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Art of Listening (Listening aspect) 12/15/2012 Carnaval (Early romantics => 19 th  century) Robert Schumann Eusebius Pen name for tender, dreamy self Rhythmically very free (quintuplets, triplets, rubato ) Form based on repetition, contrast and return (aa ba b’a’ ba)

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Page 1: Art of Listening (Listening aspect) 12/15/2012s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/1LKO2bR4xG.pdfArt of Listening (Listening aspect) 12/15/2012 Carnaval (Early romantics =>

Art of Listening (Listening aspect) 12/15/2012

Carnaval (Early romantics => 19th century) Robert Schumann

EusebiusPen name for tender, dreamy selfRhythmically very free (quintuplets, triplets, rubato)Form based on repetition, contrast and return (aa ba b’a’ ba)

FlorestanPen name for his more impetuous selfOpening outburst follows Eusebius’s tentative endingMoves in fits and startsAbrupt tempo changes; abrupt endingForm based on repetition, variationA a’ a’’ a’’’

Nocturne in F­sharp (Early romantics => 19th century) Frédéric Chopin

Genre ? Nocturnes (‘’night pieces’’) – various moods

Singing quality, melodic decorationsRelaxed rubato, subtle chromaticismForm uses repetition, contrast, return (a a’ b c a’’ coda)

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Symphonie fantastique, mvt 5, (Program music – romantic ­> 19th century), Hector 

Berlioz

Genre? Program symphony

Fast tempo, free form follows storyMvt 5: dream of a witches’ SabbathIdée fixe treated as vulgar parodyInstruments: piccolo, clarinet

Dido and Aeneas (c.1689 => 17th century) by Henry Purcell

Thy hand Belinda…Genre? Recitative

Key? Minor + Chromaticism

When I am Laid in EarthGenre? AriaCompositional devices?Descending bass lineRepeated phrasesSlow ground bass

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Chromatic semi­tonesImitation by violins of DidoSoloist (soprano)Basso ostinato (the playing of the cello)

Instruments? ViolinsCelloHarpsichord

With Drooping WingsGenre? Chorus

Compositional devices?Uses word paintingAlternates imitation and homophony

Orfeo (17th century) => Claudio Monteverdi

Rosa del Ciel..Genre? Recitative (why? Free and expressive to convey pastoral setting)

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Compositional devices?Basso continuo (lute)Two different voices (tenor (male) and soprano (female) ­> solos, choruses of mixed voices and instrumental ensembleMelody has leaps in it ­> signifies sudden surge of emotionMelody = legatoRitornello at the end

Meter?Duple meter, imitative phaseTriple meter, texture: homophonic

Key? Lots of shifts between major and minor

Maria, dolce Maria (17th century) => Francesca Caccini

Genre? Recitative (Why? Mood changes from moment to moment)

Compositional devices?Basso continuo (cello + harpsichord)Soloist (soprano)Virtuosity with flourishes added to melody

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Accents: regular

Meter? Free flowing (possible subtle duple meter)

Suite (17th century) => Girolamo Frescobaldi

CanzonaGenre? Canzona (Imitative genre)

Compositional devices?CadencesRigorously organized2 motives introduced

Instrument?Organ

Balletto Compositional devices?Binary formHomophonicSlower than the Corrente

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Meter? Duple

Instrument? Organ

CorrentoMeter? Triple

Compositional devices?Tempo is allegro in comparison with the BallettoBinary form

PassacagliaCompositional devices?Inverts or omits the ground bassChanges rhythms and chromaticismSwitches last 5 variations to minor mode

Set of variations on a brief series of chords and their bass lineSimilar to ground bass works, but bass line repeated less strictly

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Les Cyclopes (1724 – 18th century) => Jean­Philippe Rameau

Genre? French Portrait Piece ­> represents a particular phenomena

Compositional devices?HarpsichordPolyphonic (imitation)

Meter? Duple

Giovanni Gabrieli’s Instrumental canzoni (17th century)

Compositional devices?ImitationChange in meter

Instrument? Cornetto

Giovanni Bassano’s Ricercate (17th century)

Compositional devices?

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Showcased close relationship between the vocal technique called gorgie and the instrumental technique of playing divisions (ex: rising line)

Instrument? Cornetto

Dario Castello’s Sonatas (17th century)

Compositional devices?ImitationChange in meterInstrumental version of the vocal technique Gorgie

Instrument? Cornetto

La Bomba (17th century)

Compositional devices?Imitation (several voices, quite high pitched) ­ polyphonyChange in meter

Instrument? Cornetto

Rinaldo (1711 ­ 18th century) => George Frederic Handel

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Perfida, un cor illustreGenre? Secco recitative

Meter? Ametrical (fluid)

Mood/affect? Armada = loving, Rinaldo = strict

Key? Minor

Compositional devices?Basso continuo (harpsichord)Free­speech like­singingDialogue (homophonic)

Fermati, no crudel!Genre? Duet

Meter? Duple

Compositional devices?

