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Supplementary Information
Indoor and outdoor air concentrations of volatile organic compounds and NO2 in schools of
urban, industrial and rural areas in Central-Southern Spain.
Florentina Villanueva (a),(b)*, Araceli Tapia (c), Sonia Lara (a), Mariano Amo-Salas (d)
aAtmospheric Pollution Laboratory, Research Institute for Combustion and Atmospheric
Pollution, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real,
Spain [email protected]; [email protected] Mancha Science and Technology Park, Paseo de la Innovación 1, 02006 Albacete,
SpaincPhysical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of
Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n [email protected] of Mathematics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla La Mancha, Camino de
Moledores s/n 13071, Ciudad real, Spain. [email protected]
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
Phone: +34 926295300. E-mail: [email protected]
Fig. S1. Location of rural, urban and industrial areas (B) in Spain (A).
Valverde
Las Casas(B)
(A)
Rural areas
Urban area
Industrial area
Fig. S2. Chromatogram registered from a sample collected in the school 1 in the industrial area.
Text S1. Multiple linear regression
Table S1. Results of multiple linear regression
Pollutants variable β S.E p-Value R2
Acetaldehyde marble tile/wooden 1.84±0.63 0.007 0.291Years school1(11-20/1-10) 2.92±1.33 0.035
ACR+ATN Both/blackboard 14.41±3.98 0.001 0.284Propanal marble tile/wooden 0.32±0.14 0.034 0.679
Both/blackboard 0.41±0.23 0.085Urban/rural -1.03±0.18 0.000Industrial/rural -0.73±0.18 0.000
Benzaldehyde Students (11-20/1-10) 0.75±0.27 0.010 0.117Pentanal Urban/rural -2.16±0.36 0.000 0.554
Industrial/rural -1.79±0.36 0.000p-Tolualdehyde Recently painted -0.37±0.17 0.042 0.119n-Hexane ceramic tile/wooden 2.88±0.71 0.000 0.471
Whiteboard/blackboard 1.96±0.81 0.021n-Heptane Whiteboard/blackboard 13.1±5.81 0.031 0.286
ceramic tile/wooden 11.17±5.11 0.037n-Nonane street/playground 7.58±1.56 0.000 0.477
Both/blackboard 3.98±1.37 0.007n-Decane street/playground 9.05±2.56 0.001 0.373
Both/blackboard 6.63±2.26 0.006n-Undecane Both/blackboard 6.68±1.65 0.000 0.418
Students(21-30/1/10) -2.47±1.06 0.026n-Dodecane Both/blackboard 7.12±2.22 0.003 0.238n-Tridecane Floor (first floor/ground floor) -8.14±2.10 0.001 0.331
Classroom (primary /kindergarten) 7.01±2.09 0.002Cyclohexane ceramic tile/wooden 14.74±5.97 0.019 0.160Benzene Outdoor concentration 0.82±0.14 0.000 0.501Styrene street/playground 14.02±2.92 0.000 0.412Trimethylbenzene
Timber cladding/painted wall 3.37±1.29 0.013 0.171
Limonene Years school (11-20/1-10) 50.12±10.93 0.000 0.442Whiteboard/blackboard 21.90±9.06 0.022
NO2 Outdoor concentration 0.865±1.51 0.000 0.584Timber cladding/painted wall 9.80±3.17 0.004Students(21-30/1/10) 4.72±2.11 0.032
β, partial regression coefficient; SE, standard error, p-Value, significant level (set at< 0.05); R 2, coefficient of determination
Pollutant sources are diverse, some pollutants come from outdoor sources, some from
indoors, and other from both outdoor and indoor sources, therefore it is not easy to
establish a relation between VOCs and different factors. We have used multiple linear
regression analysis based on the indoor and outdoor concentrations and the qualitative
parameters taking into account the responses to the questionnaire (see Table 1). Table
S1 shows the significant factors affecting the indoor concentrations of certain VOCs and
NO2. Only the variables of the questionnaire that were included in the final model
obtained by stepwise procedure have been included. In order to understand the table it is
important to know the meaning of the different parameters. β is the partial regression
coefficient that gives the type and magnitude of relation between the pollutant and the
variable given, if β is positive means that when the variable increases, also the
concentration of the pollutant increases and if β is negative the relation is inverse,
therefore, when the variable increases, the level of the pollutant decreases. The
inclusion of categorical variables has been done using dummy variables and β stands for
the relation between the category of the numerator with respect to the denominator in
the concentration of the pollutant. For instance, if β is positive the presence of the
category of the numerator increases the levels of the studied pollutant with respect to the
presence of the category of the denominator. For benzene, the variable included in the
model is outdoor concentration, the relation is positive with a coefficient of
determination (R2) of 0.501. Thus the 50 % of the variability of the levels found of
benzene can be explained by the outdoor concentrations. Also NO2 is positive
associated with the outdoor concentrations. The statistical analysis shows a significant
and positive association between n-alkanes (n-hexane, n-heptante, n-nonane, n-decane,
n-undecane and n-dodecane) and limonene with the type of board what suggests that the
use of whiteboard (category of the numerator) has a certain impact on the levels of these
pollutants in the classrooms.
