ars.els-cdn.com · Web viewInstall 5GW more power-generating capacity by end-2016, of which 1.6GW will be geothermal, 630MW will be onshore wind, and 18MW will be cogeneration. Geothermal,

AFRO_ENERGYPOL Database of African Renewable Energy Policies

Sources: IEA/IRENA Joint Policies and Measures database (IEA, IRENA 2018), Global-Climatescope (Climatescope 2017a) and the Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy RISE (The World Bank Group 2017).

Country/Policy Policy Content Actors’ dimension

Transformative potential

Direct qualities


Integrative qualities

Transformative potential Enablingqualities

Overall assessment + codings

AlgeriaLaw 99-09 on the Management of Energy

Framework for energy management (use, conservation, efficiency, RE development)

Ministry of Energy and Mines

+ - + Algeria started in 1999 with a law on energy management as a strategic framework which included the promotion of renewables. In 2004 a law on RE promotion in the framework of sustainable development followed which sets a structure for RE policy through certification of origin systems, a national observatory on RE, a financial incentive framework. In 2004 a Feed-in-Tariff for hybrid and RE solutions was introduced, followed by a renewable energy fund in 2009. The fund is financed by a 0,5% levy on oil tax revenues and provides financial support to RE projects under the umbrella of the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Plan 2011-2030.State owned as well as local and international private investors are involved. Overall we find a highly diversified policy framework with several enabling policies.

Law 04-90 on RE promotion in the framework of sustainable development

Structure for RE policy and production targets, certification of origin system, national observatory for the promotion of RE, financial inventive framework


- + +

Law 04-92 on the Diversification of Power Generation Costs (REFIT)

Feed-in Tariff aiming at RE deployment and diversification of the energy mix


+ - +

Renewable Energy National Fund

Provides financial support to actions under the umbrella of the “Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Development Plan 2011-2030” and other

Renewable Energy National Fund of Algeria

+ + -

1

eligible renewable projects.Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Development Plan 2011-2030

Expand use of RE and energy source diversification; Install 22GW of RE power generation capacity between 2011 and 2030 (12GW internal 10MW export) and aim at 20% electricity generation from renewables by 2030


- + +

Feed-in Tariff for Solar PV installations

FIT for solar PV installations Ministry of Energy and Mines

+ - +

Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Development Plan 2015-2030

Update to 2011 version of the plan, focusing on large scale solar PV installations and onshore wind (due to large technology cost decrease) New 2030 targets: Solar PV 13,5GW; Wind 5GW; Solar Thermal 2GW; Biomass 1 GW; Cogeneration 400MW; Geothermal 15MW.RE share in total power generation is forecasted to reach 27% by 2030, including both state owned, local and international private investors

Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables; National Fund for Renewable Energies and Cogeneration (FNERC)

- + +

2



Direct qualities



Transformative potential Enablingqualities


AngolaElectrification Plan (2014)

Distribution of solar cookstoves Rural Electrification Agency

+ - - Angola’s energy sector is ‘fuelled’ by the oil-exporting sectors. Thus - as a case of ‘resource curse’ – the domestic energy supply mainly relies on traditional sources, with only few development cooperation projects, that would foster better access to energy. The Electrification Plan and the National Renewable Energy Strategy focus on increased energy access through improved cookstoves and basic energy access for rural populations. Angola 2025 poses an ambitious strategy but lacks a plan for narrowing down the plans into concrete policies. Moreover, the existence of a law that prevents private energy generation thwarts any IPP activities. Therefore a lack of private actors is remarkable. The only existing enabling policy – Angola 2025 – has not yet solidified, whereas the other policies are mainly aiming at direct interventions.

National Renewable Energy Strategy (2015)

Achieve universal access to electricity by diversification of electricity supply options, including renewables.Increase the national electrification rate by around 60% by 2025,and increase installed production capacity by 9.900MW based on 66% water sources, 19% natural gas sources, 8% renewable energies, and 7% thermal energy.

Rural Electrification Agency

- - -

Angola Energia 2025

Access to basic energy; increase the electricity coverage from 30% to 60% by 2025; offer grid access for 3.7 mill customers till 2025.

Ministry of Energy and Water

+ + +

Ministry of Energy and Water Action Plan 2013 – 2017

Add 6GW hydropower to the national grid; connect the three domestic grids to create one nationwide grid.


+ + -

3



Direct qualities




Enabling

qualities


BeninPlan d'Action National des Energies Renouvelables (PANER) (2015)

Achievement of 810 MW by 2030 (18,83 per cent of the energy) in different sources (including medium and large hydro) Support schemes for renewable energy production: feed-in tariffs, generally for long-term contracts,Quotas for selling renewable energy into the grid (through tendering).Investment incentives like grants, micro-credits, tax exemptions.

ECREEE (ECOWAS, Unido. Implémentation GEF Strategic Program for West Africa, GIZ, IRENA, the Austrian and Spanish governments.

+ - +In the mid-2000s Benin initiated an electrification plan, thereby also addressing the lack of access of electricity in rural areas. More comprehensive activities started in the mid-2010s with large support by ECOWAS/ECREEE and several European development agencies. Overall, Benin’s renewable energy strategy is highly dependent on external support. The main focus are direct policies, backed by some enabling policies. However, most of the policies remain very general and do not contain a specific strategy so far. This means that we cannot identify a comprehensive policy mix which would eventually result in a renewable energy transition for Benin. Currently, the French Development Agency plans to build a solar park based on a tender (25MW) and also the Nigerian University is involved for a solar tender (5MW) for the University of Benin.

Plan d’Action National d’Efficacité Energétique (PANEE) (2015)

Specific goals to achieve more renewable energy. ECREEE (ECOWAS),

Unido, GEF Strategic Program for West Africa, GIZ,Austrian and Spanish governments

- - +

Agendas de Access for all, increase the Ministère de + (+) -

4

https://mercomindia.com/nigeria-university-of-benin-solar-tender-5mw/

https://www.pv-magazine.com/2018/01/31/french-development-agency-issues-tender-for-benins-first-solar-park/

l’initiative de l’energiedurable pour tous (SE4ALL) (2015)

production capacities, transport and distribution of energy; RE Promoting to secure energy needs, access and control, develop the production and use of biofuels.

l’Energie, des recherches petrolieres et Minières, de l’eau et dudéveloppement des energies renouvelables

Decree 2014-376 of 25 August 2014 creating, allocating and organizing ANADER (National Agency for the Development of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency - ANADER)

The main goal is to promote renewable energy to meet the energy needs. In addition, the agency shall provide access to energy services and energy management in all sectors.

Gouvernement + - -

Politique et stratégie énergétique du Benin (2004)

Low cost access to electricity, increasing production capacity, electrification of rural areas

Direction Générale de l'Energie (DGE), Communauté Electrique du Bénin, La Société Béninoise d'Energie Electrique

+ - -

Plan stratégique du

This strategy should support the national capacities for domestic

Direction Générale de l'Energie

+ - -

5

développement du secteur de l’énergie au Bénin (2009)

fuels and biomass energy, mainly in planning and management.

Stratégie et plan d’action d’économie d’énergie dans les bâtiments administratifs

Energy efficiency strategy in the public sector, includes also promotion of energy efficiency and renewable energy

DGE, L'Agence Béninoise d'Electrification Rurale et de Maîtrise d'Energie, Direction Générale de l'Energie

- +-

Document de Politique et de stratégie pour la promotion des filières de biocarburant au Bénin et plans d’action (2012)

Production and use of biofuelsL'Agence Béninoise d'Electrification Rurale et de Maîtrise d'Energie, Direction Générale de l'Energie

- - +

Politique Nationale de Maitrise de l’Energie (PONAME)

Optimize energy supply, change of energy consumption, strengthen the institutional and regulated framework: strategic 9 pillars: promoting renewable energy is one

L'Agence Béninoise d'Electrification Rurale et de Maîtrise d'Energie, Direction

- - +

6

Générale de l'Energie, La Société Béninoise d'Energie Electrique

Document de politique d’électrification rurale (2004)

Goals for rural electrification; by 2015 at least 40% average electrification rate for all selected rural areas

L'Agence Béninoise d'Electrification Rurale et de Maîtrise d'Energie (ARBME), Direction Générale de l'Energie

+ - -

7



Direct qualities



Transformative potential Enabling qualities


BotswanaBotswana Energy Master Plan 1

Rural electrification, electricity access, reduced consumption of paraffin and candles; Job creation in electrification, Business creation and self-employment

Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Affairs

+ - - Botswana initiated its RE policies with an energy master plan in 1996 targeting electricity access, rural electrification and reduced biomass consumption as main energy source. A centre for excellency for solar energy has been established in 1996. The 9th and 10th National Development Plan still mainly targeted electricity access which does not necessarily include the RE use, although the increase of RE is a general goal. In 2015 the ministry of mines, energy and water created a RE fund for off-grid solutions with a $742,000 starting grant from the Global Environment Fund. All in all the country’s policy framework mostly comprises direct policies. While a number of integrative policies exist, a comprehensive framework is still missing.

Vision 2016 of Botswana

Policy recommendations: increase RE share and establish a center for excellency for solar energy technology

Botswana Vision Council

- - (+)

National PV Rural Electrification Programme

Rural electrification, business opportunities for rural communities

Botswana Power Corporation

+ - -

PV System Pilot Projects

Rural electrification pilot project, technological transfer, gather data for future rural electrification projects

Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Botswana Power Corporation, Botswana Solar International Company

+ - -

9th National Development Plan (NDP9)

Rural electrification, grid extension, solar PV, diesel power generation, coal usage, restructuring Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Affairs

Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Affairs

+ + -

8

10th National Development Plan (NDP10)

Increase RE use, RE training, regulations foreseen for RE promotion

Ministry of Finance, USAID (Draft for National energy policy

+ + -

Renewable Energy Fund for off-grid solutions

Subsidizing RE technologies for off-grid solutions (Mainly solar water heating, solar pumping), Consultancy services

MMEW (Department of Energy), Global Environment Fund

- + +

9



Direct qualities





Burkina FasoThe Accelerated Growth Strategy and Sustainable Development (SCADD)

Report on status quo of BF's socio-economic situation; independent evaluation of the PRSP framework; study on the determinants of sustainable growth

Ministries of Economy and Finance, Minister of the Mission of the President, Director General Economics and planing, private sector, civil society and technical partners.

- + (+) Burkina officially approved a national rural electrification plan in 2014, aiming at increasing the population’s energy access. The Sectorial Group Mines and Energy within the Ministry of Energy tracks the plan’s progress. Due to its vast solar potential, renewables are a quickly expanding sector. The government, however, only has few fiscal incentives in place for renewables overall and neither FiTs nor tender programmes have been implemented. Indeed, it is mostly the international donor community and regional institutions that fund and facilitate renewable energy endeavours, particularly in solar but also biomass. The donor community, thus, pushes a wide-ranging policy mix that is lacking some depth and full buy-in by the government.

