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7/29/2019 Arthur Danto s Philosophies of History and Art
1/29
History and Theory 46 (Fu 2007), 1-28 Wsn Univsi 2007 ISSN: 0018-2656
Afterwords: An IntroductIon to Arthur dAntos
PhIloSoPhIeS oF hIStory aNd art
lydIa Goehr
abStract
tis ss is win s n inu ss i iin f au
daAnalytical Philosophy of History, fis pin in 1965. I iss qusins u
w i ns wi n inuin n w i is pssi wi n inuin-
giv da pilpial iy. t ay pay pial ai
i b da pilpy iy, pilpy a, a aa
f is pisp gs f pi. I nsis nu f ni-
pisp n is in ai in psw pi, wn, s g,
i ws us s n ni n ig f is pv s f s
infuni is in pisp f is vp in Gn (s hg)
un 1800.
a g inuin us n squ n squ f is k.
Fii Sg
I. the INtrodUctIoN aS aFterWord
I is ws fi qusin sk w i wk n is n pp
is is isf, nsu nw s n isi ni in is wn ig. . . . t
pisp f is is f p f is. on f p nfiins
f wn is nu w is suus pp isf.
au dn, Pf Narration and Knowledge, 1984
I is s fi sk w n inuin k n pisp f is
a apply bk i il. I ik i a, v i ig mak
v f wiing n inuin ni. W wi f n inu-
in wis f s w n knw w k ss is win n
f wi s k. t is, n inuin is supps
s fw is win u s n fw.
da pilpy iy ll a aklg aymmi
f p is is pni ngus ni. t ni is ink
isi ws u f vns n s, s s f xnsin,
tis is xp fNarration and Knowledge au dn, Inuin li G
n cnusin Fnk anksi. cpig 2007 cui Univsi Pss. Us ng-
i c i U i i P a i
7/29/2019 Arthur Danto s Philosophies of History and Art
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lydIa Goehr2
u f . his k is win in ppsiin n gn pisp
f fuu, ug i is n pps pisp f ng. I ffs w
I a philosophy of afterwords, in wi ws ing f ff nw
pspivs n ps. Win in vuin 1960s n spi is
p pilpial appaa, da bk a i i pliial
ivin. N is i wiu isi nsqun.
t i ay, A da Analytical Philosophy of History nius
unsning p nsins n w w n i knw wn. as
gi xpin f iis f i ps, psn, n
fuui fuss n tensedlanguage f isi snns n n n
ng psis f i. as su, k fs is pispi is,
f ni pisp, u is n ss piving us f is is-
iizing f. dn is s ins in when isins n wi whatu
ps. his ins in ps is pispi n isi. esising
s f n ni pisp f is siss niins f pu-
ing u snns u ps jus wn s snns u later
i n pspiv. evn unsning f fu isi n-
iv, wi psu pisps n isins wn , psuppss
unsning gi f is nsiuiv snns. dn s s iniviu
snns narrativesentences u sis s historical tensed sentences. I
pf isi snns, us s snns niv snns
uns isk f i ing nfus wi fiin snns; n
ns snns uns isk f i ing nfus wi s ns snns
a a iial . t pial i a pilpially illmi-ning. Nvss, unsn gi f isi snns is knw
unique niins un wi s piu ss f snns u.
II. the oPeNNeSS oF Fame
a pui ings w fn psn inuing spk ss n
inuin is nss. Su sn, wv, ns u ni
if i psus w inu knws u spk ( fis n-
i) is knwn uin ( sn). hwv, in spii f
i wi wi sn is u, inu is sing is psn w ns n inuin is psn knwn, wi is
ni w f knwging is f. tus, i gsu pvns
ni king nin w f inu n giving i k
p big i. da am i ipa a vly .
Nvss, givn i gsu, ssin ns n in-
uin vs i open for whatn to whom is knwn, nssi-
ing n inuin f . dn s ng n knwn s pisp f
u vn ng, f s, s pisp f is. t wi f n inu-
in su us w s knws wiu ssuing s
knw s ing. aug is gp wn wis n s ks sk ni, openness ipi gp ks sk nss.
I da vi openness ging w is knwn n wn w is knwn is
7/29/2019 Arthur Danto s Philosophies of History and Art
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aFterWordS
knwn is primary niin king isi isus pssi. Wiing n
inuin, I suggs, is sii isusiv sk.
