kavSiris baz-rebze, ZiriTadad ruseTSi. meore mxriv, azerbaijanis sabaJo kavSirTan arsebuli harmonizebuli savaWro politika uaryofiTad aisaxeba azerbaijanisa da evrokav-Siris qveynebis savaWro urTierTobebze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT sabaJo kavSiris bazarze dominant SedarebiT dabali xarisxis produqciaze, gaZvirebul Turqul da evropul produqtebze, azerbaijanis sabaJo kavSirSi gawevrianeba grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi aseve qmnis bunebrivi resursebis damoukideblad marTvis safrTxes.

2.3. ruseTSi arsebuli arasatarifo barierebi

ruseTis ekonomika politizirebulia da ekonomikis ganviTarebis veqtorebi ruseTis xelisuflebis gavlenis qveSaa. amas emateba qveyanaSi arsebuli koruf-

39 www.economy.ge/ge/economic-sectors/trade40 saqarTvelos ormxrivi Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekrulebebi gaformebuli aqvs Semdeg qveynebT-

an: ruseTis federeacia, azerbaijani, somxeTi, ukraina, moldova, yazaxeTi, uzbekeTi, Turqme-neTi da TurqeTi.

41 ix.: www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-2397595142 R.Girakosian. 2013. strategic setback: Armenia and the Customs Union. RSC. p.1. available from: www.academia.

edu/4932397/STRATEGIC_SETBACK_ARMENIA_AND_THE_CUSTOMS_UNION43 Ziya Alili, MSc; Tural Abbasov, MPA; David N. Chang, JD; Max Hoyt, Accession to the Customs Union: Shaping the

strategy for Azerbaijan, Center for Economic & Social Development (CESD), Baku, 2013.

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cia, arasatarifo barierebi, ucxouri investiciebis kontrolis meqanizmebi, rom-lebic sakanonmdeblo bazidan momdinareobs da sxv. ruseTis ekonomikur moma-valze gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi vrceldeba. msoflio wamyvani auditoruli da konsaltingis kompaniis Pricewaterhouse Coopers LLP analitikosebma daaskvnes, rom 2030 wlisTvis ruseTi evropaSi ekonomikurad yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveyana gaxdeba. am prognozis mixedviT, uaxloes wlebSi msoflio ekonomikaSi „geopoli-tikuri revolucia“ moxdeba, roca „did SvidianSi“ _ G-7 (aSS, iaponia, germania, safrangeTi, didi britaneTi, italia, kanada) gaerTianebuli dasavleTis indus-triuli saxelmwifoebis tradiciuli liderebis nacvlad, axali E-7 jgufi mova. is axali bazrebis mqone qveynebs _ CineTs, ruseTs, indoeTs, brazilias, meqsikas, indoneziasa da TurqeTs gaaerTianebs. meore mxriv, „Forbes“-is cnobiT, amerikelma finansurma magnatma jorj sorosma ruseTis ekonomikis kraxze ilaparaka da inve-storebi gaafrTxila, ar Cadon finansebi ruseTis sawarmoebSi. Tavisi mosazreba man gamoTqva saerTaSoriso ekonomikur forumze davosSi: „es aris ngrevis piras misuli ekonomika, romelic putins mihyavs mcdari gziT“, _ ganacxada miliarder-ma.

2.2.1 sanitariuli samsaxuri, rogorc politikuri zewolis instrumenti

cnobilia ruseTis e.w. „politikur-higienuri“ berketi, romlis gamoyenebi-Tac ruseTs aqvs savaWro partniorebisTvis dawesebuli faqtobrivi „embargoebis“ grZeli sia, romlis nawilic qvemoT aris warmodgenili:

rusTis mier dawesebuli savaWro SezRudvebi

evropuli bostneuli

2011 w. embargom daaxloebiT or Tves gastana, Semdeg ki „rospotrebnadzorma“ sazRvari gaxsna im pirobiT, rom produq-ciis TiToeul partias eqneboda sertifikati damatebiTi Semow-mebis Sesaxeb.

belarusuli rZe

2009 w. iyo ruseTis sanitariuli samsaxuris mier bolo wlebSi gamocxadebuli yvelaze masStaburi embargo, radgan is daax-loebiT 500-mde produqtze gavrcelda. aRniSnuli embargo re-kordul vadebSi, or kviraSi moixsna.

ukrainuli xorci da rZe

2006 w. „omi“ dRemde grZeldeba. ukrainulma sawarmoebma, rom-lebsac ruseTSi sakuTari produqciis Setana surT, unda mii-Ron mowmoba imis Sesaxeb, rom maTi produqtebi akmayofilebs ruseTis veterinarul kanonmdeblobas.

polonuri xorci

2007 w. ruseTma embargo mxolod 2007 wlis bolos moxsna. savaW-ro omis dasruleba daemTxva poloneTis saparlamento arCe-vnebSi donald tuskis partiis gamarjvebas. premier-ministrad arCeuli tuski ar iziarebda prezident lex kaCinskis antiru-sul Sexedulebebs da mzad iyo moskovTan daTmobebze wasuliyo.

qarTuli Rvino da mineraluri wylebi

2006 wels ruseTSi qarTuli Rvinis eqsporti 3-jer Semcirda. or TveSi ki „rospotrebnadzorma“ mineraluri wylis „bor-jomis“ importic akrZala. mizezad dasaxelda „sanitariuli da gemovnebiTi normebisadmi“ SeuTavsebloba.

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zemoaRniSnulidan naTlad Cans, „rospotrebnadzori“ saerTaSoriso poli-tikaSi ruseTis mTavrobis erTguli damxmarea. momxmarebelTa janmrTelobaze zrunvis garda, uwyebis saqmianobaSi politikuri qveteqstebi ikveTeba. amis bolo magaliTia sanqciebi umsxvilesi ukrainuli sakonditro korporaciis, Roshen-is winaaRmdeg, romelmac ukrainul bizness ubiZga ruseTis bazridan evropul baz-rebze gadaenacvla.44

2.2.3. arasatarifo barierebi

sabaJo kavSiris regulaciebi praqtikulad agebulia ruseTis arasatarifo barierebis sistemaze. kerZod, harmonizaciis Sedegad sabaJo kavSiri aerTianebs Semdeg saerTo principebs: saerTo saqonlis CamonaTvali, daqvemdebarebuli ve-terinarul zedamxedvelobas; saerTo veterinaruli (veterinaruli da sanitari-uli) moTxovnebi; regulirebis saerTo procedurebi obieqtebisa da saqonlis in-speqtirebis TvalsazrisiT; veterinaruli kontrolis saerTo procedura sabaJo kavSiris sazRvarze da sabaJo kavSiris SigniT; saerTo veterinaruli sertifi-katebis saerTo formebi. skeptikosebi xSirad saubroben imaze, rom evrokavSiris bazarze Sesvla dakavSirebulia uamravi teqnikuri barieris gadalaxvasTan. zemoT Cven visaubreT evrokavSiris arasatarifo barierebis zogierTi formis Sesaxeb, aq ki gvinda vaCvenoT, Tu ra saxis teqnikuri barierebi aqvs sabaJo kavSirs.45 46

sabaJo kavSiris arasatarifo barierebi

standartebie.w. GOST 43 standartebi _ teqnikuri regulaciebis Sesaba-misobis standartebi/erovnuli teqnikuri regulaciebi (TRS)/sabaJo kavSiris teqnikuri regulaciebi (CU TRS EAC).

sanitariuli wesebi da normebi (SanPiN) _ de faqto savaldebulo standartebi.

warmoSobis sertifikatiwarmoSobis sertifikati savaldebuloa yvela saxis impor-tirebuli produqtisaTvis; aucilebelia saimporto nebarT-vis misaRebad.

analizis sertifikati saWiroa mxolod spirtiani sasmelebis importis SemTxvevaSi.

saimporto nebarTva

moiTxoveba cxovelebis, cxoveluri warmoSobis saqonlis, wamlebis, cxovelebis sakvebisa da sakvebdanamatebis impor-tisaTvis sabaJo kavSiris teritoriaze; gaicema sabaJo kav-Siris komisiis mier im oficialuri fizikuri an iuridiuli piris saxelze, romelic oficialurad daregistrirebulia sabaJo kavSirSi. eqsportiori sawarmo unda figurirebdes ruseTis veterinariis samsaxuris mier inspeqtirebul sawar-moTa siaSi.

fitosanitariuli da karantinis sertifikati

gaicema mcenareuli warmoSobis saqonelze, maT Soris marcvleulze, garda soflis meurneobis zogierTi Rrmad damuSavebuli produqtisa.

44 rusuli bazris dakargva ukrainul kompanias yovelwliurad 13-17 milioni dolari daujdeba.45 Quality Control and Certification for Russiaan Markets, www.arscon.wordpress.com/tag/russia-sanitary-and-phy-

tosanitary-sps/46 ГОСТ- saxelmwifo standarti.

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saerTo veterinaruli sertifi-kati

saWiroa xorcisa da xorcproduqtebisaTvis, agreTve frin-velebis, rZis da rZis nawarmis, kvercxis, cxoveluri war-moSobis saqonlisaTvis, cxovelebis sakvebisa da sakvebdana-matebisaTvis.

sanitariuli da epidemiologi-uri daskvna

gamoiyeneba marcvleulis, axali xilis, axali/gayinuli/damuSavebuli bostneulis, mza xorcproduqtebisa da frinvelis xorcisaTvis.

sanitariul-epidemiologiuri eqspertiza da spirtiani sa-smelebis eqspertiza

importiorma unda waradginos Semdegi dokumentebis nusxa: yvela tipis da dasaxelebis produqciis nimuSebi; kontraqti; warmoSobis, usafrTxoebisa da xarisxis damadasturebeli dokumentebi (warmoSobis qveynis Sesabamisi uwyebebis mier gacemuli); seriulad nawarmoebi produqtisaTvis ISO 9000 sertifikati; etiketebis nimuSebi; rusul firmebze gakeT-ebuli mindobiloba sertificirebasTan dakavSirebuli sak-iTxebis gadasawyvetad (seriuli produqciisaTvis).

yvela saxis dokumenti, etiketi da markireba naTargmni unda iyos rusul enaze da aslebi da maTi Targmani damowmebuli unda iyos dadgenili wesebis Sesa-bamisad.

daskvna

saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis safuZvelze Seqm-nili Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali savaWro sivrce, romelic 2014 wlis pirveli seqtembridan amoqmedda, mraval upiratesobas Seicavs. is partniorebs praqtikulad srulad aTavisuflebs sabaJo gadasaxadisgan, mciredi gamonakliseb-is garda. es gamonaklisebi, pirvel rigSi, sasoflo-sameurneo produqcias exeba da amcireben fasiT konkurenciis SesaZleblobebs. amitom Cvenma mewarmeebma gezi xarisxsa da sxva marketingul saSualebebze unda aiRon da ase daimkvidron Tavi evrokavSiris uzarmazar bazarze. SeTnxmeba aseve mniSvnelovan SeRavaTs iZleva teqnikuri barierebis daZlevis SesaZleblobis TvalsazrisiT. amave dros, misi realurad efeqtiani gamoyenebisTvis aucilebelia kanonmdeblobisa da maregu-lirebeli sistemis swrafi da efeqturi harmonizacia, urTierTcnobis SeTanxme-bebis dadeba, ekvivalturobis aRiareba, kumulaciis SesaZleblobis maqsimalurad gamoyeneba. kumulaciasTan dakavSirebiT saWiroa gagrZeldes muSaoba imisTvis, rom is gavrceldes norvegiasa da Sveicariazec (TurqeTis magvarad).

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelom, moldovam da ukrainam xeli moaweres Tavisufali savaWro sivrcis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas evrokavSirTan da am qveynebis ruseT-belarus-yazaxeTis sabaJo kavSirSi gawevrianebis perspeqtiva ar moiazreba, aRmosavleT partniorobis danarCeni qveynebis potenciuri gawevrianeba sabaJo kavSirSi pirdapir gavlenas moaxdens saqarTvelosa da mezobeli qveynebis savaWro politikaze. yovelgvari status-kvo savaWro SeTanxmeba dakargavs Zalas da savaW-ro urTierTobebi daregulirdeba, rogorc sabaJo kavSiris wevri qveynisa da „me-same“ qveynis urTierToba. gamonaklisi am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba daiSvas, Tu sabaJo kavSiris yvela wevri SeTanxmdeba, rom ar gaauqmos maT partniorebTan dadebuli Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebi. bolo xanebSi rusul inteleqtualur

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da samecniero wreebSi sul ufro xSirad saubroben qveynebis „evrointegraciuli blokisa“ da evraziuli kavSiris TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobebze dadebiT kon-teqstSi.47 aseve sayuradReboa is, rom ruseTis mTavrobas jer ar miuRia gadawy-vetileba sam „urC qveyanasTan“ Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. sxva SemTxvevaSi, sabaJo kavSiris wevr qveynebSi importi bevrad gaZvirdeba (rad-ganac ruseTs vaWrobis msoflio organizaciaSi gawevrianebisas mraval produq-ciaze dautoves maRali sabaJo tarifis SenarCunebis ufleba). TavisTavad moxdeba sabaJo kavSiris wevri qveynebis SedarebiTi izolacia da maTi ekonomika koncen-trirdeba mxolod im produqtebis warmoebaze, risi moTxovnac iarsebebs rusul bazarze. saqarTvelo, Tavis mxriv, aseTi scenaris ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, savaW-ro sargebels veRar naxavs im mezobel qveynebTan, romlebTanac dadebiTi savaWro saldo hqonda da 10 umsxviles savaWro partniors Soris ganixilavda.

47 Е. Винокуров, С. Кулик, А. Спартак, И. Юргенс _ Тупик борьбы интеграций в Европе (аналитический доклад) „Вопросы Экономики“ 8, 2014, gv. 23

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SromiTi migracia da reintegraciis problemebi saqarTveloSi1

nino elizbaraSvili

Sesavali

SromiTi migracia rTuli socialur-ekonomikuri movlenaa, romelic dakav-Sirebulia samuSao Zalis miwodebis dinamikasTan, radgan migraciuli procesebiT ZiriTadad moculia ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba.

migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (IOM) angariSebSi xazgasmiTaa aRniS-nuli2, rom Tuki saxelmwifoebi migraciis politikis SesamuSaveblad droulad ar gaaerTianeben mizanmimarTul Zalisxmevas, msoflio male aRmoCndeba gamalebuli tempebiT mimdinare migraciiT gamowveuli moulodneli Sedegebis winaSe. Taname-drove etapze demografiuli cvlilebebi, ekonomikuri saWiroebebi Tu garemos cvlilebebis gavlena Seuqcevadad gamoiwvevs SromiT migrantTa raodenobis zr-das.

winamdebare kvleva moicavs SromiTi migraciis Tanamedrove procesebis, SromiT migrantTa uflebebis dacvis uzrunvelyofisa da samSobloSi dabrune-bulTa reintegraciis xelSewyobisaTvis saxelmwifo politikisa da am mimarTule-biT gaweuli muSaobis analizs. aqve ganxilulia problemebi, romlebic migraciis Sedegad erovnul, regionul da saerTaSoriso doneze warmoiqmneba. kvlevaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba SromiTi migraciis genderul aspeqtebs, mi-graciis Sesaxeb oficialuri statistikis srulyofis, migrantTa dasaqmebisa da profesiuli kvalifikaciis sakiTxebs.

kvlevaSi gamoyenebulia saerTaSoriso dokumentebi da gamoqveynebuli wya-roebi (samecniero statiebi, perioduli gamocemebi, vebgverdebi da sxva), ucxoeT-Si myof aralegali da samSobloSi dabrunebul SromiTi migrantebisgan aRebuli interviuebi da masmediaSi (radiogadacema „migraciis marSrutebi“) gamoTqmuli maTi mosazrebebi.