Sector Energy Policy POSEN (2014-2025):

The share of renewables in national energy mix to be increased to 50% and national electrification rate to be increased to 60% by 2025; (i) strengthening the national institutional capacities; (ii) liberalize the electricity sub-sector; (Iii) control the costs of energy inputs; (iv) ensure better energy coverage country, especially in rural areas; (v) promote energy sources alternatives, and more specifically renewable energies; (vi) raise awareness

Council of Ministers, with Ministries of mines and energy at the helm,Se4All

- - +

10

populations to rational use of energy; (vii) secure resources through the development of sustainable management programs and participatory forests

National Adaptation Programme of Action on Climate Change (NAPA)

Assess climate impact on various development sectors and suggest adaptation policies

Government of Burkina Faso (mainly Ministry of Environment), UNDP, Global Environmental Facility (GEF)

- - +

Decree 2000-628 on the Letter of Energy Sector Development Policy

The objective of the policy is to ensure an adequate supply of energy at affordable prices: Bioenergy>Biomass for heat, Bioenergy>Biomass for power in Electricity, Framework Policy, Heating and Cooling; targeting small plants

Ministry of Mines and Energy

+ - -

Customs and VAT Exemption for Solar Technology Imports

Fiscal measure adopted by the Government to increase the access in equipment and solar material. Boost solar energy in Electricity, Heating and Cooling with small and large plants

Ministry of Economy and Finance, Ministry of Mines and Energy

+ - -

Law 053-2012 on general regulation of the electricity sub sector

Law delineates and delegates management of electricity sector

Utility, Fund for the Development of Electrification, Ministry of Mines and

+ - -

11

Energy, the Ministry of Finance, ministry of finance, the Ministry of trade, the Regulatory Authority and the entities/people that have been delegated the supply of electricity

National White Paper for 2020

This document states outlines the goals: of 100% access to electricity for urban population and 49% for rural population by 2020. 8% of access to electricity will achieved by using solar home systems.

National Fund of Electrification (FDE), SE4All

+ - +

Renewable Energy Performance Platform (REPP)

Platform seeks to support the growth of sub-Saharan Africa’s renewable energy industry. Yet, have only filed bid to open in Burkina Faso (so far active only in Ghana, Cote d’Ivoire, and Senegal)

EIB, UNEP, EU (Donor); African Trade and Insurance Agency, OPIC (Government Development Finance Institution)Funded by: UK Aid, Department for Business, Energy, and

- - +

12

Industrial Strategy; support from UNEP, EIB; managed is managed by Camco Clean Energy; partners with African Trade Insurance Agency, West African Development Bank, Edfi, FinnFund, FMO, Global Climate Partnership Fund, GuarantCo, Inspired evolution investment management, OPIC, Oiko Credit, Trade and Development Bank

Rural Electrification Programme (Programme d'electrification rurale)

The Rural Electrification Fund (REF) aims to provide investments required for rural electrification projects and to administer trust between electricity cooperatives and rural banks.

World Bank providing grants and long-term credit facilities Tracking institution:

+ + -

13

Sectorial Group of Dialogue "Mines and Energy" (Ministry of Energy)

Plan National de Developpement Economique and Sociale (PNDES)

Access to quality energy services and energy efficiency are guaranteed. The ambition is to increase the national electricity coverage rate from 33.32% in 2015 to 80% in 2020, the national electrification rate from 18.83% in 2015 to 45% in 2020, through the reinforcement of thermal generation, increasing the share of renewable energy in total production, from 6.4% in 2015 to 30% in 2020 and the promotion of energy efficiency. Reduce the cost of KWh of high voltage electricity by 25 FCFA by 2020.

Government; World Bank

+ (+) +

Decree on fixed price per KW in rural areas

Increase access/usage of electricity by fixing the price

Ministry of Mines and Energy, Ministry of Economics and Finance, Ministry of Commerce, Enterprise and Artisans, SONABEL, rural

+ - -

14

communitiesLe Programme National des Plates formes Multifonctionelles (PN-PTFM); the Programme for National Multifunctional Platforms

Platforms promote rural economic activities, reinforce organising grassroots communities, raising social status of women through income-generating activities made possible by access to energy services

National Programme Committee against Poverty

- + +

Development Policy Operation Series on Energy and PFM reforms

(a) Improve the financial situation of the energy sector, (b) Strengthen the investment policies in the electricity sector and; (c) Enhance resource mobilization as well as transparency in public resource management.

World Bank, government; energy sector representatives

- - +

World Bank Support for PNDES - regarding Energy, Tax and Public Procurement Reforms

Support PNDES implementation

World Bank, government; energy sector representatives

+ - -

Politique Regionale des Energies Renouvelables de la CEDEAO (PERC), 2012; Regional Policy of renewable energy in Ecowas (PERC),

Sustainable Energy Access for all

Se4All; Ecowas,

- + +

15

as part of Se4AllECOWAS Renewable Energy Policy (EREP)

to mainstream renewable energy and energy efficiency into their national policies. Due to different barriers, the countries are unable to take advantage of their vast renewable energy and energy efficiency potentials. In this context, the countries have agreed to stronger regional cooperation and integration to accelerate this process.

Ecowas Centre for renewable energy and energy efficiency developed and implements the policy with the technical assistance of the ACP-EU Renewable Energy Programme (RECP) and UNIDO.

- - +

ECOWAS Energy Efficiency Policy (EEEP)

The overall target of the regional energy efficiency policy is to double, by 2020, the annual improvement in energy efficiency, to attain levels comparable to those of world leaders. This means that each year, the amount of energy needed to produce a certain quantity of goods and services will decrease by about 4%.

Ecowas Centre for renewable energy and energy efficiency. Cofinanced by Ecowas and EU, partners: UNido, GEF, UNDP, Ademe, Cooperacion espanola, Austrian Development Cooperation

- + -

16



Direct qualities





BurundiCompetitive bidding as generation support scheme,

2 auctions took place in 2013 and 2014

Ministry of Energy

- - + Burundi draws the vast majority of its domestic energy demand from small hydro sources at 91.2%. Whilst a legal framework for renewable energy is in place, little additional impetus on pushing wind and solar solutions is visible. There is neither an electrification plan, nor other subsidies or performance standards in place, explaining the relative weak performance in electricity efficiency. Given the little data available on pertinent websites, pushing a renewable transition further does not seem to be high on the national or development agenda. For example, the Burundian government has not established feed-in tariffs to encourage domestic uptake of renewable technology. However, the government did organise a couple of tender programmes to attract foreign direct investments for solar solutions, albeit on a relatively small scale at 28MW overall with another 7.5 MW in the pipeline. In all, given Burundi’s large dependence on small hydro solutions and the small gains achieved through tender programmes, the country seeks to embark on a market-led transition approach.

Legal framework for renewable energy is in place

Establish judicial environment for the use and private ownership of renewables

Judicative body - + +

East African Community Import Duty Exemption on solar project.

The East African Community - Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda - has a common agreement on import duty waivers. In clean energy, this applies to equipment for the generation of solar and wind energy, including accessories and deep cycle batteries.The agreement reduces import duties to 0% expand Solar energy, increase energy access

Gigawatt Global, REGIDESO Ministries of Trade in the respective partner countries

+ - -

17



Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


Cabo VerdePromoting Market-based Development of Small to Medium Scale Renewable Energy Systems in Cape Verde

The project contributes towards the ambitious Cape Verdean Government’s plan to reduce the country’s dependency on oil;private investment

Global Environment Facility (GEF) (gives the grant), (UNIDO) (ECREEE), the Ministry for Tourism, Industry and Energy (MTIE)

+ - - Cape Verde has an outstanding renewable energy strategy. As a set of islands, it was highly dependent on imports of energy as well as resources. The government together with multilateral cooperation partners envisage a radical transformation of energy production and consumption and gains for 100% renewable energy by 2030. Cape Verde’s government received support not only from multilateral donors and development agencies, but also from a private firm Gesto Energia S.A. Moreover, the government would like to attract national and international private investment in the RE sector. In achieving its goals, Cabo Verde government regards itself as a facilitator and provides not only direct policies, but also integrative and enabling policies for a renewable energy transition. They benefit from the support of the international organizations to meet their targets.

Renewable Energy Plan 2010-2020

To achieve a 50% renewable energy sources (RES) generation.

Ministry of Tourism, Industry and Energy

+ + -

National Energy Plan for 2003-2012

Consolidation of the energy sector on 3 levels (structural, access, institutional); Safeguarding energy security ; Minimising the environmental impact of production, transformation and utilization of energy)

Government - - +

18

RE. Article 16 of the law nº 20/VII/2007

Allows the import of RE equipment such as solar panels, wind generators etc. with tax exemptions

Government + - (+)

Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper III

Continued focus on RE, Cape Verde Strategy and Action Plan (50% renewable energy by 2020), the energy programs of the GPRSP III provide for a multi-dimensional approach that stakes its bet on the increased production capacity (with special focus on sources of renewable energy)

IMF (in collaboration with government)

- - +

Action Agenda Sustainable Energy for all – Cape Verde

Combination of direct and integrative policies as part of SE4All’s action plan. Aims at transforming the energy sector; aims at private investments, seeks to secure 100% energy access by 2030, encourages clean cooking, as well as cleaner production.

ECREEE, (ECOWAS), Ministry of Tourism, Industry and Energy, Unido, GEF, EU, GIZ, IRENA, AfDB, the Austrian and Spanish governments

+ + -

19

.Decree-Law No. 14/2006 ruling on Cape Verde electricity system

Contains regulation of electricity market, e.g. price, access and support of the use of renewable energy

Government + + -

Decree-Law No. 30/2006 Independent Power Licensing

Focus on licensing on all types of energy, some specific benefits for RE (Grid Operator has to buy electricity from RE); ARE sets the payment for RE energy

Government + - -

Decree-Law No. 1/2011

Regulation of RE licensing, RE Zones, incentives (fiscal), IPPs, sets basis for feed-in tariff

Government + + -

National Action Plan for Renewable Energy (PNAER) Period [2015-2020/2030]

Focuses on wider RE transformation, set indicators for RE policy goals, encourages private financing of RE

Government + - +

Resolution No. 7/2012 approving the Strategic Plan for Renewable Energies (PESER) – 2012

Support of Renewable energy: investment in infrastructure, financial support, involvement of the private sector, implement RE projects, efficiency, Designated economic zones for renewable energy development

Government + + -

20

Resolution No. 30/2015 creating the National Committee on Energy (CNER)

Establishment of an advisory board on RE

Government + - -

Decree-Law No. 29/2014 creating and approving the Statute of the Centre for Renewable Energy and Industrial Maintenance, Public Business Entity (CERMI, EPE)

Establishes a centre for RE as a hub for RE research & development, knowledge transfer and training.