Wi p s, I n iv ing n inuin is
ni f is wn sk. an inuin is supps p s unsn
w is : i is ssni pp. h, I ink, fw gins
upp n. In n fw w is s . If s s
n fw f v k, king f iin
ifiin. an fw is s n inpin.
Jus s ks f pisgi gp wn wis n -
s, dn pps gp wn piipns n inps f
isi vns, giving pii . his k u is is f ss
u winssing ing, s n su ks un, n u
u pgss f knwg gin f inping ps vns. In
is, inpin nis puin f nivs si, xpin,
a a iial v. da pilpy iy i a pilpy ly
f inpiv fw, pisp f puiv gniz snns
win f f.
III. the traNSFormatIoN oF the chroNIcle
hiia j pa appig; y p pa ipi
in wi s ppnings f. t sk signifin f vns, signifi-
n us juxps n vn in in n. dn s u
s u i f signifin. In is s, isins n wn jus
nis f vns ns w pu uuiv iss. t n wn
uns n gs f i. Ins wn n-
s, vn ss, f ni spu f un n si ffis. t
nn wi ngs f signifin ug u n psns n
pps, i siis, iis, ws, n ifs. t si s ngs is
si f n f f vns s w s p sgs wn .
hiia ipi a am i xplaai a ll a i y-,
ins-, n vu-n ssssns. his s nsfin niv is
w pvns is s isipin f ing fus ni n ps.
tnsfin, n iss, s dn gu gins ideal chronicle, p viw s isins n uu
vns in isi i. I s s dn j i f
niv s pf puin f ps n ins sss is ssni
inpnss. t niv is inp us n n v s i
vin n knwg n n piu i, n n is
ws in i.
I ws p ni inuin t tnsfin f cni
a da b-k il i pilpy a, The Transfiguration
of the Commonplace. I wn pu sns in wi isi snns
more n ngi sns f f do something more ssns, w w do is giv isi signifin. tis p n
is ig wv v s I ws ssuing transformation n
7/29/2019 Arthur Danto s Philosophies of History and Art
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lydIa Goehr4
transfiguration w ini. F dn s iffn, f ws
nsfin ings history is philosophicalun, nsfiguin
ings art is historicaln. bu w g is is iffn? m nsw wi
vnu sw , spi ppn, iffn ig n s g.
IV. aSymmetrIeS oF tIme
his is f f si iis f i. on w un-
sn s sis is king u ngug (, engis). dn
ig ns w u f u k ns n ps. W ig us ink
egli l av m pa-ig m (da lagag) a -
fing s. t n ss s. F fuu w s
ng ngugs f nvisging, fing, fsing, pviwing, pp-
sing, n psging. F ps, wv, w ii s f -
spin, fin, n insig. W ss issing f ps is i
vu f f-sing ps-visining, wi nnxisn f
s ws sifis. t su, w v n ws si king k,
su s viw, , , f, n vis, s ws
s signif s ss f king k n f piin nging, ik s,
psn. W f us u s s u fuu-fing s, f
xp, wn w spk f wning pviw fuu f pspiv
f psn. Nnss, su s si xiss, us ug w
ug f piin f psn ps, w n
is in fuu. In, n if w Kikg w ik
ink u psn s piin f ings .
a sisf pisp f is is gn n s n v-
sis ng iis f i. ting v
s sis fn sips iv f is n ks i
s s if i w n pssiv fin f ps is n gn.
his is ning u.
cnsi s n fisi u vn ug w spn u
f u ivs fing n u pss, w nn ng u pss vn if w wn
. a Fuin wu s fin gins n wi i u wi u-
i nssi. y is ui nssi fis gi ing us ing ng u pss is ws ff. W w wu i
u fin w nsfing u fuus wi i fuu n
piin f ps. bu w nn, si spking, ng fuu
i, sin i s n xis. tf w n ng n psn. tis
is w w n iv. t siz is sp ink-
ing u s f n ins s . t is n
i, s sing gs, ik psn.
expini, is sing is i u. t spk f psn s s-
ing n ng is n ink f i iviv, s if i k
n nsiin f ps fuu. r, i is ink f i xpn-siv, n n s fu xn ss i, u s s n xpns f i
wi w v ss s if i w spi xpns su ni wi
7/29/2019 Arthur Danto s Philosophies of History and Art
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aFterWordS 5
psn. a n x f is xpns, psn is xpin s -
ing n-ng psn ps n, x, s n- psn
fuu. In ws, psn is n ng fin in s f ps n
fuu; ps n fuu fin iviv in in i, s respectively
n prospectively pj u f is Jnus-f perspective. tis sipin
s wi w w spk u seeing ps fuu in s f k-
ing k king fw, in iv s pf in xpn gz f
psn. his, niv i s niv f inpin, s dn
nivs i, s f xpin, s I siing i, vs iv
ilai amg malii im. I , da aai-
v nsfin f ni s ni xpini nsf-
in f ngi i.
