Arsenic Removal with Bayoxide® E33 Ferric Oxide Media ... · • Case Study Problem and Solution: Hilltown Township Arsenic Removal Project • Questions. 3 De Nora Water Technologies

1

De Nora Water Technologies

Arsenic Removal withBayoxide® E33 Ferric Oxide Media

& SORB 33® As Adsorption

2De Nora Water Technologies

Agenda

• Background on Arsenic

• Arsenic Toxicity

• Sources of Arsenic

• Arsenic in Water

• Arsenic Regulations

• Arsenic Treatment Methods

• Case Study Problem and Solution:

Hilltown Township Arsenic Removal Project

• Questions


Arsenic Background

• Natural occurring metalloid elementAtomic Symbol: As

Atomic Number: 33

Atomic Weight: 74.92


Arsenic Toxicity• USEPA Group A Human Carcinogen

• Short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) effects

• Skin, lung and bladder cancer

• Acute GI damage

• Cardiac problems

• Vomiting / diarrhea

• Dehydration

• Partial paralysis / blindness

• Hemolysis

• Vertigo

• Shock / death


Arsenic Chemistry

“Oxidized” As(V) Oxyanion DissociationH3AsO4 ↔ H2AsO4

- + H+ pKs = 2.2

H2AsO4- ↔ HAsO4

2- + H+ pKs = 6.9

HAsO42- ↔ AsO4

3- + H+ pKs = 11.5

“Reduced” As(III) Oxyanion DissociationH3AsO3 ↔ H2AsO3

- + H+ pH 6 - 8

In waters within a natural pH range, the following species are present:

H3AsO3, H2AsO3-, H2AsO4

- & HAsO42-

As(III) occurs mainly under reducing conditions, e.g., in the absence of oxygen.When this water comes in contact with air, As(III) is oxidized to As(V).

Arsenic found in ground waters is normally in an inorganic form as a soluble oxyanion species. It has 2 valence states, As(III) and As(V).


Arsenic Sources in US Drinking Water


De Nora Water’s Role in ArsenicTimeline - Lower Potable Water Arsenic LevelsCurrent Limit in 1990’s - 50 µg/L1993 WHO Recommends 10 µg/L1994 USEPA Recommends 2-20 µg/L2000 New EC Directive 2003 UK Adopts 10 µg/L Standard2006 USEPA Compliance for 10 µg/L MCL

Severn Trent WaterSevern Trent Services’ Sister Company2nd Largest UK Water Company - 8 Million Customers16 Well Water Sites with As > 10 µg/LTotal Treatment Capacity - 46.8 MGD (177 ML/Day)No Developed Technology Selective for As Removal


• AdsorptionSimple & non-regenerative in most casesSingle step process for most applications

• Coagulation/FiltrationCost effective for large scale systems (over 4 MGD)Effective for high Fe/Mn watersNo chemicals besides disinfection if Fe/As wgt ratio > 25

• Reverse OsmosisEffective if other TDS must be removedWon’t remove As(III)

• Ion ExchangeGood for waters with high As & pH and low SO4 & HCO3

Hybrid resins with impregnated Fe Oxide – Selective for AsRequires regeneration/posttreatment; won’t remove As(III)

De Nora provides As removal solutions using the most effective technology

As Removal – Treatment Selection


SORB 33® - Arsenic Adsorption

Process FeaturesRemoves As to <2 µg/LUses Granular Ferric Oxide (GFO) Adsorbent - Bayoxide® E33High Capacity for As – Up to 4 Year Media LifeEasy Disposal of Spent Media - Passes EPA’s TCLP TestVery Low Residuals (Wastewater)In-line Pressure Vessel Operation - No Repumping

System AdvantagesLow Capital & Operating Costs Simple Process - Unattended Operation No Chemicals for Media RegenerationRemoves As(III) - Unlike Most Other Processes


Adsorption - SORB 33® SystemsWater Flows through a bed of media Pros

Easy Operation Little automation Simple Maintenance Not complex Lowest Capital Commonly lowest O&M

Cons Complex Waters Low Bed volumes / Higher O&M’s

Most accepted technology Majority of projects in US selected adsorption


As Removal System – EPCOR: 2,400 gpm


As Removal System – Nellis AFB: 550 gpm


Adsorptive Media Pilot Testing – 3rd Party• Breakthrough Curves – determine best performance

