Army War College History (1951)

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ARMY WAR COLLEGE -

* A BRIEF NARRATIVE *


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INTRODUCTION

The Army War Co llege is the senior inst it ution in the Army cdUClltionulsystem, At th is College, selected office rs aI'e g iven instr uction to preparethem fO l' duties as commanders and sta ff officers in the highest positionsin the Army, and in join t commands.

The history of the Co llege is especially significilnt because oCits close re-lnt ionshil) to the development of the modern US Ar my. During the firsthal f oCthe twentieth ce ntury, the Army was called upon to enforce UnitedStates national policy to a degree never before dreamed of. including par-ticipation in two World Wars.

The narrative that follows presents the most important points of theCo llege's eventful hi sto ry. Its activities, though covering only a short spaceof years, have made the Army War College a t ruly Nat ional institution.


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ELlIIU ROOTSECRETARY 07 WAR . 1899 1904

FOUNDER OF THE ARMY WAR COLLEGE


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FOUNDING THE COLLEGE The need for a place where officers couldstudy the broad pr oblems of warfare was forcefully pointed out by events of the SpanishAmerican War. That confl ict demonstrated

that the War Department was not organizedand ready for the sudden mobilization, training,and oversea deployment of its fighting forces.

Profiting by the mistakes experienced in theSpan ish-American War, the War Department,under Secretary Eli hu Root, began studyingways to COI'r eet the si tuation.In 1899, the Secretary of War, in his annua lreport, stressed t he need for improvement in

Army orgnnization to meet the new responsibilities imposed upon t he War Department bythe country's new position in international affairs. The arm ed services had assumed important dut ies in the Philippine Islands andother parts of the Pncific, and in the Caribbean.

To crente n more emcient Army, Elihu Rootrecommended, among other measures, the estnb!ishment of an Army War College" . . . composed of the heads of the staffdepartments, properly so called, and anumber of the ablest and most competent omcers of high rank in the Army. , , these officers to be detailed forservice in the college for limited periods, so that while the college shall becontinuous in records, character andperformance, it shnll be constantlychanging in its personal ~ I e m e n t s . It shnll be the duty of this bodyof officers to direct t he instruction and in te llectua l exercise of theArmy, to acquire the information, devi!;e the plans, nnd study the subjectsindicated, and to advise the Commander in Chief upon nil questions ofplans, armament, transportation, andmilitary preparation and movement,"[In add ition. officers] ", , ' shou ld bedetailed for some fixed period during[the officers'] service to receive instruction nt this college in the scienceof war, including the duties of thestaff, and in all matters pertaining tothe application of military science tonationnl defense; that provisionshould be made for the continuance ofsuch instructi on by correspondenceafter the exp irat ion of the period ofeach officer's detai l. and all officers

should be invited and entitled to present. by written papers and re ports,as a part of the regular course, , ' theresu lts of their investigations, explorations, refl ections, and professionnl and scientific work, and uponsuch specinl subjects ns may be presc ribed by the college, . ,"From the foregoing, it is clear that Se

tury Root visualized the College wouldtwo major functions: 1. to provide an agto perfol'm what were essentially genera lduties; and 2. to prov id e instruction to offin the higher field s of the military artssciences. Actually, it wus his wny of creaan age ncy to perform the planning .wd adist rative requi reme nts of the War Departmuntil Congress enacted leg islation creatingenern] sta ff-nn organizntion that had pr::10 necessa ry for the ndmini stration of the larm ies of foreign powers, '

In February 1900, the War Departmenpointed a bon I'd to draw up regulations fwar college, The bO'.\I'd consisted of BrigaGenernl Ludlow as President , Colonel HHasbrouck, and Lieutenant Colonel W. H.ter, Lieutenant Co lonel J. p, Sanger wasdetailed as an additional member, On 26of the same year, Congress appropri$20,000 for

"contingent expenses incident to theestablishment of the Al'my War Co l-lege, hav ing as it s object the directionand coordination of t he instructionin the variou s service schoo ls, extension of the oPPol'tunities for investigation and study in the Army andMilitia of the Un ited States, nnd thecoll ection and disse mination of militnry information,"Thu s, the Congress accepted Secretary Rideas for an institution wh ich would coninstruction and perform planning and oping activ ities for the War Department conrently , The Ins t two were obviously the dof a general st aff.

