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Supporting Information
Hydrogen-bonding power interfacial load transfer of carbon
fabric/polypyrrole composite pseudo-supercapacitor electrode with
improved electrochemical stability
Xin Jin a, * , He Wang b, Yamin Liu a, Hongjie Wang b, Wenyu Wang b, *, Tong Lin c
a State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of
Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387,
China
b School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
c Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
* Corresponding author:
Xin Jin , E-mail: [email protected]
Wenyu Wang, E-mail: [email protected]
Fig. S1 SEM of fibers a) CF; b)PCF; c) CF/PPy; d) PCF/PPy
Fig. S2 Fiber diameter distribution
The SEM of fibers and a fiber diameter distribution pictures shown in Fig.S1 and Fig.S2, respectively. We can see that the surface became roughness and the average diameter of fiber increased a little after pyrrole polymerization on the surface of CF and PCF.
Table S1. The surface chemical composition results of samples based on XPS.
Samples CF PCF CF/PPy PCF/PPyO/C 4.9 33.2 9 8
C-C/% 86.1 37.5 44.4 42.8COH/% 6.79 24.1 0 0C=O/% 6.4 13.5 26.4 24.3
COOH/% 0.76 24.9 0 0C-N/% 0 0 29.2 32.9
a b c d
Fig. S3. The surface roughness of a-CF, b-PCF, c-CF/PPy, and d-PCF/PPy.
Fig. S4. The roughness and IFSS relationship curves of composites sample
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Fig. S5. CV curves of CF, PCF, CF/PPy, PCF/PPy at 20 mV s-1.
Fig. S6. GCD curves of CF, PCF, CF/PPy, PCF/PPy at 0.5 mA cm-2.
Table S2. The electrochemical performance results of samples based GCD curves.Current(mA)
Currentdensity
(mA cm-2)
Discharge time ∆t (s)
Areal capacitance (mF cm-2)
Capacitance retention(%)
1 0.5 349 449 218 281 100 1002 1 137 215 171 269 78 963 1.5 83 138 156 259 72 924 2 56 96 140 240 64 855 2.5 34 72 106 225 49 80
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Fig. S7. The first and last charge/discharge curves of (a) CF/PPy and (b) PCF/PPy at
2.5 mA cm-2.
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The calculation process of gravimetric capacitances of CF, PCF, CF/PPy, and
PCF/PPy is as following based on the Equation (6) in the experimental section.
M=M 1+M 2=1mg+0.4mg=1.4mg
2M=2×1.4mg=2.8mg
W%=M 2
M×100 %=0.4
1.4×100 %=28.6 %
CCF=I ×∆ t
2M 1×∆V= 0.5×36.8
2×1×0.8=11.5F g−1
CPCF=I ×∆ t
2M 1×∆V= 0.5×97.6
2×1×0.8=30.5 F g−1
CCF/PPy=I ×∆ t
2M ×∆V× 1W %
= 0.5×348.82×1.4×0.8
× 128.6 %
=272 F g−1
CPCF /PPy=I ×∆ t
2M ×∆V× 1W%
= 0.5×449.62×1.4×0.8
× 128.6 %
=351F g−1
where M (mg) is the mass of single electrode, M 1 (mg) and M 2 (mg) are the mass of
carbon substrate and active PPy, 2M (mg) is the total mass of two electrodes in the
supercapacitor, W% is the active material to electrode mass ratio, and CCF, CPCF,
CCF/PPy, and CPCF /PPy are gravimetric capacitances of CF, PCF, CF/PPy, and PCF/PPy.
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Table S3. Performances of supercapacitors based on carbon materials/PPy composite electrodes
Carbon
substrateElectrolyte Capacitance
Rate
capability
(%)
Cycling
numbers
Retention
rate (%)Ref.
Carbon
fabric
2M
NaCl
281 mF cm-2
(0.5 mA cm-2)
351 F g-1
80 400093 Our
work
(0.5 A g-1) (0.5-2.5 mA cm-2) (2.5 mA cm-2)
Carbon
cloth
2M
H2SO4
341.2 mF cm-2
(1 mA cm-2)
70
(1-20 mA cm-2)
10000
(8 mA cm-2)96
1
2016
Carbon
nanotube
1M
H2SO4
264 F g-1
(5 mA cm-2)-
1000
(5 mA cm-2)89
2
2015
Carbon paper
1M
H2SO4
15.9 mF cm-2
(1 mA cm-2)
58
(1-10 mA cm-2)
1000
(3 mA cm-2)51.3
3
2014
Graphene1M
H2SO4
420 F g-1
(0.5 A g-1)
57
(0.5-5 A g-1)
200
(1 A g-1)93
4
2013
Graphene2M
H2SO4
400 F g-1
(0.3 A g-1)
81
(0.3-1.5 A g-1)
200
(1.5 A g-1)88
5
2012
Graphene1M
H2SO4
482 F g-1
(0.5 A g-1)
46
(0.5-5 A g-1)
1000
(0.5 A g-1)95
6
2011
Graphene1M
KCl
285 F g-1
(0.5 A g-1)
73
(0.5-10 A g-1)
800
(2 A g-1)92
7
2010
Carbon
aerogel
6M
KOH
433 F g-1
(1 mV s-1)
73
(1-10 mV s-1)
500
(1 A g-1)-
8
2010
Carbon
fiber
6M
KOH
588 F g-1
(30 mV s-1)
93
(30-200 mV s-1)- -
9
2006
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References[1] D.-Y. Feng, Y. Song, Z.-H. Huang, X.-X. Xu, X.-X. Liu, Rate capability improvement of polypyrrole via integration with functionalized commercial carbon cloth for pseudocapacitor, J. Power Sources 324 (2016) 788-797.[2] L. Yang, S. Zhou, W. Yang, Polypyrrole directly bonded to air-plasma activated carbon nanotube as electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitor, Electrochim. Acta 153 (2015) 76-82.[3] C. Yang, J. Shen, C. Wang, H. Fei, H. Bao, G. Wang, All-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor based on reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube and carbon fiber paper/polypyrrole electrodes, J. Mater. Chem. A 2 (5) (2014) 1458-1464.[4] Y. Liu, Y. Zhang, G. Ma, Z. Wang, K. Liu, H. Liu, Ethylene glycol reduced graphene oxide/polypyrrole composite for supercapacitor, Electrochim. Acta 88 (2013) 519-525.[5] H.-H. Chang, C.-K. Chang, Y.-C. Tsai, C.-S. Liao, Electrochemically synthesized graphene/polypyrrole composites and their use in supercapacitor, Carbon 50 (6) (2012) 2331-2336.[6] D. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Chen, P. Yu, C. Wang, Y. Ma, Enhanced capacitance and rate capability of graphene/polypyrrole composite as electrode material for supercapacitors, J. Power Sources 196 (14) (2011) 5990-5996.[7] A. Liu, C. Li, H. Bai, G. Shi, Electrochemical deposition of polypyrrole/sulfonated graphene composite films, J. Phys. Chem. C 114 (51) (2010) 22783-22789.[8] H. An, Y. Wang, X. Wang, L. Zheng, X. Wang, L. Yi, et al., Polypyrrole/carbon aerogel composite materials for supercapacitor, J. Power Sources 195 (19) (2010) 6964-6969.[9] J.-H. Kim, Y.-S. Lee, A.K. Sharma, C.G. Liu, Polypyrrole/carbon composite electrode for high-power electrochemical capacitors, Electrochim. Acta 52 (4) (2006) 1727-1732.
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