• 4 different medias tested at Mesa, AZ by DSWA


Program Scope

• Test Protocol

• 4”-∅ Clear Column with Media

• Manual Valves

• Simple Instruments

• Consistent Water Supply

• Data Collection & Monitor

• Weekly Sampling

• 2-6 Month Program

On-site Pilot Test Program

MediaDrain

VentV-11

B’wash Discharge

PDI

Effl

uent

/Med

ia B

ackw

ash

MediaSupport

BackwashSample

Treated WaterSample/Drain

E33 FeedSample

P-01

P-04

P-02

S-06

S-08

S-07

E33GFO

Media

PG

P-09

TreatedWater

OrBackwashEffluent

B’wash Supply

FQI FI

Pre

s R

eg’r

Rat

e S

et

WellWater

P-01

P-03

FI/FQI

P-04

P-02

Rate Set

P-03

MediaDrain

VentV-11

B’wash Discharge

PDI

Effl

uent

/Med

ia B

ackw

ash

MediaSupport

BackwashSample


E33 FeedSample

P-01

P-04

P-02

S-06

S-08

S-07

E33GFO

Media

PG

P-09

TreatedWater

OrBackwashEffluent

B’wash Supply

FQI FI

Pre

s R

eg’r

Rat

e S

et

WellWater

P-01

P-03

FI/FQI

P-04

P-02

Rate Set

P-03

MediaDrain

VentV-11

B’wash Discharge

PDI

Effl

uent

/Med

ia B

ackw

ash

MediaSupport

BackwashSample


E33 FeedSample

P-01

P-04

P-02

S-06

S-08

S-07

E33GFO

Media

E33GFO

Media

PG

P-09

TreatedWater

OrBackwashEffluent

B’wash Supply

FQI FI

Pre

s R

eg’r

Pre

s R

eg’r

Rat

e S

etR

ate

Set

WellWater

P-01

P-03

FI/FQI

P-04

P-02

Rate Set

P-03


Test Evaluation – Breakthrough Curves

0

10

20

30

40

0 25,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 125,000 150,000

Con

cent

ratio

n (μ

g/L)

Bed Volumes of Water Treated (BV’s)

Typical SORB 33® Arsenic Adsorption Curve

TreatedWater As

Influent As

As MCL As Breakthrough

6 Mos 12 Mos 18 MosTime (based on 75% Use Factor):

0

10

20

30

40

0 25,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 125,000 150,000

Con

cent

ratio

n (μ

g/L)

Bed Volumes of Water Treated (BV’s)

Typical SORB 33® Arsenic Adsorption Curve

TreatedWater As

Influent As

As MCL As Breakthrough

6 Mos 12 Mos 18 MosTime (based on 75% Use Factor):

Breakthrough Curve Measures Media Performance - Longevity Arsenic effluent levels vs volume treated (“BV’s” or gallons H2O/cu ft of media) As Breakthrough – Point at which media needs replacement The higher the BV’s to breakthrough, the lower the operating cost


Coagulation / Filtration – Omni-SORBTM Media• Product Composition

5% Manganese Dioxide (MnO 2)

impregnated quartz (sand)

Non-porous blackish gray

“catalytic” filtration media

Dense media – 88 lb/ft3

Screen Size – 18 x 60 mesh

Dustless – facilitates backwash

• ProducerFermavi (Brazil) – Mines rich MnO2 ore, refines into product

• Media Life – 9+ Years; Disposable as nonhazardous waste

• Service ConditionsFiltration rates of 7 -10 gpm/ft2

Backwash rates of 14 -16 gpm/ft2


Coagulation / Filtration – Omni-SORBTM Media• Coagulation / Filtration• Iron Removal

Removes Fe and MnRemoves As/Fe/Mn Needs high iron level Fe:As -25:1 or better

• As/Fe/Mn or Fe/MnCatalyze the Fe and Mn in an oxidation/precipitation processCoagulation / Filtration of Fe oxide & Mn oxideFerric chloride addition if neededAs adsorbed by Fe oxideBackwash