Government + - +

21



Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


CameroonNational Energy Efficiency Policy, Strategy and Action Plan in the electricity sector

Plan for energy efficiency, rural electrification

Government + (+) - In its INDC, the government of Cameroon laid out its renewable energy vision for 2035: 25% of energy production shall derive from renewable sources (incl. hydropower smaller than 5MW). In order to reach this goal, the government seeks to deploy tenders and guaranteed purchase tariffs. It wants to create a renewable energy agency and funds for the promotion of mini-grids. With an electricity sector law in 2011, the country started liberalising and unbundling the sector and contains a purchasing obligation for electricity generated from renewable sources. The state-owned transmission and system operator company SONATREL, the rural electrification agency (AER) and the regulatory body (ARSEL) are products of this law. Under the private investment law, tax reductions were passed in order to create an investor-friendly climate for renewables. These are seconded by VAT tax breaks in wind, solar technologies as well as import duty exemptions for the private sector. Despite the high aspirations and explicit aim to include the private sector in advancing the renewable energy targets, the lack of results

2035 Emissions Reduction Target

32% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2035; the target seeks to halve the emissions increase to 2035 but would still see emissions increase by 82% compared to 2010; A 25% share of renewable electricity production (not including hydro >5MW) by 2035

Government - - +

Electricity Sector Law

Liberalisation and unbundling of the electricity sector; creation of a rural electrification agency (AER), a regulatory body (ARSEL) as well as, eventually, a renewable energy promotion agency

Government + - -

Import Duty Exemption

Industrialisation through cost reduction

Government and producers

+ - -

Tax Reductions Creating an investor-friendly Government + - +

22

under the private investment law

climate for renewbale energy

Tax provisions of law no. 2011/020

Expansion of RE generation through cost reduction

Government + - -

23



Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


Cote d‘Ivoire2030 Emissions Reduction Target Sets targets for emissions

reductions: 28% reduction of greenhouse gas emission compared to status quo; 42% renewables in the power generation mix

Government and UNDP (as part of the country’s INDC)

- - +

The Ivory Coast has not ventured far into renewable alternatives. While reduced emission targets have been set under the UNFCCC and renewable energy targets are hoped to be achieved with funds from donors, the public and private sector, other policies aiming to induce a renewable transition have been unsuccessful. A tax incentive reducing value-added tax for solar technology from 18% to 9% has been criticised for not defining precisely what type of equipment is eligible for the tax break, thus creating uncertainties among importers. The government piloted auction programmes for hydro and hybrid projects in 2013 and solar in 2016, none of which have borne fruits till date. Given the lack of progress of a policy mix lacking depths, renewables are confined to a niche technology. The Ivory Coast remains locked in a non-renewable trajectory with three quarters of its energy mix comprise of open gas cycles and heavy fuel oil.

Renewable Energy Tender

Auction instrument for RE, which unfortunately lapsed in 2018

Energy Ministry - - -

Renewable Energy Targets Share in renewable Energy in

Energy consumption: 5% (2015), 15% (2020), 20% (2030)

Energy Ministry - - +

Solar Tax Incentive

Make solar technology more accessible to consumers

Energy Ministry + - -

24

25

Country/Policy Policy Content Actors’ dimension Transformative potential

Direct qualities





Democratic Republic of CongoElectricity Law Liberalise generation,

transmission, distribution, and export of electricity.

Ministry of Hydraulic Resources and Energy, Autorité de Régulation de l’Electricité,Agence Nationale des Services Energétiques Ruraux (ANSER)

- + + Overall lack of political agency due to strenuous political situation. Given that 43% of hydropower are currently out of service due to underinvestment, the existing policy framework does not target the urgent need for infrastructure redecoration in the hydro sector. While the Electricity Law contains some direct policies, the policy framework is overall very weak.

26



Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


EgyptAuction example under BOO (build-own-operate) contracts

Garnering private investment for RE projects

Solar company SolarizEgypt secured 25 year PPA with Arabian Cement Company for a 6 MW solar plant. Project is financed by local bank QNB AlAhli under EBRD Green Economy Program

- + + In 2017, Egypt replaced its PV FiT with an auction for 600MWh that promised a build-own-operate (BOO) contracts to successful contestants. Tenders in the sectors wind (450MWh) and solar thermal (50MWh) and onshore wind (200-250MWh) preceded this decision. A net-metering scheme and wheeling licenses are in place for small scale embedded PV systems enabling households to generate, store and sell electricity using the national grid. According to its national energy strategy, Egypt wants to consume 20% of its energy from renewable sources by 2022. With an energy mix entrenched in fossil fuels that currently comprise 91% of the overall energy mix, Egypt seeks market-oriented solutions out of its fossil path-dependency. Deploying a comprehensive policy mix consisting of direct, integrative and enabling policies, it seeks to leverage private sector entities to further a RE transition.

27

Auctions for BOO (build-own-operate) contracts

Garnering private investment for RE projects

Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company (EETC) oversees tender; New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA) provides land for projects. Part of Solar Plan

- + +

State-owned projects with competitive bidding for engineering, procurement, construction contracts

In 2017, a tender for a wind farm of 200-250MW was launched. Previous tendersWind: Gamesa Gabbal El Zayt (120MW), Gamesa Gulf of El Zayt Extension (40MW)JICA Gulf of El Zayt (220MW)KfW, EIB, EU, AFD Gulf of Suez (200MW)KfW, AFD (200MW)JICA West Nile (200MW)Masdar (200MW)PV: Hurghada (20MW)

The projects are funded by a variety of stakeholders and include a loan from the European Investment Bank, the French Development Agency and KfW.

- + +

Merchant schemeIPPs can sell electricity via the national grid, by paying wheeling and grid access charges

EETC; NREA+ + +

Net metering Enable small-scale embedded generation at the household level.

Board of the regulator, EgyptERA,

- + +

28

approved the rules for net metering.

Egypt renewable energy tax incentives (Presidential Decree No 17/2015) and Renewable energy custom tax reduction for renewable equipment

Trimming sales tax to 5% from as high as 10%, and setting customs duties on equipment used for production at 2%. following non-tax incentives are offered to energy producers:Refunding the expenses paid to extend infrastructure facilities to the project’s land. Such refund will be after the commencement of the project.Subsidizing the technical training programs of the employees as well as the social insurance subscriptions.Allocating the land owned by the government free of charge or at discounted prices.

The Ministry of Electricity & Energy

+ - -

Egypt Renewable Energy Law (Decree No 203/2014)

Encourage the private sector to produce electricity from renewable energy source; 4 possibilities: Competitive bidding, Competitive bidding mechanism for build-own-operate (BOO) contracts ; Feed-in tariff (FIT) support system , Independent power production through third party access

The Ministry of Electricity & Energy

- + +

Egypt Renewable Energy Tenders

Expansion of tendering programs focusing on solar and wind

The Ministry of Electricity &

- + +

29

(build-own-operate BOO contracts)

Energy; New & Renewable Energy Authority; Egyptian Electric Utility for Consumer Protection and Regulatory Agency

Feed-in tariff for wind and solar PV projects

Aimed to secure increased RE capacity. The 30 PV plants will have total capacity of 1.5GW, and when commissioned by end-2019, the Benban Solar Park will be the largest in the world.

Government, Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company (EETC) as offtaker

+ - +

Egyptian Solar Plan Private investment share of these

installations is estimated for 67% through competitive bidding, feed-in tariff and third party access schemes. Wind and Solar: same regulations

New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA)

+ + -

New National Renewable Energy Strategy

RE share of Electricity Consumption: 20% (2022), 37% (2035) according to Energy Strategy

New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA)

- + -

30



Direct qualities





EthiopiaEthiopian Rural Energy Development and Promotion Centre (EREDPC)

National energy studies, data collection and analysis, policy formulation, rural energy technology promotion

Council of ministers, Director general appointed by the government

- + + Ethiopia has several policies targeting the promotion of renewables. This is mainly due to the challenges the country faces: Rapid population and economic growth. These challenges translate in a vastly increasing demand for energy. Meanwhile Ethiopia heavily relies on hydropower which is vulnerable to dry periods. For economic development the country requires a stable supply of electricity and hence the government recently started a diversification process through wind and solar tenders. Despite the number of policies and efforts in place, the country is still considered to have a business environment with high risk for Independent Power Producers. However, the country formulates ambitious goals which give clear signals to stakeholders. All in all, Ethiopia shows a promising development in reaching a comprehensive policy mix which might then translate into a wider environment for renewables.

Import Duty Exemptions

100% exemption from payments of custom duties on imports for granted capital goods including those related to energy

Ethiopian Investment Agency

+ - -

Ethiopia Tax Incentives

Income tax holiday for exporters (>50%), Income tax exemption for 2 years (<50% of products), Manufacturing exporters can deduct losses from income tax, Industrial Zone support

Ethiopian Investment Agency

+ - -

Rural Electrification Fund

Loan and technical services for Rural Electrification Projects; Focus on off grid solar systems, solar lanterns, biogas installations and clean cookstoves; Green jobs as "micro-cooperative technicians"

Government, Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy, EREDPC, Development Bank of Ethiopia

+ + +

Growth and Transformation Plan I (GTP I) including Renewable Energy Targets

Increase renewable energy capacity from 2000MW to 8GW by 2015. The goal has not been achieved.

Ministry of Finance and Economic Development

- - +

Scaling-Up Renewable

Maximize RE potential, 200MW geothermal project, 120MW

Ministry of Water and

+ - -

31

Energy Program for Ethiopia (SREP)

wind project and smaller projects

Energy, World Bank, African Development Bank

Climate Resilience and Green Economy Strategy

Achieve Carbon-neutral middle income status before 2025. CRGE aims to create clean electricity markets at home and neighbouring countries. INDC’s are also formulated: 64% emission reduction in a BAU scenario from 2010-2030

Ministry of Environment and Forest

- - +

National Energy Policy 2013

Prioritizing hydropower in national energy generation

Ministry of Water and Energy

- - +

Growth and Transformation Plan II (GTP II) including Renewable Energy Targets

Increase renewable energy capacity from 4,18 GW (2014) to 17,2 GW (2020), mainly through hydropower; Furthermore electrification targets of 90%

Ministry of Finance and Economic Development

- - +

Scaling Solar 500MW tender for solar projects in order to diversify Ethiopia’s energy mix. Scaling Solar promises a 2 year process until solar projects start operating

Ethiopian Electric Power (EPP); IFC, World Bank

+ - -

32



Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


Gabon

Power production expansion plan

Aims at increasing power production from 374 MW to 1,200 MW by 2020

Government - - + Gabon is rooted in a non-renewable pathway, not because of its domestic consumption but rather due to its oil-intensive production patterns. The government passed a national power production expansion plan in 2012 aiming to increase production from 374 MW to 1,200 MW by 2020. This shall be achieved with new hydroelectric dams, gas powered thermal plants and a heavy fuel power station. Since its peak in 1997, oil production has been declining but still represents by far the largest chunk of national energy production with 10,238 ktoe. Despite domestic electricity consumption resting on renewables, particularly biofuels, Gabon’s reliance on oil exports may partially explain its lack of a more comprehensive RE policy mix. That 97% of its hydropower potential has remained untapped as of 2011, adds weight to this categorisation.