V. hIStorIcal SeNteNceS
In is pDon Juan, l bn w niv is n n f n-
in. Niv, unik nin, is nn fnsi s ui up
n ings n nps. bing u fns, bni
bilig p mm ig li bi da vi iy a a-
fin niv.
dn isinguiss historicalvns f mere plain uns: n-
iv i ma plai aai, plai al big By m. f
dn, isi vns vns-un--sipin inp-vns-n-
xuiz---niv. an vn knwn un n sipin givn i
ig knwn un iffn sipin, ug spking f
vns s fing un sipin iss ik qusins u iniviu-
in f vns svs. cnsi Wignsin-inspi ng w
dn siss sw, f xp, in is s-i Body/Body k f
sss n pisp f in n in (wi s inus sv signifi-
n sss n pisp f is).
a vn f is fis si s ging pss
i la ib a a miliay al. I a lp b all may vai-
ly i aplgi amig ipi fgl aak i
Gbbl a a 1942 biay pma hil Bv .In is xp, w v n p sing s psi vn
s n inp iffn. hwv, wn siing isi vns,
w w inu xu ging vn isf? as p f n-
ak, l il fgl ipig i a i i aki,
n f su ig s is wning i v sw
f nuing s vigus s pising in? bu n w
s s is i w s uis ff sg n gu wining si
s if sw isf ( w?) w is ing. an s n n s n.
W uns s p f is vn? tp, n vn un n sipin
suggs i ss f n pi f i u, un n sipin, f iffn pi f i. hw ng i Sn W W s? I pns
n w n is k s n f siiis in eup in
7/29/2019 Arthur Danto s Philosophies of History and Art
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lydIa Goehr6
t iffiuis f vn ng si, pin is vn ug is s
ipi i a maj pa iia ak, i ily
spking f in ss f w dn s historical sentences. hisins
notus isi snns wn sking vn fi sip-
in v in in. hwv, do us isi snns wn
psizing iffns ng sipins f s vn. diffn
sipins giv vn iffn (innsin n nnsusiu) n-
ings. Si, vn is is n nug. hisi snns isinguis
f in king is u ps vns, isins f vns
u s, ns wi igin vns relevantly . t
igin vns qui nw significance in in w us fw,
n sipin ing ngs. In ws: f-ws f isi-
snns pn s n f-vns. hn w i is pssi s
is n pssi s igin i f un vn f
spn f i f: sing us u f fis vn s
sipin n signifin f fis vn in piu w i s. a
isi snn pns n wn i is u, ug i is n u
iviz su. r, is u pns n is fn igin vn
a a b i a lai lva a la . da a
ings n su isussin f realism n relevance freference n f
relativism fdescription, uing wi isisss n iin fs
f is n ivis s sip u.
t pa da avi xampl, a i a pibl i 1618 a
w gun, i ws n pssi uni s 1648 si gin-ig a bgiig tiy Ya wa. A xampl, iv m
da xampl ab di, a A da a
n n Jnu 1, 1924 wi on is , u fAnalytical Philosophy
of History ws n. t fis is n, si spking, isi snn; i is
si fu. hwv, is: f Jnu 1, 1924, nn
u s f u wi uni 1965 s , n vn
i ng if snn s ipi n vuin. t u f is
pking k ws n n is . (as I sw, i ws pking
k.)
VI. hIStorIcal SeNteNceS aNd FIctIoNal SeNteNceS
tis, , is fifu niv f v vn in wi w v n nn
g; n if u n su j i s fs, u wi, I p, qui n-
f f u ws m. Wik. I knw n in w nn, un w f
f fs s ips n u; u is suss is n pps wn .