In October 1900, the Ludlow Board subted and recommended adoption of regulafor governing the ndministration and scopwork for the War College, following the origintent of the Secretary of War. HoweveI Ahern, George P., Lt. Col., USA. A ChI"ollic/e of th e Army IV(O ' College, 189f)191!J.


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conclusion, urging the establishment of a gen-eral staff, was significant.On 27 November 1901, the Secretary of Warannounced a progressive scheme of instruction

for officers of the Army. A War College Boardwas to be set up to administer the pr og ram ,with the presiding office r of the Board alsodesignated the President of the Army WarCollege. In the same order . Wash ington Bar-racks (n ow Fort Lesley J . McNair) in the

District of Columbia was designated the permnent home of the College.The order of 27 November is notewo rthy f

another reason. In it, t he Secretary directthat officers who showed the greatest prficiency would be considered by the War Dpartment for assignment to duties where U:abilities could be most profitably used. Thhad a high morale value in that it gave newcentive to enterpris ing officers.


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i\t.\J OIl GI::!"1::11A I. S. B. M. YOUNG FrrtST PIlI::Slm;;":T TilE AIl:-.lY W Ait COt.l.E(;E
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EARLY OPERATIONS OF THE WAR COLLEGE The War College BOR1'd was not announceduntil 1 J uiy 1902. The ofilcel's named were

Major Ge neral S. B. M. Young, Brigadier Gen-eral s W. H. Car te r and T. H. Bliss, and MajorsH. H. Greene and W. D. Beach. General Youngwas designated as the first President of theArmy Wur College.

The Bonrd established itself in temporaryoffices at 20 Jackson Place on the west side ofLafayette Square in Washington, D. C. InDecember 1902, i t moved to 22 J ackson Place,where i t remained until the Board was dis-solved on 15 August 1903, upon the creationof the General Staff C r s

Shortly after the War College Board COll-vened in July 1902 , Secretary Root trans-mitted to t he Board a list of military subjectsfor stud y. Those subjects covered practicallythe ent ire field of Army administration and operatioll. Thi s mission required of the Board somuch research and phlnning that no time wasleft to concentrate on instruction. In addition,

the members of the Board were also designaas members of a board to draw up procedfor a genera l staff. The Board was, in facprovisional general staff.

A gener.al staff fo r the Army was finaauthorized by Congress on 14 February 19On 15 August of t ha t year, the effective datethe law, the War College Board was dissolvand t he War Department General Staff toover most of the duties appropr iate to its futions.

After the format ion of the W.ar DepartmGeneral Staff, the mission of the War Co llas an educational institution was more cleadefined. New regulations were issued placthe College directly under the Chief of St

With the establishment of the General StGe neral Young was relieved as President of War College to become Chief of Staff ofArmy. He was succeeded in his former positby General Bliss.

'The building at 22 Jackson Place became the oRice of the f in!. Wal DepartmentGenelal Staff and housed th e Wal" College until it moved to its new home at WashingtonBanacks in 1907.
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FmST H o:>.u: m' Tin: AItMY W AR COI,I m: 22 JACKSON PUC". NW

WA !H II NGTON, D . C.


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CONSTRUCTION OF A PERMANENT HOME FOR THE WAR COLLEGE In the meantime, a pe rmanent home fo r the

Wa r Co llege wa s under construction. In 1902,Congress appropr iated $400.000 fo r a bu ild ingand facil ities at Washinb..-ton BalTacks in t heDis trict of Col umbia.On 21 Febr uary 1903. tl:e cornel'stone W;lSla id with impressive ceremonies in which P resi

dent Roosevelt; the Gn llld Lodge, F.A.A.l\'I.the Dis trict of Columbia; and high dig nitarof the government pa r ticipated. Addresswe re made by the President, Secl'etary Roand General Young. The building was copleted in 1907, and t he Wa.- College movfrom 22 Jackson Place in June of t hat yea]',

BIlIGAlm;n Gt:Nt;UAL TA SK.;.I H. BLISSPRESIJ)NT. AR.\tY WAn COLU :CE


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THE WAR COLLEGE UNDER THE NEW WAR DEPARTMENT GENERAL STAFF On 1 November 1903. the War Co llege beganits operation under the new War Depa rtmentGeneral Staff. The personnel consisted ofseven office r s who comprised the entire ThirdDivision of the General Staff. Thi s divisionlater became known as the W'I" College Div 'i -

sian. Shortly after beginning work, GeneralBliss submitted to the Chief of Staff a reportwhich outlined his concept of the new ArmyWar Co llege. In su bstance, he recommendedthat a small group of carefully se lected officersfrom the General Staff assist the Chief of Staffin making plans (01' the national defense. Inaddition, he recommended that other selectedArmy officers be detai led from time to t ime towork with the President and th e two Directorsof the College, and under their direction .