Renewable Energy Targets under INDC

Increase share of RE from 41.7% in 2012 to 70 or 80% in 2020.Continue to improve energy efficiency on this basis, with a goal of attaining 4,000 GWh of consumed electricity toward horizon 2025.Put in place an ambitious plan to develop hydroelectricity with the goal of reaching 85 per cent of total electricity generation from hydroelectric plants and 20 per cent from gas plants by 2025.Decrease GHGs emissions by 9,000 GgCO2 over 2010-2025 period, being 31 per cent related to the trend-based scenario (48 per cent in 2025). Export up to 5,000 GWh of electricity over the same period of 2010-2025.Develop a solar electrification

Government, in cooperation with UNEP

- + -

33

plan for remote villages. This plan will allow improving energy access in rural areas without having to use fossil fuel.

34



Direct qualities





GambiaNational Improved Cooking Stove Project

In October 1982, The Gambia launched the first National Stoves Project, running for three years. Mostly demonstration project.

Gambian government, UN Sundano-Sahelian Office (UNSO), US Peace Corps

+ - - Gambia’s energy economy is highly dependent on fossil fuels, namely petroleum, while at the same time a mostly traditional energy mix can be found, which is largely based on firewood collection and artisanal charcoal production.Policies are not yet mutually corresponding, and remain in an intentional stage. A lack of efficacy can be seen especially with regard to the nation’s Energy Policy and the RE Act. Still, several integrative and enabling policy innovations such as the curricula initiative, the fund or the feed-in tariff can be found, but more rigor might be necessary.

Abolishment of incandescent light bulbs in public buildings

The government bans incandescent light bulbs in all government buildings, including public enterprises. All lighting must be from fluorescent tubes or CFL bulbs.

Public Utilities Regulatory Authority (PURA)

+ - -

Renewable Energy Entrepreneurship Curricula

Integration of RE issues into engineering and technician degrees

Gambian government, PURA

+ - +

Energy Policy General policy, containing some RE legislation:(i) popularise the use of solar systems(ii) facilitate donor provision of grants, for renewable energy(iii) promote the use of solar water heaters in institutions, hotels and households, (iv) create awareness of the economic and environmental benefits of using RE technologies, (v) promote research and


+ + +

35

development of RE devices, (vi) encourage the production/assembly of RE devices in the Gambia, (vii) encourage utilization of efficient RE technologies by providing tax-free concessions(viii) encourage and support private sector participation in the development of RE fuels, devices and technologies, at competitive prices.

Renewable Energy Act

Combination of a renewable energy fund, a feed-in tariff, support for off-grid systems, tax exemption, biomass impact assessment.


+ + +

36



Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


Ghana

Accelerated Depreciation

Provides tax break for investments in certain sectors

Government + - - Ghana’s renewable energy policies prioritize better access to energy and seek to increase the share of renewable energy, mainly wind and solar. Already in 1990s Ghana initiated their first renewable energy policies, but much more effort was taken since the 2000s. The focus so far is to increase the share of renewables and to change the regulatory and financial setting by means of direct policies. More recently the focus has shifted towards fee- in tariffs and an envisioned RE fund, so the tendency goes towards integrative and enabling policies. Still there is an adoption/implementation gap.

In 2016, Ghana held auctions for 20MV for solar energy and are in the process of signing producer power agreements (PPA) (Climate Scope). In addition, a tender for renewable energy consultancy support has been launched (https://www.consultancy.africa/news/239/ghana-launches-tender-for-renewable-energy-consultancy-support)

Biofuel Blending Mandate

Pricing biofuelNational Petroleum Authority

+ - -

Emission Reduction Target under the unconditional Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)

Greenhouse gas emissions should be cut by 12% by 2025 and 15% by 2030

Government - + -

Import Duty Exemption (1994)

Very broad range of duty exemptions, including electrical machinery and equipment for RE

Government + - -

Renewable Energy Fund

Provides financial support for the country's renewable energy sector (not implemented yet).

Energy Commission of Ghana

+ - -

37

https://www.consultancy.africa/news/239/ghana-launches-tender-for-renewable-energy-consultancy-support



Renewable Energy Purchase Obligation

Refers to all electricity distribution utilities or bulk customers

Energy Commission of Ghana, Electricity distributors, 33 bulk customers, Public Utilities Regulatory Commission

+ - -

Renewable Energy Targets Increase share of renewable

energy in the national energy mix

Ministry of Energy

- + -

Renewable Energy Law (2011)

Regulation of renewable energy, feed-in-tariff scheme, metering, establishment of RE fund,

Ministry of Energy

+ - +

Ghana National Energy Policy (2010)

Renewable energy deployment, waste-to-energy management and energy efficiency; improved support policy, for the private sectors involvement to foster sustainable and efficient energy generation

Ministry of Energy

- - +

Net MeteringRegulate the credits for bringing RE into the grid

Ministry of Energy

+ - -

Renewable Energy Services Project (RESPRO)

Design and specification of the PV components, installation of systems and instructions to users for the operation

Ministry of Energy; UNIDO, GEF

- + -

38

Strategic National Energy Plan (SNEP) 2006-2020

Development of an energy market and provide energy services

Energy Commission of Ghana

- (+) +

Ghana Energy Development and Access

Project (GEDAP) - 2007

Improve electricity sector performance, End-users are granted 50% of the appliance purchasing price, and the remaining 50 % will be supported by the SME-focused Ghanaian bankstotal import duty exemption on renewable energy (RE) generating equipment

Ministry of Energy, World Bank, the Swiss Economic Cooperation and the African Development Bank, Apex Bank or others SME-focused Ghanaian banks

+ (+) -

National Electrification Scheme

Targets 100% electrification by 2020, with 54% in 2010.

Government + - -

39



Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


KenyaFeed-In Tariffs

FiTs for the various technologies were reviewed and the process of negotiating power-purchase agreements (PPAs) streamlined. Projects under this mechanism have priority grid access at the cost of the developer. Tariffs for all existing RE technologies were introduced in two tiers: for project < 10MW and for projects >10MW.

Ministry of Energy

+ - + Kenya pursues a wide range of renewable energy policies: To kick-start a market and manufacturing in renewable appliances, the Eastern African region granted VAT exemptions on solar and wind technologies in 2009. The Kenyan government expanded these VAT exemptions to other renewable energy technologies in 2013. Until 2028, the government uses its fiscal reserves to supply a feed-in tariff (FiT) for independent renewable power producers. In the long run, however, the government voiced its ambition to replace said FiT with an auction mechanism. Once approved by the Senate, a net metering system will substantiate the FiT tariff and accelerate the distribution and application of renewable technology amongst consumers and independent power producers. The government passed several regulations on solar water heating and energy management – a biofuel blending mandate, however, was suspended. Kenya currently debates legislature on renewable energy targets while being in the final stages of setting up a national climate

East African Community Import Duty Exemption

The agreement reducing import duties to 0% applies to equipment for the generation of solar and wind energy, including accessories and deep cycle batteries. The aim is to incentivise regionally produced Re tech.

Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda

+ - (+)

Biofuel Blending Mandate - suspended

Expand the use of biofuels through R&D, set incentives.

Government (energy policy)

(+) - -

Kenya's National Raising and allocating funding Government - + +

40

Climate Fundfrom development partners (and potentially domestic bodies) to go towards climate change activities.

(Climate Change Bill)

fund. If Kenya were to additionally introduce auction mechanisms, a viable policy mix consisting of several direct, integrating and enabling policies were reached which would enable a wider array of stakeholders to participate in the transition. As of now, the state dominates endeavours.

Energy Management Regulations

Reduce energy loss from industry, commercial buildings and large institutions through regulation

Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC)

- - +

Net Metering Bill – ratified, pending enforcement

Develop net metering framework for solar and a metering tariff for all other renewables (2014-18) and then a framework for wind in the medium term (2014-23)

President blocked it, returned to Senate for re-approval, Cabinet Secretary for energy to formulate and implement regulation.

- + -

Renewable Energy Targets Install 5GW more power-

generating capacity by end-2016, of which 1.6GW will be geothermal, 630MW will be onshore wind, and 18MW will be cogeneration.

Geothermal, wind, co-generation

- + -

Renewable Energy Targets Aims to reach some 23GW of

power-generating capacity by 2033, of which 42% will come from renewable sources

Government (National Energy Policy)

- + -

Rural Electrification Programme

100% Electrification by 2030 Rural Electrification Authority (REA) is a government

+ - -

41

agencySolar Water Heating Regulations

By 2017, all buildings in Kenya using over 100 litres a day of hot water must have a solar water heating system. The deadline for compliance was May 25, 2017

Government + - (+)

VAT and Import Duty Exemption

VAT and duty exemption seek to incentivise purchase and import of construction components for power-generating plants.

Cabinet Secretary for Treasury approved recommendation of Cabinet Secretary for Energy and Mining.

+ - -

42



Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


MadagaskarElectricity Law (Loi 98 – 032 sur l’Electricité, 1998)

Comprehensive institutional framework that aims at reforming the electricity sector and opening up the electricity market to operators

Ministry of Energy & Hydrocarbons, Agency for the Development of Rural Electrification (ADER), Electricity Regulation Board (ORE)

- - + Madagascar’s RE sector is still widely unharnessed, despite the country’s high hydro, solar, and wind potential and considerable biomass resources.Many international donors engage in energy development cooperation, aiming at restructuring the country’s energy monopolists, as well as combatting energy poverty by supporting off-grid solutions. Energy policies aim at opening up energy markets, widening energy access and providing incentives for renewables. A comprehensive and more enabling policy framework is still missing.