Ignn s u pvius w f v ing nning i, in u n
in u pw, n suspiin in n in u ininin. yu pssi wn
w is ws n u s nig.
w i ikig ab da iial , I a mi
win d eiz in i fPride and Prejudice.a fis
I a i i da a iial ply, a I
7/29/2019 Arthur Danto s Philosophies of History and Art
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aFterWordS 7
is, wn pi givs w n un pjui in wi
prejudice gi suggssprejudgment. dn is w f puing
snns u f f. Unfun, is i xp i n fi
pf, ug i is pfu s w n.
d wis eiz xpin ws n s s vning
w n nw s is ning ging is kinnss m. Wik,
a ki a a ily b miakig ly. t i da
un, s externalvn wu v u wn nig f
n ning f, f wi d qui nw pi f infin
u s i vn. a ppns d, wv, is ng
n ipvn f in; ning vnu s ppn in w. I ws
n, w, n s nug f sf knw w u ug
b val. simply i ay mig la a l ay
b a pig a iial , alg i i ill a g
xp f ns n niv snn.
a fiin snn su n nfus wi isi snn. a
isi snn us f n vn us , wi is w is-
ins su nv f sisfi s v n si u n vn. t
alay av a m k . n v mak pibl iia
iig jb. ti i a al pi da a i a, ipi by Ka
fus snn, cnps wiu inuiins p; inuiins wiu n-
ps in. aing, ws realism without interpretation is plaini
wu ik isins puing nis f vns wiu pviing
nivsinterpretation without the tether of the real is fiction. o s isis s f inpin is givn f n s f wiing in wi ning
xn vnu niv is sk f vn f n sn-
n . on is viw f inpin, ning n ppn f
fiin k ns ng snns wiin i. hisi nivs,
nvs, n s nsin jus us w gs n.
VII. the adVaNce oF KNoWledGe
misi, isins f isi nivs n in w ws
knwn isins when. t knw w i is pssi s in psn givn w s u s f n w, n, knw.
hwv, nn ssu fuu isins wi s s ings s
s in psn us w wi ppn w us fuu is-
ins si s ps vns iffn. In ws, ug ik
psn isins, fuu isins ii f ps vn signifin
f wi ps isins w n n u n v n w, n i
psn isins su s if w spking n f f fuu
isins s w.
Pu iffn, isi snns ing ps vns un piu sip-
ins. a p isi niv f vn wu nin pssisipins f i. t ff pssi sipins f n vn wu ssu
a i iy l ilig l a i i
7/29/2019 Arthur Danto s Philosophies of History and Art
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lydIa Goehr8
n pssi. If n ving n knwn, n ving n si. hisins
us knwg pisgi iis in isi i.
hn, isi snns pnun f f s n ip
sng quiiv vn in knwg. I ipis n quniiv vn
in w is knwn n w n si u ps vn. t w qui-
iv ipis vn f isi knwg pins pin
us f is w fin su n. hwv hgin dn is in
may ap i li k, a m bvily i i pilpy a, i
xpii ni-hgin . evn wn wis u np pis-
ps knwing n pvius pisps i n u i n f
makig am miak i p i, imagi Miva l
fixing is gz f sk f gi u n f sk f w-isi spii.
F dn, vng gin f insig is susin s pis-
gi u f gi f i. W is knwn inis n
i l av b k ali. wa da ag iial i
n p n f wiing ssus fiv pspiv:
knw is n nssi knw in sng w-
isi sns. t ink w knw ipis gnisnss (is
) dn xpii wns vi.
VIII. meaNING aFter the act
dn js s f pgss in knwg ssus w-isi
maiy, alg y ag kig a a
s, in s sns, vns. tis pin uns us ppn
isvng f wiing inuins in ns fws.
t wis f inuins isk pping us f ks. t vi
i ik, y giz a ig i . Y i ig
gun us s w, wi is x w fws k
xpii. afws iu nings f wi us n w
wn wiing i ks. Insf s ks ik isi vns, i signifi-
n is n p wn ks finis ing win. Jus s isi
vns n pin vns, givn ssu nw signifins in
psn n susqun inpins, signifin ks n finis vn, s sing gs, f f s sung s ns.
cp wks f usi nsi p n f -
psiin pss u n fu pnsi wiu susqun is
i pma. I xig da vi, mial k a m a
i ns; ik isi vns, su wi ---inp
signifin. o nsi wn isning vus ps w givn
ins f s , u w si n knw signifin f s
s uni f s ns f ps v n sung. Sii, s
in usi fn n fu uns wiu i viins. tp s
su s usi fn supp pinips f pisp f is. F upupss, usi xps sw s n n w s
n s f is inuin wi u psn f pis
7/29/2019 Arthur Danto s Philosophies of History and Art
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aFterWordS 9
a ll aig y a da bk. spp, v, a a-
s i is ss s n fw n n inuin; w wi
f f is pis? Igin isning vu n p f isn-
ig pa. w mig gai a ga appiai v mai
suggsivnss, u w s is sns f niipin n xin. Insf s
vus ik inuins, pis us i pss knw
w is fw. evn inspiin nvs insigs qui in insig. Si,
if pin f n inuin is nv xin, n vn if win s n
fw i is up fn.
