Aronia: Native Shrubs With Untapped Potential Mark Brand

7/29/2019 Aronia: Native Shrubs With Untapped Potential Mark Brand

1/12

T gus Aronia is a grou o argovrook srus ativ to t ast-r Uit Stats. Aronia scis av

trmous ottia or us as oramtaasca ats a as a i ruit cro.O tig tat as ack cosumr acc-tac o Aronia is t uortuat commoam cokrra am uik to ara at to cosumrs. T am cokrr

ma av giv toAronia caus oav osrv tat t rris ar iitia ovr-ook irs a ar o tak atr i titr t ar t ast ruits rmaiig.T strog tai avor o cokrr ruitsma sm to t raso irs avoi truits, ut oritoogists oit out tat it maactua t rativ o roti cott o

t ruits comar to otr ruits tat ar morrai tak irs.

I am aas orkig to igt oaoutAronia a i oig so I av ou tatcousio aous it coms to cokrra cokcrr. I rguar av o t mt ar amiiar it cokrr, o to fout tat t mat cokcrr (Prunus vir-

giniana). Aronia is o o t st kt at

scrts arousurrisig sic tis gus is ascomx a itrstig as it is usu.

Aronia Spcis n Thir Chrctristics

Cokrris ar i t Rosaca a ar muti-stmm, ciuous srus. T rai ormrizoms a ca suckr to orm sma coo-is i a o-aggrssiv mar. To scis

Aronia: Native Shrubs With Untapped Potential

Mark Brand

R chobrrys striing ruit ispy sts svr months.

All

phOTOSARebyTheAUThORUnleSSOTheRwISeIndICATed


2/12

oAronia ar gra rcogiz:A. arbutio-lia (r cokrr) aA. melanocarpa (ackcokrr). hari (1973) suggsts tat ruitcoorr vrsus acksou us to i-rtiat t scis. I aitio to ruitcoor, Krussma (1986) us gr o us-cc o stms, avs, a iorsccs to

istiguis r rom ack cokrr. A tir

scis, A. pruniolia (ur cokrr), isgra rcogiz as avig ur-ackruits a amouts o uscc itrmiatt t r a ack scis. I m osr-

vatio, t amout o uscc o atstat cou cosirA. pruniolia ca ragrom morat to av. Ta 1 summarizssom o t caractristics tat ca us totr to irtiat r rom ack cokrr.Sciatio iti tAronia gus is ar romcar cut a mor rsarc s to co-uct to trmi iA. pruniolia is a ritA. arbutiolia aA. melanocarpa orsou cosir as art o t A. melano-carpa scis. (S t taxoom siar or

mor iormatio oAronia sciatio).T r chobrry gros 6 to 10 t (1.8 to3 mtrs) ta a 3 to 5 t (.9 to 1.5 mtrs)

Th vs o r chobrry (sn hr) r pubscnton th owr surc whi bc chobrry vsc pubscnc.

R chobrry hs n upright growth hbit.

Though not ong sting, r chobrrys fowrs r ttrctivin th spring.

R chobrry hs outstning r oig coor.

Aronia 15


3/12

i. It is a muti-stmm sru it a is-tict urigt grot ait. ev toug tat suckrs a sras, it ca com som-at gg a o at t as. Most o t

oiag o a matur r cokrr i oui t ur a o t at. Summr oiago r cokrr is si or at gr aova grais tomtos o. n grot ostms is aso quit usct. lavs ar oo-vat or itica it a sort acumiat tia margia srratios. R cokrr aoiag turs a virat r crimso or urr a ca sctacuar i su ocatios.ev i art sa ocatios t avsmustr a vr ic o orag a r. I

aitio to ig attractiv i t summr aa, t r cokrr aso ors i srig,usua i ar Ma i n ega. Smait ors ar rouc i custrs tat araout 1.5 ics (3.8 ctimtrs) i aca so umrous tat t covr t caosurac. T ors o ot ast a articuarog tim (aout t sam amout o tim as

Amelanchier ors), ut t o a arsaso itrst to t at.

pras t st art aout t ors istat t giv ris to auat r ruits i

at Stmr a ar Octor. T custrso sma (0.25 ic [.64 ctimtr] iamtr)ruits ar quit so a tica rmaifrm, goss, a attractiv troug dcmr.As stat or, irs rar stri t ruitsrom t ats uti atr t av ost ora-mta aa.