The Law 2002 – 001 creating the National Electricity Fund (NEF)

Financial support for rural electrification initiatives; provides grants for RE operators

Ministry of Energy & Hydrocarbons

- + -

2015 – 2030 New Energy Policy (Nouvelle Politique de l’Energie – NEP)

Provides access to modern energy for 70% of households (equivalent of 7,900 GWh) via 70% grid extension, 20% mini off-grid, 5% SHS (Solar Home System) and 5% solar lamps; 85% of the country’s energy mix should come from renewables by 2030 (75% hydro, 5% wind, 5% solar);


+ (+) -

43

implementation of energy efficiency measures by 60% for businesses and industries.

Renewable Energy Investment Incentives

Reduction in corporate income tax equivalent to 50% of the RE investment undertaken, VAT exemptions


+ - -

Scaling Solar Program for Solar Tenders

25 MW solar plant(s) tendered through competitive bidding processes

World Bank / International Finance Corporation

+ + -

44



Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


MalawiMalawi Rural Electrification Programme (MAREP)

Increase rural electricity access, development of off- and on-grid solutions, micro hydropower

Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mines; Electricity Supply Corporation of Malawi (ESCOM) = Implementing Agency (-1995); Department of Energy (DOE) Implementing Agency (- today)

+ + - Malawi has a low rate of energy access ranging at 12%; with the installed capacity of hydropower amounting to only 370MW. Although renewables are promoted, the main goal is the general expansion of the electricity production including the use of fossil fuels. Although the country has various policies regarding renewables, Malawi is only in the early stages of a transition towards the use of renewables beyond hydropower. So far, we can detect a lack of integrative policies and substantial direct policies.

National Sustainable and Renewable Energy Programme (NSREP)

Provide more access to electricity through the use of renewable energy. Decreased reliance on traditional biomass for cooking and heating.

Department of Energy (DOE)

- - +

45

National Energy Policy

Various energy access, efficiency, security and rural development targets. The share of other renewables than large hydropower shall be at 10% in 2050.


- - +

Rural Electrification Act

Establish Malawi Rural Electrification Fund Ministry of

Natural Resources, Energy and Mines

+ - -

Malawi Electricity Act Rural electrification through

licenses for engaging in electricity business through the installation of Mini and Micro hydro systems.

Malawi Energy Regulatory Authority

+ - -

Testing Centre in Renewable Energy Technologies (TCRET)

Local capacity and knowledge building in renewable energies

University of Mzuzu

- + -

Growth and Development Strategy II (MDGS) 2011-2016

Focus on energy generation and supply, energy access and promotion of RE

Ministry of Finance and Development Planning; IMF; WB

- - +

46



Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


MaliAction Plan for Renewable Energy Promotion in Mali

Increase the share of renewables in Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) to 15% in 2020 (from below 1% in 2002); improve access to energy; rational use of existing energy sources; efficient use of natural resources; sustainable use of biomass through the conservation of forests; strengthening government capacity

National Energy Administration (DNE), National Solar and Renewable Energy Centre (CNESOLER)

- + - Mali has no proven oil reservoirs and hence heavily relies on other sources of energy. Small hydropower plants make up more than 75% of its current energy mix. Fighting low electrification levels, the government introduced an energy subsidy for low-volume end-users in 2009 and set standards for renewable energy production in rural areas primarily driven through solar expansion. The targeted shares of renewables, however, are relatively low at 10% by 2020. Already in 2004, the government inaugurated its National Programme to popularise the Jatropha Plant (PVEPP) and thus the use of biofuels through research, development and deployment. These has, however, not yet had palpable effects on the country’s energy mix. The government has feed-in tariffs for hydro and solar in place and has also hosted two small bidding rounds for solar of (25Mw and 50MW respectively). While quite a number of policies are in place to signal toward a renewable pathway, these still need to tilt the country’s energy mix towards solar and biofuels. As such the lack of progress suggests an absence of depths and local ownership. The transition endeavours seem to be

Fiscal incentives through reduction in taxes

Renewable energy equipment is exempted form VAT, import duties and other taxes except of the community and community solidarity levies and statistical fees.

Government+ - -

Establishment of Renewable Energy Agency (AER-Mali)

Promote at grand scale the utilisation of renewable energy (http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/mli153033.pdf)

GovernmentRenewable Energy Agency (AER-Mali)

- - +

New and Renewable Energy Project for

Empowerment project, encompassing savings on energy bills, renewable energy water

National Energy Administration (DNE), National

+ (+) -

47

the Advancement of Women (PENRAF)

pumps and solar cooking in 400 villages.

Solar and Renewable Energy Centre (CNESOLER)

predominantly pushed by the international donor community.

National Programme to Popularise the Jatropha Plant (PVEPP)

Promoted the use of Jatropha for energy production among women in rural communities; installed equipment powered through Jatropha across villages and facilitated access for credit for those wishing to pursue production; supported research on extraction processes available on national and regional markets

Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water, National Energy Administration (DNE); funded by Government of Mali (80%) and Population (20%)

- (+) +

Rural Electrification by Solar Energy

Electrification of rural areas on a massive scale; by 2015: 3% of energy production by renewables; 2020: 10%; 2025: 15%

National Diretory of Energy (DNE), National Center of Solar and Renewable Energy (CNESOLER); funded by Government of India (50%), Government of Mali (23%), Population (25%)

+ - -

Scaling up Renewable Energy in Low Income Countries Program (SREP)

Promote low-carbon development by scaling up renewable energy solutions that stipulate economic growth

Strategic Climate Fund (SCF); Ministry of Energy and Water; AfDB;

- + +

48

IBRD, IFC

SE4All Country Action Agenda

87% access target to be reached by 2030 for electricity (110% in urban areas, 81% in rural areas) and 100% for clean cooking solution; share of renewable energy sources in the electricity mix to 37%; Energy efficiency goal is to achieve a primary energy intensity of 0,43 ( ktoe / GDP) by 2030

SE4All; Ecowas; Adama Yoro SIDIBE; Chef de Division Maîtrise de l’Energie; Direction Nationale de l'Energie; Ministère de l’Energie et de l’Eau

+ + -

AMADER to distribute incentive payments to distribute Lighting Africa certified solar panels

Increase distribution of solar panels Malian Agency

for the Development of Domestic Energy and Rural Electrification (AMADER); International Development Association (Funder)

+ - -

Tender in solarIncrease solar share in electricity mix through private participation

Government + + -

49



Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


MauritiusFeed-in tariff

Small Scale Distributed Generation (SSDG), feed-in-tariff scheme, launched in 2010 to support deployment of small scale renewable energy installations adding 2MW of new electricity generation.

Central Electricity Board

+ - - Fossil fuels still dominate the energy mix and create a high import dependency, which is a paradox case as bioenergy from sugarcane bagasse has a huge potential. Mauritius cooperated intensively with international donors such as Danish Energy Management Consultants, Department for International Development, UNDP/GEF and the French Development Agency. Initiatives supporting RE have started relatively early and put focus on biomass/bagasse. The country has developed a comprehensive policy framework that combines direct policies with integrative and enabling ones, including several cross-cutting policies on RE, gender, and education.

Long Term Energy Strategy 2009-2025

RE up to 35%, zero-carbon tourism, energy-eff. buildings, incentives for hybrid cars + bus modernisation, fund for RE that works like carbon tax, bagasse energy strategy, subsides, consumer incentives, ethanol/gasoline fuel mix, gender empowerment & RE

Ministry of Energy & Public Utilities, Maurice Ile Durable (MID)

- + +

Maurice Ile Durable Fund

The fund receives direct provisions from the budget and a levy based on the volume of fuel-oil and coal used in the country, solar lamp programme supported through fund

Ministry of Energy & Public Utilities, Maurice Ile Durable (MID)

+ - +

50

Green Energy Scheme for Cooperatives

Energy generation by cooperatives using solar photovoltaics + provision of a grant for PV installation.

Ministry of Business, Enterprise and Cooperatives (Cooperatives Division) in collaboration with the Ministry of Energy and Public Utilities and the Central Electricity Board

+ - -

51



Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


Morocco

Moroccan Solar Plan (MSP)

Install 2 GW of solar-based generation capacity by 2020

Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN),

+ - + Morocco largely depends on imports for its energy supply, and import dependency is particularly serious for oil. Several policies targeting the solar and wind sector sector have been initiated, comprising a solar plan and a wind energy programme, culminating in solar tenders and large RE cluster, for instance the Ouarzazate site. The RE transition is mostly managed by public institutions. A more comprehensive policy framework with substantial enabling elements has not yet materialized.

National Energy Strategy

Targets of reaching 42% installed RE capacity by 2020 and 52% by 2030

Ministry of Energy, Mining, Water and Environment (MEMEE), (Office National de l'Electricité), Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN)

- - +

Renewable Energy Law

Allows energy developers to invest in renewable energy projects and sell the electricity to a chosen client – even for export – on the basis of a negotiated contract.

Ministry of Energy, Mining, Water and Environment (MEMEE), (Office National de l'Electricité), Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy

+ - -

52

(MASEN),

Moroccan wind energy programme (“Plan éolien intégré”)

Seeks to reach the government target of 2 GW of installed wind power by 2020 for an investment of 3.5 billion USD + 5,5 GW by 2030

Ministry of Energy, Mining, Water and Environment (MEMEE), ONE (Office National de l'Electricité)

+ - +

Morocco Renewable Power Tenders (MASEN)

IPP scheme for solar and wind power projects. Since 2010, about 1,7 GW of RE have been tendered.

Ministry of Energy, Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN), ONE (Office National de l'Electricité)

+ + -

53



Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


Mozambique

Energy Policy 1998

Increase the energy options for household consumption, RE technologies promotion

Council of Ministers

-+ + Mozambique has an installed capacity of

2,5GW of which 2,1GW is solely produced by the Cahora Basse Hydropower dam. The country can fulfill their energy needs and hence, not much investment has been directed towards the extension of generation in the past. Mozambique had a quite ambitious biofuel programme which was downgraded after the decrease in the international oil price. There are pilot programs for mini-grids and solar energy. All in all there is no imminent need for the extension of the generation fleet which translates into less effort in the renewable energy sector. Hence, the country lacks a comprehensive policy effort for a wider environment for renewables.

