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Army Reserve Center Newport, Rhode Island. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option. Presentation Outline. General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Army Reserve CenterNewport, Rhode Island
Alexander HoskoMechanical Option
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical Systems
Design ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow System
Ground Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical Breadth
Questions
Presentation Outline
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Location: Newport, Rhode IslandSize: 59,000 square feet Levels: 2 levelsCost: $17 millionConstruction Time: January 2009 – September 2011Delivery Method: Design-Bid-Build
General Building Information
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
General Building Information
1st Floor 2nd Floor
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Existing Mechanical Systems
Waterside
To cool the building:-2 air-cooled rotary screw packaged water chillers
-40 and 52 tons
To heat the building:-2 natural gas boilers
-each 960 MBH
Controls
- Direct Digital Control (DDC) by Johnson Controls
Airside
- 1 constant volume air handling unit (AHU)- 2100 CFM
- 2 variable air volume air handling units- 3700 CFM and 13200 CFM
- Unit ventilators- 8 total between 400 and 1600 CFM
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Existing Mechanical Systems
1st Floor 2nd Floor
AHU-1
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Existing Mechanical Systems
1st Floor 2nd Floor
AHU-1
AHU-2
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Existing Mechanical Systems
1st Floor 2nd Floor
AHU-1
AHU-2
AHU-3
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Existing Mechanical Systems
1st Floor 2nd Floor
AHU-1
AHU-2
AHU-3
UV
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Existing Mechanical Systems
1st Floor 2nd Floor
AHU-1
AHU-2
AHU-3
UV
UH AND DSS
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Existing Mechanical Systems
Total Energy Use: 1, 227 mmBtu / yr
Cost of Energy Use: $27, 384 / year
First Cost: $301,410
LEED: 36 – 42 Points = Silver or Gold
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Design Objectives
- Reduce Aspect Ratios of Ducts- Reduce Total Cost of Ductwork- Reduce Energy Required for Supply Fans
- Reduce Total Energy Consumption
- Maintain Current LEED Silver or Gold Rating or Improve Upon
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
- Condenser (rooftop) connected to multiple indoor evaporators
- DOAS to handle outside air and latent load requirements
- VRF to handle remaining sensible load
Summary
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline- Simultaneous heating and cooling – allows for Heat Recovery
- Max COP of 5.68 compared to 2.90 for chiller
- Rooftop Condensing Units lead to saved mechanical space (replace boilers)
- Pipes take up less space than ductwork- Leads to reduced building height / cost in some cases
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Benefits
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Total Energy Use: 1018 mmBtu / yr
Cost of Energy Use: $27, 784 / year
First Cost: $283,105
LEED: 43 – 49 Points = Gold
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Ground Couple Heat Pump
Summary
- Uses Earth as a heat source / sink- Send fluid through pipes in ground to heat or cool fluid- Takes advantage of 50 – 60 °F constant ground temperature- Heat exchanger to bring heat into / out of system
Benefits
- DOAS to handle latent loads and outside air
- Boilers to meet heating when GCHP is not enough
- Less ductwork
- Save energy
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Ground Couple Heat Pump
Types
Vertical -Pipes are placed downward into ground
- Two small diameter tubes / borehole- Boreholes 50 feet to 600 feet deep- Boreholes 20 feet apart to prevent thermal interference
Horizontal-Pipes are placed about 4 feet deep-Single or multiple pipe / trench
- If multiple, further distance because of thermal interference Vertical Horizontal
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Vertical Ground Couple Heat Pump
Advantages- Smaller amount of land required- More constant thermal properties of soil- More efficient than horizontal GCHP- Smallest amount of pumping / piping energy