Omni-SORBTM Systems• Parallel Flow Filters

• Automated Valves

• Process Controls & PLC

Rozel, KS – 600 gpmFe & Mn Removal

Three 6’ Diameter Filters

Houghton, NY – 700 gpmAs Coag Filtration

Four 7’ Diameter FiltersN+1 Redundancy


Application Inquiry toQualify the Water &Determine the BestSolution – Step 1

Site Qualification Form Complete & Submit Client & Contact Info Flows, contaminants &

concentrations Pick Contaminant in Objectives

to highlight key analysesDe Nora Analysis

Conceptualize Design Flexibility

Budget Proposal Budget Capital Budget O&M

Inorganic Contaminants RemovalWell Water Treatment - Site Qualification

File: ICR-SiteQualify -G15.x lsm: Rev 03-Aug-15

Utility Client: Well Location or Name: Contact Name: Phone No. (Enter 10 Digits):

Proposal Due Date: (Enter mm/dd/yy): E-mail Address: Engineer: Phone No. (Enter 10 Digits):

Notes/Schedule:

Flow Capacity: MGD or gpm Annual Well Utilization (% Run Time):

Important to select Removal Objective below to highlight needed analysisInorganic Removal Objectives: Chromate 2 Enter Multiple Contaminants:

Water System Operation Checklist

A. Disinfection: Disinfectant Type Used: 7 Discharge Point: 5

B. Well Pump(s): Operation Type: 5 Well Pressure (psig):

C. Wastewater Handling: Backwash Discharge Available: 3 Discharge Point: 6Zero Discharge Required (Water Reclaim Required):

D. Treatment Options Bypass/Blend Option OK?: 3Use of Chemicals Below OK?: 3System Redundancy (Spare Capacity) Required: Chemicals: CO2, HCl, H2SO4 or NaOH

E. Process Control System Automation Required: 3 SCADA Interface Required: 3

F. Special Notes about Well Site

Well Water Analysis

pH Anions Metals & RadionuclidesTemperature oF Alkalinity mg/L CaCO3 Antimony µg/L Sb

ORP (EMF) mV Bicarbonate mg/L CaCO3 Total Arsenic µg/L As

Conductivity µS/cm Carbonate mg/L CaCO3 Reduced As(III) µg/L As(III)

Dissolved Solids mg/L TDS Chloride mg/L Cl Chromium µg/L CrSuspended Solids mg/L TSS Fluoride mg/L F Iron µg/L Fe

Turbidity NTU Nitrate mg/L NO3 Lead µg/L Pb

Cations Phosphate mg/L PO4 Manganese µg/L Mn

Hardness mg/L CaCO3 Silica mg/L SiO2 Mercury µg/L Hg

Ammonia mg/L NH3 Sulfate mg/L SO4 Selenium µg/L Se

Calcium mg/L Ca Sulfide mg/L S Uranium µg/L UMagnesium mg/L Mg __________ mg/L ____ Vanadium µg/L V

Sodium mg/L Na __________ mg/L ____ __________ µg/L ___

Please enter as much information below as possible. It is understood that not all may be available, notably some assays.

Important Analysis

De Nora Water TechnologiesInorganics Products


Water CharacterizationProprietary Model to Estimate Performance ( BV’s)Is Water Normal Quality or is Testing Recommended? Unit Operating Costs - $/1,000 gals or $/Acre-Ft

RSSCT – Rapid Small Scale Column Test 4 Week Lab Test to Quantify As Breakthrough & BV’s Test Done in Tampa Lab on Client’s Well Water

On-site Pilot Test 0.5 gpm Test Program using 4”-Ø Column Long Test Period to As Breakthrough

Full Scale System DesignAdsorption Configuration: Parallel, Series, Bypass/BlendPretreatment Chlorination is Normal pH Adjustment with CO2 or HCl for High pH Waters Fe/Mn Filtration for Elevated Fe & Mn Levels H2S Removal – Aeration, GAC, Oxidation/Filtration

Coagulation/Filtration Use High [Fe] Water to Precipitate & Filter As Ferric Chloride Dosing for Very “Challenging” Waters

