ARM_Seminar 2.pdf

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    Advanced

    Research MethodsSeminar 2

    March 17th, 2014

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    Seminar overview

    1. Your research topics

    2. Define research aims and objectives

    3. Purpose of research

    4. Research designs

    5. Exercises

    6. Working in teams: write your research purpose, design, aim &objectives

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    2. Research aims vs. objectives (1)

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    2. Research aims vs. objectives (2)

    Research aims

    The overall purpose of the study

    Emphasize what is to be accomplished

    Address long-term project outcomes

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    2. Research aims vs. objectives (5)

    Objectives

    Summarize what is to be achieved by the study

    Should be closely related to the research problem

    (problem statement) and address the various

    research questions.

    They outline the scope of research and give a

    picture of how to perform the investigation.

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    2. Research aims vs. objectives (6)

    Objectives

    Clear

    Realistic

    Use action verbs: to determine, to compare, to verify, to

    calculate, to evaluate, to describe, to establish); avoid to

    use vague verbs such as: to appreciate, to understand,

    or to study. To suit the needs of your study, but also to be clear and

    visible for those evaluating your proposal

    Keep in mind that a project is evaluated based on the

    extent to which it was able to meet its objectives

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    2. Research aims vs. objectives (11)

    Exercise

    Write your own research aim and objectives

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    3. Purpose of research (1)

    Exploratory = brings new insights into a topic of

    research; generates new theories.

    Descriptive= describes situations and events; can

    answers to questions such as What? Where?

    When? How?

    Explanatory= explains attitudes and behaviors;

    can determine causal relationships; answers to theWhy? question

    Determine the purpose of YOUR research

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    4. Research designsTypes (1)

    Non-

    experimentalExperimental

    Quasi-

    experimental

    Cross-

    sectional

    Longitudinal

    Trend studies

    Cohort

    Panel studies

    RTCsQuasi-

    experiments

    Times series

    Non-equivalentcontrol group

    Multiple time

    series design

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    4. Research designNon-

    experimental

    Observations conducted at a single point in time

    Non-

    experimental

    Cross-

    sectional

    Longitudinal

    Trend studies

    Cohort studies

    Panel studies

    Observations conducted at multiple points in time

    Examine changes within a population over time (census,preferences over the course of a campaign)

    How specific subpopulations (cohorts) change over time

    (data can be collected from different subjects)

    Data is collected from the same sets of people at severalpoints in time

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    4. Research design - Experimental

    Complete control over the independent variable

    and outside sources; has 4 key elements :

    1) well defined dependent variable and

    independent variable (stimulus)

    2) pretesting and post-testingany difference

    between pre and posttest data can be attributed to

    the independent variable 3) experimental and control group (similar

    individuals in each group)

    4) Randomization => randomized control trials -

    PRISM

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    4. Research designQuasi-

    experiment (evaluation research)

    Quasi-

    experimental

    Quasi-

    experiments

    Times series

    Non-equivalentcontrol group

    Multiple time

    series design

    Experiments with no complete control over all the variables (no

    random assignment, no pretest - posttest)

    Involves measurements over some period of time (no. of

    accidents before and after the lowering the speed limit)

    The use of more than one sets of data that were collected over

    time (compare accident rates over time in different cities)

    Has a control group that is similar with the experimental group,but is not created by randomly assignment

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    5. Exercisedetermine research

    designs

    Study 1 conducted in 2011measures childrens exposure

    to in-home second-hand smoke

    Study 2conducted in 2004, 2008, 2012measures smoking

    behaviors in populationsdifferent subjects over time (GATS,

    GYTS)

    Study 3assesses the impact of the STOP Smoking national

    campaign; multiple pre-and post surveys at the population

    level

    Study 4study evaluates the outcomes of a professional

    program implemented in the Cluj county. Multiple

    measurements are undertaken in Cluj, Bihor, Timis, and Arad

    counties (for comparison)

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    6. Exercise

    Decide on a research design for your proposal

    Finalize your research aim, objectives, purpose and

    design