T bc chobrry ca gra is-tiguis rom t r cokrr ( ruitar ast) t ack o uscc o stmsa a ursis. back cokrris ar aso

sortr ta tir r-ruit coutrarts,attaiig a matur igt o 4 to 8 t (1.2 to2.4 mtrs). lik t r cokrr, it suckrsrous, ut orms s ats a coois,rar aarig vr gg.

back cokrr as outstaig, ustrous,ark gr summr oiag tat turs a asig o o, orag a r i t a. wi

Bc chobrry brs gossy bc ruit.

16 Arnoldia 67/3


4/12

Th gbrous oig o bc chobrry is grn in summr n cn vop goo r to orng n yow coor.

Table 1: Comparison of red (Aronia arbutifolia) andblack (A. melanocarpa) chokeberry characteristics

Red BlaCk

ruit coor crr r ruit coor ack

ruit rativ sma ( 0.3 ic) ruit rativ arg ( 0.3 ic)

ruit ris St.Oct. ruit ris at JuAug.

ruit rsistt ito itr ruit srivs a ros

avs, stms, iorsccs usct avs, stms, iorsccs garous

ait urigt, gg at as ait rou, u to as

ou rimari o am/t sits ou o ot am/t sits a r sits

iaits coasta soutastr U.S. iaits ortastr a mistr U.S.

t ack cokrrs autum oiag isama a a it s o tat o its r-ruit ra-tiv, it is sti surior to ma srus. Forsar it, or i Ma, a ar simiar i a-

sca ctivss to t r cokrr. T

ack ruits, rom icA. melanocarpa gtsits commo am, ar si a argr (0.3 to0.5 ic [0.8 to 1.3 ctimtrs] iamtr) tat ruits oA. arbutiolia. Fruits ca ri as

ar as mi-Ju, ut t rimari ri ur-

Aronia 17


5/12

ig t mot o August. back cokrrisitr soo atr riig a itr ro oor rsist or a i as raisis o t at.

A. melanocarpa ouatios i t ur Mi-st tica av mor rsistt ruit taouatios i t nortast.

distribution n Hbitt

T gograica rag or Aronia arbutioliais ctr i t soutastr Coasta pai,ut it ca ou xtig out ito suitaaitats star ito t Aaacia Mou-tais. It rags rom astr Txas to ortrForia a cotius u t astr saoar.It is commo i muc o t Caroias, Vir-giia, Mara, a n Jrs. Atoug itca ou i n ega, r cokrroccurs muc ss rqut tr a is g-ra ou cos to t coast. T ctr o

istriutio or Aronia melanocarpa is i tortastr stats a t Grat laks rgio,it rag xtsio ito t igr vatioso t Aaacia Moutais. I t Aa-acia Moutais a t nortast tris cosira ovra o t r a ackcokrr rag. Atoug t iormatio issomat icomt,A. pruniolia sms to

ou trougout muc o t ack cok-rr rag a xts somat ito tr cokrr rag.

Aronia arbutiolia occurs i ogs, sams,savaas, oa oos, t gs o atrois, moist rock ss, a moist i ar-rs. A. melanocarpa occurs i simiar tocatios, ut ca aso ou groig osa us, r rock sos, r us aas, a grass aras. you i rar i

A. arbutiolia o t sam r rock us a

a powrin cut with sn ovrying moist sps is hom to r chobrris in North Croin.

18 Arnoldia 67/3


6/12

On typ o bc/purp chobrry nvironmnt in Min.

us rA. melanocarpa occurs, ut I avou it groig i ti ars o orgaic uo t xos sis o rock as.A. pruni-

olia is ou i aras simiar toA. arbutiolia,ut aso i somat rir carigs.