SromiTi migraciis arsebuli politika

ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebam mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi Caatara migraciis procesebis daregulirebisa da marTvis gaumjobesebis Tval-sazrisiT, rac didwilad evrokavSirTan mravalmxrivi TanamSromlobis gaRrmave-bis procesma ganapiroba. saqarTvelo miuerTda evropis socialur qartias, sadac detalurad aris warmodgenili SromiT migrantTa uflebebi da maTi dacvis ga-rantiebi.

2007 wels evrokomisiam gamoaqveyna komunikacia „cirkularuli migracia da partnioroba mobilurobisaTvis evrokavSirsa da mesame qveynebs Soris~ (Circular migration and mobility partnerships between the European Union and third countries),3 romelic

1 statia dawerilis 2014 wlis invarSi2 migraciis momavali: SesaZleblobaTa zrda cvlilebisTvis, msoflio migraciis 2010 wlis anga-

riSSi: http://publications.iom.int3 COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECO-

NOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS - On circular migration and mobility part-nerships between the European Union and third countries - Brussels, 16.5.2007,COM(2007) 248 final,2,4,8

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miznad isaxavda migraciis sakiTxebSi evrokavSirTan partniori qveynebis mWidro TanamSromlobis ganviTarebas, migraciis nakadebis marTvisa (aRricxva, monito-ringi, analizi, politikis Camoyalibeba) da legaluri mimosvlis SesaZleblobebis gaumjobesebas, maT Soris, „cirkularuli migraciis“ SesaZleblobebis gamoyene-biT, aseve _ aralegalur migraciasTan brZolis efeqtianobis zrdas.

2009 wels safuZveli Caeyara evrokavSiris aRmosavleT partniorobis ini-ciativas da xeli moewera Sesabamis erTobliv deklaracias, romelic moicavda TanamSromlobis ormxriv da mravalmxriv formatebs, sadac Sedioda SromiT mi-graciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebic.

amave wels evrokavSiris 16 saxelmwifom da saqarTvelom xeli moaweres er-Tobliv deklaracias „partnioroba mobilurobisaTvis“. es iTvaliswinebs iseT sakiTxebze TanamSromlobas, rogoricaa SromiTi migracia, readmisia, reinte-gracia, TanamSromloba qarTuli diasporis warmomadgenlebTan, dokumentaciis usafrTxoeba, Sromis bazari da profesiuli kvalifikaciis aRiareba, migraciis erTiani sainformacio baza da informaciis gacvla evrokavSirTan, rac xels Seu-wyobs evrokavSiris qveynebSi garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos mo-qalaqeebis legalurad dasaqmebas, swavlas da SemdgomSi saqarTveloSi maTi dab-runebis SesaZleblobas.

TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis mizniT SemuSavda „partnioroba mobiluro-bisaTvis“ TanamSromlobis sqema da ganxorcielebis gegma, sadac asaxulia wevri qveynebis mier SemoTavazebuli konkretuli RonisZiebebi da gansazRvrulia masSi CarTuli evrokavSiris wevri qveynebisa da saqarTvelos mxridan pasuxismgebeli uwyebebi.

2010 wlis 13 oqtombers, evrokavSiris moTxovnis Sesabamisad, Seiqmna mi-graciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisia, romelic warmoadgens mTavrobis saTaTbi-ro organos.4 komisia msjelobs da gadawyvetilebebs iRebs migraciis marTvasTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva aqtualur sakiTxebze da warmoadgens migraciis sferoSi arsebuli problemebis ganxilvis platformasa da efeqtian instruments. aseve mniSvnelovania TanamSromlobis ganviTareba evrokavSiris 2011 wlis iniciativis _ „globaluri midgoma migraciisa da mobilurobis Sesaxeb“ _ farglebSi legaluri migraciis marTvis gaumjobesebis da mobilurobis xelSewyobis, aralegaluri mi-graciis prevenciis Semcirebis mimarTulebebiT.

ukve erT welze metia, rac ZalaSi Sevida saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs So-ris xelmowerili SeTanxmeba5 gamartivebuli savizo reJimis Sesaxeb. am SeTanxmebis mixedviT, Semcirda mgzavrobis miznis damadasturebeli dokumentebis raodenoba da savizo mosakrebeli, xolo moqalaqeTa 12 kategoriisaTvis savizo mosakrebeli mTlianad gauqmda. vizebis gacemis procedurebis gamartivebis SeTanxmeba ZiriTad nawilSi saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa 13 kategoriaze vrceldeba. aseve oficialurad amoqmedda readmisiis xelSekruleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, mxareebi valdebulebas iReben sakuTari aralegaluri migrantebi samSobloSi daabrunon. amasTan, Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom saqarTvelo miuerTda gaeros da Sromis saerTaSoriso or-ganizaciis konvenciebs, romlebic saerTaSoriso doneze qmnian SromiTi migraciis regulirebis samarTlebriv safuZvlebs. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, qveynis xelisu-

4 migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisia, mTavrobis gagdgnileba 314, 2010.5 vizis fasilitacia da readmisia: uvizo mimosvlis perspeqtivebi, evropuli iniciativa, liber-

aluri akademia, Tbilisi, 2012 w. gv. 9.

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flebam, romelic, rogorc Cans, mosaxleobis umZimesi socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo SromiTi migraciis mxolod pozitiur Sedegebs (qveynis sa-valuto Semosavlebis zrdasa da mosaxleobis garkveuli nawilis materialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas) uwevda angariSs, ver SeZlo sakmarisad efeqturi RonisZiebebis gatareba aralegaluri migraciis Semcirebisa da samSobloSi dab-runebul migrantTa reintegraciis xelSewyobisaTvis, saTanadod ver uzrunvelyo evrokavSiris iniciativiT _ „partnioroba mobilurobisaTvis“ _ gaTvaliswinebu-li saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis evrokavSiris qveynebSi legaluri dasaqmebis Sesa-Zleblobebis gamoyeneba, verc e.w. „cirkularuli migraciis“ saSualebiT, rac xels Seuwyobda evrokavSiris qveynebSi garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi saqarT-velos moqalaqeebis legalurad dasaqmebas, swavlas da SemdgomSi maT dabrunebas saqarTveloSi.

evrokomisiisTvis kvlav umTavres prioritetad rCeba saqarTvelos kanon-mdeblobis evrokavSiris kanmonmdeblobasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana (Acquis).6 moce-mul SemTxvevaSi evrokavSiri Acquis-is zogierTi normebis transpozicias miiCnevs ara winapirobad am organizaciaSi gasawevrianeblad, aramed ganixilavs, rogorc migraciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi ufro mWidro TanamSromlobis saSualebas.

SromiTi migraciis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezebi

postsabWoTa periodSi saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli mravalmxrivi krizisis Sedegad cxovrebis donis katastrofulma dacemam da mZime socialur-ekonomi-kurma mdgomareobam mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili aiZula TviTgadarCenis-Tvis gamosavali sazRvargareT dasaqmebaSi eZebna.

araoficialuri monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis done 30%-s aWar-bebs, xolo siRaribis zRvarze da mis miRma mosaxleobis 50% imyofeba.7 umuSev-robis done yvelaze maRalia axalgazrdebSi (20-25 wlis),8 rac damaxasiaTebelia msoflio Sromis bazrisTvisac, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom axalgazrdebs Soris umuSevroba ganviTarebul qveynebSi moklevadiania, Cvens qveyanaSi ki _ grZelvadi-ani. bolo periodSi saqarTveloSi gamwvavda Sida migraciis problemac, qveyanaSi daaxloebiT aTasi maRalmTiani sofelia gaukacrielebuli, rac iwvevs socialur, ekonomikur, demografiul da politikur problemebs.

sxvadasxva gamokvlevis mixedviT, saqarTvelo datova 1,5 mln. adamianma,9

aqedan daaxloebiT naxevarze meti SromiTi migrantia, romelTa udidesi nawili aralegaluria. migraciis masStabebis gazrdas gansakuTrebiT Seuwyo xeli bolo ocwleulis geopolitikurma cvlilebebma, ramac bevri Sida migraciuli procesi aqcia saerTaSoriso migraciad.

saqarTvelodan SromiTi migraciis marSrutebi ZiriTadad ruseTs, aseve dsT-is danarCen sivrces, TurqeTs da araevrokavSiris qveynebsac moicavs. Tumca aralegalur migrantTa raodenoba sakmaod maRalia evrokavSiris zogierT qveya-naSi, gansakuTrebiT _ saberZneTSi, italiaSi, kviprosSi, espaneTSi, germaniasa da

6 saqarTveloSi migraciis marTvis mimoxilva, 2008 w., gv.157 ekonomikuri da socialuri mowyvladoba saqarTveloSi, gaeros ganviTarebis programa, 2013,

gv. 98 Costs and Benefits of Labour Mobility between the EU and the Eastern Partnership Partner Countries - Mirjan

Tukhashvili, Lasha Labadze-2013, p.10. 9 msoflio banki, Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 http://econ.worldbank.org

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poloneTSi. jerjerobiT emigrantebisa da gamgzavrebis msurvelTa raodenoba aWarbebs imigrantebisa da dabrunebis msurvelTa raodenobas. saqarTveloSi emi-graciis maCvenebeli erT-erTi yvelaze maRalia aRmosavleT evropis, centraluri aziisa da e.w. „axali evropis“, evrokavSiris axladgawevrianebuli qveynebis jguf-Si.10 saerTaSoriso bazarze samuSao Zalis gasvlam mniSvnelovnad Secvala saqarT-velos Sromis bazris koniunqtura. SromiTma migraciam, erTi mxriv, TiTqos ram-denadme Searbila mosaxleobis dasaqmebis problema, xolo meore mxriv, Sromis bazarze samuSaos xarisxi mkveTrad gaauaresa. saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli reformebis miuxedavad, Sromis bazari ver pasuxobs Tanamedrove moTxovnebs da mZime mdgomareobaSia.

SromiT bazarze problemas warmoadgens saTanado unar-Cvevebisa da kvali-fikaciis mqone samuSao Zalis nakleboba, aseve, iseTi samuSao adgilebis ukmari-soba, sadac kvalificiuri kadrebis Sromis Sesatyvisi anazRaurebaa. jerovani yuradReba ar eTmoba Sromis adgilobrivi bazris siRrmiseul struqturul kvle-vebs, agreTve Sromis bazrisa da migraciuli nakadebis urTierTkavSiris Seswav-las.

rogorc cnobilia, Sromis bazris koniunqtura Zalze dinamikuria. samuSao Zalis mimarT damsaqmeblebis moTxovnebi mudmivad icvleba, TandaTanobiT ixvewe-ba da ufro saqmiani xdeba mewarmeebsa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebi, rac moiTxovs bazarze mimdinare movlenebisa da procesebis operatiul da sistemur analizs, umuSevrobis donisa da dinamikis mudmiv monitorings, romlis Sedegebi safuZvlad unda daedos dasaqmebis sferoSi saxelmwifos strategias.

aucilebelia Sromis bazris efeqtiani funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofa sa-xelmwifos mxridan misi elementebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis mxardaWeris gziT, rac moiTxovs Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo, organizaciuli da finansuri berketebis Se-muSavebasa da gamoyenebas, gansakuTrebiT _ dasaqmebis kanonmdeblobis srulyofas evropuli standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

bolo erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gadaidga pirveli nabijebi bazris struq-turis mTavari Semadgenli nawilis Sromis kanonmdeblobis srulyofisaTvis. ker-Zod, mimdinare wlis 4 ivliss ZalaSi Sevida saqarTvelos Sromis axali kanonmde-bloba, romelic xels Seuwyobs da uzrunvelyofs jansaRi SromiTi urTierTo-bebis kulturis damkvidrebas.

SromiTi migraciiis ZiriTadi tendenciebi, demografiuli mdgomareoba da gender-uli aspeqtebi

rogorc kvlevis Sedegebma cxadyo, migraciuli politikis efeqturi marTvis prioritetuloba gamowveulia aralegaluri SromiTi migraciis mzardi tenden-ciiT, rac dakavSirebulia Cveni Tanamemamuleebis diskriminaciul dasaqmebasTan da damamcirebel yofasTan. Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier SromiTi mi-graciisadmi adamianis uflebebis dacvaze damyarebuli midgomis sarekomendacio normebsa da saxelmZRvanelo principebSi xazgasmulia,11 rom aucilebelia kano-

10 vizis fasilitacia da readmisia: uvizo mimosvlis perspeqtivebi, evropuli iniciativa, liber-aluri akademia, Tbilisi, 2011w. gv. 36, 37

11 konvenciebi N 97 da 143 da rekomendaciebi N 86 da 151, Sso-s mravalmxrivi safuZvlebi SromiTi migraciis sakiTxebSi, 2010.

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nieri SromiTi migraciis gzebis gafarToeba Sromis bazrebis, moTxovnilebebisa da demografiuli tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebiT“. SromiT emigraciaSi intensiur monawileobas iRebs yvela asakobrivi jgufis warmomadgeneli.

profesiul-kvalificiuri TvalsazrisiT, SromiT migrantTa sazRvargareT dasaqmeba ar Seesabameba maT kvalifikacias, mniSvnelovnad qveiTdeba maTi Sromi-Ti potenciali, xdeba dagrovebuli adamianuri kapitalis devalvacia. SromiTi mi-graciis Zalze mniSvnelovani negatiuri movlenaa qveynidan inteleqtis gadineba, ramac uaryofiTad imoqmeda saqarTvelos ekonomikis mdgomareobaze.

