Arthritis

Arthritis is a debilitating condition that affects the joints of the human body. j yThe word "arthritis" is derived from the Greek words "arthro" meaning joint and "itis" meaning inflammation. Its simplest meaning is inflammation of the joints.

The body normal reaction to any sort of injury or infection is inflammation; it j y ;involves swelling at the site of injury, pain and stiffness. When this pain and stiffness lasts for an elongated period and keeps on recurring, th diti i k th iti the condition is known as arthritis. It can cause degeneration of and permanent damage to the affected permanent damage to the affected tissues.

Arthritis normally affects the tissues and cartilages around the bone joints of the g jbody. However, some types of arthritis also affect other body parts including the skin and internal organs.While there are more than 100 different types of arthritis known to medical science the condition has been broadly science, the condition has been broadly categorized into the following types:

Osteoarthritis

The most common form of arthritis, osteoarthritis happens when the ppcartilages covering the joints are eroded over age. The lack of cartilage causes the bones to rub against each other, which leads to

i d i fl ti pain and inflammation. While the condition can affect any joint in the body osteoarthritis is mainly found in the body, osteoarthritis is mainly found in the joints of the arms and limbs, especially the weight bearing joints like especially the weight bearing joints like those of the knees and ankles.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by the body's own immune system attacking y y gitself.

This attack leads to swelling in the joint lining, which slowly spreads to surrounding cartilage and tissue.

This is a long term condition that mainly affects the hands, wrists, and knee joints, , , j ,though there have been instances of rheumatoid arthritis being diagnosed in th j i t ll other joints as well.

Severe expression of rheumatoid arthritis can be found even in the skin, eyes, and nervesnerves.

Gout

Gout is a reaction of the body in response to accumulation of a natural waste-product called uric acid. Normally uric acid is excreted from the body through urine, but when it starts accumulating due to any blockages in the li i ti t it t t f i elimination system, it starts forming

needle-like crystals in the joints of the body body.

These crystals lead to inflammation and pain in the joints, which is commonly p j , ydescribed as gout.

The big toe, knees and wrist joints are the parts where gout is normally seen.

Lupus

Lupus is similar to rheumatoid arthritis as it also involves the body's immune system y yattacking the body.

But while rheumatoid arthritis is mainly seen in joints, the swelling and inflammation due to lupus can affect many different parts including joints, skin, kidney blood cells heart and lungs kidney, blood cells, heart, and lungs.

Lupus is a highly chronic form of a connective tissue disease and can severely ydisturb the lives of patients.Patients who have been diagnosed with any of the above forms of arthritis are normally put on an intensive treatment

i th iti h th bilit t regimen as arthritis has the ability to render a patient disabled for life if not treated quickly and effectivelytreated quickly and effectively.

There are a number of different medications and drugs available for the gtreatment of arthritis. These range from highly potent prescription drugs to over-th t di ti the-counter medications.

Different forms of arthritis call for different medication and dosage regimens and doctors should prescribe these on the doctors should prescribe these on the basis of their diagnosis of a patient's condition.condition.

The major types of arthritis medications currently available yinclude:* Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)NSAIDs are the most commonly prescribed and used drugs for the treatment of arthritis. There are many different NSAIDs available from different different NSAIDs available from different pharmaceutical manufacturers.

NSAIDs work by restricting the enzyme cyclooxygenase or COX from working in y yg gthe body.This action relieves the pain caused due to inflammation and provides relief to arthritis patients. Some of the best known NSAID drugs include Ansaid, Arthrotec, Cataflam, Daypro Ibuprofen Mobic and Daypro, Ibuprofen, Mobic, and Naproxen.

Along with their beneficial effects, NSAIDs also have certain side effects, the most ,common of which include abdominal pain, diarrhea, heartburn, and upset stomach.

Long term use of the medications has also been found to cause stomach ulcers and serious complications like bleeding and perforation of the stomachperforation of the stomach.