\ V e b Co llegiate Dictionary , Fifth

General Bliss, like Secretary Ro ot, visualithe College in the sense of the Lat in derivaof the word_ua body of persons having cmon in terest or corporate functions"!where in the original records appears t heof the War Co llege as an academic institusole ly for the purpose of theoretical instrucin the military arts and sc iences.

During the 1903-4 session, there were"students" assigned to the College. The pernent personnel's work included problems solution by the commanders of the territodivi sions; preparation of plans for the dispof expeditionary forces; and arrangemewith the Naval War College, for joint Aand Navy maneuvers for the following ye

: d i t i o n Pa ge H17.FIRST CLASS AT THE COLLEGE

The first an nual session of the Army WarCollege opened 1 November 1904.' Th e pe rm anent Army personnel consisted of foul' officersof the General Staff, including General TaskerH. Bliss, the President. A commander wasa8signed to represent the US Navy. Nine officers were detailed as students. Among themwas Captain John J . Persh ing , who was laterto become the most illustrious member of theclass.

There was no actual classroom work underinstructors. The students were ass igned tocommittees for the solution of problems and

"learned by doing." The type and scope ofproblems was much the same as for the rrEing year.

The first years of the \Val' College have discussed in some detai l because of thei rflu ence in se tting the pattern of succeeyea rs. As each yea r passed, the Collegeon, more and more, an academic complexAmong the innovati ons were lectures on toof current in teres t pertaining to internatiand na tional affairs as well as purely milisubjects.

An event of inte rnational interest occurred on 14 November 1904. when the GermanAmbassador unveiled a s tatue of Frederick the Great at the new War Co llege building.The s tatue was a gift rrom the German Government. During World War I , it wastaken down. After hostilities, it was replaced on it s pedestal. only to be 1'I1moved againin World Wal' H.- Fo r t Les/ey J. McNui l'- A BI'ief Hi8t.ory of the POllt . W h i n g t o n ; Governmen t Printing Office, 1950.

MODIFICATIONS IN CURRICULUM AN D ORGANIZATIONIn the 1906-7 course, a series of problems in

strategy and tactics was introduced, with afield reconnaissance of the battlefields of t heAntietam Campaign. Thereafter, fie ld trips, orstaff rides, to the Civil War battlefields weremade annually.

Tn June 1908, the War Department GeneralStaff underwent one of it s numerous reorgani

zations, which quite naturally !":ad its effecthe Army War College. Prior to this timeGeneral Staff consisted of three divisions.First Division dealt with the mobile forces.was actually the executive agency of the Cof Staff. The Second Divis ion dell it withformation (Intelligence). The Third Divwas charged with preparation of wa r plans
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matters relatmg to mobilization. As has beenexplained, the Third Division w"as closely as-sociated with the War Co llege.The reorga nization clearly demonstnltes howa change in physical arrangement brings aboutchange in organization. I t emphasizes a les-son in staff coordination worth recording fo r

the benefit of all military personneLWhen the War Co llege moved to its newbuilding at Wa shington Barracks, its personnelf rom the Third Division was sepa rated byabout four miles from th e Second Division ,whi ch remained at Jackson Place. I t became

appa rent that the Third Di vision, whose majorwo]k was do ne at the War Co!\ege, could not

effectively ca rryon its du ties of war plwithout close contact with the Second DiThough the change was originally op poits Chief, the Second Divi sion was evemoved to the Army War College. This mturn precipitated the reorganizationGeneral Staff into two sections. The Firtion's duties remained essent ially the st hose of tl:e Fir st Di vision and the Secontion took on those of the old Second andDivisions. Under the Second Section, asorganized, there was created a Mil itaforma tion Committee and the Army Wlege Committee, both permanently locathe Army War Co llege.

T]n : ARMY WA R COLLEGE BUILDING19061940

WASU]NGTOl' BAlmACKs (Now F ORT LtiSLEY J . i\l cNAm)


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While there were s o m ~ minor changes in theorganization and operations of the College inthe intervening years, no major change oc-curred until the passing of the Nationa l Defense Act of 1916. Under that law, it wasmandatory that the President of te e Army WarCollege be a member of the Genera l Staff. However, it specifically prohibited the detail of anyother officers on General Staff duty as inst ruct.ors or students at the War College.