Energy Reform and Access Project

Electricity access (especially rural) through grid expansion and solar energy

Ministry of Energy, World Bank, Global Environment Facility, Nordic Development Fund, African Development Fund, CNELEC (national electricity council)

+ + -

54

https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/mozambique/name-149510-en.php?s=dHlwZT1yZSZzdGF0dXM9T2s,&return=PG5hdiBpZD0iYnJlYWRjcnVtYiI-PGEgaHJlZj0iLyI-SG9tZTwvYT4gJnJhcXVvOyA8YSBocmVmPSIvcG9saWNpZXNhbmRtZWFzdXJlcy8iPlBvbGljaWVzIGFuZCBNZWFzdXJlczwvYT4gJnJhcXVvOyA8YSBocmVmPSIvcG9saWNpZXNhbmRtZWFzdXJlcy9yZW5ld2FibGVlbmVyZ3kvIj5SZW5ld2FibGUgRW5lcmd5PC9hPjwvbmF2Pg,,





National Adaption Programme of Action (NAPA)

GHG mitigation through fossil fuel replacement by RE, Climate resilience through an early warning system, database and coordination, water storage in drought prone areas

Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs, Approved by council of ministers

+ - +

National Biofuels Policy

Strengthen Biofuel production and use over three periods, Decrease the dependence on fossil fuels

Ministry of Energy, Cooperation and experience exchange with Brazil, Support from various donors and international investors

+ - +

Poverty Reduction Action Plan

Poverty Reduction, Production boost in agriculture and fisheries, employment promotion, Expand energy supply through Solar PV in rural areas

IMF, Council of Ministers

- + +

55











Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


Namibia

National Energy Fund (NEF) Electrification funding, Price

subsidies (including petroleum products), Financing: RE projects and rural electrification


+ - - Namibia started relatively early with renewable energy policies, especially due to the need for rural electrification. The country has various strategy papers which include renewables since 1998. A levy on petroleum products, Feed-in Tariffs, Net-metering rules, standardized Power Purchase Agreements lead to a favourable environment for Independent Power Producers. However, the country has only a small installed capacity of 500MW and therefore imports a large amount of their energy from South Africa’s coal power plants through the South African Power Pool. All in all the country has a comprehensive policy environment for renewables, and especially for solar power.

SADC Energy Protocol Harmonization of energy policies,

technological and development (human resources, financial access) cooperation, standardization in energy development

SADC countries - - +

Energy Policy White Paper The White paper includes RE

promotion through institutional frameworks, human resource development, awareness, viable financing systems, rural RE electrification, energy access promotion


- - +

Petroleum Products and Energy Act establishing

NEF electricity levy for financing rural electrification, subsidizing electricity tariffs for poor communities, RE projects


+ - -

56

https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/namibia/name-149593-en.php?s=dHlwZT1yZSZzdGF0dXM9T2s,&return=PG5hdiBpZD0iYnJlYWRjcnVtYiI-PGEgaHJlZj0iLyI-SG9tZTwvYT4gJnJhcXVvOyA8YSBocmVmPSIvcG9saWNpZXNhbmRtZWFzdXJlcy8iPlBvbGljaWVzIGFuZCBNZWFzdXJlczwvYT4gJnJhcXVvOyA8YSBocmVmPSIvcG9saWNpZXNhbmRtZWFzdXJlcy9yZW5ld2FibGVlbmVyZ3kvIj5SZW5ld2FibGUgRW5lcmd5PC9hPjwvbmF2Pg,,








National Energy Fund and Electricity LevySolar Revolving Fund

Rural electrification, Loans for PV Pumps, Solar Water Heater, Solar water pumping


+ + -

Fourth National Development Plan

Sustained Economic Growth, Gas and coal power stations to increase energy production

National Planning Comission, Ministry of Mines and Energy

- - +

Concentrated Solar Power Technology Transfer for Power Generation in Namibia

Increased Investment in Concentrated Solar Power (CSP), Increased installed capacity of CSP plants, Inclusion of local entrepreneurs

Ministry of Mines and Energy, Global Environment Facility, UNDP TRAC

+ - -

Namibia Feed-in Tariff Long term planning and

assistance for renewable producers (20 years FIT support), Capacity corridors for FIT: 30MW Biomass, 60MW solar PV and 60MW onshore Wind, Including small and middle scale entrepreneurs

NAMPOWER, The Ministry of Mines and Energy

+ - +

Namibia Net-Metering Rules

2,000 MW (through renewables) until 2020 Electricity Control

Board, Ministry of Mines and Energy

+ - +

57















58


Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


Nigeria

Nigeria Renewable Energy Master Plan

Aims at increasing renewable energy from 13% in 2015 to 23% in 2025 and 36% in 2030

Federal Ministry of Environment

- - + Within the context of broader development goals Nigerian government participates in implementing renewable energy. However, up to now most policies concentrate on direct intervention, whereas we could detect a lack of integrative policies that would for instance target grid integration. Also, a systematic decarbonisation is not yet addressed, which of course corresponds with Nigeria’s largely fossil-based energy system. More recent comprehensive RE policies have been developed in close cooperation with regional structures (ECOWAS and ECREE), and the SE4All initiative.

Nigeria Feed-in Tariff for Renewable Energy Sourced Electricity (2016)

Feed-in tariff, promoting renewable energy and providing options for private sectorReview of the REFiT every three years

Nigerian Electricity Regulation Commission (NERC)

+ - -

Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission Mini-Grid Regulation 2016

Regulation of the mini-grid sector, aiming at limiting administrative burdens and facilitating investment conditions

Nigerian Electricity Regulation Commission

+ + -

Multi Year Tariff Order MYTO II 2012--2017

Regulates prices to be paid to licensed electricity generation companies

NERC + - -

Biofuels blending mandate

Aims at developing a domestic biofuels industry, by introducing a

National Government,

+ - -

59

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http://nerc.gov.ng/index.php/library/documents/Regulations/NERC-Mini-Grid-Regulation/



http://www.iea.org/media/pams/nigeria/NIGERIA_FIT_regulation2015enteringintoforceFeb2016.pdf



blending of ethanol up to 10% Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC)

Multi-Year Tariff Order (MYTO) I (2008-2013)

Regulates prices to be paid to licensed electricity generation companies

NERC + - -

Nigeria Import Duty Reduction

Full exemption of import duty on PV panels 5% duty on solar, wind and gas powered generator (plus 5% VAT)

National Government, Nigerian Customs Services (NCS)

+ - -

Rural Electrification Strategy and Implementation Plan of Nigeria

75% electrification rate by 2020. Aims at full electrification rate by 2040 connecting 513 000 households each year from 2020 to 2040.

Rural Electrification Agency of Nigeria

- - +

National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) of Nigeria

Achievement to reach 30,000MW of power by the year 2030 with at least 30% renewable energy in the electricity mix (Electricity Vision 30:30:30)

ECOWAS Centre Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE), SE4All Africa Hub-AfdB, GIZ-NESP, UNDP, Federal Government of Nigeria, Interministerial Committee on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency.

- - +

60

http://www.power.gov.ng/Press%20Release/NATIONAL%20RENEWABLE%20ENERGY%20ACTION%20PLANS%20(NREAP).pdf









http://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/nigeria/name-130068-en.php



National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy

Aims at developing a comprehensive RE policy by combining energy efficiency initiatives, incentives and subsidies, investment promotion, research & development and systemic perspectives (targets and indicators)

ECOWAS Centre Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE), Federal Ministry of Power

-- +

Sustainable Energy For All Action Agenda

Aims at systematic integration of RE into Nigeria’s energy system; combining direct policies (clean-cooking, off-grid initiatives) with grid integration, transportation policies and some green industrial policies

National Council for Power

+ + +

Nigeria Renewable Energy Auctions

Auction instrument announcing tenders for 1.4GW of solar (still pending)

Nigerian Bulk Electricity Trader (NBET)

+ + -

61

http://www.se4all.org/sites/default/files/NIGERIA_SE4ALL_ACTION_AGENDA_FINAL.pdf





Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


RwandaRwanda Energy Development Fund

Fund supports local lending, co-finances renewable energy projects and improves consumer affordability of renewables across the country

Ministry of Infrastructure

+ + - Rwanda is one of the countries with a very promising RE transition strategy. The government has introduced several tools that have made on-grid and off-grid development very attractive for the private sector. Rwanda has put in place a comprehensive policy framework that brings together integrative instruments, incentives for public and private sector, auditing and capacity-building instruments, complemented by an awareness for the cross-cutting nature of renewables and by the need to actively change consumers’ behaviour. The policy framework also takes into account external policy aspects, such as the engagement within global RE initiatives and regional programmes such as power pooling in East Africa. This also reflects long-standing and intense cooperation between public actors and donors. A number of shortcomings refer to delays in implementing energy regulations due to crisis in the energy market. However the policy mix is very comprehensive in comparison with all other cases and showcases an outstanding awareness for transition processes and their economic and societal challenges.

Rwanda National Fund for Environment and Climate Change "FONERWA"

Fund supports technology transfer towards low carbon systems and energy innovation

Government of Rwanda, DFID, KfW

+ + +

Electricity Access Rollout Program

Electrification programme to increase access to electricity in the country to 70% by 2017

Government of Rwanda, the World Bank, the Government of the Netherlands, the African Development Bank, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, the Japan International Cooperation Agency, the

+ + -

62

French Agence Française de Développement and the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Developm

Rwanda Tax Exemptions

Exemtion to 30% import duty, exemption of 18% VAT Government of

Rwanda, private sector as target

+ - -

Rwanda Simplified Licensing Procedure for Off-grid Renewable Energy Projects

Simplified licensing regime for off-grid renewables

Government of Rwanda, Rwanda's Utility Regulation Authority

+ - -

Rwanda Solar Tenders

Auction instrument, tenders for solar and small hydro Electricity, Water

& Sanitation Authority (solicites the bids + negotiates PPAs)

+ + -

Rwanda Feed-in Tariff

3.8MW of eligible hydropower came online during duration of the FIT

Investment Promotion Department of the Rwanda Development Board, Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Agency (RURA).

+ + +

63

64


Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


Senegal

Program for the promotion of renewable energies, rural electrification and sustainable supply in domestic fuel (PERACOD)

Advises regional and local institutions, supports a sustainable and diversified domestic fuel supply, address the needs of rural electrification.

Senegalese government and the German development agency GIZ

+ - - Overall, we can observe that Senegal’s RE policies are still prioritizing direct interventions that seek to increase RE production. Apart from this, we detect a lack of integrative and enabling policies. Furthermore, the government still needs to address energy poverty in general, and consider RE’s social dimension. More comprehensive policies were driven by ECOWAS. There are some attemps for regulating power purchase agreements through tenders. Up to now, only the World Bank driven process - like Scaling Solar – is based on tender.

