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Aromatic Plants : Sources, Therapeutic & Perfumery values & their economics
M. Vasundhara Professor, Dept. of Horticulture UAS, GKVK
1
Contents:
Introduction
Global Scenario
Commercial Aromatic Crops
Aromatherapy and Flower therapy
Facilities at UAS(B)
International Scenario
2
Introduction
• Mother Nature’s greatest gift to humans – Plants
• Plants – Flavors & Fragrances, enhance the quality of life.
“Fragrances help make life complete”.
• Perfumes are used dawn-dusk and Birth-Death
• Plants were primary source of perfumes in the ancient civilizations of Egypt, India, Greece and Rome.
• Ayurveda- India’s medical tradition- 3000yrs
- Gandhashastra, Gandhayukti, Manasollasa (literary works)
3
• Essential oils- “distilled essence”
• Represent the active constituent of plants.
• Essence-Cold Extraction
• flowers (rose, jasmine), leaves (mint, eucalyptus), barks (cinnamon), Heart wood (sandalwood), roots (vetiver), rhizomes (ginger), anise, fennel, seeds (nutmeg) Fruits-Melons and Strawberry
4
Chemistry of essential oils
5
Uses of essential oils Internal Messengers,
As Defensive Substances , anticancer,
cardiovascular agent
Against Herbivores And Also Attracting Pollinating Insects
To Their Host.
As Food Flavoring, Additives,
antioxidants
Compounding Of Cosmetics And
Perfumes.
Analgesic, Antimicrobial,
Antiseptic, Anti-inflammatory,
Expectorant, Diuretic And Sedative.
They Are Used In Air Fresheners
And Deodorizers
In All Branches Of Medicine Such As
Pharmacy, Balneology, Massage And Homeopathy, Aromatherapy
6
Essential oil Quantity in Tons Production Country
Basil exotic 50 Egypt, Comoros, France
Bay 40 Dominica, Pueto Rico
Bergamot 100 Italy, Ivory coast, Guinea Argentina, Brazil
Cajuput 200 Indonesia, Vietnam
Kananga 40 Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Philippines
Chamomile 10 Morocco, Egypt, Belglum, Italy, France
Cinnamon Leaf 100 Sri Lanka, India
Davana 4 India
Eucalyptus 6000 China, Australia, Spain, Portugal, USA
Geranium 150 China, South Africa, Egypt, India
Marojoram 40 Morocco, Egypt
Patchouli 1500 Indonesia, China, India
Rosemary 1200 Tunisia, Morocco Spain, France, South Africa, China, England , USA
(Varshney,2012) 7
Sl. No
Essential oil Production M. Tonnes
1 Ajowan 20.00
2 B. Pepper 50.00
3 Basil Exotic 2.0
4 Basil Indian 500.00
5 Cedarwood 200.00
6 Cinnamon leaf 5.00
7 Citronella 100.00
8 Cumin 10.00
9 Cardamom 25.00
10 Coriander 5.00
Sl. No
Essential oil Production M. Tonnes
11 Davana 5.00
12 Dil seed 10.00
13 E. citrodora 10.00
14 Eucalyptus 50.00
15 Fennel 5.00
16 Ginger 5.00
17 Jamrosa 5.00
18 Juniper berry 10.00
19 K. Katchri 10.00
20 Lavender 2.00
(Varshney,2012)
Contd...
8
Sl. No.
Essential oil Production M. Tonnes
21 Lemongrass 150.00
22 M. arvensis 30,000.00
23 M. citrata 5.00
24 M. longifolia 4.00
25 M. piperita 1200.00
26 Nutmeg 25.00
27 Nagarmotha 25.00
28 Palmarosa 15.00
Sl. No.
Essential oil Production M. Tonnes
29 Patchouli 4.00
30 Rosemary 1.00
31 Rooh khas 2.00
32 Sandalwood 25.00
33 Spearmint 400.00
34 Turmeric 5.00
35 Thuja 4.00
36 Vetiver oil 20.00
37 Others 50.00
Total 32974.00
(Varshney,2012)
Contd...
9
Sl. No.