SromiT migrantTa Soris naxevarze mets (52,9%) umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvs, amasTan, rogorc kvlevebi cxadyofs, SromiT migrantTagan 41,2% ucxoeTSi was-vlamde umuSevari iyo.

aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedavad qarTvelebis sakmaod didi diasporisa, mi-grantTa mxolod mcire nawils surs saqarTvelos samudamod datoveba. say-uradReboa, rom saqarTvelos datovebis survili ufro metad axalgazrdebs aqvT, romlebic dausaqmebelTa 38,3%-s Seadgenen da mWidrod ukavSirdeba maT profesiul statuss.12

msoflio bankis monacemebiT, postsabWoTa qveynebs Soris demografiuli mdgomareobis mixedviT yvelaze kritikuli situacia saqarTveloSia Seqmnili. gaeros SefasebiT ki, Tu gagrZelda arsebuli demografiuli tendenciebi, 2000-2050 ww. saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 2 mln-iT Semcirdeba, rac amJamindeli mosax-leobis TiTqmis 40%-s Seadgens.

SromiTi migraciis gavlena saqarTvelos demografiul potencialze uki-duresad uaryofiTia. bolo periodSi ucxoeTSi wasulTa Soris gaizarda qalTa xvedriTi wili _ SromiT migrantTa 50%-ze meti qalia, romelTa umravleso-ba reproduqciul asakSia. klebis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba Sobadobis done, ramac Seamcira mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis maCvenebeli. aRniSnuli maCveneblis Sem-cirebam TavisTavad gaauaresa mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqtura, anu moxda mSobadi kontigentis dabereba.

qalebis umravlesoba sazRvargareT samuSaod wasvlis gadawyvetilebas umTavresad ojaxis dasaxmareblad da cxovrebis normaluri pirobebis Sesaqmne-lad iRebs. zogierTi qali emigracias sazRvargareT momuSave sakuTari megobre-bis, naTesavebisa Tu nacnobebis gavleniT wyvets, roca xedavs maTi daxmarebiT rogor gauumjobesdaT maT ojaxebs materialuri mdgomareoba.13

saqarTvelodan qalTa ZiriTadi nakadi gaedineba saberZneTSi _ 24,3%, germa-niaSi _ 23,5%, italiaSi _ 12%, espaneTSi _ 7%, aSS-Si _ 11,3%. sakmaod maRali iyo migrantTa raodenoba ruseTSic, magram cnobili movlenebis gamo bolo periodSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda maTi ricxvi.14

qalTa SromiTi migraciis motivacias aZlierebs qveyanaSi fesvgadgmuli stereotipebi. oficialuri monacemebiT,15 qveyanaSi dasaqmebulTa Soris 63% mam-akacia, xolo 37% _ qali. gansxvavebulia xelfasebis saerTo moculobac, ris gamoc mamakacis Semosavali 68%-iT aRemateba qalis Semosavals. sagulisxmoa is

12 Costs and Benefits of Labour Mobility between the EU and the Eastern Partnership Partner Countries - Mirjan Tukhashvili, Lasha Labadze-2013, p. 20

13 m. lobJaniZe, axalgazrda qalTa migracia da misi gamomwvevi faqtorebi saqarTveloSi, iv. ja-vaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, 2009, gv. 38

14 migrantTa saerTaSoriso dRe, diasporis saministro, www.diaspora.gov.ge15 saqstatis oficialuri vebgverdi. qali da kaci saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2011

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faqti, rom qronikuli umuSevroba ufro metad damaxasiaTebelia qalebisaTvis, vidre mamakacebisaTvis. statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis monacemebiT, qal-Ta SromiTi resursebi mamakacTa SromiT resursebs aRemateba da Sromisunariani mosaxleobis 53%-s Seadgens.16

qalTa SromiTi migracia Tavisi istoriis manZilze gadaiqca maRali so-cialuri riskisa da adamianis uflebebis uxeSi darRvevis sferod. adamianebiT vaWroba, seqseqsploatacia, iZulebiTi Sroma da sxva problemebi, romlebic aso-cirdeba qalTa migraciasTan da warmoadgens adamianis Rirsebis, Tavisuflebisa da cxovrebis fundamenturi uflebebis darRvevebs, iqneba es migrant qalTa Seuracxmyofeli da eqspluataciis niSnebis matarebeli mopyroba, iZulebiTi Sroma, dabali anazRaureba, socialuri dacvis ar arseboba, enobrivi barierebi Tu qsenofobiuri damokidebuleba, moqmedebs migrantebis SesaZleblobebze mii-Ron saWiro daxmareba, gansakuTrebiT _ samedicino sferoSi. deportaciis saSiS-roeba ukanono migrantebs aiZulebs SeumCneveli darCnen sazogadoebaSi da xSir SemTxvevaSi TviTmkurnalobas mimarTon. yvelaze bevri, rac SeiZleba maT inatron daniSnulebis qveyanaSi, aris gadaudebeli daxmarebis miReba.

aralegalur SromiT migraciaSi myofi qalebi ver axerxeben samSobloSi droebiT Camosvlas, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi iwvevs maT gaucxoebas da sabolood _ ojaxebis ngrevas. amasTan, qalTa SromiTi migraciis intensiurobis zrdam mniS-vnelovnad Secvala ojaxebis struqtura, roluri funqciebi. gaxSirda ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebi. Sesustda axalgazrdebsa da bavSvebze ojaxis moraluri zegavlena. xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca mcirewlovani Svilebis patroni migranti qalebi sxvis Svilebs zrdian, sakuTari Svilebi ki samSobloSi axloblebis amara hyavT mitovebuli.

SromiT migrantTa uflebebis dacvisa da reintegraciis xelSewyoba

msoflio ekonomikur procesebSi integracia da Sromis saerTaSoriso da-nawileba gulisxmobs samuSao Zalis mobilurobis gazrdas da es procesi obieqtu-ri xasiaTisaa. SromiTi migracia uSualod exeba adamianis uflebebs, Tanasworo-bis da Tanabari SesaZleblobebis principebs. imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aviciloT dauregulirebeli migracia da adamianebis trefikingi, aucilebelia potenciuri migranti mSromelebisTvis arsebobdes samarTleblivi gzebi legaluri migraci-isTvis.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelodan SromiTma migraciam uprecedento masStabebs miaRwia, interesi emigraciis mimarT ufro da ufro izrdeba. Sina-gan saqmeTa saministros sainformacio centris monacemebiT, 2013 wlis 11 TveSi saqarTvelodan 36,1 aTasi adamianiT meti gavida, vidre Semovida, rac 2012 wlis monacemebs TiTqmis 16 aTasiT aWarbebs.

statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, evrokavSiris qveynebidan dabrunebuli migrantebis meoTxeds ar hqonda oficialuri statusi emigraciis qveyanaSi, xolo 30% droebiTi nebarTvis safuZvelze cxovrobda. dabrunebulebis mxolod 28%-ma ganacxada, rom daniSnulebis qveyanaSi sargeblobdnen muSaobis uflebiT. ro-gorc Catarebuli kvlevebi aCvenebs, qarTveli migrantebis sazRvargareT yofnis

16 piotr kazmierkeviCi, saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris cirkularuli migraciis sqemebis gan-viTarebis SesaZlebloba, varSavis sazogadoebriv saqmeTa instituti, 2013, gv.1

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saSualo xangrZlivoba sami welia, rac yvelaze didxniani periodia aRmosavleT partniorobis saxelmwifoebs Soris.

sazRvargareT dasaqmebul saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa absoluturi umrav-lesobis samuSao uflebebi daucvelia, arc maTi iuridiuli statusia daregu-lirebuli. amasTan, qarTveli SromiTi migrantebi, roca maTi uflebebi irRveva, faqtobrivad, moklebuli arian saxelmwifos mxridan legaluri dacvis SesaZle-blobas.

qarTveli migrantebi adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT ganicdian aramarTlzomier siduxWires da Cagvras dabali xelfasebisa da cudi samuSao pirobebis gamo, maT ara aqvT kanoniT gansazRvruli samuSao dro. amasTan, dasaqme-bis SemTxvevaSi, pirveli Tvis xelfasi „ekuTvnis“ Suamavals, vinc maT samsaxuris moZebnaSi exmareba. maT sakmaod uWirT mimReb qveynebSi socialuri adaptacia, xSirad vardebian depresiaSi da ver eguebian ucxo qveyanaSi cxovrebas, garTule-bulia aralegal migrantTa legalizacia da mimReb sazogadoebaSi integracia. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, isini iZulebuli arian iq iyvnen, radgan saqarTveloSi arsebuli mZime mdgomareobis gamo imedi ara aqvT, rom SeZleben iseTi samsaxuris Sovnas, romelic saSualebas miscems, rom ojaxebi arCinon. Zalian xSirad SromiT migrantebs iafi muSaxelis wyarod iyeneben.

Zalian mniSvnelovani da sayuradReboa migrantTa gadaadgilebis forme-bi. aralegal SromiT migrantTa gadasvla sazRvarze umTavresad eqstremalur pirobebSi xdeba. ZiriTadi nawili ukanonod, aralegaluri, sicocxlisTvis sax-ifaTo gzebiT axerxebs mimReb qveyanaSi SeRwevas. xSiria kanondarRvevebis gamo maTi dapatimrebis SemTxvevebi. Zalze mcirea im emigrantebis ricxvi, romlebic Tavidanve SromiTi kontraqtis safuZvelze midian ucxoeTSi. potenciuri migran-tebi ZiriTadad araregistrirebul saSuamavlo organizaciebs an individebs eyrd-nobian, romelTac samuSaos moZebnaSi solidur gasamrjelos uxdian. Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT, gamovlenilia trefikingis SemTxvevebi, rac gansakuTrebiT xSiria TurqeTSi. am qveyanaSi emigrantebi, ZiriTadad, ori saxis trefikingis msxverpli xdebian: SromiTi da seqsualuri eqspluataciis. gansakuTrebulad mZime mdgomareobaSi xvdebian qalebi.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, evrokomisiis komunikacia „cirkularuli migra-cia da partnioroba mobilurobisaTvis evrokavSirsa da mesame qveynebs Soris“, romelic gulisxmobs kanonier migracias saqarTvelosa da evrokavSiris wevr qveynebs Soris, SesaZleblobas iZleva daregulirdes sazRvargareT dasaqmebuli saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis statusi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqarTvelos mTavroba SeimuSavebs daniSnulebis qveynebTan cirkulaciuri migraciis sqemebs, romleb-sac Tan daerTveba SeTanxmeba socialuri uflebebis gadacemis, dasaqmebis samsa-xurebs Soris mWidro TanamSromlobis, migrantTa Sesaxeb informaciis gacvlisa da dasaqmebulebis uflebaTa dacvis Sesaxeb.15 aRniSnuli miuTiTebs, rom evrokav-Siris moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, kidev ufro meti mniSvneloba mieniWa saqarTve-los moqalaqeebis daxmarebasa da uflebebis dacvas evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi muSaobis dros, rac SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes ormxrivi SromiTi saemigracio xelSekrulebis dadebiT mimReb qveynebTan.

aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo xanebSi mTavrobam aqtiurad daiwyo saqmianoba saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis sazRvargareT legaluri mimosvlis SesaZleblobe-

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bis gamoyenebis, ucxoeTSi dasaqmebulTa daxmarebisa da uflebebis dacvisaTvis evrokavSiris wevr qveynebTan SromiTi migraciis sferoSi saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT. am etapze miRweul iqna SeTanxme-ba saqarTvelosa da safrangeTis respublikas Soris, romelic iTvaliswinebs Sromis bazarze moTxovnadi profesiebisa da kvotebis Sesabamisad saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisaTvis legaluri dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis Seqmnas, qarTveli spe-cialistebisa da studentebisTvis binadrobis droebiTi uflebis miniWebas, axal-gazrda specialistebis urTierTgacvlasa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis sakiTxebs.

unda aRiniSnos, rom samwuxarod, samSobloSi dabrunebuli saqarTvelos mi-grantebi sirTuleebs awydebian, maT uWirT Sromis bazarze Tavis damkvidreba.

vizis gamartivebisa da moqalaqeTa readmisis SeTanxmebebis efeqturad gan-xorcielebis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom uSualod evrokavSiris monawileobiTa da finansuri mxardaWeriT xorcieldeba proeqtebi, romlebic miznad isaxavs saqarTvelos Sesabamisi uwyebebis saTanado teqnikiTa da kvalifikaciiT aRWurvas (raTa efeqturad warimarTos readmisiis procesi), moqalaqeTa reintegraciisa da resocializaciisTvis saTanado pirobebis Seqmnas (mobilurobis centrebi, droebiTi TavSesafrebi, samedicino daxmareba da sxva-dasxva saxis konsultaciebi), aseve readmisiisa da reintegraciis sakiTxebze sa-zogadoebis cnobierebis donis amaRlebas. am tipis proeqtebis ganxorcielebaSi CarTuli arian saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da evrokavSiris ramdenime wevri sa-xelmwifo, maT Soris, ltolvilTa daniis sabWo (DRC) proeqtiT _ „saqarTvelo-Si reintegraciasTan dakavSirebuli procesebis konsolidacia“, migraciis saer-TaSoriso organizacia (IOM) proeqtiT _ „saqarTvelos mTavrobis daxmareba re-admisiis xelSekrulebis implementaciis sakiTxSi“, evrokavSiris cxra qveynisagan Semdgari konsorciumi CexeTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros xelmZRvanelobiT pro-gramiT _ „miznobrivi iniciativa saqarTvelosTvis“.17

aRsaniSnavia migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier ganxorcielebuli dabrunebul migrantTa (nebayofilobiT an readmisiis procedurebis dacviT dab-runebulni evrogaerTianebis qveynebidan) reintegraciaze mimarTuli miznobrivi proeqtebi, romelTa mizania Semdgomi dasaqmebisaTvis maTi SromiTi unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba da konkurentunarianobis gazrda, daxmarebis gaweva sakuTari bizne-sis dawyebaSi.

mimdinare wels saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa, gansaxlebisa da ltolvilTa saministros bazaze Seiqmna mobilurobis centri, rogorc referaluri funqciebis mqone sainformacio cen-tri, romelic migrantebs sTavazobs individualur daxmarebas maTi sazogadoebaSi efeqturi reintegraciis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. mobilurobis centri warmarTavs sainformacio kampanias evropaSi kanonieri migraciis SesaZleblobebis da arale-galuri SromiTi migraciis riskebisa da safrTxeebis Sesaxeb. magram jer kidev mcirea SeTavazebul momsaxurebaTa saxeebi da beneficiarTa raodenoba, rac garkveulwilad imis Sedegia, rom xalxi saTanadod ar aris informirebuli pro-fesiuli momzadeba-gadamzadebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis SesaZleblobebSi.

17 qarTveli dabrunebuli migrantebis reintegraciisa da evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris dadebuli readmisiis xelSekrulebis ganxorcielebis mxardasaWerad evrokavSiris mier dafi-nansebuli proeqti, miznobrivi iniciativa _ saqarTvelo (TIG), migraciis saerTaSoriso orga-nizacia, 2012.