The intent of t he law was to restrict theCollege's activity "to that of instruction of Aheln. 0/1. cit. Page 262.

students under a president, a di rector a::!uitable body of instructors selected fromArmy at large, omitting the Gene ral Staff .'The 1916-17 course opened 28 Octoberwith eight instructors and twenty-one studassigned. Because of the declaration of wa6 Apri11917. the clags was graduated 25

and c:asses suspended until after the war.ing hostilities, however, the College carriethe study of doctrine and techniques dewith the current problems of the war.

THE WAR COLLEGE AFTER WORLD WAR IIn the mids t of the wa r, th e General Staffwas again reorganized. Under War Department Orders of 9 Febr uary 1918, the MilitaryIntelligence Branch of the War College Division was moved to the Executive Division ofthe General Staff. The "War College Division"was dissolved, its functions being taken overby the War P lans Di vision. The new Wa r PlansDivision was. located at the Army War Collegeand the Director of the War Plans Division became the President of t he Army War College.Upon recommendation of its Director, theWar Plans Division, was moved to t he War De-

partment Building in Jun e 1919 , where it cou lclbe in closer contact with the other sections ofthe General Staff. The College, however, continued under the supervision of th e War PlansDivision, but its name was changed to the General Staff Co llege. Major Ge neral James W.McAndrew was assigned as Commandant thesame year.

At this po int, a chronicler, who at the timeassembled many of t he facts which form thebasis of th is narrative, breaks out of his customary impersonal recitation of memoranda,orders, and schedules to summarize pastachievements and anticipate developments yetto come. Some of his words are prophetic andhave a peculiar application to t he postwar period today-thirty-one years after they werewritten . He sai d,

"The new regime is now replacingthe old ... The J)eriod 1899-1919 has

witnessed a substantial advance in tt:echaracter and scope of military instruction in our Army. The great warrecently terminated has furnished atesting ground where every phase ofthe ar t and science of war has triedout our military leaders and awardedthem a creditable share in the victoryNo little share in the results achievedis due our system of higher militaryinstruction-a system that left muchto be des ired, but nevertheless, withatl the disadvantages of novelty andlack of a properly trained personnelcontri buted in a large measure towards oUI' success in the test of a greawar.

An important period now beginswhere stock will be taken of the lessons learned, mistakes noted, doubtful questions discussed, and militarypreparedness provided as far as oupeople will furnish the authority.'"A new era in the arts and science of wawas recognized in 1919. Few pe rsons, howdreamed that the character of warfa re in

lS would be magnified beyond all comprsion in scope and destructiveness in anWo l"id War just twenty yea rs later.The mlme, Army War College, was I"ein August 1921. From that t ime until 194

struction in the College followed a well-doped pattern as an integl'al part of theschool system. Under this system, themand and General Staff School Ht Fort Leworth, Kan sas, conducted instruction in th


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mmistrative and tactical operation's' of the Division and Corps, while the Army War Collegeconcerned itself with the broad operations offield armies and the study of the higher echeIons of the War Department. The latter embl'aced st udies of the political, economic, andsocial matters which influence the conduct ofwar. '

During this period, the faculty of the WarCollege averaged sixteen Army and two Navyofficers and the students averaged about ninetyofficers, including representatives of the Navyand Marine Corps.

The course was designed to serve as a vefor what would constitute graduate reswork in a civilian university. Committeewas the chief method of instruction. Lecsupplemented research. The College poliencouraging a free interchange of ideasthe ph ilosophy of "learning by doing" wastinued:

When the Army began its mobilizatio1940, classes were suspended at the Colleorder to re lease more officers for impocommand and staff assignments with thpanding forces .

' Saunders, Oswald H., Major, Inf., Th e AI'Iny Wal' Co l/ cge, The Mili!ary E l! gi1ltwr.March-April 1934, Vol. 26, Page 102.

' Saunders, op. cit . Page 103.

THE ARMY SCHOOL SYSTEM AFTER WORLD WAR IIAfter World War II, the Army again made a

study of its entire school system to take advantage of experience gained during that conflict. The board which conducted the study isgenerally called the Gerow Board, after itsPresident, Lieutenant General Leonard T.Gerow.