Cutur Conitions

Cokrris ar cosir to ar to

USdA ariss zo 4 a, it ror go-t sctio, t r scis ca xiit gooat torac as . pats ca gro suc-cssu i artia sa or u su, ut ttrorig, ruitig, a a coor occur i usu situatios. bot r a ack cokrrissm to torat r or t soi coitios, vtoug t r scis atura occurs mostot i t aras. bst grot ca xcti moist sois, ut soi t is ot critica.Trasatig a staismt ar as it

cokrris v t ar giv omost atrcar. lik most mmrs o tRosaca,Aronia as a smig ss ist oiscts a isass tat cou attack it, ut tats rar sm to act muc aar cosir rativ carr. I av outat or mi ca it A. melanocarpa,ut it ost sm to so u to a gr o

A. arbutiolia. lacug is o isct tat I avosrv occasioa aictig ack cok-rr groig o ot, r sits.

Aronia Gntics: Poiy n apomixis

puis itratur stats tat A. arbutioliaas a 2 umr (umr o cromosoms isomatic cs) o itr 34 or 68 aA. melano-carpa as a 2 umr o 34 (darigto aJaaki 1945). At t Uivrsit o CocticutI av aAronia grmasm coctio o ovr

Aronia 19


7/12

This rocy outcropping in th appchin Mountins in Tnnss is typic hbitt orAronia.

20 Arnoldia 67/3


8/12

Taxonomic Teasers inAronia

O

vr t ars, Aronia as ac i umrous gra, icuigMespilus, Pyrus, Adenorachis, Sorbus, a Photinia irt taxo-omic autoritis (Rortso t a. 1991). Rr (1949) a hari

(1973) cos to us t gusAronia or t cokrris. I 1991, Rortso ta., ac t cokrris i t gus Photinia, citig o ircs i oraa ruit moroog t ats orma i t gusAronia a tos iPhotinia. Accorig to Rortso t a., r cokrr coms Photinia pyri-

olia, ack cokrr coms Photinia melanocarpa, a ur cokrrcoms Photinia foribunda. T USdA pats dataas (ats.usa.gov) asaot Photinia as t gus or t cokrris, ut USdA GRIn (.ars-gri.gov/) is sti aoigAronia. likis, i t 6t itio o Micadirrs Manual o Woody Landscape Plants, Aronia is sti ig us or tcokrris. Uti mor cocusiv gtic stuis ar urtak, tr iik cotiu ucrtait aout t corrct gus or t cokrris.

Aotr oit o omcatura ucrtait is itAronia pruniolia. Souit cosir a sarat scis or o itoA. melanocarpa orA. arbutio-

lia as a varit? I it is a sarat scis, os it av its origis as a itrscifcri oA. arbutiolia aA. melanocarpa a sou it sigat asAroniaxpruniolia? Most o t vic sms to suggst tat t ur cokrris t rsut o itrscifc riizatio t r a ack cokrr. wko rom our o riizatio ork tat it is rativ as to cross r aack cokrris a gt osrig tat ar ot t rsut o aomixis. w avoiat ioi ack to ttraoi r a av ma ur ats ic artrioi. hari (1973) oits out tat gar ris t r a ack avaris at tims a av rrr to asAronia foribunda.

Som av argu tat t atura occurrigA. pruniolia is somtig i-rt romA. foribunda caus it ca occur outsi aras r t r aack cokrris ar smatric, ut tis argumt is a. It os ot takito cosiratio t ik scario tat itrscifc r-ack ris ro-uc via ss aomictica. T ur scis cou aris at t margis oovra o t r a ack scis a t sra s to rgios ar oac art scis rag. pur cokrr cou aso sra vgtativ rizoms. Furtrmor, ur cokrris sm to occur i t gratst au-ac a av t most iti-ouatio variaiit i aras r ot tr a ack cokrris ovra. par cromatogra o i t 1960s or, ack, a ur cokrr ou tat ur cokrr cotai t

gratst umr o uiqu comous i comariso to r a ack, aigmor igt to t tor o ri origi (Asto t a. 1965). Ts argumts,aog it t act tatA. pruniolia gra as moroogica caractristics(gr o a/stm uscc, ruit coor, ruit riig at, at ait) tatar itrmiat tA. arbutiolia aA. melanocarpa, sm to ti t a-ac i avor o ri origi. O it o ork couct i t 1970s, at t ocos log Asto Rsarc Statio at t Uivrsit o bristo, ou tat tavo C-gucosi vitxi is rstrict to arbutiolia apruniolia x arbutioliamatria a ast rom melanocarpa apruniolia x melanocarpa matria.Ts figs o ot suort t ivovmt oA. arbutiolia i t artagoA. pruniolia (Ao. 1974).