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seriozuli problemaa SromiT migrantTa profesiuli kvalifikaciis adgilobrivi bazris saWiroebebTan morgeba, rac ukavSirdeba Sromis bazris infrastruqturisa da profesiuli swavlebis sistemis srulyofas, samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis siste-matur kvlevas, Seswavlas moiTxovs dabrunebul migrantTa saWiroebebi da Sromis bazari, ar arsebobs sistematizebuli informacia, Tu ra profesiis kadrebzea moTxovna, romeli specialobis kadrebia deficituri, ra tendenciebia mosalod-neli Sromis bazarze.

gaeros bolo angariSSi msoflio migraciul procesebze aRniSnulia, rom migrantTa mier sakuTar qveynebSi axloblebisTvis gagzavnili fuli msoflio ekonomikis mniSvnelovan Semadgenel nawilad iqca.18 SromiT migrantebs garkveuli wvlili SeaqvT rogorc maspinZeli, ise warmoSobis qveynebis ekonomikis ganviTare-baSi.

fuladi gzavnilebi sagareo Semodinebebis mniSvnelovani wyaroa da garkveul rols asrulebs siRaribis daZlevaSi. amasTan, gzavnilebis mxolod nawili xor-cieldeba sabanko arxebiT. aseTi gzavnilebis mTliani moculoba mudmivad iz-rdeba saqarTveloSi da mxolod globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis periodSi Sem-cirda odnav, Tumca bolo xanebSi kvlav ganagrZo zrda. oficialuri statistikiT qarTvel migrantTa saerTo jamuri kapitali Seadgens daaxloebiT 90 miliard dolars,19 rac mizanmimarTuli xarjvis SemTxvevaSi, qveynisaTvis mniSvnelovani finansuri sargeblis momtani iqneboda. saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monaceme-biT, fuladi gzavnilebi weliwadSi miliard dolarze mets Seadgens, am Tanxis daaxloebiT 50%-s qveyanaSi SromiTi migrantebi agzavnian.

gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom migrantTa mniSvnelovanma nawilma, romelTac ucxoeTSi muSaobis periodSi daagroves garkveuli Tanxebi, saqarTveloSi dab-runebis Semdeg wamoiwyes sakuTari saqme, magram imis gamo, rom maT ar gaaCndaT sakmarisi codna da unar-Cvevebi, ver moaxerxes bazarze damkvidreba, maTi bizne-sis winsvlas arajansaRma konkurenciam da monopolisturi jgufebis arsebobam SeuSala xeli.

mZime socialur-ekonomikuri situacia, siRaribisa da dasaqmebis proble-mebi, saxelmwifos mxridan SromiT migrantTa reintegraciisaTvis arajerovani zrunva aZlierebs saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa motivacias, kvlav gaudgnen ucxoeTSi mimaval gzas, amasTan, Zalze dabalia maTi saqarTveloSi dabrunebis potenciali. eqspertTa gaangariSebiT, saqarTvelodan samudamod yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 25 aTasi adamiani midis, romelTac samSobloSi Tavisi socialuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis imedi sabolood aqvT dakarguli.20

xelisuflebam unda izrunos, rom im adamianebs, romelTac ucxoeTSi miRe-buli ganaTlebisa da gamocdilebis Semdeg samSobloSi dabruneba da saqmianobis gagrZeleba surT, xeli Seuwyos dasaqmebasa da samSobloSi dafuZnebaSi. gansa-kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is, rom yuradReba gadatanili iyos samSobloSi dab-

18 Human Development Report, 2013.19 saerTaSoriso fuladi gzavnilebis roli saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi, saqarTvelos erovnuli

banki, http://nbg.gov.ge; ekonomikuri politikis kvlevis centri, 2011, gv. 8,9; axali gzebisa da saSualebebis gamocda regionebis Raribi mosaxleobis mier fuladi gzavnilebis efeqturad gamoyenebis xelSewyobis mizniT, migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia, 2009. saqarTvelom Sesa-Zloa miliardiani Semosavali dakargos www.netgazeti.ge/17 dek, 2013.

20 vizis fasilitacia da readmisia: uvizo mimosvlis perspeqtivebi, evropuli iniciativa, liber-aluri akademia, Tbilisi, 2012.

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runebuli maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis gamoyenebaze, miT umetes, rom axlo momav-alSi saqarTvelo SesaZloa dadges iseTi gamowvevis winaSe, rogoricaa inteleqtis intensiuri Semodineba, samSoblodan ganaTlebis surviliT migrirebuli axalgaz-rdebi TandaTanobiT brundebian saqarTveloSi.

kanonieri migraciis xelSewyobisaTvis saxelmwifo politikis prioritetad unda iqces umTavresi daniSnulebis qveynebTan cirkularuli da sezonuri mi-graciis ganviTarebis sqemebis SemuSaveba, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs saqar-Tvelos moqalaqeebis ukanono dasaqmebisa da xangrZlivi cxovrebis problemis mogvarebas, amasTan aucilebelia legaluri mobilobis sqemebs Tan daerTos ormxrivi SeTanxmeba daniSnulebis qveynebTan SromiT migrantTa socialuri uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb, saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebidan gamomdinare, rac daaregulirebs ucxoeTSi dasaqmebuli moqalaqeebis statuss da saSualebas miscems migrantTa legalur gadaadgilebas, maT ukan dabrunebas da Semdgom re-integracias.

migrantebis profesiuli gadamzadebis programebis SemuSaveba sasurvelia rogorc saxelmwifo, ise adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis doneze. amas xeli Seuw-yo ukanasknel wlebSi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebma, romlis mixedviT, TviTmmarT-velobis uflebamosilebad ganisazRvra dasaqmebis xelSewyobis municipaluri programebis damtkiceba. es daexmareba unarebis ganviTarebas da uzrunvelyofs dabrunebul migrantTa miznobrivi satreningo programebis momzadebas. amasTan, gamoyenebuli unda iqnes maT mier migraciis periodSi SeZenili profesiuli unar-Cvevebi da codna, dabrunebul migrantTa ekonomikuri reintegraciis xelSewyobi-saTvis sworad unda SeirCes saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo programebi.

am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovani Sedegia mTavrobis mier 2013 wlis agvis-toSi saqarTvelos Sromis bazris formirebis saxelmwifo strategiisa da samo-qmedo gegmis miReba, romelic miznad isaxavs sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmnas Sromi-Ti migraciis marTvisa da am sferoSi saxelmwifoTaSorisi TanamSromlobisaTvis. amasTan, aucilebelia ekonomikuri politikis SemuSaveba da gatareba, romelic xels Seuwyobs qveyanaSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebas da sainvesticio klimatis gaumjobesebas.21

migraciis sferoSi saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris TanamSromlobis axali etapi

ukanasknel periodSi evrokavSirma gansakuTrebulad gaaZliera yuradReba migraciisa da ganviTarebis urTierTkavSirze. evrokavSiris struqturebma ga-mosces da daamtkices rigi saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi da oficialuri ganacxade-bebi, romlebSic asaxulia evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis valdebulebebi, SeimuSavon erTiani midgoma migraciisa da ganviTarebis sferoSi mesame qveynebTan da saer-TaSoriso da regionul struqturebTan TanamSromlobiT.22

evrokavSiris poziciaSi, aralegalur migraciasTan brZolis aucileblobis da migrantTa, rogorc ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi faqtoris potencialis da inte-graciaze fokusirebuli efeqturi politikis gatarebis mniSvnelobasTan erTad,

21 saqarTvelos Sromis bazris formirebis saxelmwifo strategiisa da saqarTvelos Sromis baz-ris formirebis saxelmwifo strategiis realizaciis 2013-2014 wlebis samoqmedo gegmis damt-kicebis Sesaxeb mTavrobis dadgenileba #199, 2013 wlis 2 agvisto.

22 `aRmosavleT partnioroba~ da saqarTvelos social-ekonomikuri politika, kavkasiis ekonomi-kuri da socialuri kvleviTi instituti, 2011, www.ec.europa.eu/word/enp,wwwecse

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aRniSnulia migraciis ganzomilebis ufro metad gamokveTis saWiroeba partniori qveynebis siRaribis Semcirebisa da ganviTarebis erovnul strategiebSi.

rogorc evrokavSiri moiTxovs, mniSvnelovania instituciuri da sakanon-mdeblo xarvezebis droulad aRmofxvra, raTa samomavlod qveyana moemzados mi-grantTa nakadebis SemodinebisaTvis. ukve aqtualuri gaxda imigraciis regulaci-is saWiroeba. saqarTvelos wina xelisuflebis mier ukanasknel wlebSi saimigra-cio politikis liberializaciam da rig qveynebTan uvizo reJimis SemoRebam xeli Seuwyo dasaqmebis mizniT ucxoelTa intensiur Semosvlas saqarTveloSi.

evrokavSiri SeSfoTebulia saqarTveloSi ucxoelebis dasaqmebis regulire-bis ar arsebobis gamo, qveyanaSi SromiTi migraciis praqtikulad umarTavi pro-cesebiT adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dasaqmebis problemis simwvavis fonze.23

saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar aregulirebs ucxoelebis sakiTxs, romlebic Cvens qveyanaSi muSaoben, anu kanoni ar aregulirebs biznessaqmianobas, romelsac ucxoelebi ewevian, saqme isaa, rom CvenTan ZiriTadad ekonomikurad CamorCenili qveynebidan (afrika, azia) Camodian, ramac SeiZleba didi ziani miayenos mcire-ricxovan da mciremiwian qveyanas. saqarTvelos 121 qveyanasTan aqvs uvizo mimos-vla, aqedan 114-Tan _ calmxrivad, rac am qveynis moqalaqeebs saSualebas aZlevs 160 dRis ganmavlobaSi imyofebodnen saqarTveloSi. Sss-is statistikiT vizitore-bis raodenoba ganuxrelad izrdeba. 2013 wlis eqvs TveSi saqarTveloSi 1 mln. 698 aTasi vizitori Semovida.24

saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdebloba, romelic migraciis sakiTxebs are-gulirebs, moicavs sxvadasxva kanons, dadgenilebasa da brZanebulebas, rom-lebic iTvaliswinebs sakuTar moqalaqeTa, ucxoeTis moqalaqeTa da moqalaqeo-bis armqone pirTa uflebebs da aregulirebs qveyanaSi SemosvlasTan, droebiT darCenasTan, dabrunebasa da aralegalur migraciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. qveynis migraciuli kanonmdebloba eyrdnoba sxva mimarTulebis kanonmdeblobaSi, magaliTad, administraciul an sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebSi Semavali sakanonm-deblo aqtebiT gaTvaliswinebul normebsac, raTa migraciis sferoSi uzrunvel-yos samarTaldarRvevaTa da sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulTa Tavidan acileba da ganaxorcielos samarTlebrivi devna.

migraciis amJamindeli kanonmdeblobiT, yvela ucxoels, romelsac saqar-TveloSi SesvlisaTvis viza ar moeTxoveba, ufleba aqvs saqarTveloSi vizis ga-reSe darCes sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi.

is ucxoelebi, romlebsac saqarTveloSi SemosvlisTvis viza moeTxovebaT, valdebuli arian binadrobis nebarTvaze vizis vadis amowurvamde gaakeTon ganacxa-di. samwuxarod, moqmedi kanonmdeblobis aRniSnuli moTxovnebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ugulebelyofilia. miuxedavad amisa, ar yofila arc erTi SemTxveva, rom qveya-naSi aralegalad myofi ucxoeli gaeZevebinoT. amJamad parlamentSi ganxilvis procesSia kanonproeqti „ucxelTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb“, romlis Tanaxmad, ucxoelebisaTvis qveyanaSi Semosvlisa da yofnis wesebi mkacrdeba. cvlilebebis mixedviT, axleburad regulirdeba mi-

23 COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT, Accompanying the Communication from the Commission to the Coun-cil and the European Parliament Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy in 2007’, Progress Report Georgia, Brussels, 3 April 2008, SEC(2008) 393, p. 8

24 Sss-is sainformacio-analitikuri departamenti, saqarTvelos sazRvarze gadaadgilebul viz-itorTa statistikuri monacemebi, GHN, http://ghn.ge/news-101195.html, radioqalaqi, www.radioka-laki.ge/index.php?

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graciis sfero da icvleba saqarTvelos mier gacemuli vizebis kategoriebi da dgindeba saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi, romlebic uflebamosili iqnebian vizebis gacemaze, Semodis qveynidan gaZevebis meqanizmi, romlis uflebamosileba gadaeca Sinagan saqmeTa saministros.

saqarTveloSi imigrantTa nakadebis intensiurobis fonze izrdeba de-portirebul qarTvel migrantTa ricxvi. kerZod, 2011 w. ucxoeTidan saqarTvelos 3705 moqalaqe iyo gamoZevebuli, 2012 w. _ 4917 moqalaqe, xolo 2013 wlis pirvel naxevarSi _ 2935. gansakuTrebiT TurqeTidan deportirebulTa ricxvi ramden-imejer gaizarda, marto 2013 wels TurqeTidan 1760 moqalaqea gamoZevebuli.25,26 savaraudod, qarTvelebis gamoZeveba, maT adgilsamyofel qveynebSi ekonomikuri viTarebis gamo, isev gagrZeldeba.

migraciis sferoSi evrokavSirTan TanamSromlobis Semdgomi ganviTarebis da SromiT migraciasaTan dakavSirebuli procesebis marTvis, SromiT migrant-Ta uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis gaumjobesebis mizniT saqarTvelos mTavrobam SeimuSava da samoqmedod miiRo migraciis strategia, romelic aris saxelmwifo politikis Camoyalibebis winapiroba migraciis sferoSi. migraciis strategia da evrokavSirTan am mimarTebiT mWidro TanamSromloba xels Seuwyobs aralegaluri migraciis Semcirebas, migrantTa uflebebis dacvas saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad. am etapze ganskuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba saqarTve-los migraciis strategiiTa da Sromis bazris formirebis saxelmwifo strategiiT dasaxuli amocanebis praqtikul ganxorcielebas.

kvlevaSi monawile eqspertTa azriT, SromiTi migraciis strategiis mxar-dasaWerad unda Seiqmnas saTanado samarTlebrivi safuZveli. amasTan, jerovani yuradReba unda daeTmos aralegaluri SromiTi migraciis ZiriTadi mizezeb-is, masobrivi siRaribisa da umuSevrobis daZlevisaTvis ekonomikuri ganviTare-bis strategiis SemuSavebis socialurad orientirebuli ekonomikuri politikis ganxorcielebas, rogorc mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebisa da qveynis ekonomikuri da politikuri modernizaciis upirveles safuZvels. gaZlierebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebas ara marto adgi-lobrivi, aramed saerTaSoriso Sromis bazrebis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. siste-maturad unda xdebodes potenciuri partniori saxelmwifoebis Sromis bazarze arsebuli situaciisa da moTxovnebis Sesaxeb informaciis mopoveba da analizi, rac Seqmnis winapirobebs evrokavSirTan da sxva qveynebTan TanamSromlobisaT-vis (ormxrivi xelSekrulebebi), samuSao Zalis legalurad gacvlisa da droebi-Ti SromiTi migraciis sferoSi. saxelmwifom unda izrunos migraciis marTvis farTomasStabiani da efeqturi sistemis SeqmnisaTvis, sadac gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba qarTuli realoba da uzrunvelyofili iqneba Sesabamisoba evrokavSiris standartebTan, rac moiTxovs garkveul dros, did Zalisxmevasa da Sesabamis resursebs.