Category of Use Quantity in M. Tonnes
1. Essential oils for Processing 93500
2 Essential oils for Fragrances 13538
3 Essential oils for Flavours 11800
4 Essential oils for natural Cosmetics/Personal care
5200
5 Essential oils for natural Medicines / Aroma therapy
2900
6 Essential oils for Pharma 2900
Total 1,29,838
(Varshney,2012) 10
Fragrances 47%
Flavours 45%
Natural Cosmetics
Personal Care 4%
Aromatherapy 2%
Pharma 2%
Others 5%
(Varshney,2012) 11
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2022
De
man
d in
M T
on
ne
s
Year
(Varshney,2012) 12
Projected Demand of Essential oils for Aromatherapy /
Herbal Therapy / Pharma
5000
6500
7800 8800 9000
10500
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2022
Year
De
man
d in
M. T
on
ne
s
(Varshney,2012) 13
GLOBAL PRICES OF ESSENTIAL OILS
Particulars Price/Kilo
Lavender 73 €
Benzoin 40 €
Pern Bals 125 €
Resinoid 65 €
Neroli 3,300€
Lemon 22 €
Rose absolute 2,200 €
Rose oil (Turkey) 5,600 €
Sandal wood 1,600 €
Clove bud 38 €
Jasmine 1,800 €
Galbanum 300 € 1%solution
Cassis /black currants 1500 €
Vanilla Absolute 1200 €
Vanillin (Rose +vanillin) 17 €
Bergamot 54 €
Cedar wood 22 € 14
Cedar wood 22 €
Cassis base 345 €
ID of Black currant 126 €
Pure 1000 €
Mandarin >63 €
Clary sage oil ≈ 85€
Clary sage absolute
Mimosa absolute
Photosensitive
Morocco 600€
Oak moss > 200€
Iris > 5,300
(Morocco) Italy also good
Artemisia
(touch of abmaz
and lavendin)
-100€
Java citronella 14€ some gms.
Geranium (Egypt) 57€ /kg best
Ylang ylang 190€ como island
Patchouli /
Indonessia)
>120€ (very few
gms)
Vetivert (Haiti) 200€
Orange flos abs
Tunisia
>5,300€
(in solution) fine perfumery not ordinarily
used. reconstituted very rare in flowers
Tonka beans
abolute
540€ (10%)
Rosemary
(Tunissia)
25 €
15
16
Rosmarinus officinalis -Rosemary
Rosemary plot at Sugandha Vana, Department of Horticulture ,UAS, GKVK, Bangalore.
Family - Lamiaceae
Leaves
Essential oil: Verbenone, α
-pinene
Perfumes, soaps,,
antioxidant, against
Alzheimer's disease.
17
Field visit
Rosemary cultivation in Chamarajanagar
18
Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary)
19
Vetiveria zizaniodes
POACEAE
Vetiver/Khus
Lavancha
Vetiverone, Vetiverol, benzoic acid and palmitic acid
Root
perfumes, soil binder fodder, Handicrafts
Varieties : Vriddhi
Varieties : Gulabi
20
ARTIFACTS FROM VETIVER ROOTS
VETIVER ROOTS
PRODUCTS
21
Cymbopogon martinii- Palmarosa
22
Gramineae
Geraniol, Geranyl acetate
Leaves ,stem , flowering top
perfumes, scenting soaps ,cosmetics, tobacco products
Artemisia pallens- Davana
Asteraceae
Davana
Hydrocarbons, esters oxygenated compounds Iso davanone and davanafurans
Leaves and flowers
Garland, religious offerings, High grade perfumes, cosmetics
23
Pogostemon patchouli-Patchouli
Field View- Patchouli under Coconut Shade
Family - Lamiaceae
Herbaceous perennial
Leaves
Essential oil- Patchouli alcohol, pogostol
Perfumes, soaps,
Shampoo, Gels,
agarbatti,potpourri
24
Patchouli + Long pepper system
Patchouli + Turmeric system
Patchouli+ Tulsi system
Patchouli + Coconut 25
Patchouli + Sesbania sps Patchouli + Coffee
Patchouli +Arecanut Arecanut +Patchouli + Banana 26
Lavandula spp. - Lavender
Family - Lamiaceae
Herbaceous perennial
Flower, leaves
Essential oil- Lavendin
Perfumes, Balms, Culinary,
aromatherapy, cosmetics
27
Products of Lavender
28
Cymbopogon spp.-Lemon Grass
Family -Poaceae
Grass
Leaves
Essential oil- citral
Perfumes, Balms, Culinary,
cosmetics, tea,
aromatherapy
29
Lemon Grass Varieties maintained at Sughandha vana
PRAMAN CKP -25 KRISHNA
OD 440 OD 19 KAVERI
CIM- SWARNA 30
Cymbopogan winterianus – Java citronella
Family -Poaceae
Grass
Leaves
Essential oil-
citronellal, geranyl
acetate, Geranyl
acetate
Insect Repllent , soaps,
perfumes, detergents
31
Ocimum Spp- Tulasi Family - Lamiaceae
Perinneal
Leaves
Essential oil- Camphor/
campene/ methyl
chavicol
Aromatherapy,
antidepressant,
32
Scented Geranium
Family - Gerniaceae
Perinneal
Whole Herb
Essential oil- geraniol,
gernyl acetate, linalool,
Perfumery, Soaps,Fine
Perfumes
33
Mentha spp. Mints- Japanese mint,
bergamot mint, pepper
mint, spear mint, cat
mint etc
Family - Lamiaceae
Perinneal
Leaves
Essential oil- Whole
Herb
Uses: Flavors, tooth
paste, pain balms,
cosmetics
34
Floral Aromas
Matricaria chamomilla
Heydicium spicata
Fragrant Roses
Yellow Heydicium sp.