Drawing upon the experiences of the war,this board emphasized the interdependence ofland, sea, and ai r power in modern wa rfare,and the necessity for joint (Army, Navy, andAir Force) instruction in ou r se rvice schools.This requirement for joint participation wasespecially urgent in the fields of mobilizationof national resources, over-all intelligence, andstrategy. World War II had demonstrated thefact that in modern military planning and operations each serv ice is only a member of thefighting team.

A major contribution of the Army to thisunification of the land, naval, and ai r forceswas placing the facilities of the Army WarCollege in Washington at the disposal of theJoint Chiefs of Staff fo r a National War College and an Industrial College of the ArmedForces.

Both schools are now in operation. The Natio nal War Co llege dea ls with problems of strategic nature on the national level, while the t n

dustrial College concentrates on problemmobilizing the nation's resources.The gap left by the suspension of the aties of the Army War College was parsolved by the establishment of specicourses in the latter part of the Reg ular C

at the Command and General Staff ColleFort Leavenworth. Some of the instruformerly conducted at the War College wasented in these specialized courses.

The passage of the National Security A1947 and the experiences gained fromyears of postwar operation of Army scmade desirable a re-appraisal of the eArmy school system to bring it within thestructure of the Department of Defense.cordingly, the Department of the Army cra board to study and make recommendatiothe educational system for office r s. LieutGeneral Manton S. Eddy, USA, was appoPresident of the Board.

After intensive study, the Board submrecommendations concerning the entire suof Army education. Among its recommt ions was t he resumption of a War Ccourse to replace the specialized coursFort Leavenworth ."

The Department of the Army, on 11 Oc1U49, approved the findings of the Eddy B


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MAIN ACADEMIC B UILDlNC FORT LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS

HOME OF TH E ARMY WAR COLt.EGE, 1950-51 COURSE The Army Wllr College occupies Grant and Sheridan Halls, the right portion of the building. The Command andportion. "'

with some minor modifications, and directedthe re-establishment of the Army War College.Major General Joseph M. Swing was designated Commandant of the War College, andassumed his duties on 1 April 1950. BrigadierGeneral Arthur G. Trudeau was designatedDeputy Commandant. The Department of theArmy directed that the 1950-51 course be heldat Fort Leavenworth. The fo llowing is quotedfrom the Department of the Army Directive of11 October 1949:

"Selected graduates of the RegularCourse at the Command and GeneralStaff College after another period of

General Staff College occupies the left

duty, will attend th e Army War College. This Course will be approximately ten (10) months in durationThe scope of th is Course will include instruction in the duties of thecommanders and staffs of the higheArmy echelons not included in schoolspreviously attended, such as the arm ygroup ; theatre army headquarterszone of interior; and HeadquartersDepartment of the Army, with emphasis on the Department of the Army.This Course will be designed to emphasize Army technique necessary tocarry out the Army's mission as a parof the Department of Defense .. ."


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MAJOR GEN[RAL JOSEPH M. SWING, USA COMMAl' DANT, > \ R ~ l Y WA R COLl.EGJ::

t APRIl. 1950-


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THE OBJECTIVES AN!> ADMI NISTRATION OF THE COLLEGE TODAY The Army War CoHege is the highest insti-tution in the Army school system. It functionsunder the supervision of the Chief, Army FieldForces.Army students are selected from officers who

are graduates of the Command and GeneralStaff College, or whose experiences have giventhem equivalent training. They must have 13to 21 years' commissioned service. Studentsf rom the Departments of State, Navy, and AirForce are selected acco rding to the require-ments prescribed by the respective departments.The Course is divided into three phases, withobjectives as follows:Phase I -Th e Army and National Security.

1. To broaden the background of t he stu-dents with respect to the organization of theUnited States for national security and particularly with respect to the organization of theDepartment of the Army.2. To develop a wider knowledge of t henational policies, plans, and objectives of theUnited States, with particular reference to theinte rnational aspects thereof.3. To increase the students' ability to copewith the problems involving national policy.

Phase ll-Cur,.ent Army P1oblems.1. To familiarize the students with current Army problems, . polic ies, programs, andoperations.2. To analyze and eva luate the role of theArmy in futUre war.:l. To develop an d recommend Army doc

trine in the areas of the military arts andsciences where new doctrine is required.