SromiTi migraciis problemebis gadawyveta gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania im fonze, rodesac saqarTvelos evropeizaciis procesma Seuqcevadi xasiaTi miiRo.

2013 wlis 28 noembers vilniusSi evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris aso-

25 Sss-is sainformacio-analitikuri departamenti, ucxoeTidan saqarTvelos 2935 moqalaqe ga-moaZeves, http://pirveliradio.ge/ migrantTa marSutebi-radio1.ge

26 saqarTvelos migraciis strategia 2013-2015 ww. _ saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba N 59, marti, 2013.

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cirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis teqnikuri parafirebis procesi dasrulda. 2014 wels misi xelmowera saqarTvelos gauxsnis perspeqtivebs evropasTan kidev ufro daax-loebisaTvis. amrigad, saqarTvelos urTierTobebi evrokavSirTan moeqceva axal iuridiul CarCoebSi da gadava evrokavSirTan politikuri asocirebisa da etapo-brivi integraciis etapze, rac saboloo jamSi aisaxeba qveynis socialur-ekono-mikur winsvlaze da, Sedegad, xels Seuwyobs sazRvargareT momuSave profe-sionali da maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis samSobloSi nebayoflobiT dabrunebasa da dasaqmebas.

daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi

kvlevis Sedegebma cxadyo, rom qveyanaSi seriozuli xarvezebia saxelmwifos mxridan migraciis marTvis, aralegaluri migraciis Semcirebis, prevenciisa da reintegraciis TvalsazrisiT. agreTve mniSvnelovani naklovanebebia legaluri da aralegaluri migraciis monitoringis ganxorcielebis saqmeSi. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom jer kidev mecnieruli siRrmiT ar aris Seswavlili SromiTi migraci-is kanonzomierebebi da Taviseburebebi, romlebic iqmneba gamgzavni da mimRebi qveynebis bazrebze.

aralegaluri migraciis prevenciisa da SemcirebisaTvis, romelic saxifaTo masStabebs iRebs da amZimebs saqarTvelos rTul demografiul mdgomareobas, aucilebelia xelisuflebam mosaxleobis samewarmeo aqtivobis gazrdis mizniT zrunva gaaZlieros.

amasTan, ukanasknel periodSi evrokavSiris moTxovnebis Sesrulebis mizniT saqarTvelos axali xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad poz-itiuri tendenciebi dafiqsirda migraciuli procesebis regulirebisa da mar-Tvis gaumjobesebaSi, razec metyvelebs instituciuri da sakanonmdeblo CarCos srulyofisa da saerTaSoriso instrumentebis gamoyenebisaTvis ganxorcielebuli aqtivobebi. kvlevis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, migraciis sferoSi gadadgmuli pozi-tiuri nabijebis mdgradobisa da dawyebuli procesebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofad mizanSewonilad migvaCnia rigi RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba:

• Seiqmnas saxelmwifo struqtura, romelsac daekisreba pasuxismgebloba mi-graciis marTvisa da kontrolis ganxorcielebaze, agreTve Sesabamisi saminis-troebisa da uwyebebis saqmianobebis efeqtur koordinaciasa da TanamSrom-lobaze;

• migraciis procesebis marTvis gaumjobesebis, srulyofili politikis SemuSave-bisa da ganxorcielebisaTvis, evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris „partnioro-ba mobilurobisaTvis“ dadebuli SeTanxmebidan gamomdinare, kanonmdeblobaTa harmonizaciis mizniT SemuSavebul da miRebul iqnes kanoni „migraciis Sesaxeb“;

• SromiTi migraciis tendenciebis Seswavlisa da legaluri da aralegaluri mi-graciis monitoringisTvis Seiqmnas migraciis monacemTa erTiani baza;

• periodulad Catardes adgilobrivi Sromis bazris siRrmiseuli struqturuli kvleva da SemuSavdes rekomendaciebi misi funqcionirebis gaumjobesebisaTvis, gaanalizdes urTierTkavSiri adgilobriv SromiT bazarsa da migraciul na-kadebs Soris;

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• dasaqmebis politikis gaumjobesebis mizniT Seiqmnas Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi baza, SemuSavebul da miRebul iqnes kanoni „dasaqmebis Sesaxeb“;

• samSobloSi dabrunebul migrantTa reintegraciis xelSewyobis mizniT Se-muSavdes kompleqsuri satreningo programebi samewarmeo saqmianobis wamow-yebisa da TviTdasaqmebisaTvis (treningebi da mcire grantebi);

• aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnes genderuli balansi migraciis regulire-bisa da marTvis saxelmwifo politikasa da programebSi;

• uzrunvelyofil iqnes fuladi gzavnilebis, momgebiani investiciebis da ganvi-Tarebisken mimarTvis xelSewyoba;

• uzrunvelyofil iqnes mcire biznesis ganviTarebis saxelmwifoebrivi mxardaWe-ra, damwyebi mewarmeebisaTvis dawesdes sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi;

• SemuSavdes demografiuli ganviTarebis, urbanizaciisa da gansaxlebis koncef-ciebi;

• gaTvaliswinebul iqnes genderuli balansi migraciis regulirebasa da marTvis saxelmwifo strategiasa da politikaSi;

• gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmos sainformacio kampaniis Catarebas adilo-brivi mosaxleobisa da SromiT migrantTa informirebulobis gazrdas evropaSi legaluri migraciis, saqarTveloSi dabrunebis meqanizmebisa da reintegraciis SesaZleblobebis, aralegaluri migraciis riskebisa da safrTxeebis Sesaxeb.

ukhashviliashvilieva saqarTveloSi migraciis tendenci

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sasoflo - sameurneo politika saqarTveloSi da evropuli integracia1

oleg SatberaSvili

1. Sesavali

soflis meurneoba da soflis ganviTareba evrointegraciuli aRmosavleT partniorobis programis konteqstSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxad iqca 2012 wels, mas Semdeg, rac amoqmedda evrokavSiris daxmarebis programa _ ENPARD-Georgia2. amas win uZRoda saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier soflis meurneobis gan-viTarebis strategiis miReba3, rac evrokavSirma daxmarebis gawevis winapirobad wamoayena. manamde, evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb Rrma da yovlis-momcveli xelSekrulebis (DCFTA) xelmowerisaTvis mzadebis procesSi, mxolod soflis meurneobis calkeuli sakiTxebi ganixileboda, dakavSirebuli sursaTis uvneblobasa da qveynis sazRvrebze sanitarul da fitosanitarul kontrolTan. mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, rom aRmosavleT partnioroba qveynebis mTavrobebs saSu-alebas aZlevs evrointegraciuli ritorikis miRma dauSvan evropuli standarteb-isgan arsebiTi gadaxrebi (SatberaSvili4, kostaniani).5 ase moxda saqarTvelos sof-lis meurneobaSi, romlis produqciis warmoeba 2007-2012 wlebSi evropuli da msoflio zrdis tendenciebis sawinaaRmdegod ganuwyvetliv mcirdeboda. soflis meurneoba mzardia yofil sabWoTa qveynebSic, Tumca jer versad miaRwia 1990 wlis warmoebis dones.

saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis vardnis etapi 2013 wels dasrulda. xelisuflebaSi movida axali politikuri Zala, romlis umTavresi pri-oriteti soflis meurneoba da soflis ganviTarebaa. evrokavSiris mxridan amo-qmedda ENPARD programa da agreTve, soflis meurneoba da soflis ganviTareba aRiarebul iqna umniSvnelovanes mravalmxriv iniciativad mTlianad aRmosavleT partniorobis programis farglebSi.

winamdebare gamokvleva ZiriTadad exeba soflis meurneobisa da soflis ganviTarebis im sakiTxebs, romlebic evrointegraciis procesTanaa dakavSirebu-li. es sakiTxebi evrokavSiris Semdegi strategiebidan gamomdinareobs: soflis meurneobis strategia6, soflis ganviTarebis strategia7, regionuli ganviTarebis strategia8 da inovaciuri ganviTarebis strategia9. amrigad, angariSSi xazgasmulia

1 statia dawerilia 2013 wlis dekember-2014 wlis ianvarSi2 ENPARD-Georgia (evropis samezoblo programa soflis meurneobisa da soflis ganviTarebisTvis)

www.enpard.ge3 https://matsne.gov.ge/index.php?option=com_ldmssearch&view=docView&id=2280820&lang=ge. saqarTvelos

soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis strategiis aRniSnuli versia aRaraa aqtualuri.4 o. SatberaSvili. evrokavSiris sainovacio politika da aRmosavleTis partniorobis programa

Tavi 6. ramdenad pasuxobs aRmosavleTis partnioroba evropis ganviTarebis dRis wesrigsa da saqarTvelos ganviTarebis amocanebs? wignSi aRmosavleTis partnioroba da socialur-ekonomi-kuri politikis elementebi saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTier-Tobebis kvlevis fondi, Tbilisi, 2012

5 Hrant Kostanyan. The Vilnius Summit on course for success: but the real work on the Eastern Partnership is yet to come. CEPS European Neighbourhood Watch, Issue n. 96, August-September 2013. [www.ceps.eu/system/files/simplenews/2011/05/NWatch96.pdf]

6 The Common Agricultural Policy [http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/cap-overview/2012_en.pdf]7 Rural Development policy 2007-2013 [http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rurdev/index_en.htm]8 Inforegio - EU Regional Policy [ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/index_en.htm]9 State of the Innovation Union 2012 [http://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/index_en.cfm?pg=home&

section=state-of-the-innovation-union&year=2012]

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soflis meurneobis mniSvneloba evrointegraciis procesSi. angariSSi ufro meti adgili eTmoba soflis meurneobas, vidre soflis ganviTarebas; am mimarTulebiT 2013 wels ganxorcielebuli zogierTi programa an araa gaSuqebuli, an Zalian mokledaa mimoxiluli (programebi, romlebic moicavs soflis mxardaWeras, sur-saTis uvneblobas, sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikiT uzrunvelyofas).

angariSis safuZvelia gamoqveynebuli wyaroebis (samecniero statiebis, ofi-cialuri dokumentebis, oficialuri vebgverdebis da sxva) analizi, agreTve, sof-lis meurneobaSi CarTul steikholderebTan gasaubrebebi (interviuebi) da maTi mosazrebebi, gavrcelebuli masmediaSi.

2. problemasTan midgoma evrokavSirsa da saqarTveloSi

evrokomisia, sazogadoebrivi produqtis gadanawilebis gziT, sakuTari biu-jetis 43%-s (2013 w.) soflis meurneobis mxardaWeras axmars, soflis ganviTarebas ki _ regionuli ganviTarebis fondebis10 did nawils. evrokomisiis saxsrebis naxe-varze meti soflis meurneobasa da soflis ganviTarebas emsaxureba.

2013 wlidan evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos midgomebi soflis meurneobis sferoSi arsebiTad dauaxlovda erTmaneTs: sajaro saxsrebi gegmurad miimarTeba soflis meurneobis daxmarebasa da ganviTarebaze, Tumca gansxvavebuli propor-ciebiTa da meqanizmebiT. evrointegraciis TvalsazrisiT es Zalian mniSvnelova-nia.

evrokavSiris sasoflo-sameurneo politika Semdeg miznebs isaxavs:

1. sursaTis stabiluri mowodeba misaReb fasad;

2. fermerebisTvis Rirseuli cxovrebis standartis uzrunvelyofa;

3. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis nayofierebis gazrda teqnikuri progresis gziT;

4. warmoebis racionaluri sistemis ganviTareba, romelic resursebs efeqtianad gamoiyenebs.

es fundamenturi amocanebi esadageba rogorc saqarTvelos, ise mraval postsabWoTa qveyanas, kerZod ki, aRmosavleT partniorobis qveynebs, romelTa SemTxvevaSi unda davumatoT ori specifikuri mizani, rac am qveynebSi miRweuli araa: a) sursaTiT TviTuzrunvelyofa da b) siRaribis daZleva.

sursaTze moTxovnilebis prognozis Tanaxmad, Tu uaxloes aTwleulebSi misi warmoeba ar gaormagdeba, msoflio mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba. kargi sasoflo-sameurneo potencialis mqone qveynebs, rogoricaa aRmosavleT part-niorobis qveynebi, sursaTis warmoebaze Tavisi wili pasuxismgebloba ekisreba. amgvari pasuxismgebloba aqvs saqarTvelosac.

3. evrokavSiris sasoflo-sameurneo politikis sagareo ganzomileba, ENPARD-Georgia

Tanamedrove msoflioSi, sadac mosaxleoba 2050 wlisTvis 9 miliards miaR-wevs, xolo ekonomika sul ufro integrirebuli xdeba, umniSvnelovanesi amoca-naa globaluri mdgradoba. evrokavSiri, rogorc sasoflo-sameurneo da kvebis produqtebis umsxvilesi mwarmoebeli, 1 trilion evroze meti wliuri moculo-biT da amave dros udidesi sasoflo-sameurneo kvleviTi potencialis mflobeli, Tavs movaled miiCnevs izrunos soflis meurneobis mdgradobaze globalurad. mas SeuZlia wvlili Seitanos moqmedi faqtorebis urTierTkavSirisa da zegavlenis

10 http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/thefunds/index_en.cfm

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Seswavlasa da maTTan adaptaciis gzebis gamonaxvaSi. aman ganapiroba evrokavS-iris soflis meurneobis programebis Zlieri saerTaSoriso Semadgeneli, rogorc sasoflo-sameurneo kvlevis, ise misi praqtikuli gamoyenebis sferoSi. soflis meurneoba erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mimarTulebaa aRmosavleT partniorobis pro-gramis farglebSic. 2013 wels soflis meurneobis sakiTxTa farTo speqtris gan-saxilvelad Camoyalibda eqspertTa paneli soflisa da soflis meurneobis sakiT-xebze. samezoblos qveynebisTvis soflis meurneobis sferoSi moqmedebs ENPARD meqanizmi.

saqarTvelo pirvelia aRmosavleT partniorobis qveynebs Soris, sadac EN-PARD-ma moqmedeba daiwyo. igivesTvis emzadebian moldaveTi da somxeTi. meqanizmis amoqmedeba SesaZlebeli gaxda `meti metisTvis“ principis Sesabamisad, mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos mTavrobam soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis erovnuli strate-gia miiRo.