2007-2012 Special Programme for Biofuels

Aims at enhancing energy independence and achieving biodiesel self-sufficiency by 2012

Ministry of Agriculture

+ - -

Senegalese National Biogas Programme Phase I

Seeks to install 8,000 biodigestors in three regions of the Peanut basin, namely Fatick, Kaolack and Kaffrin

Ministry of Energy + - -

Renewable Energy Law (2010) (Decree 2010-21)

Tax reliefs and tax exemptions, targeting grid connection, certificate of origin and the conditions for the purchase, sale

Ministry of Renewable Energy (MER; Ministry of Energy (MoE); The

+ - -

65

http://www.jo.gouv.sn/spip.php?article8906

http://www.jo.gouv.sn/spip.php?article8906

and remuneration of RE. Contains a feed-in tariff, which is not yet implemented as of 2019.

Regulatory Commission for the Electricity Sector (CRSE)

Senegal VAT and Import Duty Exemption for rural Electrification

Tax exemption for rural electrification

Government + - -

Lettre de Développement du Secteur de l’Énergie (LPDSE)

Policy mix, energy access, liberalisation of the energy-sector, improving competitiveness, strengthen regulation, energy efficiency, hydropower through the WAPP15 per cent of the energy mix shall be renewable by 2020


+ + -

Plan d'Actions National des Energies Renouvelables (PANER) (2015-2020/30)

Minimum of 15% of energy supply without biomass but with renewable energy and biofuels by 2025Regulation of the renewable energy sector 20% renewable energy by 2017

Ministry of Energy Centre pour les Energies Renouvelables et l’Efficacité Energetiquede la CEDEAO (CEREEC)/ECOWAS

- + -

Plan Actions National d’Efficacité Energétique (PANEE) (2015-2020/30)

Reduction of the public sector electricity cost, implementing lights in houses, standardisation of electricity devises, energy efficiency proof (with option to include RE) within industry,

Ministry of EnergyCentre pour les Energies Renouvelables et l’Efficacité Energetiquede la

- + -

66

http://www.energie.gouv.sn/sites/default/files/LPDSE_Octobre%202012.pdf



construction and transport CEDEAO (CEREEC)/ECOWAS

Decree No. 2011-2013 implementing the Act on renewable energies (final promulgation in 2017)

Sets the condition of pricing of electricity of REImplementation of an approval committeeRegulation of competition through tenders for power purchase agreement (PPA) through regulator -CRSE

Commission de Régulation du Secteur de l’Electricité

+ + -

Scaling Solar PV Solar, tender process, tariffs, electricity will be sold to Société Nationale d'Électricité du Sénégal (Senelec), in total 60 MW, two projects

National Government, World Bank group

+ + -

67



Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


South Africa

Regulations Regarding the Mandatory Blending of Bio-fuels with Petrol and Diesel

Regulation sets out the requirements and conditions for the mandatory blending of bio-ethanol and bio-diesel with petrol and diesel respectively that may be sold in the Republic of South Africa., Minimum concentration for biodiesel blending is 5% v/v., For bio-ethanol blending minimum level is 2% v/v and maximum is 10% v/v.

Department of Energy

+ - - South Africa’s RE policy environment was during its initial phase shaped by state-led regulations (incentives, direct support schemes, FiT). REIPPPP indicates that the policy framework now undergoes a transition towards market-based policy environment, resulting in a highly liberalized RE sector, that finds itself placed within a regulated fossil-fuel policy environment. The solar geyser programme was successful in making RE accessible also for impoverished people, but further policies that directly address the poor and help overcoming energy poverty are missing in the policy mix. What is also missing are incentives and industrial policies / R&D support that would form a beneficial environment for successful local content requirements. As stand-alone policies LCRs seem prone to not serve as a stimulant, but rather as a hindrance that creates a standstill for green market development.

Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme

Auction instrument; 5 bidding windows have attracted international IPPs. Tenders are based on price, socio-economic indicators, and local content requirements

Department of Energy, IPP Office

+ + +

Integrated Resource Electricity Plan 2010 – 2030

Energy planning scheme, based on long-term projections for the energy sector. Aims at increasing the share of RE to 30% in 2030.

Department of Energy and National Energy Regulator South Africa (NERSA)

- - +

68

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The placement of a highly liberalized auction instrument within a path-dependent, fossilized economy creates tensions between the fossil-based production chains and the ‘new’ clean energy regime. Nevertheless it paves the way to a more comprehensive policy framework, such as the forthcoming Integrated Resource Plan that phases out nuclear energy and decreases fossil fuels.

Eskom Solar Water Heating Rebate Programme

Solar water heater purchasers receive a direct rebate, after submitting a claim for the rebate to Eskom’s auditors. The rebate amount depends on the type of system installed. The programme is funded by a tariff levied on consumer electricity bills by NERSA.

ESKOM + - -

Tax Incentive, Amendment of Income Tax Act No. 58 of 1962

Accelerated depreciation for renewable energy assets commissioned by a tax paying entity

South African Revenue Service

+ - -

Tax Incentive for Solar Sector Special provisions for

photovoltaic systems that are smaller or equal to 1 MWp (Megawatt peak). By depreciating the photovoltaic solar system by 100% in year one the tax paying entity is granted a tax shield due to saved income tax. This results in a 28% discount on the photovoltaic solar system.

South African Revenue Service

+ - -

Integrated Resource Plan for Electricity (IRP) 2010-2030.

The IRP defines generation targets for renewable energy market penetration until 2030. Wind and solar PV are expected to be represent most of the future renewable electricity mix; still nuclear energy remains part of the energy mix.


- + +

69

Free Basic Alternative Energy Policy (Household Energy Support)

Aims at combatting energy poverty by providing alternative energy services to households that lack electricity.


+ - -



Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


TanzaniaZanzibar Vision 2020 Framework for development

plans including sustainable provision of energy; Encourages research and development for non-wood energy resources, energy efficiency, environmental protection

Zanzibar. Ministry of Finances and Economic Affairs, United Nations Development Programme

- - + Tanzania has a favourable environment for a transition towards a renewable energy regime. There is a mix of direct policies such as VAT exemptions and scaling-up renewable energy programmes. Furthermore, there are integrative policies including research and development and energy access programmes. Finally, enabling policies such as renewable energy targets set clear signals to independent power producers and financers. However, many challenges remain, such as low energy access and high deforestation rates due to the use of traditional biomass for cooking and heating. Additionally, Tanzania heavily relies on natural gas and coal for electricity generation. All in all a comprehensive policy mix allows for

Rural Energy Act 2005

Establishing Rural Electrification Agency and Rural Electrification Fund (REF)

Ministry of Energy and Minerals, Rural Electricity Board, Sida, DfID, Norad

+ + -

Tanzanian Energy Development Access

Improve electricity service provision, managed by Rural electrification agency and

Ministry of Energy, World Bank

+ - -

70

Programme (TEDAP)

financed by REF a transition towards renewables in Tanzania, despite the challenges remaining.

East African Community Import Duty Exemptions

0% import duties for specialised equipment for development and generation of Solar and Wind energy

East African Community (Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda)

+ - -

Small Power Producers (SPP) Framework

Enabling environment for private project developments of projects up to 10MW through standardised Power Purchase agreements, power can be sold to the main grid

EWURA (Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority) Board of Directors

+ - +

National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty II (NSGRP)

Short and medium term renewable energy targets 2010-2015

Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs, World Bank, Ministry of Energy and Minerals

- - +

Electricity Rules Implementing 2008 Electricity Act e.g. small power producers get less costly procedures for project attribution, Modification of electricity market structure by promoting private sector penetration

Energy and Water Utilities Regulation Authority (EWURA)

+ + -

Scaling up renewable energy

Generation of 100MW, developed by the private sector

Ministry of Energy and

+ - -

71

programme for Tanzania (SREP Tanzania)

with public sector support with a focus on geothermal energy

Minerals

Tanzania VAT exemption

No VAT on solar panels, modules, solar charger controls, solar inverter, solar lights, vacuum solar tube collectors, solar battery

National Assembly, Government of Tanzania

+ - -


Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


Togo

SE4All Action planSets RE targets for 2030: National electrification at 82%; Renewable energy output on grid 24%; Renewable Energy Capacity at 45.5%, Access to non-solid fuels at 80%; 75% of population using LPG as a cooking fuel; 8.9% of the population is connected to renewable mini-grids

Direction Générale de l’Energie

- - + Togo sets emphasis on enhancing energy security and mitigating energy poverty. With an aspirational national electrification plan, Togo seeks to provide access to the grid to 82% of the population by 2030. This shall be achieved, in great parts with renewable energy (24%). Initiatives, such as the ECOWAS Energy Efficiency Matters (ECAP), have additionally been inaugurated and seek to introduce standards and minimum renewable targets on the regional level. Unfortunately, little other data on policy is available to accommodate and bolster these plans. With heavy fuel oil, gas and diesel accounting for an overwhelming

Ecowas Renewable Energy Policy (EREP)/ (ECREEE)

Aims at universal access to electricity by 2030 and combines policies of different scopes. Direct policies clean cooking, belnding of

ECOWAS and EU as funders, partners: Unido, GEF, UNDP,

+ - -

72

http://www.ecreee.org/sites/default/files/documents/ecowas_renewable_energy_policy.pdf



https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/se4all/Documents/Country_AAs/Togo_AA_executive_summary.pdf

biofuel) are combined with RE construction programmes that aim at grid integration, Still, being a regional initiative, EREP needs to be implemented on the national level in order to succeed.

Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maitrise de l’Energie, Austrian Dev Cooperation, Cooperacion Espanola, Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de cooperacion

Ecocwas Energy Efficiency Matters (ECAP)

Introduce standards and incentives at national and regional level; introduce minimum targets for renewable energy and energy efficiency

ECOWAS office and national ECOWAS representatives

+ - -

ECOWAS Energy Efficiency Policy (EEEP)

Increasement of energy investment in West Africa, including Togo

ECOWAS office and national ECOWAS representatives

- - +

Installation of 13.000 solar street lights

Cooperation of the Chinese energy and telecommunication company ZTE with Société africaine des biocarburants et des énergies renouvelables

African Biofuel & Renewable Energy Company (ABREC), EXIM Bank China, Ministry of Mining and Energy of Togo

+ - -

73

http://saber-abrec.org/projects/project/Project-for-the-Installation-of-13000-solar-street-lights-in-Togo



https://agora-parl.org/sites/default/files/081012-ecowas-ee-policy-final-en.pdf



74



Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


Tunisia

National Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Programme 2008-2011

The programme wants to cut down 20% of national energy consumption by 2011. It wants to increase the RE energy to 4% of primary energy supply and 10% of total electricity installed capacity by 2011

Ministry of Industry, Energy and Small and Medium Enterprises

- - + Tunisia started already in 2008 with a mixture of direct, integrative and enabling policies. The main target is to address energy poverty. The RE transition process slowed down during the Arab Spring and a second attempt started in 2015. The government uses mainly economic instruments for this development, however it has not yet a sophisticated strategy for more private investment as most of the programs are supported by international organisations and donors.