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Both sopranos (similar vocal ranges, difficult to tell the difference between the two)Coloratura: lots of melisma (virtuosity)Very repetitiveOrchestra accompanimentViolin ritornelloFollows A B A form ­> da capo form

Almirena, Augelletti che cantataGenre? Aria

Meter? Duple

Key? Major

Compositional devices?Polyphonic (imitation) between soprano and sopranino recordersTrills and cadenzas to evoke birdsongSolos sopranino

Symphony No. 40 in G => Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

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Genre? Symphony

Key? G Minor

Compositional devices?ExpositionTheme 1: minor key, repeated cadences (repeat)Bridge: confirms modulationTheme 2: major key (woodwinds + strings)(repeat, phrases reversed) – Cadence theme, exposition repeated

DevelopmentTheme 1, modulatingContrapuntal passageFragmentation (woodwinds + strings)

RecapitulationTheme 1, repeatBridgeCadence Theme

Coda

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Imitative passage (polyphony)Repeated cadence

The Joke (18th century) => Joseph Haydn

Genre? String Quartet (4 mvts)

Key? Major

Texture? Homophonic

Meter? Compound meter

Compositional devices?Melody is very sing­ableTricks you into thinking it has ended but hasn’t => hence the name the jokeInteractive because subjective to how long pause during song

Don Giovanni (c. 1787 – 18th century) => Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Ho capito, senor sìGenre? Aria

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Compositional devices?Tempo is presto ­> gives feeling of agitation and angerLost of repeated and short fragments particularly in the vocal line ­> suggests simplistic character, no eloquenceAccents were very strong ­> shows anger in character and determinationRising line in the strings that evokes anger surging out of Masetto

Alfin siam liberatiGenre? Secco recitative with continuo ONLY

Instruments?Harpsichord

Meter?Ametrical

Compositional devices?No repetitionNo consistencyDialogue componentPhrases change really quickly

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Là ci darem la manoGenre? Ensemble

Compositional devices?No continuo (no harpsichord) => classical soundMelody is very simplistic ­> perfect for wooing someone, almost hypnoticDialogue becomes more rapid => increase in tension

Symphony No. 5 (1808 – early 18th century) => Ludwig van Beethoven

Movement IForm? Sonata

Key? Minor

Compositional devices?Oboe cadenzaFermatasMain motive presented

Instruments? Trombones, piccolo, contrabassoon, violins, oboe, French horn

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Movement IIForm? Variation form

Key? Major

Meter? Triple

Movement IIIForm? Scherzo

Meter? Triple

Movement IVForm? Sonata

Der Mond kommt still gegangen (1843 – 19th century) => Clara Wieck Schumann

Genre? Romantic miniature

Form? Strophic

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Compositional devices?Soloist (female ­ soprano)Piano

Meter? Duple

Key? Major

Erlkönig (1815 – 19th century)=> Franz Schubert

Genre? Song cycleCompositional devices?Four soloists (narrator – tenor, Father – baritone, Son – tenor, Erlkönig)Clear accentsFrequent modulations8­stanza poem with many voicesstory song on a ballad poem by Goethethemes of death and supernatural ­> characteristic of romantic periodfast triplets suggests hoof beatsstark recitative announces boy’s death

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Meter? Duple

Form? Through composed

Key? Minor and major (flip between the two)

Instrument? Piano

Rigoletto (1851 – 19th century – Romantics) => Giuseppi Verdi

La donna è mobileGenre? Aria

Form? Strophic

Meter? Triple

Compositional devices?Vocal cadenzaEach stanza introduced by orchestraMelody repeats through recitative that follows

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Instrumentation? Tenor (male soloist)

Key? Major

Bella figlia dell’amoreGenre? Quartet

Key? Minor + major

Texture? polyphonic (a little bit of homophony at the end)

Compositional devices?Four voices (tenor, soprano, alto, baritone)Rigoletto, Maddalena, Gilda and the Duke

Dichterliebe (1840 ­> 19th century) => Robert Schumann

Im wundershönen Monat MaiGenre? Song cycle

Compositional devices?Soloist (man – alto)

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Harmonically vague showing the beautiful summer day and the poet’s lovePiano

Key? Major

Instrument? Piano

Die alten, bösen LiederGenre? Song cycle

Form? Through­composed

In stanza 6: tempo slows down quite significantly, change of outlook, the pitches are much lower and then the pitch gets higher, very staccato and then becomes more fluid and major (decrescendo)

Meter? Duple

Coda? Major, like a remembrance of the first part that started off the song cycle

The Nibelung’s Ring (late 19th century ­> romantics) => Richard Wagner

The ValkyrieGenre? Opera cycle

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Compositional devices?Leitmotivs hardly ever appear in same way twice ­> psychological portrayal shifts along with the drama2 soloists (Siegmund and Sieglinde) ­> (baritone and soprano?)Cellos, high and low strings

Violin Concerto in D (late romantics ­> late 19th c.) => Johannes Brahms

Genre? violin concerto

Compositional devices?1: fast, double­exposition sonata form2: slow movement3: fast, rondo form=> example of hemiola!!!­> trying to dissolve meter