Jasminum grandiflorum
Plumeria spp. 35
Fragrance Garden
36
Aromatic Climbers
Strophanthus gratis Clematis Gouriana
Passiflora Laurifolia Nyctanthes sp.
37
Aromatic Climbers
Malodynus manogynus
Beamontia grandiflora
Nonicera japonica
38
Aromatic Trees
Magnolia spp Melaleuca indica (Kajuput) Magnolia grandiflora
39
Nycanthes arbor-tristis ( parijatha) Bursera penicillata Cananga odorata
Aromatic Trees
40
Aromatic Trees
Cinnamon Cinnamon Camphor
41
Notes 1st STUDY 2nd STUDY 3rd STUDY 4th STUDY 5th STUDY 6th STUDY
RUSTIC /
CAMPHORACEO
US NOTES
Lavender oil
extra
Lavandin
grosso oil
Rosemary oil Thyme oil Eucalyptus
globulus oil
Artemesia oil
ANIMALIC
NOTES
Civet
abs.(at1%)
Castoreum abs.
ANISEED NOTES Anis Star oil Tarragon oil Cumin oil
BALSAMIC
NOTES
Tolu Balsam
res.
Vanilla abs. Tonka bean res Ciste abs S.I. S Clary sage abs
WOODY NOTES Sandal wood
Mysores oil
Cedarwood
virginia oil
Vetiver oil Patchouli
Indonesia rest
oil
Oakmoss
tyrolian abs
Pine oil
CITRONELLA
NOTES
Citronella Java
oil
Verbena oil
synth.
SPICY NOTES Clove oil Cinnamon bark
oil
Numeg oil Pepper oil Juniper berry
oil
Coriander oil
FLORAL NOTES Jasmin India
abs
Tuberose India
abs
Ylang Ylang
extra oil
Violet leaves
abs (1%)
Mimosa abs Iris abs
MINTY NOTES Peppermint oil Spearmint oil
Sources of Different notes
42
ORANGE NOTES Neroli oil Petit grain
Paraguay oil
Oranger abs
flower
RESIN NOTES Olibanum oil Benzoin siam
res
Opoponax abs
colorless
Myrrhe oil Fir balsam abs
needles
Galbanum res
ROSY NOTES Rose de Mai
abs
Rose Turquish
oil
Geranium
bourbon oil
GREENNOTES Galbanum oil
extra
Tagete oil
CITRUS NOTES Lemon oil
Italian
Bergamote oil
reggio
Orange oil
guinea
Mandarine oil
Italian
Lime oil
handpressed
MISCELL NOTES Blackcurrent
abs
Algues abs Birch tar oil
43
Aromatherapy
Character Aromas
A: Aphrodisiacs Jasmine, sandalwood, ylang-ylang
Anger Chamomile, mellisa, rose
Apathy Jasmine, patchouli, rosemary
Confusion Basil, peppermint, patchouli
Depression Bergamot, camphor, jasmine, rose
F: Fear Basil, clary, jasmine
G: Grief Marjoram, rose, hysoop
H: Hypotension(Arterial) Lavender, rose, geranium
I: Influenza Cinnamon, eucalyptus, blackpepper
J: jealousy rose
L: laxative effect Camphor,cinnamon, marjoram
M: melancholy/depression Basil, geranium, lavender, sandalwood
44
Character aromas
P: Panic Jasmine, lavender, marjoram
S: Seadative Shock Suspicion
Chamomile, mellisa, peppermint Camphor and mellisa lavender
T: throat infection Sandalwood, vetiver(external app)
U: Urinary track infection Sage, sandalwod, thyme and juniper
45
Flower Therapeutic action
Yellow jamanthi (Charaka) Control cough and phlegm
Kethaki flowers(Boja) Increases happiness of ladies
Thumbe (Leucas aspera)-Lord Shiva Hiccups
Lotus-Goddess Lakshmi Prevents abortion
Parijatha(Nyctanthes) Improves stamina
Roses Cure for dysentry
Champaka Relives headache
Plumeria spp. Wound healing
White hibiscus Against piles
Nagapushpa Alleviates throat problems
Nandibatlu Cooling eyes
Ashoka-flowers With water cures Diarrhea
Madhuca indica-flower Bronchial problems and cough
Sasbania-Agase pitanivaraka
46
Medicinal Herbal Garden
• A bed of herbs of alternate sweetness- Stevia, Tagetes.