Aronia 21


9/12

100 accssios o ack, ur, a r scis.So ar, as o o ctomtr rsuts, avot ou a ioi (2=34) r cokrris.wit aitioa coctig, o to f t

usiv ioiA. arbutiolia. back cokr-ris coct rom outsi o n egaav a ttraois (2=68), i nega ack cokrris av ioi(2=34). Tr ar umrous accssios tat iv to A. pruniolia a ts ats aritr ttraoi or trioi.

Tr is moutig vic tat suggststatAronia is caa o roucig aomicticss (prsso hovmam t a. 2004). Tsar ss tat vo itout rtiizatio o

t gg a ar, tror, cos o t motrat. Tis is articuar tru o ttraoia trioi orms oAronia. Aomictic sst as susct rom osrvatios ot omogit i cutivat Russia atmatria (poavskaa 1995). I our o

rig ork itAronia at t Uivrsito Cocticut, av ou tat sigouatios rom ttraoi ats ar visu-a itica to t ma art rgarss

o t oi o t o us. w usa ioi ma art, gt sgrgatioiti t ouatio. w av aso outat trioiAronia rouc rti s, vtoug trioi tica rsuts i striit. Itis ik tat ooi orms o Aronia avvov to rouc s troug aomixis as auctioa mar i ic to rrouc.

Why th Intrst inAronia?

T utur is articuar rigt orAronia a

it i uout mrg rom its rativoscurit to srv as ot a imortat ora-mta asca sru a as a utracuticaruit cro. Tr is groig itrst amog gar-rs, ascars, asca arcitcts, at gra uic i makig ttr us o our

Chobrris r vrsti ornmnt nscp shrubs. a pnting o bc chobrry is sn hr in coor.

nAnCyROSe

22 Arnoldia 67/3


10/12

o ativ ats, scia t casrv as atrativs to romatic aggrssiva ivasiv xotic scis.

I t nortast, t ouar ig uo-

mus or urig us (Euonymus alatus) ascom ivasiv a as v a iMassacustts a n hamsir. Its maiasca attriuts ar stuig r a coor,s ait, a as cutur. Sic ativigus urr (Vaccinium corymbosum)aso as xct r a coor it is ot rc-omm as a racmt or urig us,ut it is ot aat to ma o t ascasits r urig us as tica mo.Aronia ca srv as a muc ttr

atrativ to E. alatus caus it is sit aat-a i aitio to avig muti-saso itr-st, icuig r a coor. To com ouaroramta srus, cokrris sim aitt marktig a ras a mor aaigcommo am.

I aitio to uss as a oramta, ackcokrr is rai gaiig momtum asa sma ruit cro or ma arts o tUit Stats. T urr-siz ack ruitsrouc Aronia melanocarpa av tigst ko vs o atioxiats (atoca-

is a avoois) o a tmrat ruit, fvtims igr ta crarr a urr, aaso cotai strog aticacr comous.Aro-

nia as i gro i eastr euroa Russia r t ruits ar rocss aus i vrags, i, j, a ak goos(Kask 1987). I t Uit Stats, Aronia isarg uko as a ruit cro, ut tr ar oovious imitatios to rvt it rom com-ig ouar r as , scia giv tuics groig itrst i uctioa oos.

primiar ork i Ioa, Orgo, wiscosi,a nraska as mostrat t viaiit oAronia as a ruit cro i ma rgios, icu-ig n ega.