ENPARD-Georgia pasuxobs erovnul strategiaSi dasaxul amocanebs, kerZod, muSaobs Semdeg sakiTxebze:

1. mcire fermerTa kooperaciis gaZliereba, rac gulisxmobs Sesabamisi, evropul standartze damyarebuli kanonmdeblobis miRebas; kooperativebisTvis bari-erebis moxsnasa da kooperativSi gawevrianebis waxalisebas; teqnikuri da fi-nansuri daxmarebis gziT 100-mde kooperativis Seqmnas (mcxeTa-mTianeTSi, Sida qarTlSi, raWa-leCxumSi, imereTSi, samegreloSi, guriasa da aWaraSi).

2. fermerebisa da fermeruli organizaciebis SesaZleblobebis gazrda, rac gulisxmobs aranakleb 6 axali saxelmwifo serviscentris Seqmnas Semdegi fun-qciebiT: fermerebisTvis axali teqnologiebisa da meTodebis Sesaxeb infor-maciis gacema; fermis marTvis, marketingisa da Tanamedrove meurneobis gaZ-Rolis sakiTxebis swavleba; niadagis analizi; konsultaciis gaweva uSualod fermaSi; sademonstracio fermebis mowyoba da sxva.

3. adgilwarmoSobis niSnebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba, rac saSualebas aZlevs mcire fermerebs Seqmnan damatebiTi Rirebuleba da isargeblon qarTuli adgilwar-moSobis niSnebis evrokavSiris mier aRiarebis Sesaxeb dadebuli xelSekrule-biT da a.S. igulisxmeba am mizniT adgilebze niSnebis gamoyenebis TviTmare-gulirebeli organizaciebis Seqmna da maT mier licenzirebis pirobebisa da wesebis SemuSaveba.

4. soflis meurneobaSi CarTuli institutebis gaZliereba, rac gulisxmobs sof-lis meurneobis saministros teritoriuli warmomadgenlobis gaZlirebas, statistikuri informaciis Segroveba-damuSavebas, saministros personalis 70%-is gadamzadebas da a.S. kvleviTi samuSaoebis mimarTulebiT _ sakonsulta-cio samsaxuris referaluri (moTave) centris dafuZnebas samsaxuris mecnie-rebasTan kavSiris gaZlierebis mizniT. garda amisa, gaTvaliswinebulia sasof-lo-sameurneo aRweris Catareba da sainformacio sistemebis gaZliereba.

5. saerTo sakiTxebze muSaoba, rogoricaa garemos dacva, qalTa da mamakacTa Tan-asworoba, katastrofebis riskis marTva.

programis moculoba 40 mln. evroa, xolo xangrZlivoba _ 7 weliwadi. pro-gramis calkeuli komponentebis SesrulebaSi monawileoben UNDP da FAO.

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4. reformis dawyebis win saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobis mdgomareoba

2013 wlisTvis saqarTvelos soflis meurneobas axasiaTebda iseTi tenden-ciebi, romlebic ar Seesabameboda qveynis evrointegraciul gezs. sasoflo-sameur-neo produqciis kleba wlebis ganmavlobaSi, dabali mosavlianoba heqtrebis mixed-viT, gamouyenebeli sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis didi raodenoba, qveynis sursaTiT TviTuzrunvelyofis ukiduresad dabali maCvenebeli, uyuradRebod mitovebuli mciremiwiani fermebi, soflad siRaribis gamo qveyanaSi siRaribis maCveneblebis gauareseba, ucxoeli fermerebis mier miwebis masobrivad Sesyidva, ganpirobebuli miwis bazris mouwesrigeblobiT, miwaze ufro dabali fasebiT, vidre ganviTarebad qveynebSia. es da sxva faqtorebi qveynis riskebs zrdida. amave dros, yvela Sefase-biTa da warsuli gamocdilebiTac, saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ganviTare-bis kargi SesaZleblobebi aqvs. soflis meurneobis mdgomareobas saqarTveloSi mravali kvleva mieZRvna, romelTagan SedarebiT axals aRvniSnavT11,12. pirvelSi (Applby) mocemulia soflis meurneobis Zlieri da susti mxareebis analizi da amis safuZvelze ganxilulia ganviTarebis perspeqtiva. meoreSi ki, romelic UNDP-m daukveTa, mocemulia bolo wlebis tendenciebi da sxva qveynebTanaa Sedarebuli 2012 wlamde periodSi samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis soflis meurneobis maxasiaTe-blebi13. ricxviTi maCveneblebis gacnobis mizniT mkiTxvels SeuZlia am publika-ciebs mimarTos.

5. cvlilebebi saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaSi

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, 2013 wlidan axalma mTavrobam radikalurad Secva-la damokidebuleba soflis meurneobis mimarT. daigegma da Zalze mokle droSi ganxorcielda soflis meurneobis ganviTarebaze mimarTuli socialur inova-ciebTan dakavSirebuli RonisZiebebi, romlebsac qvemoT ganvixilavT.

5.1. mciremiwian fermerTa sagazafxulo samuSaoebis xelSewyobis proeqti

2012 wlisTvis saqarTveloSi saxnavi miwebis 40%, romlebic umTavresad mciremiwian, xelmokle glexebs ekuTvnoda, ar muSavdeboda. mciremiwian soflis meurneobisaTvis saWiro iyo saxelmwifos mxridan biZgis micema. 2013 wlis ianvarSi miRebul iqna mTavrobis gankarguleba N112 „mciremiwian fermerTa sagazafxulo samuSaoebis xelSewyobis proeqtis Sesaxeb“14.

saqarTvelos mTavrobam soflis meurneobis saministros daavala, xolo ara-samewarmeo (arakomerciul) iuridiul pirebs (aaip) _ soflisa da soflis meurneo-bis ganviTarebis fondsa15 da soflis meurneobis proeqtebis marTvis saagentos

11 Simon Applby. A SWOT Analysis of the Georgian Agribusiness Sector. [www.iset.ge/index.php?article_id=599]12 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS, UNDP. [www.undp.org/content/dam/georgia

/docs/publications/GE_agriculture_2013.pdf]13 am ukanaskneli kvlevis angariSi gamoica 2013 wels, magram kvleva ufro adre Catarda, amitom

masSi 2013 wels mTavrobis mier gatarebuli soflis meurneobis mxardaWeris RonisZiebebi araa asaxuli.

14 www.government.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=E&sec_id=275&info_id=35786 (in Georgian).15 fondi, romlis amocanebia mciremiwiani fermerebis xelSewyobis programis ganxorcieleba, so-

flad infrastruqturis ganviTareba, soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli fizikuri da iuridi-uli pirebisaTvis iafi/SeRavaTiani kreditebis mopovebis xelSewyoba, Tanamedrove sasoflo-sameurneo teqnologiebis danergva, sasoflo-sameurneo seqtorSi kooperativebis saqmianobis xelSewyoba, sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobaSi dazRvevis qmediTi meqanizmebis SemuSaveba da xelSewyoba, sasoflo-sameurneo miwis fondis Seqmna da misi konsolidacia.

government.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=E&sec_id=275&info_id=35786.

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_ sTxova SeegrovebinaT mcire fermerebis Sesaxeb monacemebi, romelTa safuZv-elzec SeimuSavebdnen maTTvis daxmarebis gawevis sqemas. informaciis Segroveba da daxmareba sTxoves adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebs.

SemuSavebuli wesi gulisxmobs mciremiwiani fermerebisTvis sasoflo-sameurneo baraTebis gadacemas maT sargeblobaSi arsebuli miwis farTobis gaT-valiswinebiT:

• 0,25 heqtarze naklebi zomis sasoflo-sameurneo miwis mesakuTreebi, romelTa nakveTebSic teqnikis Sesvla ver xerxdeba, iReben e.w. nominalur sasoflo-sameurneo baraTs, romliTac SesaZlebelia 100 laris Rirebulebis sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis saqonlisa da inventaris SeZena.

• 0,25 ha-dan 1,25 ha farTobis saxnavi miwis mesakuTreebi (es aris beneficiarTa ZiriTadi jgufi) iReben ori saxis sasoflo-sameurneo baraTs: pirveli baraTi _ niadagis mosaxnavad da gasafxviereblad da meore _ 300 laris sasoflo-sameur-neo daniSnulebis saqonlis SesaZenad.

• 0,25 ha-dan 1,25 ha-s CaTvliT mravalwliani nargaobis mesakuTreebi iReben mxo-lod nominalur sasoflo-sameurneo baraTs 510 laris RirebulebiT 1 ha-ze, sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis saqonlisa da inventaris SesaZenad.

• 1,25 ha-dan 5 ha-mde saxnavi miwis farTobis an mxolod mravalwliani nargaobis mqone fermerebi iReben 640 laris Rirebulebis nominalur sasoflo-sameurneo baraTs, sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis saqonlis da inventaris SesaZenad.

es sqema evrokavSirSi moqmedi fermerebisTvis erTiani gadaxdis sqemis16 qarTuli analogia, romelic detalebiT gansxvavebulia, magram SinaarsiT igive, rac gulisxmobs fermerebisTvis saxelmwifos daxmarebis uzrunvelyofas.

soflis meurneobis saministrom Sedegebi ase Seajama17: proeqtis farglebSi daxmareba miiRo miwis 710 000-mde mesakuTrem. proeqtze daixarja 195 mln. lari, moixna 192,568 ha. mciremiwianma fermerebma usasyidlod miiRes 53 mln. laris sasuqi, 24 mln. laris pesticidi, 5 mln. laris saTesle masala, 39 mln. laris sasoflo-sameurneo inventari.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saSualo fermeruli nakveTis sidide saqar-TveloSi daaxloebiT erTi heqtaria, es niSnavs, rom erT ha-ze daixarja daaxloe-biT 275 lari, rac evrokavSirSi erTiani gadaxdis sqemiT gaTvaliswinebuli Tanxe-bis sadaria (an meti). mag., britaneTSi es 570 laris ekvivalentia, saberZneTSi _ 1200-is, magram latviaSi _ mxolod 200-isa.

mTavrobam Zalian mokle droSi didi masStabis proeqti ganaxorciela, ri-Tac aCvena, rom soflis meurneoba realuri prioriteti gaxda. programis xarve-zebi, romelsac damkvirvebelTa umravlesoba aRniSnavs, dakavSirebulia proeq-tis dawyebis momentisTvis miwis aRricxvis mouwesrigeblobasTan (nakveTebis 80% registrirebuli ar iyo) da Sesrulebis SemWidroebul vadebTan, romelsac Sem-sruleblebs sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis cikli uwesebda.

16 THE SINGLE PAYMENT SCHEME AFTER 2013: NEW APPROACH-NEW TARGETS. [http://capreform.eu/wp-content/up-loads/2010/05/EST31208.pdf]

17 http://moa.gov.ge/?p=2982, s/m saministros saiti, 2013 wlis 24 ivnisi. agreTve, „samTavrobo pro-gramis Sesrulebis angariSi“, 2013 wlis oqtomberi,

www.government.gov.ge/files/323_38458_665260_mTvarobisangariSi0110(1).pdf

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5.2. SeRavaTiani agrokreditis proeqti

agrosamrewvelo seqtori finansebis naklebobas ganicdis. am seqtorSi qveya-naSi investiciebis mxolod umniSvnelo nawili xorcieldeboda. pirveladi war-moebis, gadamuSavebisa da Senaxva-realizaciis gaumjobesebis erT-erTi mniSvnelo-vani mimarTulebaa am rgolebis mewarmeTa uzrunvelyofa iafi da xelmisawvdomi kreditiT. es amocana evrokavSirSic erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia, gansakuTrebiT mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT.

soflis meurneobis saministrom SeimuSava „SeRavaTiani agrokreditis pro-eqti“, romelsac afinansebs `soflisa da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis fon-di~ da axorcielebs „soflis meurneobis proeqtebis marTvis saagento~. proeqti daiwyo 2013 wlis martSi. saagentom Camoayaliba proeqtis 5 komponenti:

I komponenti. uprocento sasaqonlo krediti. gulisxmobs 6-Tvian uprocen-to sasaqonlo kredits (ganvadebas), 5000 laramde, mcire fermerebisTvis. dadge-nili maRaziebi uweren fermers Sesasyidi produqciis (saTesle da sargavi masala, pesticidebi, vetpreparatebi da a.S., garda sasuqisa) safasuris angariSs (invoiss), romelsac anazRaurebs aseve winaswar dadgenili safinanso instituti.

II komponenti. SeRavaTiani agrokrediti saSualo da msxvili fermere-bisTvis. gulisxmobs SeRavaTian agrokredits (bankis interesiT, ara ume-tesi 8%-isa weliwadSi)   5000-dan 100 000 laramde, 2 wlamde vadiT. sxvaobas bankis regularul interessa da SeRavaTian interess Soris faravs saagento. imisTvis, rom potenciurma beneficiarma isargeblos SeRavaTiani agrokre-ditiT, igi unda akmayofilebdes bankis mier aseTi tipis sesxebis gacemis-Tvis dawesebul pirobebs (biznesgegmas Seafasebs banki). sesxi SeiZleba gaices: a) sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis sabrunavi saSualebebis dafinansebisa da b) sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis ZiriTadi saSualebebis dafinansebisaTvis. sesxis vada (12-24 Tve) damokidebulia sesxis aRebis mizanze.

IIIkomponenti. SeRavaTiani agrokrediti sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis-Tvis. gulisxmobs kredits msesxeblisTvis bankis interesiT, ara umetes 3%-isa weliwadSi, sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebisTvis, 30 000 aSS dolaridan 600 000 aSS dolaramde, 7 wlamde vadiT. sxvaobas bankis regularul da SeRavaTian in-teress Soris faravs saagento. instrumenti damatebiTi Rirebulebis Semqmneli infrastruqturis ganviTarebisTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli (Semnaxveli, sasawyobo, damfasoebeli, samacivro meurneobebi da gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi, Tanamed-rove fermebi, sasaTbure meurneobebi da sxva). finansdeba rogorc axali sasof-lo-sameurneo sawarmoebis Seqmna, aseve arsebulis teqnologiuri gadaiaraReba. biznesgegmas afasebs banki.

IV komponenti gulisxmobs lizingis ganxorcielebas, wliurad ara umetes 3 %-is gadaxdiT, moculobiT 30 000 aSS dolaridan 600 000 aSS dola-ramde. lizingis maqsimaluri vada _ 84 Tve. am komponentSi monawileoben Sem-degi safinaso institutebi: saqarTvelos salizingo kompania da Tibisi lizingi. V komponenti gulisxmobs SeRavaTian agrokredits 15-Tviani vadiT, bankis interesiT ara umetes 6%-sa larSi, gankuTvnilia Rvinis mwarmoebeli kompaniebi-saTvis yurZnis Sesasyidad.