Instrumentation? Violin

Symphony No. 1 (late romantics ­> late 19th c – early 20th) => Gustav Mahler

Genre? First symphonic poem then transformed into 5mvt symphony, revised to 4mvts, program withdrawn => symphony

Mvt I: The huntsman’s funeral procession

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Mvt II: Frère JacquesMinor modeSlow tempoBass playing in high register

Mvt III: Funeral marchVery free march­trio­march formMarch theme treated as a roundWarm, major­mode sounds

Three Nocturnes (c.1899 => late 19th century) by Claude Debussy

CloudsGenre? Character piece for orchestra

Form? Very loose ternary form (A B A’)A: Motives and melodic fragments onlyCloud theme built on oscillating chordsOctatonic English horn motiveB: More melodic and complete

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Pentatonic tune repeats 3 times (flutes)A’: Even more fragmentary than ANo literal return; only a vague recollection

Compositional devices?Chromatic harmonyDramatic use of color (with instruments)

Instruments? ClarinetBassoonTimpaniHigh strings

The Rite of Spring (c. 1913 => early 20th century) by Igor Stravinsky

Genre? Ballet

IntroductionInstruments?Bassoon fanfare (high range—new tone colors) at beginning and end

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Compositional Devices?Many short melodic fragments (frequently repeated; never the same)Fragments pile up to dissonant climax

Dance of the Adolescents

Compositional Devices?Dancers enter with accented chords (32 repetitions of dissonant chord; heavy, irregular accents)Chords alternate with 4­note ostinato (irregular ostinato)Folk­song motives laid over rhythmMotives repeat, new ones pile up

The Game of AbductionCompositional Devices?Brutal, violent rhythmsFrequently changing meterScurrying figures alternate with heavy, booming ones

Instruments?LOUDHeavy brass

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Sliding hornsFrantic timpani

Round Dances of SpringCompositional Devices?Relentless buildup to overpowering climaxSudden fast coda with violent interjectionsBrief return of p bassoon fanfare

Instruments?TromboneGongCymbalsBass Drum

Pierrot Lunaire (c. 1912 => early 20th century) by Arnold Schoenberg

Genre? Song cycle

No. 8 “Night”Compositional Devices?A passacaglia

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Recurring 3­note ostinato (in ALL three instruments—not just bass line); NOT an imitation (it’s a structural feature)PolyphonyNightmarish quality

Instruments?VoicePianoBass clarinetCello

No. 18 “The Moonfleck”Compositional Devices?Piano introduction (dense, dissonant, intense—slows down, spans a lot of pitches)Fugues and canons (aspects of polyphony) – busy, nervous feelingAtonalDissonantHigh­pitched sounds – makes it very hysterical (piccolo + violin)Regular sense of meterFaster than No. 8 (something trying to get something off their coat)

Instruments?

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VoicePianoPiccoloClarinetViolinCello

Wozzeck (c. 1923 => early 20th century) by Alban Berg

Genre? Opera

Compositional Devices?Conceptually a Wagnerian work (relies on orchestra for continuity, uses leitmotivs)Influenced by early expressionism (Sprechstimme)

Act III, scene iiiCompositional Devices?PolyphonyInvention on a rhythm (“master rhythm”)Two opening chord crescendos

Instruments?

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Timpani (begins master rhythm just after first chord)

Act III, scene ivCompositional Devices?Invention on a chord of six notes (B­flat, D­flat, E­flat, E, F, G­sharp)Orchestra creates eerie night sounds (Wozzeck returns to murder scene)Vivid orchestral gurgles (drowning while trying to hide knife in pond)

Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta (c. 1936 => early 20th century) by Béla 

Bartók 

Genre? Symphonic Suite

Compositional Devices?Slow­fast­slow­fast movement plani. Slow fugueii. Fast sonata formiii. Slow arch formiv. RondoFolk influencesTwo­orchestra dialogue Strings divided in 2 halves: violin 1&2, viola 1, cello 1, db 1 on left vs. violins 3&4, viola 2, cello 2, db 2 on rightPercussion, piano, harp, celesta in middle 

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Structural symmetryTwo­orchestra dialogueMirroring key structure in the 4 movementsPercussive use of strings and pianoSpecial coloration of percussion and celestaMore of a dialogue than a contestLots of syncopation (like Stravinsky)Neotonal harmonic language (not completely atonal; sense of grounding achieved through repetition)

The Rockstrewn Hills Join in the People’s Outdoor Meeting (c. 1909 => early 20th 

century) by Charles Ives

Genre? Quasi­“scherzo” feel

The Unanswered Question (c. 1906 => early 20th century) by Charles Ives

Genre? 

Compositional Devices?Three distinct levels of timbre and presentation

Appalachian Spring (c. 1945 => mid 20th century) by Aaron Copland

Genre? Ballet

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Compositional Devices?Slow harmonic rhythmQuartal/quintal harmonyBare rhythmic featuresLess dissonance, more consonance

4’33” (c. 1952 => mid 20th century) by John Cage

Genre? 

Instruments?Any instrument + combo of instruments

Piano and String Quartet (c. 1985 => late 20th century) by Morton Feldman