Aronia rris, i i as a rs ruit,ar muc tastir t ruits av rocss. T ar ig i sugar (12 to 20%sou sois), atocais (560 to 1050mg/100 g rs igt), av a h o 3.3 to 3.7,a 0.7 to 1.2% titrata aciit (Jsso aJoasso 2000; Oszmiaski a Sais 1988).Cokrris ar vr suita or iustria

rocssig sic t ar ot ro to mcai-ca amag urig trasort a av o cticott (Jsso 1999). Morovr, cokrris

ca arvst maci (Gatk a wik1991) a tr is a og arvst io.

Sic cokrr juic is uik to s,it is usua a as aroia juic. wi rto ark ur i coor, it is ot itotr mor avoru juics suc as a, cra-rr, gra, a ack currat to mak ouarvrags. Otr commo uss icu jisa jams, sru, sot sras, tas, i, aavorigs or ic cram a ogurt. Aroia juicis aso a xct coorat.

T Uivrsit o wiscosi-MaisoCtr or Itgrat Sstms (Scr 2008)vauat 13 ottia ucommo ruits itsustaiaiit ottia.Aronia as cos ast cro it t gratst ottia, atigout currats, goosrris, a rrris.lo iut rquirmts, ig aataiit,ig st rsistac, ig utracutica co-tt, sort tim to frst i, as o cutur,a ig maci arvst ottia r givas rasos Aronia is tos or commrciarouctio ottia.

aroni juic proucts (t to right): roni bn with cijuic to m ruit juic rin simir to crnbrry cocti,powr juic to mix into oo or rin s nutrcutic,n nutrcutic bvrg contining roni juic.

Aronia 23


11/12

Bring n Sction

brig orts to imrov oramta cok-rris at t Uivrsit o Cocticut arocus rimari o r cokrr. Tris a to ruc t ats statur aa imiat its tc toar ggiss.Aotr goa ou icras ruit siz torovi a mor imrssiv isa i t aa ar itr. Fa oiag imact ca ac imrovig a rttio as tavs tur r; currt avaia orms o rcokrr t to ro avs too quick atrcoorig. Sctios ca aso ma or rsis-tac to or mi i ack cokrr.So ar, imrovig r cokrr as ca-gig caus a o t accssios avar ttraois tat roa rouc aomictics. Fiig a i ioiA. arbutiolia courov to vr usu i rig tis scis.pooi ca aso mak it mor ifcut tous mutatio rig o r cokrr uto t xtra sts o cromosoms tat ca mask

icomt mutatios. notss, avma som rogrss i voig mor com-act orms o r cokrr usig cmicamutags a irraiatio.

euroa a Russia rig orts toac ack cokrr or ruit rouctioav arg costrai t igomogous g oo i omsticat Rus-sia at matria. To mak rogrss i tisara it is, tror, cssar to roa tgtic asis troug t itrouctio o

grmasm rom ativ stas (prsso hov-mam t a. 2004). Tr is vic suggstigtat avooi cott o cokrris ca icras icororatig ativ grmasmtat cotais igr vs o avoois itoa rig rogram (Suiro t a. 2006). du toaomixis, ioi orms o ack cokrrar at t cor o at imrovmt ortsat t Uivrsit o Cocticut. It is ucartr ttraoi orms ar autottraois oraottraois. It is ossi tat commrcia

Th ruit o Viing(t) n typic wi-typAronia melanocarpa (right). Viing n Nro r th primry cuti-vrs vib or ruit prouction in th Unit Stts (Mcky 2001). Both r ttrpoi orms (Brn, unpubisht) with rg, rtivy swt brris n r th highst proucing cutivrs currnty vib (Stri t . 2003).

24 Arnoldia 67/3


12/12

Aronia cutivars ik Vikig cou aottra-ois, sicAronia is ko to riiz itats i t Rosaca gus Sorbus.