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„soflis meurneobis proeqtebis marTvis saagento“ axdens bankebis mier dafinansebuli agrosesxebis saprocento ganakveTis 9-12%-ian Tanadafinansebas.

„samTavrobo programis Sesrulebis angariSis“ Tanaxmad (2013 wlis oqtom-beri, www.government.gov.ge/files/323_38458_665260_mTvarobisangariSi0110(1).pdf), 2013 wlis seqtembris mdgomareobiT I komponentSi 2685 beneficiarisTvis gacemulia 1 100 000 laris Rirebulebis saqoneli, II komponentSi, 2247 beneficiarisTvis _ 44 600 000 laris krediti, III komponentSi _ 235 sesxi 29.5 mln. aSS dolaris ode-nobiT. III komponentSi dafinansebulia 51 axali sawarmos Seqmna.

mravali monawilisa da damkvirveblis azriT, sqemis moqmedebaSi Semdegi na-klovanebebi SeimCneoda:

1. proeqtis miReba-uaryofis sakiTxi mTlianad bankebs aqvs mindobili, Tumca riskis (sakredito procentis) dafarvaze sazogadoebrivi saxsrebic ixarjeba. damkvirveblebi miiCneven, rom 14-ve monawile safinanso organizaciaSi, romel-Tagan umravlesobas ar hqonda agraruli proeqtebis dafinansebis gamocdileba, mokle droSi ver Camoyalibda saTanado kompetencia.

2. sqemaSi monawile organizaciebis zusti funqciebi da urTierTpasuxismgebloba detalurad araa aRwerili, rac xels uSlis meti dainteresebuli subieqtis mozidvas.

3. bankebis eqspertizis dominirebis pirobebSi sqema ver iqneba saxelmwifo poli-tikis gatarebis efeqtiani instrumenti, magaliTad, teritoriuli politiki-sa, romelzec soflis meurneobisa da saqarTvelos regionuli ganviTarebisa da infrastruqturis saministroebia pasuxismgebeli. amas adasturebs qvemoT, cxrilSi moyvanili monacemebi18. sasurvelia, rom soflis meurneobis terito-riuli ganviTarebis erovnulma meqanizmebma da ENPARD-Georgia-m SeTanxmebulad imuSaon. SeRavaTiani kreditis SemTxvevaSi isini sruliad damoukideblad mo-qmedeben. aseve ar SeimCneva korelacia mosaxleobis raodenobasa da gacemul kreditebs Soris.

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me-3 komponenti, sesxi sul, mln. lari 17 3.7 14 1.9 ? 1 4 0.7 ? 0.44

mosaxleoba, aTasi 222 191 312 509 86 85 330 258 101 27

ENPARD-Georgia muSaobs - + - + - + + + + +

18 www.geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=241&lang=geo; pi.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1800 4%3A----131---&catid=939%3A2011-11-06-17-42-27&lang=ka

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5.3. infrastruqturis ganviTareba: irigacia19

saqarTveloSi sairigacio sistemebis sareabilitacio samuSaoebi 3 aTeuli welia ar Catarebula ris gamoc mwyobridan iyo gamosuli sarwyavi arxebi. 2012 wlis bolodan daiwyo saqarTvelos regionuli ganviTarebisa da infrastruq-turis saministrosa da soflis meurneobis saministros erToblivi moqmedeba, romelic miznad isaxavda sairigacio sistemebis reabilitacias. regionuli ganvi-Tarebis amocanebSi soflis meurneobis interesebis gaTvaliswineba evrokavSirSi miRebuli sqemaa.

samTavrobo programis Sesrulebis angariSis20 Tanaxmad, „samelioracio sistemebis modernizaciis programiT“ mimdinareobs sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis samelioracio momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofa, risTvisac 2013 wlis oqtombris mdgomareobiT xorcieldeba 19 sarwyavi sistemis reabilitacia 11 560 ha-ze, xolo kolxeTis dablobze 11 damSrobi sistemisa _ 7 570 ha-ze. gaiwminda 1054 km sigrZis magistraluri da gamanawilebeli arxebi. mowesrigda 570 hidroteqnikuri nageboba. ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad wyliT uzrunvelyofilia 70 000 ha savargulebi. sabiujeto dafinansebis paralelurad sareabilitacio samuSaoebs exmareba msoflio banki (WB), soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso fondi (IFAD), amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento (USAID) da sxv.

5.4. kooperaciuli moZraobis ganviTareba

kooperaciuli moZraoba mraval qveyanaSi, sadac mciremiwiani glexoba sof-lis mosaxleobis arsebiT nawils Seadgenda, gaxda sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebisa da sasursaTo problemis gadawyvetis umniSvnelovanesi instrumenti. xSirad koo-perativebi qveyanaSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis 80%-s qmnian. saerTo azriT, saqarTvelosTvisac, sadac saSualod erTi fermeris mflobalobaSi daaxloebiT 1 ha miwaa, xolo Tu mxolod saojaxo fermebs ganvixilavT _ gacilebiT naklebi, kooperativebSi gaerTianeba ganviTarebis realuri gzaa.

kooperativebis ganviTareba gaTvaliswinebulia rogorc soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis samTavrobo strategiaSi, aseve ENPARD-Georgia-Si. amasTan dakavSire-biT sakvanZo mniSvneloba hqonda Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmnas. 2013 wlis agvistoSi amoqmedda kanoni `sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativis Sesaxeb~. dafuZnda ssip sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativebis ganviTarebis saagento, romelic 2013 wlis dekembridan daiwyebs sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativebis registracias. saagentos funqciebia: sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativebis ganviTarebis Tao-baze strategiis SemuSaveba; sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativis statusis miniWe-bis, SeCerebisa da Sewyvetis procedurebis uzrunvelyofa; kooperativebis saqmi-anobasTan dakavSirebuli monacemTa bazis Seqmna; saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan da sxva qveynebis kooperatiul gaerTianebebTan TanamSromloba; kooperativebis ganviTarebis mizniT rekomendaciebisa da proeqtebis SemuSaveba da ganxorcie-leba.

kanonis miRebas win uZRoda misi detaluri ganxilva, romlis Sedegad mra-vali SeniSvna da winadadeba iqna gaTvaliswinebuli. azrTa sxvadasxvaobis gamo ver

19 moa.gov.ge/?p=2193, 5 ianvari 201320 www.government.gov.ge/files/323_38458_665260_mTvarobisangariSi0110(1).pdf

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SeTanxmdnen Sendeg sakiTxze miviRoT kanoni, romelic eyrdnoba im warmatebuli mciremiwiani qveynebis sakanonmdeblo gamocdilebas, sadac sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativebi iqmneboda mTavrobis iniciativiT (zemodan qvemoT), Tu davuSvaT fundamenturi principebis variaciebi, romelic gaCnda zogierT evropul qveyanaSi kooperativebis oraswliani ganviTarebis Sedegad. es ukanaskneli midgoma gamoi-yenes iseTma qveynebma, rogoricaa ruseTi, ukraina, uzbekeTi, bulgareTi, magram iq kooperatiuli moZraoba warmatebuli araa. sabolood, saqarTvelom swored am qveynebis modeli airCia.

unda aRvniSnoT, rom kooperativebis Seqmnis fundamenturi (klasikuri) principebi Semdegia21:

1. momxmarebeli-mflobelis principi _ kooperativis mflobelebi arian isini, vinc arian misi momxmareblebi, anu kooperativis wevrebi (damfuZneblebi) arian is fermerebi, romelnic misi momsaxurebiT sargebloben.

2. momxmarebeli-mmarTvelis principi _ kooperativs akontroleben isini, vinc misi momxmareblebi arian.

3. momxmarebeli-sargeblis mimRebis (beneficiaris) principi _ kooperativis mTavari daniSnulebaa Seqmnas da gaanawilos sargebeli Tavis momxmareblebs (wevrebs) Soris moxmarebis sidideze dafuZnebiT.

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom piri, romelic ar aris sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis mwarmoebeli, ver iqneba kooperativis momxmarebeli da, Sesabamisad, damfuZnebeli. kvlevebis Tanaxmad, evrokavSirSi am principebis variaciebis ar-sebobis miuxedavad, kooperativebis 90% klasikur principebzea dafuZnebuli.22 saqarTveloSi miRebuli kanonis Tanaxmad, kooperativis wevri (damfuZnebeli) Sei-Zleba iyos nebismieri piri, igi SeiZleba cxovrobdes qalaqSi da hqondes pai (wili) kooperativSi. qarTuli kanoni kooperativs aaxloebs sxva samewarmeo formebTan, magaliTad, Sps-sTan. qalaqSi mcxovrebma pirebma SeiZleba daafuZnon sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativi, isargeblon kooperativisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli SeRa-vaTebiT da sxva, magram es ar iqneba agraruli kooperativi klasikuri formiT _ mas ar eqneba mciremiwiani fermerebis socialuri dacvis funqcia. meore Tavisebu-reba qarTul kanonSi isaa, rom kooperativi jer registrirdeba sajaro reestr-Si, rogorc Cveulebrivi kooperativi „kooperativebis Sesaxeb kanonis“23 mixed-viT, xolo amis Semdeg sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativis statusis misaniWeblad mimarTavs ssip sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativebis ganviTarebis saagentos. rigi mkvlevarTa azriT, erTetapiani registracia ajobebda, radganac, SesaZloa, pir-vel etapze daxarjuli Sroma meore etapze fuWi aRmoCndes. mkvlevrebi miiCneven agreTve, rom kanonSi sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativebisTvis sakmarisi SeRavaTe-bi araa gaTvaliswinebuli.

dro gvaCvenebs ramdenad warmatebulad ganviTardeba es mniSvnelovani so-cialuri inovacia saqarTveloSi. mniSvnelovania, rom procesi dawyebulia.

21 Dunn, John R. 1988. Basic cooperative principles and their relationship to selected practices. Journal of Agricultural Cooperation 3.83-93

22 Jos Bijman at al. Support for Farmers’ Cooperatives. Final Report. European Commission. November, 2012. (ec.europa.eu/agriculture/external-studies/2012/support-farmers-coop/fulltext_en.pdf)23 www.ilo.org/images/empent/static/coop/policy/pdf/georgi.pdf

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5.5 soflis meurneobis seqtoris marTva

marTva strategiebis (politikis dokumentebis) safuZvelze

evrokavSiris praqtikaa mniSvnelovani socialur-ekonomikuri RonisZiebebis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba grZelvadiani strategiebisa da Sesabamisi samoqmedo gegmebis safuZvelze.

2012 wlis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis grZelvadiani strategiis SemuSavebis pirvel mcdelobas hqonda adgili. amisTvis Zlieri sti-muli iyo strategiis SemuSavebis evrokavSiris moTxovna, rogorc ENPARD-Georgia-s amuSavebis winapiroba. 2012 wlis gazafxulze mTavrobam daamtkica „2012-2020 wlebis saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis strategia~. misi kritikuli analizi moyvanilia „elkanas“ mier 2013 wels gamoqveynebul krebulSi24, sadac aseTi mniSvnelovani SeniSvnacaa gakeTebuli: „strategiis... aRsruleba aRar gan-xorcielebula, vinaidan samoqmedo gegmis miRebamde mTavroba Seicvala“, da Sem-deg: „…saxelmwifos mier 2013 wels gatarebuli politika arc erT am oficialur dokuments ar mihyveba da realurad soflis meurneobis saministros politika bevrad ufro moqnili da dinamikuria, vidre es arsebuli dokumentebidan Cans“.

viTareba, rac saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo marTvas axasiaTebs, ewinaaRmdegeba evropul praqtikas. evrokavSirSi SeuZlebelia mTavrobis cvlilebis gamo grZel-vadiani strategiebi an ar ganxorcieldes, an maTi ganxorcieleba „ufro moqnilad da dinamikurad“ warimarTos. strategia SeiZleba icvlebodes saWiroebis mixedviT (rogorc wesi, zustdebodes ramdenime wlis periodulobiT), risTvisac arsebobs Sesabamisi procedurebi (kanonebis cvlilebis procedurebis analogiurad).

zemoxsenebuli strategiis mravali xarvezis gamo saqarTvelos mTavrobam, paralelurad, 2013 wlis 21 Tebervlis N37 dadgenilebiT miiRo saqarTvelos sof-lis meurneobis saministros „saSualovadiani samoqmedo gegma (2014-2017)“.25 ro-gorc „elkanas“ zemoxsenebul gamokvlevaSia aRniSnuli, „es dokumenti ar atarebs klasikuri samoqmedo gegmis saxes (konkretulad gansazRvruli aqtivobebiT, maTi ganxorcielebis vadebiTa da Sesabamisi biujetiT) da ufro strategiul mima-rTulebebs gansazRvravs“. am dokuments Cven qvemoT, sainovacio sistemis ganvi-TarebasTan dakavSirebiT ganvixilavT.

saministros standartuli funqciebi

evrokavSirSi miRebuli yvela standartisa da sabiujeto klasifikaciis Se-sabamisad, saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis saministro (rogorc nebismieri sxva saministro) pasuxismgebelia dargSi sainovacio da kvleviTi politikis SemuSave-basa da ganxorcielebaze. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis saministros debule-baSi26 es sakiTxebi asaxuli araa.

24 elene SatberaSvili. soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis tendenciebi 2013 wels guriisa da samcxe-javaxeTis regionebis magaliTze, krebulSi „saqarTvelos regionuli da sasoflo-sameurneo ganviTarebis politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi 2013 wels, guriisa da samcxe-javaxeTis re-gionebis magaliTze“. elkana, Tbilisi, 2013

25 saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba # 37 2013 wlis 21 Tebervali q. Tbilisi. danarTi # 3.26 2012 wlis 28 dekembris saqarTvelos mTavrobis # 485 dadgenileba

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dargis steikholderebisTvis informaciis xelmisawvdomoba da procedurebis gamW-virvaloba

2013 wels saministrom mokle droSi didi moculobis samuSao Seasrula (ix. zemoT, 5.1-5.4). xarvezebi am pirobebSi garduvalia, magram SemuSavebuli sqemebis mdgradobis uzrunvelsayofad da efeqtianobis gasazrdelad samomavlod auci-lebelia maTi gamosworeba. kerZod, damkvirveblebi da procesis monawileebi Sem-deg sakiTxebs asaxeleben:

1. SeRavaTiani kreditis sqemaSi proeqtebis gadarCevis procesSi zedmetad maRa-lia bankebis roli (ix. zemoT, 5.2.).

2. momxmareblisTvis advilad xelmisawvdomi unda iyos im organizaciebis debule-bebi, urTierTpasuxismgebloba, detaluri instruqciebi, romlebic uzrunve-lyofen SeRavaTian kredits. ver iZebneba sqemis umniSvnelovanesi moTamaSeebis vebgverdebi.