Disadvantages
- Cost- Difficult to find experienced contractors
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Vertical Ground Couple Heat Pump
Vertical GCHP Pipe Length Required
- Method of Ingersoll and Zobel- Based on heat transfer from cylinder buried in earth
For Cooling:
For Heating:
Variables are determined based on:
-Loads for the Building-Average Heat Transfer to the Ground-Thermal Resistance of the Ground and Pipe-Ground Temperature-Proximity of Adjacent Bores-Liquid Temperature at Heat Pump Inlet / Outlet-Power Input at Design Cooling / Heating Loads
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Vertical Ground Couple Heat Pump
Vertical GCHP Pipe Length Required
Using Equation Above:
Total Length for Cooling: 15,424 feetTotal Length for Heating: 23,048 feet
Use the greater of two values:
23,048 feet
3 Boreholes / Loop600 Feet Deep
20 Feet between Borehole
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Total Energy Use: 878 mmBtu / yr
Cost of Energy Use: $23, 733 / year
First Cost: $502, 086
LEED: 46 – 52 Points = Gold to Platinum
Vertical Ground Couple Heat Pump
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
System Comparison
ANNUAL ENERGY USE (mmBtu/yr) FIRST COST ANNUAL ENERGY COSTMECHANICAL
SPACE SAVED (FT)VAV 1,227 $301,410.00 $27,384.00 -VRF 1018 $283,105.00 $27,784.00 800
GSHP 878 $502,086.00 $23,733.00 -
SYSTEM COMPARISON
- GCHP uses least energy and has least cost of energy - Simple payback of 54 years – unfeasible
- VRF is the best choice overall- Save mechanical space- Uses less energy than existing VAV- Lowest first cost
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
System Comparison
Factors Effecting Cost
- Extra maintenance cost not included with VRF- $40,000 / year (at least) if extra personnel required- One time cost if training required
ANNUAL ENERGY USE (mmBtu/yr) FIRST COST ANNUAL ENERGY COSTMECHANICAL
SPACE SAVED (FT)VAV 1,227 $301,410.00 $27,384.00 -VRF 1018 $283,105.00 $27,784.00 800
GSHP 878 $502,086.00 $23,733.00 -
SYSTEM COMPARISON
- Extra cost of controls for VRF
- Boilers oversized for existing VAV- Sized at 66% of total capacity (each)- If changed, total cost would be $292,193
- Prices for VRF determined by Daiken VRV Specs- Converted from euros to dollars- Used RS Means for installation costs- May be slightly higher due to less familiar system- May be more expensive to purchase units in U.S.
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
System Comparison
- Natural gas ranges from $ 4.00 / mmBtu to $12.00 / mmBtu- Currently $4.00 / mmBtu
- Cost of VRF energy use is more expensive even though it uses less energy because it uses all electricity- Electricity is expensive relative to natural gas- 12.7% electricity in region is generated by natural gas
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
System Comparison
If natural gas doubles….- electricity goes up 12.7%- natural gas goes up 100%
ANNUAL ENERGY USE (mmBtu/yr) FIRST COST ANNUAL ENERGY COSTMECHANICAL
SPACE SAVED (FT)VAV 1,227 $301,410.00 $31,777.00 -VRF 1018 $283,105.00 $31,313.00 800
GSHP 878 $502,086.00 $26,779.00 -
SYSTEM COMPARISON
If natural gas triples….- electricity goes up 27.0%- natural gas goes up 200%
ANNUAL ENERGY USE (mmBtu/yr) FIRST COST ANNUAL ENERGY COSTMECHANICAL
SPACE SAVED (FT)VAV 1,227 $301,410.00 $36,595.00 -VRF 1018 $283,105.00 $35,289.00 800
GSHP 878 $502,086.00 $30,207.00 -
SYSTEM COMPARISON
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
- VRF uses $464 / year less than VAV - VRF uses $1,306 / year less than VAV
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
System Comparison
Aspect Ratio Problem
- The Aspect Ratio of the ducts will still be high on the first floor- Greatly reduced on second floor
VRF AREA SERVED CFM (MAX)AHU-1 1ST FLOOR AND SPACES PREVIOUSLY ON UVS 9200AHU-2 SECOND FLOOR 4600AHU-3 ASSEMBLY 3000
VAV AREA SERVED CFM (MAX)AHU-1 FIRST FLOOR OFFICES 3700AHU-2 SECOND FLOOR 13200AHU-3 ASSEMBLY 2100UV-1 CLASSROOM 625UV-2 CLASSROOM 440UV-3 CLASSROOM 440UV-4 SOUTH SUPPLY OFFICES 606UV-5 WEST SUPPLY OFFICES 650UV-6 WEAPONS SIMULATOR 975UV-7 SIPRNET CAFÉ 1575UV-8 MAILROOM SUITE 375
AHU-1
AHU-2
AHU-3
UV
UH AND DSS
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow Systemground couple heat pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
System Comparison
Achieving Design Objectives?