Law and Decree on Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy

The policy focuses on the rational use of energy and provides options for tax and financial incentives related to the development of renewable energies

National Agency for Energy Conservation (ANME)

+ - -

PROSOL Residental: Incentives for solar water heaters

Aims at purchasing solar water heaters from certified suppliers and having them installed by certified installers. subsidy and credit

National Agency for Energy Conservation (ANME), the state utility Societe Tunisienne de l'Electricite et de Gaz (STEG), the United Nations Environment

+ + -

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http://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/tunisia/name-24752-en.php



Programme and the Italian Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea

Renewable Energy Law for Electricity Production (No.74/2013)

Encourages investment in renewable energy, RE 30% (equivalent to 3,800 MW) of total electricity production by 2030.

Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining

- - +

The Decree on connection and access of renewable electricity to the national grid

Coordinates connection and access of renewable electricity producers to the national grid

Ministry of Industry

+ + -

Tax exemptions for the import of renewable energy and energy efficiency equipment materials (Decree 2010/1521)

Tax exemption / tax leverage for raw materials and products that are used for energy efficient technologies or for renewable energy

Ministry of Finance

+ - -

Decree on rules of selling renewable electricity to the Tunisian Company of Electricity and Gas (STEG)

Regulates the sale of renewable electricity to the Tunisian Company of Electricity and Gas

Ministry of Industry

+ + -

76













Tunisian Solar Plan (PST) 2010-2016

The solar plan promotes 40 projects and partnerships in renewable energy. The majority (29) are private led while the others are publicly-led (5), support the National Solar Plan (5) and its creation (1).

New institution, named STEG Renewable Energy, financed by the Italian Ministry of Environment and the United Nations Environment Programme

- - +

Law 2009-7 on Energy Efficiency: Renewable Energy Provisions

This Law allows anyone to produce energy from RE and to sell it into the grid. The maximum of RE production is 30% of the annual production. The government sets a fixed purchase price per year.


+ - +

Decree 2009/362 on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Premiums

Tunisia's National Agency in charge of Energy Efficiency (ANME) provides energy efficiency and renewable energy deployment projects with a range of premiums in form of refunds once the project is running.


+ - -

PROSOL Tertiary: Incentives for commercial solar water heaters (extended to 2020)

Primarily targets hotels, and will expand to public bath houses, private clinics, sports centres, restaurants and private university residences.

National Agency for Energy Conservation (ANME)

+ + -

77










http://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/tunisia/name-24755-en.php?return=PG5hdiBpZD0iYnJlYWRjcnVtYiI-PGEgaHJlZj0iLyI-SG9tZTwvYT4gJnJhcXVvOyA8YSBocmVmPSIvcG9saWNpZXNhbmRtZWFzdXJlcy8iPlBvbGljaWVzIGFuZCBNZWFzdXJlczwvYT4gJnJhcXVvOyA8YSBocmVmPSIvcG9saWNpZXNhbmRtZWFzdXJlcy9yZW5ld2FibGVlbmVyZ3kvIj5SZW5ld2FibGUgRW5lcmd5PC9hPjwvbmF2Pg,,&s=dHlwZT1yZSZzdGF0dXM9T2s,



Law 2005-82 on Energy Efficiency Fund (FNME)

Public support to energy efficiency and renewable energy activities through the allocation of subsidies.


+ - +

PROSOL Industrial (until 2014)

Promotion of solar thermal heaters in the industrial sector: feasibility studies, regional training, one implementation side

Italian Ministry for the Environment Land and Sea in collaboration with the Tunisian Ministry for Industry and Energy, ANME, The Mediterranean Renewable Energy Centre, and UNEP

+ + -

78



Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


Uganda

Uganda Biofuels Blending Mandate

20% biofuels blending mandateMinistry of Energy and Mineral Development

+ - - Relatively sophisticated transition boasting several scalable policy innovations. Direct policies are combined with some integrative ones (yet a stronger focus on grid connection seems to be missing), whereas the Renewable Energy Strategy builds an enabling framework. Intense state-donor cooperation, which has been highly beneficial in terms of supporting off-grid systems. The combination of the FiT with derisking seems a highly innovative policy, and puts donors in a powerful position in being the ‘lender of the last resort’.

Feed-in tariff “GetFiT” Feed-in tariff combined with

derisking measures. Main purpose is to fast-track a portfolio of up to 15 small-scale RE generation projects (1MW-20MW). Addresses key barriers to private investment, such as low FiT revenue, lack of long-term finance, offtaker risk and counterparty risk

Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development

Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (German Development Bank)

+ + +

Uganda Energy Credit Capitalisation

Provides financing options with the aim of facilitating investment in renewable energy projects: risk guarantees, bridge finance, liquidity support, tech assistance.

Government of Uganda, World Bank, Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau

+ - +

Solar Power Subsidy

45% subsidy on all solar power equipment, either in cash or


+ - -

79

loans. Microfinance system offered by Rural Electrification Fund, the World Bank Credit Fund, and the United Nations Development Programme

Mineral DevelopmentRural Electrification Fund,World Bank Credit Fund, United Nations Development Programme

Renewable Energy Policy Comprehensive energy policy,

combining direct, integrative and enabling elements: Fiscal and financial tools to attract investments; renewable electricity access targets in gender and pro-poor policies; tools to disseminate information on sustainable biomass management and waste-to-energy conversion; research and development on the benefits and opportunities of RE, promotion of biofuels as a substitute to fossil fuels.


+ + +

Tax Incentives for Renewable Energy

Fiscal incentives for photosensitive semi-conductor devices, solar water heaters; machinery, engineering designs and consultancy related to hydro power


+ - -

Energy for Rural Transformation

World Bank funded programme aiming at improving energy


+ + -

80

Program Phase II and III access in rural regions.

Programme focuses on grid expansion, IPPs, mini-grid systems, solar home systems.

Mineral Development



Direct qualities




Enabling qualities


ZambiaEnergy Regulation Act Framework for institutional

energy bodies in Zambia which established and regulates the work of the Energy Regulation Board

Government of Zambia, Ministry of Energy

- - +Despite the number of strategic policies that are mentioning the increased use of renewable energy, Zambia has a problem with the implementation of the formulated targets. The country still heavily relies on hydropower from a number of large dams and faces severe deforestation rates due to the use of traditional biomass for cooking. The access to electricity, especially in rural areas is very low. Furthermore, old contracts prevent the national energy monopolist ZESCO from increasing the energy tariffs which are among the lowest in the world. This leads to a lack of incentives regarding the development of renewables by independent power producers (IPPs). Furthermore, ZESCO is in a very severe financial condition and cannot guarantee payments to IPPs. However, the energy crisis of 2015 showed the need for rapid diversification of the energy mix and tender programmes for

Rural Electrification Act

Establishing Rural Electrification Fund (REF) and Rural Electrification Authority (REA)

Rural Electrification Authority, General Electric, Japanese International Cooperation Agency, Power Africa (USAID, Swedish Aid), Dutch government,

+ - +

Zambia Vision Middle-income nation status by Ministry of - - (+)

81

2030 2030 including the increase of rural access to electricity from 3% to 51% by 2030

Finance, Ministry of Energy, Rural Electrification Authority

The National Policy on Environment

Framework for managing natural resources and conservation including energy management and renewables

Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources, Zambia Environmental Management Agency

+ - +

National Energy Policy 2008 Remove constraints on renewable

energy development through data availability, financial and fiscal instruments for RE technologies, Promotion, R&D, Public awareness

Ministry of Energy and Water Development

- - +

Biodiesel standards

Quality of biodiesel for Zambian markets, Regulations for development of a biofuel industry

Energy Regulation Board, Zambia Bureau of Standards

+ - -

Revised Sixth National Development Plan 2013-2016 (R-SNDP)

Medium term investment plan for government to achieve vision 2030. Energy is one of key investment areas with goal to expand installed capacity to 3GW by 2016. The goal was not reached.

Ministry of Finance

+ - +

Zambia Scaling The goal is to develop and install President of + - +

82

Solar Programme at least 600 MW of solar power. The first round of 100MW is already under construction. Due to the uncertainty with payments from ZESCO for IPPs, the 2nd round is currently on hold.

Zambia, Industrial Development Corporation, International Finance Corporation (IFC), World Bank

Zambia REFIT and GET FIT scheme

GET FIT is the implementation program for the REFIT strategy. GETFIT is a 3 round tender (205MW) programme, which provides additional payments, standardized power purchase agreements and off-taking guarantees to independent power producers.

Ministry of Energy, KfW, Energy Regulation Board, Ministry of Energy, Multiconsult

+ - -

83



Direct qualities


integrative qualities


enabling qualiies


ZimbabweReduced Emissions Targets

Aims at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to reach a target of per-capita emission in 2030, which is 33% lower than in 2011

Government + - - Already in 2001, the government of Zimbabwe levied a carbon tax on fuels in order to disincentivise emission-intensive industries. A 10 year tax holiday for infrastructural projects was introduced in 2007, with the aim of encouraging PPPs in renewable infrastructure. Two funds are present in the country, namely rural electrification fund and the infrastructure fund, both of which are not performing well. While the former’s financial viability is unclear, the latter has yet to disburse funds for renewable projects. They thus have not lived up to the promise of de-risking investment into sustainable energy alternatives. The government has proposed a Feed-in Tariff. As of 2017, however, no project has been licensed yet. Zimbabwe submitted ambitious emission targets, aiming to slash GHG emission by 33% compared to the BAU scenario under its INDC. Overall efforts at transforming an energy mix, almost half of which currently comprises of coal, do exist on paper, with the implementation lacking behind a few steps. The

Biofuels Blending Mandate Provide an enabling environment

for biofuels sector development in Zimbabwe; Ensure that biofuel production, processing, distribution and marketing remain within the parameters of economic, environmental and social sustainability.

Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority (ZERA) introduced the ethanol blending standards

+ - (+)

Carbon TaxReduce emission-intensive industry through tax disincentive

Government - - +

FiTFeed-in tariff aiming at solar power, hydro power, biomass, bagasse and biogas.

Ministry of Energy

+ - +

Import Duty Exemption

Increase domestic RE manufacturing

Zimbabwe Revenue Authority

+ - -

84

Rural Electrification Fund

Expand electricity access to rural areas through grid extension projects, solar mini grid systems and small hydro projects.

Infrastructure Development Bank of Zimbabwe

- + +

Tax Holiday for Infrastructure Projects

Promote investment in renewable infrastructure Zimbabwe

Revenue Authority

+ (+) -

Environmental Management Act The Act generally supports and

promotes the use of environmentally friendly Renewable Energy.

Environmental Management Agency

- - +

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