* Cortico-SteroidsCortico-steroids are commonly referred to Cortico steroids are commonly referred to as steroids and are powerful anti-inflammatory drugs that can quickly reduce the swelling and pain associated with arthritis.

These can treat almost all kinds of th iti arthritis.

Among the more popular and widely prescribed cortico-steroids are drugs such p gas betamethasone, cortisone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone,

d i l d d iprednisolone, and prednisone.

Just like NSAIDs, cortico-steroids are also known to have many side effects, the biggest being their addictive biggest being their addictive characteristics.

When taken for an extended period of time, cortico-steroids can cause addiction, , ,so most doctors prefer to inject it directly into the joint or inflamed area.

* Over-the-counter Topical Pain RelieversOver-the-counter topical pain relievers are Over the counter topical pain relievers are also commonly called analgesics.

These topical medications work by reducing the pain caused due to arthritis; g p ;they do not have any effect on the inflammation.

Pain control is a major part of arthritis treatment and so these medications are used by millions of arthritis patients.

Analgesics such as aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and naproxen are the most widely used over-the-counter topical pain relievers.

One reason for the wide popularity of analgesics is that they are benign g y gmedications that seldom have any major side-effects.

The most commonly known adverse effects of these medications are an upset stomach and nausea.

* Gout MedicationsGout treatment normally involves a three Gout treatment normally involves a three step approach. The first step is control of pain through the use of analgesics such as Tylenol.

This is followed by treatment with NSAIDs, colchicines and corticosteroids to bring d th i fl tidown the inflammation.

Once the inflammation is under control, drugs are administered to treat the root gcause of accumulation of uric acid.

There are a number of different drugs used for this including Anturane, Benemid, Colchicine, and Zyloprim.

As the drugs force the removal of uric acid from the body, their most common side y,effect is excessive urination, which could lead to dehydration and a lack of fluids in th b dthe body.

* Chemotherapy DrugsWhile chemotherapy drugs are primarily While chemotherapy drugs are primarily used for treatment of cancer, some of these medications are also beneficial for the treatment of inflammation caused by a malfunctioning immune system.

Chemotherapy drugs slow down the d ti f ll hi h i t reproduction of cells, which in turn can

lead to reduction in the inflammation caused by arthritiscaused by arthritis.

Not all chemotherapy drugs can be used for treatment of arthritis.

The most commonly used medications yinclude Rheumatrax, Imuran, and Cytoxan.

As these drugs restrict cell formation, they can have certain severe side effects including anemia, low white blood cell count, low platelet count.

These drugs can also damage the liver and urinary tract, cause hair loss and lead to sterility.

* COX-2 InhibitorsCOX-2 inhibitors are a form of NSAIDs and COX 2 inhibitors are a form of NSAIDs and share the same method of working as these drugs.

COX-2 inhibitors are also known as selective inhibitors as these work by selectively inhibiting the action of the

l 2 hi h i cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme, which is mainly responsible for inflammation.

The most commonly prescribed COX-2 inhibitors include Celebrex, Vioxx, and , ,Bextra. The last two medications have now been taken off the market on account f th i id ff t of their side effects.

COX-2 inhibitors share the same side ff t NSAID th h th d effects as NSAIDs, though these drugs are

also known to have severe effects on the heart and can lead to severe heart, and can lead to severe hypertension and even heart failure in some patients.p

* Biological Response Modifiers (BRMs)Biological response modifiers or BRMs are Biological response modifiers or BRMs are substances that change the way in which the body reacts to diseases and infections.

While these are naturally produced y psubstances, medical science has developed these in the laboratory for use

th iti di tias arthritis medications.

While highly potent in treating arthritis, BRMs are also known to have side effects such as flu-like symptoms, weakness, fever, appetite loss, vomiting and di hdiarrhea.

Among the better known BRM drugs are included Enbrel, Humira, Kineret, Orenica and RemicadeOrenica, and Remicade.