The location of classrooms appeared to affect the indoor levels of n-nonane, n-decane
and styrene. Those classrooms located street facing had higher levels of these pollutants.
This happened only in two schools of the industrial area.
The timber cladding used in the walls appeared to positively affect the indoor levels of
trimethylbenzene and NO2. No association was found with the type of floor covering.
Finally the levels of benzaldehyde, n-undecane and NO2 were associated with the
number of students in the classrooms, thus more concentration of n-undecane and NO2
were found in those classrooms with the highest number of students (21-30).
Table S2. Spearman correlation coefficients of VOCs and NO2 in the classrooms of kindergarten and primary in the schools of the rural, urban and industrial arearural 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.
1.Formaldehyde 1.002.Acetaldehyde ,699* 1.003.ACR+ATN 0.01 -0.23 1.004.Propanal ,790** ,706* 0.18 1.005.Benzaldehyde 0.12 0.37 -0.18 0.20 1.006.Pentanal ,825** ,643* -0.19 ,748** 0.27 1.007.p-Tolualdehyde -0.22 -0.10 -,65* -0.28 -0.25 -0.15 1.008.Hexanal 0.51 0.53 -0.26 0.45 -0.20 ,734** -0.01 1.009.n-Pentane 0.31 0.42 -0.25 0.11 -0.03 0.29 0.01 0.27 1.0010.n-Hexane 0.03 0.06 0.13 -0.26 0.28 0.04 -0.36 0.02 0.17 1.0011.n-Heptane 0.29 0.10 -0.04 0.25 -0.48 0.45 0.24 0.54 0.30 0.02 1.0012.n-Octane 0.34 0.12 0.20 0.38 -0.01 0.37 -0.07 0.01 0.46 -0.07 ,615* 1.0013.n-Nonane 0.36 0.38 0.37 ,636* 0.13 0.22 -0.29 -0.11 0.36 -0.38 0.09 ,692* 1.0014.n-Decane 0.00 0.22 0.46 0.41 -0.08 -0.15 -0.17 -0.20 0.23 -0.29 -0.01 0.27 ,692* 1.0015.n-Undecane -0.02 0.17 ,662* 0.45 -0.09 -0.15 -0.47 -0.08 -0.20 -0.25 -0.12 0.01 0.53 ,818** 1.0016.n-Dodecane 0.20 0.17 ,690* 0.53 -0.17 0.06 -0.23 -0.05 0.02 -0.28 0.13 0.32 ,629* ,846** ,776** 1.0017.n-Tridecane 0.38 0.48 -0.21 0.28 -0.37 0.29 0.13 0.54 0.44 -0.41 0.20 -0.02 0.20 0.19 0.11 0.21 1.0018.Cyclohexane 0.21 0.03 0.08 0.27 -0.50 0.29 0.27 0.33 0.32 -0.13 ,930** ,748** 0.33 0.19 0.01 0.28 0.12 1.0019.Benzene -0.26 -0.24 -0.29 -0.57 0.18 0.01 0.23 0.08 0.04 ,653* 0.13 -0.13 -,685* -,63* -,70* -0.51 -0.33 -0.05 1.0020.Toluene 0.03 0.11 0.41 0.20 -0.18 -0.20 -0.42 -0.12 0.43 -0.19 -0.26 0.10 ,580* ,699* 0.57 0.49 0.26 -0.06 -,608* 1.0021.Ethylbenzene -0.35 -0.31 ,585* -0.01 -0.48 -0.45 -0.33 -0.22 0.00 -0.28 0.10 0.26 0.47 ,601* ,678* 0.46 -0.01 0.31 -0.57 ,643* 1.0022.m,p-Xylene -0.33 -0.37 0.27 -0.09 -,74** -0.30 0.15 0.08 0.01 -0.21 0.48 0.20 0.09 0.35 0.32 0.29 -0.06 ,629* -0.22 0.33 ,734** 1.0023.Styrene 0.09 0.25 -0.23 0.28 -0.28 0.33 0.54 0.49 0.20 -0.35 ,701* 0.44 0.22 0.14 -0.02 0.23 0.29 ,758** 0.04 -0.19 0.05 0.43 1.0024.TMB -0.28 -0.17 0.35 -0.01 -,73** -0.29 0.04 0.16 0.20 -0.29 0.38 0.15 0.24 ,601* 0.53 0.53 0.32 0.51 -0.34 0.55 ,776** ,860** 0.42 1.0025.Alfa-pinene 0.10 0.43 -0.34 0.33 0.05 0.48 0.22 ,643* 0.24 0.03 0.52 0.08 -0.07 0.19 0.10 0.13 0.24 0.36 0.16 -0.19 -0.15 0.17 ,591* 0.26 1.0026.Limonene 0.19 0.36 0.08 0.49 0.17 0.45 -0.16 0.37 -0.03 -0.06 0.40 0.23 0.20 0.33 0.42 0.40 0.23 0.24 -0.11 -0.21 0.01 -0.08 0.31 0.12 ,713** 1.0027.NO2 -0.26 -0.14 0.24 -0.12 0.54 -0.26 -0.28 -0.54 -0.01 0.38 -0.55 -0.15 0.03 0.32 0.17 0.17 -,592* -0.46 0.13 0.29 -0.03 -0.17 -0.49 -0.18 -0.09 -0.13
Bold values indicate ρ>0.6 *p<0.05, **P<0.01urban 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 27
1.Formaldehyde 1.002.Acetaldehyde ,615* 1.003.ACR+ATN ,825** ,783** 1.004.Propanal ,594* ,832** ,769** 1.005.Benzaldehyde ,650* ,629* ,657* 0.56 1.006.Pentanal ,585* ,782** ,641* ,796** 0.45 1.007.p-Tolualdehyde 0.02 -0.44 -0.11 -0.57 -0.09 -0.29 1.008.Hexanal 0.50 ,825** ,678* ,790** ,769** ,768** -0.32 1.009.n-Pentane -0.26 0.24 -0.16 -0.15 -0.14 0.20 -0.02 0.07 1.0010.n-Hexane 0.10 -0.36 0.04 -0.06 0.01 -0.37 0.10 -0.41 -0.57 1.0011.n-Heptane -0.05 -0.09 0.23 -0.04 -0.06 -0.39 0.03 -0.09 -0.33 0.38 1.0012.n-Octane 0.17 -0.06 