Phase Ill- War Planning.1. To increase the students' familiaritywith the techniques of war planning.2. To develop the students' ability to solve

the military problems inherent to war planning.Instruction is conducted by means of lec

tures, committee work, indivi dual re seseminars, and field trips.Guest lecturers provide basic informatioa ll subjects under study. The analyses andelusions presented by these speakers afford

portant source material for the studenttheir co mmittee studies.The ma jo r part of the students' work isin committees. The committee normally sists of six to eight students. The chair

and members Clf each committee are selectethe College.

In addition to the research performedstudents engaged in committee studies, student prepares an individual study onlected topic.Seminars on selected subjects are helding the year. A member of t he faculty acmonitor.The students and faculty make schedfield trips to various US and oversea areaspurpose of these trips is to enable studen

gain first-hand info rmation on places anstallations of military interest. To permit mmum coverage, the class is divided into greach of which visits one of the selected a

The Faculty, headed by the CommandanAssistant Co mmandant, is composed of selofficers who are qualified in va rious aspecthe military arts and sciences, eitherbroad study or war experiences, or both. Toff,cers, one from each of t ~ e DepartmenState, Navy, and Air Force, are assigned tstaff as advisers.

The primary duties of the Faculty are ttermine the nature and scope of the probassist the students in selecti on of referenceterial, and give the students general guidin their studies and deliberations. The Faneither formulates nor suggests categoriciut ions to problems assigned for student sThough it no longer performs planningoperating functions of the Ge neral Staff,apparent t h ~ t the War College is continuinsalient features of Secretary Elihu Root'sinal aims.


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FUIU.RE HOME OF THE COLlEGE J

The Department of the Army has selected way to modify facilities and obtain houCarlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, as the f uture for personnel at that location in preparationhome of the Wat' College. Plans are now under the 1961-52 course.


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PRESIDENTS AND C2"MANDANTS OF THE I\.RMY WAR COLLEGE ,Name Rank From

PRESIDENTSYOUNG, SAMUEL S. B. M. Major General Jul.l0,1902(Army War College Board)BLISS, TASKER H. Brig. General Aug. 15, 1903WOTHERSPOON, W. W. Lt. Colonel (Acting) Jun. 25,1905BARRY, THOMAS H. Brig. General Dec. 4, 1905WOTHERSPOON, W. W. Lt. Co lonel (Acting) Feb. 21, 1907WOTHERSPOON, W. W. Brig. General Oct.9,1907BLISS, TASKER H. Brig. General Jun: 21, 1909WOTHERSPOON, W. W. Brig. General Dec. 1, 1909MILLS, ALBERT L. Brig. General Feb.2,1912CROZIER. WILLIAM Brig. General Sep.l,1912LIGGETT, HUNTER Brig. General Jul. 1, 1913MACOMB, M. M. Brig. General Apr. 22. 1914KUHN, JOSEPH E. Brig. General Feb. 1,1917

Classes Suspended in World War I (19171919)COMMANDANTS

McANDREW, JAMES W. Major General Jun. 15, 1919McGLACHLIN, E. F., JR . Major General Jul. 14,1921ELY, HANSON E. Major General Jul. 1, 1923CONNOR, WILLIAM D. Major General Dec. 20. 1927SIMONDS, GEORGE S. Major General May I, 1932CRAIG, MALIN Major General Feb. 4,1935GRANT, WALTERS. Brig. General Oct. 3,1935DEWITT, JOHN L. Major General Jun. 30, 1937PEYTON. PHILIP B. Brig. General Dec. 1,1939

Classes Suspended in World War II (19401950)SW ING. JOSEPH M. Major General Apr. 1, 1950

During th e World War the graduates of Leavenworth andthe War College held the most responsible positions in ourarmies. And I should like to make it of record that, in myopinion, had it not b..n for the able and loyal assistance ofthe ofRcers trained at these schools, th e tremendous problemsof combat, supply, an d transportation could not have beensolved . . . all essential respects, the directive genius,almost without exception, was the educated soldier.

-John J. Pershing, Genm'al, USA

. ToAug. 15 , 1Apr. 15, 19Dec. 3, 190Feb.21,19Oct. 8, 190Jun. 19 , 19Dec. 1, 190Feb. 1,191Aug. 31, 19Jul. 1, 1913Apr. 22, 19Oct. 12, 19Aug. 25. 19

Jul. 6,1921Jun. 30, 19Nov. 30, 19Apr. 30, 19Jan. 31, 19Oct. 1, 193Jun. 29. 19Nov. 30, 19Jun. 30, 19

Army- A WC- PI-0963- 15 Ja n 51 - 350 ,


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Army War College History (1951)