3. daxmarebis sqemebis analizisTvis da samomavlo mdgradobis SefasebisTvis sak-marisi informacia araa gamoqveynebuli. magaliTad, 2013 wlis damtkicebuli saxelmwifo biujetis Tanaxmad, soflis meurneobis saministros gamoyofili hqonda 219 mln lari. mxolod „mciremiwian fermerTa sagazafxulo samuSaoe-bis xelSewyobis proeqtis“ farglebSi daixarja 195 milioni lari. dafinansda, agreTve, sxva ZviradRirebuli programebi (ix. zemoT). ra wyaroebi iyo kidev gamoyenebuli? ramdenad misawvdomi iqneba es wyaroebi momavalSi? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema Znelia.

4. 2014 wlis biujetSi soflis meurneobisaTvis 255 mln. laria gaTvaliswinebuli (garda amisa, 27 mln. lari _ sursaTis uvneblobis programisTvis da 9 mln lari _ mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis ganviTarebisTvis), anu sagrZnoblad meti, vidre 2013 wels. magram pasuxi kiTxvaze, iarsebebs Tu ara 2014 wels, „mciremiwian fer-merTa sagazafxulo samuSaoebis xelSewyobis proeqti“ an misi analogi? _ 2014 wlis biujetis proeqtidan ar Cans (maT Soris danarTidan „biujetiT gansa-zRvruli programebis mosalodneli Sedegebi da indikatorebi“). meore mxriv, viciT, rom evrokavSirSi am proeqtis analogiuri erTiani gadaxdis sqema mudmi-vad moqmedebs mrvali wlis ganmavlobaSi. saxelmwifo biujetis kidev erTi da-narTi „qveynis ZiriTadi monacemebi da mimarTulebebi 2014-2017 wlebisaTvis“27 zogadad gveubneba, rom s/m dafinansebis wyaroebi iqneba saxelmwifo biujeti, saerTaSoriso sesxebi da grantebi da kerZo investiciebi, rom TandaTan mniS-vnelovnad gaizrdeba kerZo investiciebis wili da rom Seiqmneba „soflis meur-neobis ganviTarebis 1-miliardiani fondi“. pasuxi Cvens, fermerTaTvis mniS-vnelovan, kiTxvaze am dokumentSic ar Cans.

5. 2013 wels danergili socialuri inovaciis umniSvnelovanesi RonisZiebebis ukeT funqcionirebisTvis kanonmdeblobaSi ganmartebuli unda iyos fermeris cneba, dazustebuli unda iyos mcire da saSualo sawarmos amJamad bundovani cnebebi28.

27 qveynis ZiriTadi monacemebi da mimarTulebebi 2014-2017 wlebisaTvis (gadamuSavebuli vari-anti). saqarTvelos mTavroba, Tbilisi, 2013. [www.mof.ge/common/get_doc.aspx?doc_id=10505]

28 es cnebebi amJamad bundovani da winaaRmdegobrivia ix. Oleg Shatberashvili. EU Eastern Partnership Pro-gramme and Innovative SMEs. ERENET Profile, Vol. VII, issue #4, 2012. Pp. 20-42 [www.erenet.org]

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5.6. sursaTis uvnebloba, fitosanitaruli kontroli da DCFTA-s xelmowerisTvis mzadeba

evrokavSiris moTxovnebi am sferoSi DCFTA-s xelmoweris pirobaa. 2013 wels sursaTis uvnebloba saqarTvelos mTavrobis intensiuri muSaobis sagani iyo. ssip-is sursaTis erovnuli saagentos mier biznesoperatorebis Semowmebis intensiuro-bis 2,5-jer gazrdam, 2012 welTan SedarebiT, moitana dadebiTi Sedegebi, rac naT-lad Cans savaWro qselSi (sursaTis Senaxvis pirobebis gaumjobeseba, produqtebis ukeTesi markireba, vargisianobis vadebis Cveneba da sxva).

wlis ganmavlobaSi saagento intensiurad muSaobda „sursaTis/cxovelis sakvebis uvneblobis, veterinariisa da mcenareTa dacvis kodeqsSi“ Sesatan cv-lilebebze, rac emsaxureba evrokavSirisa da saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesa-bamisi sursaTis uvneblobis sistemis Seqmnas saqarTveloSi. samuSaoSi farTod arian CarTuli problemaze momuSave samTavrobo, samewarmeo da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. am mxriv saagento ufro gaxsnilia, vidre mravali sxva samTavrobo organizacia.

5.7. sainovacio sistemis ganviTareba

rogorc aRiniSna, amJamad soflis meurneobis saministro, debulebis Ta-naxmad, araa pasuxismgebeli dargSi sainovacio da kvleviTi politikis gatarebaze.

amave dros, ENPARD-Georgia iTvaliswinebs sainovacio politikis Semadgenel ramdenime mimarTulebas, kerZod: sasoflo-sameurneo sakonsultacio (eqstenciis) samsaxuris Seqmnas, am samsaxuris referaluri centris Seqmnas (rac kvleviTi or-ganizaciis dafuZnebas niSnavs), sakonsultacio samsaxurisTvis monacemTa bazis Seqmnas, geografiuli adgilwarmoSobis niSnebis gamoyenebasa da sxva. garda amisa, dagegmilia „socialuri inovacia”, sasoflo-sameurneo kooperatiuli moZraobis ganviTareba. es yvelaferi bunebrivia, radganac soflis meurneobis ganviTareba SeuZlebelia sainovacio sistemis gareSe, romlis Semadgeneli nawilebia: saswav-lo da kvleviTi dawesebulebebi, sacdeli fermebi, sakonsultacio momsaxurebis qselebi da sxva. rogorc aRvniSneT, „ganviTareba teqnikuri progresis gziT“ sof-lis meurneobis fundamentur miznebs miekuTvneba (ix. zemoT, 3.). cnobilia, rom evrokavSirSi kvlevaze xarjebis wili soflis meurneobaSi ufro maRalia, vidre ekonomikis sxva mraval seqtorSi.

aqedan gamomdinare, miuxedavad imisa, rom debulebiT ar ekisreba, soflis meurneobis saministro inovaciis sakiTxebs gverds ver auvlida da arc auara. jer erTi, saministrom ukve Seqmna sasoflo-sameurneo sakonsultacio samsaxuri. meore, saministros „saSualovadian samoqmedo gegmaSi (2014-2017 ww.)“ (ix. zemoT, 5.5. marTva strategiebis safuZvelze) mravladaa gaTvaliswinebuli sainovacio da kvleviTi RonisZiebebi. magaliTad, axali jiSebisa da hibridebis gamoyvana; likvidirebul jiSTa gamocdis sadgurebis aRdgena; cxovelTa jiSuri, sanaSene da produqtiuli Tvisebebis genetikuri potencialis sistematuri gaumjobeseba; niadagis safaris inventarizacia; sxvadasxva daniSnulebis kvleviTi laborato-riebis mowyoba da mravali sxva, Tumca dokumentSi sityvebi „inovacia“ da „mec-niereba“ arc erTxel araa naxsenebi. mxolod 3-jer aris gamoyenebuli sitva „kv-leva“. es sityvac ufro xSirad Secvlilia sityvebiT „aRwera“, „inventarizacia“. saministros sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom igi Tanmimdevrulad mihyveba dargis gan-

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viTarebis logikas da ukve 2014 wlis biujetSi Seitana mecnierebisaTvis gankuT-vnili xarjebi 6,8 mln. laris odenobiT (am Tanxis naxevari kapitaluri xarjebi-sTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli), 2014 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis danarTSi „biujetiT gansazRvruli programebis mosalodneli Sedegebi da indikatorebi“29 ukve cxa-dadaa moxseniebuli „soflis meurneobis dargSi samecniero kvleviTi RonisZie-bebis ganxorcieleba“ da ssip „soflis meurneobis samecniero kvleviTi centri“, romelic unda Seiqmnas.

ismis kiTxva, ratom araa sainovacio da kvleviTi politika gaTvaliswinebuli soflis meurneobis saministros debulebaSi? ratom iyenebs saministro 2013 wlis TebervalSi miRebul dokumentSi „mokrZalebul“ leqsikas? savaraudo axsna isaa, rom soflis meurneobis saministrom, icoda ra gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, romelSic aRmoCnda sasoflo-sameurneo kvleviTi sistema 14 kvleviTi institutisa da agraruli universitetis gayidvis Sedegad, situaciaSi, rodesac saministros saswrafod hqonda Sesasrulebeli didi moculobis sxva samuSaoebi, am problemasTan SeWideba man „auwevel tvirTad“ miiCnia. amJamindeli mdgomareo-bis gamosworebis mcdelobis miuxedavad, dargis kvleviTi da inovaciuri uzrun-velyofis problema kvlav mwvave rCeba. 2014 wlis biujetiT gaTvaliswinebuli xarjebi uzrunvelyofs kvlevebis wils sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis moculoba-Si daaxloebiT 0,3%-is doneze, xolo evrokavSiris standartebiT saWiroa mini-mum 10-jer meti. gasxvisebuli qonebis Rirebuleba, sxvadasxva SefasebiT, 150-200 mln. laria. maSasadame, kvleviTi sistemis Tundac uwindebur doneze asayvanad, im tempiT, romelic 2014 wlis biujetSia aRebuli, mravali welia saWiro. es saxelm-wifo problemaa da mxolod soflis meurneobis saministros gadasawyveti araa. mdgomareoba, romelSic sasoflo-sameurneo kvleviTi sistema aRmoCnda, mTlianad qveynis kvleviTi sistemisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. soflis meurneobis saministrom, muSaobs ra aqtiurad, pirvelma gaacnobiera problema da Seudga mis gadawyvetas.

problema qveynis doneze sistemurad unda iyos mogvarebuli saerTo saino-vacio politikis konteqstSi, rogorc es evrokavSirSia miRebuli. amaSi unda Caer-Ton: ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro, romelic saerTod kvleviT poli-tikazea pasuxismgebeli; samive mecnierebaTa akademia _ erovnuli, soflis meur-neobisa da sainJinro; ekonomikis saministro, romelic pasuxismgebeli unda iyos sainovacio politikaze mTlianad; parlamenti da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. sasoflo-sameurneo kvlevis politika kargi konkretuli sababia Sesabamisi di-alogis dasawyebad.

6. daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi

2013 wlidan evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos midgomebi soflis meurneobis mimarT arsebiTad dauaxlovda erTmaneTs, rac SemdegSi gamoixateba:

1. saqarTvelos mTavrobam soflis meurneobis ganviTareba umniSvnelovanes sa-xelmwifo amocanad dasaxa;

2. daiwyo soflis meurneobis ganviTrebis saxelmwifo strategiebisa da gegmebis SemuSaveba;

3. sajaro saxsrebi gegmiurad miimarTeba soflis meurneobis daxmarebasa da gan-viTarebaze;

29 finansTa saministros vebgverdi [www.mof.ge/5233]

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4. amoqmedda evrokavSiris erTiani gadaxdis sqemis analogiuri fermerTa dax-marebis meqanizmi;

5. amoqmedda agrarul seqtorSi mewarmeTa iafi finansebiT uzrunvelyofis sqema;

6. regionuli ganviTarebisTvis gankuTvnili saxsrebi nawilobriv soflis meur-neobaSi miimarTeba;

7. daiwyo muSaoba saqarTveloSi kooperaciuli moZraobis gasaviTareblad.

8. TiTqmis dasrulda DCFTA-is xelmowerisTvis aucilebeli muSaoba sursaTis uvneblobis mimarTulebiT;

9. daiwyo muSaoba sasoflo-sameurneo sainovacio sistemis aRdgenisa da ganvi-Tarebis mimarTulebiT.

aRniSnuli mimarTulebebi damaxasiaTebelia rogorc evrokavSirisTvis mTlianad, aseve wevri qveynebisTvis. aqedan SegviZlia gavakeToT daskvna, rom 2013 wels soflis meurneobis sferoSi saqarTvelom evrointegraciis gzaze mniSvnelo-vani nabiji gadadga.

Sesrulebulma samuSaom gamoavlina naklovanebebi, romlebsac aRniSnaven mkvlevarebi, damkvirveblebi da monawileebi. saerTo azriT, sasurvelia am nak-lovanebaTa gamosworeba, raTa SemuSavebulma sqemebma da dawyebulma procesebma momavalSi meti efeqti mogvces.

rekomendaciebi:

1. soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis strategiis SemuSavebaSi kompetentur da dainteresebul mxareTa ufro farTod CarTva.

2. saWiroa soflis meurneobis saministros debulebisa da struqturis srul-yofa mis mier dRemde Catarebuli faqtiuri samuSaos analizis safuZvelze, am tipis saministroebisTvis evrokavSirSi miRebuli standartuli funqciebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

3. saWiroa sasoflo-sameurneo sainovacio sistemis ganviTarebis sakiTxis Seswav-la da ganxilva umaRles saxelisuflebo doneze, yvela kompetenturi da dain-teresebuli mxaris monawileobiT.

4. saWiroa ufro zusti informacia miwis nakveTebisa da maTi mflobelebis Sesa-xeb, miwis registraciis sakiTxebis mogvareba (maT Soris registraciis gaiafe-ba).

5. saWiroa fermeris gansazRvrebis dadgena, mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis gan-sazRvrebis dazusteba da erTiani interpretacia.

6. fermerebisTvis da mewarmeTaTvis daxmarebis moqmed sqemebSi saWiroa momsa-xurebis mimwodebeli organizaciebis funqciebis, urTierTpasuxismgeblobisa da momxmareblisTvis wesebis ukeTesad aRwera da maT Sesaxeb meti informaciis (maT Soris meToduri informaciis) gavrceleba da masze xelmisawvdomobis gaz-rda.

7. iafi kreditis sqemebSi, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gamoyenebulia sajaro saxsre-bi, proeqtebis miReba-uaryofis sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi saxelmwifo saagen-toebis meti monawileobaa saWiro, raTa sqema politikis gatarebis instrumen-tad iqces (regionulis, dargobrivis).

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8. saWiroa proeqtebis ganmxilveli samsaxurebis (rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve ker-Zo) kvalifikaciis amaRleba, saxelmwifo sakonsultacio samsaxuris rolis gazrda.

9. saWiroa 2013 wels Catarebuli samuSaos detaluri mravalmxrivi analizi, rac gulisxmobs: daxmarebis sqemebis Sesavalze da gamosavalze informaciis Seda-rebas dargobriv, teritoriul da sxva WrilSi; miRebuli da uaryofili pro-eqtebis analizi momxmareblebisTvis meToduri masalebis SemuSavebis mizniT da sxva.

10. 2014 wlidan, pirveli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, kanonis moqmedebis Sedegebis Se-fasebis mizniT saWiroa sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativebis registraciis Se-degebisa da saqmianobis monitoringi.

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