0.22 -0.05 0.10 -0.44 -0.01 -0.16 -,608* 0.50 ,769** 1.0013.n-Nonane 0.11 0.22 0.17 0.13 -0.17 0.00 -0.21 -0.24 0.36 0.33 0.22 0.09 1.0014.n-Decane 0.44 0.57 0.43 ,748** 0.16 0.54 -,692* 0.38 -0.05 0.04 -0.12 -0.10 0.36 1.0015.n-Undecane -0.03 0.20 -0.17 0.34 0.05 0.33 -0.50 0.14 -0.08 -0.10 -,699* -0.31 -0.16 0.39 1.0016.n-Dodecane 0.10 0.24 -0.01 0.36 0.21 0.54 -0.16 0.33 -0.06 -0.27 -,769** -0.49 -0.40 0.10 ,825** 1.0017.n-Tridecane 0.29 0.41 0.35 0.31 ,713** 0.31 -0.08 ,755** -0.11 -0.33 0.04 0.09 -,608* 0.01 -0.03 0.10 1.0018.Cyclohexane 0.04 -0.20 0.24 -0.08 -0.08 -0.38 0.15 -0.20 -0.22 0.50 ,825** 0.48 0.35 0.02 -,797** -,867** -0.11 1.0019.Benzene 0.15 ,594* 0.41 0.38 ,643* 0.30 -0.15 ,636* 0.40 -0.30 -0.14 -0.24 0.00 0.15 0.01 0.06 0.50 -0.03 1.0020.Toluene 0.55 0.36 ,706* 0.46 0.50 0.06 -0.22 0.24 -0.40 0.52 0.45 0.50 0.28 0.39 -0.25 -0.36 0.15 ,594* 0.34 1.0021.Ethylbenzene 0.52 0.17 0.50 -0.01 0.46 0.16 0.57 0.26 0.16 0.05 0.18 -0.02 0.07 -0.15 -,692* -0.41 0.32 0.45 0.34 0.36 1.0022.m,p-Xylene 0.37 0.18 0.38 -0.11 0.36 0.13 0.55 0.24 0.38 -0.20 0.11 -0.15 0.04 -0.24 -,713** -0.42 0.31 0.36 0.42 0.20 ,951** 1.0023.Styrene -0.09 0.04 -0.01 0.20 0.17 0.05 0.08 0.20 -0.07 0.27 -0.07 -0.12 -0.01 0.23 0.22 0.10 0.18 0.04 0.33 0.02 0.04 -0.09 1.0024.TMB 0.34 ,783** 0.52 ,608* 0.14 0.54 -0.55 0.43 0.37 -0.33 -0.08 -0.09 0.43 ,720** 0.22 0.01 0.05 -0.07 0.45 0.32 -0.04 0.02 0.04 1.0025.Alfa-pinene 0.52 0.51 0.57 0.43 ,769** 0.51 0.04 ,629* 0.21 -0.02 -0.26 -0.31 -0.04 0.23 -0.04 0.12 0.54 0.02 ,755** 0.45 ,657* ,601* 0.31 0.27 1.0026.Limonene -0.04 0.39 0.04 0.49 0.38 0.23 -0.52 ,587* 0.03 -0.31 -0.15 -0.20 -0.17 0.45 0.38 0.23 0.45 -0.20 0.51 0.00 -0.23 -0.21 0.46 0.25 0.22 1.0027.NO2 -0.57 -0.12 -0.41 -0.20 -0.46 0.04 -0.17 -0.02 0.52 -,727** -0.32 -,608* -0.30 -0.09 0.10 0.15 -0.03 -0.28 0.10 -0.52 -0.30 -0.04 -0.25 0.14 -0.17 0.15 1.00
industrial 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.