• A bed of herbs to improve memory- Baccopa & Centella asiatica
• To prevent hair loss – Rosemary, Eclipta alba.
• To prevent headaches – Mints, scented geranium.
• To keep away Mosquitoes – Lemongrass, citronella.
• Tonic herbs – Chakramuni, Primrose.
• To heal burns & wounds, cosmetic use – Aloe. • To ready dye – Mehendi, Annatto, Sunflower. • A bed of herbs to help insomnia- Melissa, Mints.
• A bed of herbs that aid indigestion- Tulsi.
47
Facilities at UAS(B)
Highlights of Research work on Natural Aromas
48
Analytical Laboratory
49
Sugandha Vana-15 Acres
Production of elite planting material
50
Low cost indigenous distillation Unit
51
DISTILLATION UNIT AT AROMATIC GARDEN IN COLLOBORATION WITH ASTRA, IISC
52
Sanjeevani Vatika- 15 acres
Herb Block Climber Block
Shrub block Tree block
Elite Planting material production site
53
Comparison of Cardamom oil- powder and whole capsule
Major component: Terpenyl acetate 54
Evaluation of Turmeric rhizome Essential oil
Component : Aromatic tumerone, Beta tumerone, alpha tumerone 55
Value addition of Curcuma amada Essential Oil -Mango Ginger
Curcuma amada rhizomes
Essential oil extraction
Essential oil from three forms
Value added product
Essential oil component-Myrcene
56
INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO
Land of Essential oil production –INDONESIA
Capitol of Perfumes- FRANCE
57
600-800 kg dry clove leaves yield 1-3 % oil
Clove Distillation Gesing, Banjar, Buleleng- North Bali
Distillation Unit And
Dry Clove Leaves
Clove oil
58
Cinnamon
Cinnamon plantation Bark removal
Double layered Quills Single bark 59
Bali, Jakarta- Field Trip- Vanilla
Tripper Nature Company- Vanilla Processing:
Vanilla beans
Extraction unit
Drying Curing
Vanilla extract 60
Distillation of Cananga odorata at Bendan, Boyolali-
Central Java Oil production 1.5 t/ annum (2011)
Cananga trees at roadside Collection of flowers
61
Java plant - Indonesia
Best Architecture
•Two production facilities
•1,15,000 kg / month capacity
•Exports mainly to US and JAPAN
•Botanical extracts used in food, beverage and
cosmetics 62
Patchouli as Intercrop with Tomato and Onion
Patchouli drying method Patchouli distillation unit 63
Patchouli Distillation 64
Indesso Aroma- Banyamas, Cental Java
Cassia bark oil, clove bud oil, cubeb, fresh ginger oil
Natural extracts- eugenol, caryophyllene
Patchouli oil
Tea extracts
Encapsulation products, flavouring snacks, instant noodles
65
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68
69
CULTIVATION OF JASMINE - Grasse, France
70
Harvesting (Till 11.00am))
Storage baskets
On field extraction unit Solvent storage tank
71
Cleaning of Chassis Disposing of Spent
flowers
Spent flowers after
Extraction
72
THANK YOU ALL
73