Application Inquiry – Step 2


Sizing & EstimateSummary …– Step 3Process Sizes System Vessel Size Media Volume Performance – BV’s, etc. Flows Configuration Operating Costs: Includes

annualized media replace & chemicals

Proposals Estimates Cost ROM or Budget

Rough Order of Magnitude Issue to Client

Annual O&M Costs: $168,400 per Yr or $118 / Acre Ft

Total Water Volume Treated: 1,684 Million Gallons

Issued: 04-Jun-14 MAL : Y13 Proposal No. 36066

Increased As to reflect pilotNo PO4, SiO2 or V Assays

Budgetary Capital & Operating Costs Special Notes

SORB 33® As RemovalSystem Sizing & Estimate

SystemConfiguration

Not in ScopeOf Supply

WellPump

To Storageor Distribution

Treated Water

NaOCl /Cl2Storage & Feed

FI

SORB 33®Adsorber

E33 Media

FI

SORB 33®Adsorber

E33 Media

To Train 2 & 3

BackwashSurge & Reclaim

Client: City of Cairo, GA Average Flow: 1.27 MGD AvgName of Site: Test Well - 3,000 gpm Well Capacity: 3,000 gpm

Primary Contact: Stacy G. Watkins Treatment Flow: 3,000 gpmEngineer: Watkins & Associates Op Factor: 7.1 Hrs/Day or 29% 0.0% Bypass

SORB 33® Model No: Contact Time (EBCT) & Bed Depth: Adsorber No & Size: Average Treatment Rate:

System Footprint: Design Flow Rate per Adsorber: Flow Configuration: Loading Rate (Specific Velocity): 6.5 gpm/ft2

Adsorptive Media: Estimated Working Capacity: Media Quantity: Media Cycle Life:

Backwash Volume: Volume Treated per Cycle: SORB Backwash Rate: Arsenic Analysis: 50.0 µg/L As

pH Adjustment: pH Adjust from 8.1 to 7.1

1,270,080 gals/Day1,000 gpm

43.6 Months

Project Name & General Information

System DesignEAS-9014

89,268 lbs (40.48 MT)Bayoxide E33 Granules

96'L x 16'W x 14'HSix 14.0 ft Diameter

Series80,300 BV's

7.0 Min / 3.0 ft

1690 gpm21,970 gals/vessel 1,683.8 million gals

2,803 cubic ft 21.8 Months/Lead Vessel

CO2 Flow: 207 scfh Annual Usage: 60,640 lbs CO2

CO2Handling

& Feed

pH Adjust Disinfection

pHC

Train 1

De Nora Water TechnologiesInorganics Products


Media Replacement & DisposalMedia Removal DNWT subcontractors Vacuum removal or

vactor truck Fill rolloffs or sacks TCLP analysis – verify

media is non-hazardousMedia Replacement Gravity fill - 52 ft3 sacks Hydraulic fill -

eductors

Aqua Pennsylvania SiteRoof Hatch Added for Gravity Fill30 Minute Fill - 52 ft³ per Vessel

Roof Hatch Added


Hilltown Township Well No. 2Hybrid Fe/Mn Filtration & As Adsorption• Well No. 3 – 300 gpm

• Multiple ContaminantsArsenic – 15 ppb

Iron – 250 ppb

Manganese – 110 ppb

• Aside from As removal, needed to remove Fe & MnBlack & red water issue

• Hybrid design – 1 OmniSORB filter & 2 Sorb 33 adsorbersOxidize & filter all of the water to remove Fe & Mn

Treat 50% of filtered water through adsorption

Bypass and blend remainder

• System in service for over 10 yearsBayoxide E33 lasted 7 years before replacement


Hilltown TownshipHybrid Fe/Mn Filtration & As Adsorption


Questions?

De Nora Water Technologies1000 Cliff Mine Rd, Suite 600Pittsburgh, PA 15275

T: +1 412-788-8300F: +1 412 788-8304E: [email protected]

“Statements of fact and opinion expressed are those of the author(s) / presenter(s).

AZ Water, AZAWWA, and AZWEA assume no responsibility for the content, nor do they represent official policy of the Association.”

Documents

Arsenic Removal with Bayoxide® E33 Ferric Oxide Media ... · • Case Study Problem and Solution: Hilltown Township Arsenic Removal Project • Questions. 3 De Nora Water Technologies