1.Formaldehyde 1.00
2.Acetaldehyde 0.29 1.003.ACR+ATN ,608* 0.34 1.004.Propanal 0.45 ,73
4** 0.19 1.00
5.Benzaldehyde 0.48 0.42 ,678* 0.34 1.00
6.Pentanal ,685* 0.54 0.27 ,888** 0.29 1.00
7.p-Tolualdehyde -0.05 0.17 0.29 0.17 0.34 0.18 1.00
8.Hexanal ,657* ,629* 0.19 ,797** 0.36 ,88
8** 0.27 1.00
9.n-Pentane -0.20 0.23 -
0.46 0.29 0.03 0.21 0.03 0.35 1.00
10.n-Hexane -0.41 -0.46 -
0.41 -0.52 -,591* -0.51 -0.57 -,64
0* 0.04 1.00
11.n-Heptane -0.36 0.41 -
0.08 0.23 0.11 -0.05 -0.17 -0.11 ,587* 0.26 1.00
12.n-Octane 0.11 0.29 -0.05 0.38 0.03 0.37 -0.05 0.33 ,75
5** 0.13 ,636* 1.00
13.n-Nonane -0.15 0.04 -
0.38 0.26 -0.21 0.28 0.00 0.18 ,790** 0.28 0.55 ,85
3** 1.00
14.n-Decane -0.20 -0.24 -
0.54 -0.08 -0.17 -0.03 -0.21 0.07 ,839** 0.23 0.36 ,671* ,72
0** 1.00
15.n-Undecane 0.33 -0.08 -0.24 0.19 -0.08 0.38 -0.08 0.49 0.55 0.16 -
0.09 0.50 0.45 ,587* 1.00
16.n-Dodecane 0.44 -0.28 -0.08 0.00 -0.16 0.34 -0.24 0.35 0.31 0.16 -
0.22 0.42 0.33 0.56 ,853** 1.00
17.n-Tridecane 0.41 -0.20 -0.14 0.29 0.26 0.40 -0.28 0.38 0.36 -
0.11-
0.08 0.23 0.19 0.50 ,636* ,629* 1.00
18.Cyclohexane -0.06 0.38 0.08 0.00 0.36 -0.15 -0.10 -0.01 0.43 0.04 ,685* 0.45 0.34 0.30 -
0.17 -0.24 -0.15 1.00
19.Benzene -0.34 0.45 -
0.43 0.48 0.08 0.27 0.42 0.43 ,783**
-0.29 0.43 0.42 0.53 0.41 0.21 -0.16 0.04 0.24 1.00
20.Toluene 0.27 0.02 0.48 0.13 0.34 0.25 ,671* 0.16 -0.15
-0.15
-0.11 0.08 0.10 -
0.31 0.06 -0.04 -0.15 0.03 -0.04 1.00
21.Ethylbenzene 0.03 0.14 -0.31 0.57 -0.03 0.57 0.15 0.40 ,594* -
0.04 0.33 ,580* ,825** 0.42 0.29 0.13 0.31 0.14 0.57 0.22 1.00
22.m,p-Xylene -0.01 0.00 -
0.26 0.44 0.08 0.45 0.20 0.28 ,622* -0.04 0.36 ,608* ,83
2** 0.52 0.29 0.15 0.38 0.20 0.54 0.27 ,958** 1.00
23.Styrene 0.07 -0.08 -0.46 0.33 -0.33 0.45 -0.34 0.25 0.53 0.30 0.28 0.54 ,76
9** 0.55 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.07 0.24 -0.07
,805**
,725** 1.00
24.TMB 0.17 0.10 -0.34 0.42 -0.08 0.56 0.12 0.52 ,699* 0.10 0.20 ,643* ,83
2** 0.55 ,685* 0.49 0.39 0.13 0.52 0.29 ,846**
,790**
,798** 1.00
25.Alfa-pinene ,748** 0.29 0.28 ,657* 0.41 ,80
4** 0.13 ,720** 0.29 -
0.27 0.01 0.54 0.44 0.17 0.54 0.43 0.52 0.13 0.14 0.48 ,615* ,594* 0.48 ,685* 1.00
26.Limonene 0.52 -0.13 0.48 -0.10 0.48 -0.03 -0.48 -0.14 -0.27 0.09 0.06 0.01 -
0.20-
0.05-
0.08 0.13 0.38 0.34 -,629* 0.03 -0.19 -
0.08 0.00 -0.22 0.29 1.00
27.NO2 - 0.03 - 0.10 -0.34 -0.08 0.06 -0.05 ,72 0.13 ,587* ,657* ,74 ,685* 0.11 -0.02 - 0.36 ,650* - 0.52 0.56 0.40 0.39 - - 1.00
0.53 0.56 0** 1** 0.04 0.18 0.01 0.41