Our rimar goa at t Uivrsit o Co-

cticut is to imrov ack cokrr as aruit cro icrasig vs o atioxiatsa aticacr comous i t ruits imaitaiig or icrasig ruit siz aov tatou i currt commrcia cutivars sucas Vikig. O cours, imrovig ruit avoris aso imortat. w ar currt trig tourav t gtics tat av giv us cuti-vars ik Vikig a nro. Som autoritissigat t arg ruit ack cokrrisasAronia mitschurini (Strik t a. 2003). I t

at 1800s a ar 1900s, Russia a ast-r euroa rrs a sigifcat Aroniarig rograms. Iva Micuri, a Russiaat rr, rouc a at ca likr-aa tat is a itrgric ri tSorbus aucuparia a Aronia melanocarpa(Kask 1987). It is ossi tat tis itrg-ric ri, or otrs ik it, r vtuaack cross toA. melanocarpa to giv ris tocutivars suc as Vikig. b urstaigo Vikig as crat, o to r-cratsurior arg-ruit orms or t gigomstic cokrr ruit iustr.

litrtur Cit

Asto, R. e., h. Rosr, K. na a T. J. Mar. 1965.hri comous i atura a itrscifcris. Proceedings o the National Academyo Science 54:14581465.

Ao. 1974. Aronia. log Asto Rsarc Statio,Uivrsit o bristo: Rort 1974.

brmz-Soto, M.J., larrosa, M., Garcia-Catajo, J.M.,es, J.C., Toms-barra, F.A., & Garca-

Cosa, M.T. 2007. U-rguatio o tumorsurssor carciomroic atig-ratc asio mocu 1 i uma coo cacrCaco-2 cs ooig rtitiv xosur toitar vs o a oo-ric cokrrjuic. Journal o Nutritional Biochemistry18:259271.

darigto, C. d. a e. K. Jaaki. 1945. Chromosomeatlas o cultivated plants. Gorg A aUi lt., loo.

Gatk, R. a K. wik. 1991. Si Aroia-buscmaci rtar? Gartenbau 38:3738.

hari, J. w. 1973. T igmatic cokrris (Aronia,Rosaca). Torreya 100:178184.

Jsso, n. 1999. evauatio o ack cokrr,Aroniamelanocarpa, grmasm or rouctio o

atura oo coourats. Acta Horticulturae484:193198.

Jsso, n. a R. Joasso. 2000. Cags iruit quait i ack cokrr (Aroniamelanocarpa) urig maturatio. Journalo Horticultural Science and Biotechnology75:340345.

Kask, K. 1987. larg-ruit ack cokrr (Aroniamelanocarpa). Fruit Varieties Journal 41:47.

Krussma G. 1986. Cultivated Broad-leaved Trees andShrubs, 3 voums, b. T. batsor lt., loo.

McKa, S.A. 2001. dma icrasig or aroia

a rrr i nort Amrica. NY FruitQuarterly9:23.

Oszmiaski, J. a J. C. Sais. 1988 Atocais i ruitsoAronia melanocarpa (cokrr). Journal oFood Science 53:12411242.

paavskaa, T. K. 1995.Aronia, its coomic sigifcaca currt status. I:A program and methodso breeding ruit, small-ruit and nut bearingcrops. Oro, Russia:457459.

prsso hovmam, h.A., n. Jsso, I. V. bartis ah. nom. 2004. RApd aasis o ioia ttraoi ouatios o Aronia oits

to irt rrouctiv stratgis iti tgus. Hereditas 141:301312.

Rr, A. 1949. Bibliography o Cultivated Trees andShrubs. Aro Arortum, harvar Uivrsit.. 261262.

Rortso, K.R., J.b. pis, J.R. Rorr, a p.G. Smit.1991. A sosis o gra i Maoia(Rosaca). Systematic Botany16: 376394.

Scr, d. 2008. Fruit it ottia or wiscosiarms. tt://.cias.isc.u/-cott/uoas/2008/07/caraa..

Strik, b., Fi, C. a wrosta, R. 2003. prormac o

cokrr (Aronia melanocarpa) i Orgo,USA.Acta Horticulturae (IShS) 626:439443.

Suiro, l., G. G. yous, d. Sigr, e. G. d Mjia, M. h.Grac a M. A. lia. 2006. Cmorvtivotcia o avooi xtracts rom atatio-r a i Aronia melanocarpa (ackcokrr) ruits. Journal o Food Science71:480488.

Mark bra is a rossor i t dartmt o patScic a lasca Arcitctur at t Uivrsito Cocticut.

Aronia 25

Documents

Aronia: Native Shrubs With Untapped Potential Mark Brand