- Aspect Ratio- Improved on second floor- The same on first floor but not worse
- LEED- VRF will achieve LEED Gold- GCHP will achieve LEED Gold or Platinum
- Energy Improvement- VRF will use 83% of existing VAV- GCHP will use72% of existing VAV
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow Systemground couple heat pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Structural Breadth
- With VRF System, will need to place condensing VRV units on the roof changing the structural requirements
- Mass of each unit according to specifications:
TAG MANUFACTURER MODEL MASS (LB)VRV-1 DAIKIN REYQ96PYDN 732VRV-2 DAIKIN REYQ120PYDN 732VRV-3 DAIKIN REYQ168PYDN 1036VRV-4 DAIKIN REYQ168PYDN 1036VRV-5 DAIKIN REYQ72PYDN 732VRV-6 DAIKIN REYQ96PYDN 732
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Structural Breadth
VRV UNITS 3STANDING SEAM METAL ROOF 2INSULATION 3APPROXIMATE DECK SELF WEIGHT 3TOTAL 11
TOTAL DEAD LOAD (psf)- Addition of VRV units leads to dead load of 11psf as shown below:
- Total load 61 psf when 20 psf live load and 30 psf snow load are included
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Structural Breadth
- Thus, need to use the following to support additional load:
- Vulcraft 1.5B20 roof deck- 28K8 joists - W10x54 girders
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Acoustical Breadth
- Daikin VRV Units will be placed as shown on right- Space below units is office space
- Max noise level of 40 – 45 dBA in office space
- Max noise level on roof will occur at point X or next to VRV - 3 or VRV - 4
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Acoustical Breadth
TAG MODEL dBAVRV-1 REYQ96PYDN 58VRV-2 REYQ120PYDN 60VRV-3 REYQ168PYDN 61VRV-4 REYQ168PYDN 61VRV-5 REYQ72PYDN 58VRV-6 REYQ96PYDN 58
DIAKIN VRV UNITS
- Decibels produced by each unit shown in table below:
I1 / I2 = (d2 / d1)2
I1 = intensity at point 1d1 = distance from source to intensity 1I2 = intensity at point 2d2 = distance from source to intensity 2
Use following equation to determine sound intensity from each VRV Unit at point X:
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
Acoustical Breadth
- Decibel addition (as shown below) allows dB to be added to find sound at point X
- Sound at X is 53 dB- Less than sound at VRV – 3 and VRV – 4 (both at 61 dBA)
- Transmission loss through roof is 35 dBA- Thus, total sound from VRV Units is 26 dBA which is below
40-45 dBA and will not be a problem in the office
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Alexander HoskoMechanical OptionSpring 2011
Presentation Outline
General Building InformationExisting Mechanical SystemsDesign ObjectivesVariable Refrigerant Flow SystemGround Couple Heat Pump SystemSystem ComparisonStructural BreadthAcoustical BreadthQuestions
Questions?
-The Pennsylvania State University Architectural Engineer Faculty and Staff
-Thesis Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
-Michael Baker Corporation: Specifically Duncan Penney and Doug Barker
-U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
-Family and Friends for their support