IX. the lImItS oF omNIPoteNce
da a i paila aalgy b ipig v a
inping ks ( usi wks), ug ig v, givn is iking
f is sf-fiv nfi svs. hwv, is
ng s s dn s isuss, ii s swing vn
n n nipn i n fu xus signifin f
w in fis, svn- f in. In f, iz f
human history xis (natural history ing px ),
sin n appearance f knwing ving, v-
ing isi us f un vns apparently unin in vn.
t ig knw ssni pn us f w u n s
wi wi is is nn, n, ningn pxiis f un
ins. o if i knw, is knwg in n.
W n un ings really f, nn k sns f i
xisn if n s if . hun is ks w
s s i is givn in ppn.
tis viw f un is is viw f nin Gk pisps,
s f ais. Wn fin is, is gi -
spning (s), i s p in f ins n vns
iv pi innin n iin. ais ink jugn f
is, s i wis f Gnsis, n is psuppsing psns v
f wi n ii wng innin. hwv, is fini-
in inu ui pxi fining ns in wn pispn is up psn . b inking is us f f un
in, pisps sp isi is f knwg is. F
knwg knwg, i nnningn, nnpiu, n, s
ipn u nns, iss. Su knwg f pisp u
n, s pisps i, f is.
dn gus ns snns ng is u n ui
pisp, wi is w, pps u n inin, pisps v
ws f jusifi in wiing in iss psn ns. W ink
w dn sws s ws n knwn, is is n s. cnsi w
isi snns pu knwg is. dn ss isi sn-ns s u ings u w. ds is u un s pispi
knwg w s i is merely only pii? If pii u
7/29/2019 Arthur Danto s Philosophies of History and Art
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lydIa Goehr10
uns s s pispi u, is ss sing signifin u w
nsius pisp. a pisp nsiu s p pii
snns pps niin f sin, ug iin, pii
sin inus ni pispi n isi sns s nsiuiv.
dn w is k in 1960s wn pisp, is, n sin w
unging vuin npin. Wi is inuin f isi
snns in pisp f is, niu is npin wi
unfsn u nus nsqun.
X. embattled dIScIPlINeS
t a a a a ak i da y i a i i
us s sw wn is ins n in f f. m
aim il i ii i da i
pisp f is is n nns u pisp in
gn.
t f pisps n isins igin in
unis f knwg ps xpin vs ins wn isi-
pins. Pisp vsus is; pisp vsus : wf n vi-
l lagag aia i m a a al pi da iig.
hv, m a da aig l Plai bal amg pilpy,
piis, n s, s ws swn ins in ps-1800, n
nfi ng pisp, is, sin, n s, spi s i g
i hgl iig.
t wf wn pisp n is vs u u u is
knwg n nu f niv. rging , i is n n pisp
n is pp n fi, u g . ms pispis f
iy, ilig da, giz a i laim ab iy a aaiv
nn si sp f Ju-cisin is f su, is
s nn wi swing w un ss w f G is is
n pssi.
tus i s dn o n Nw tsns w win in
ns snns, vn ug us w iss, s s
ivs iv. Sis vn snns iss s,f xp, wn i ws pi Un us Svi is n. as ng
s is ws iv, wis, pins, n pss w ins psn
s us in ns np ss f g. bii pinings
w pin more n isi, nsn ns f i f
n i nn s wu swn n ws i sn. In un,
iv in pining w u iv in bi ug igs
g : i u supss isi s i pp iss pi-
spi igius u.
t wn pisp n is s nin s u
f in g f ssiis, iis, n niis, wn, in Gn,Geschichte s pps Historie n usup sup f
pisp n g In nin is ws n pisp of is s
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aFterWordS 11
su, vn if ws u inking u is, n in n sns ws
n pisp ofiy, m pilp ppiv, lg a iy
ws inqu pu gnuin knwg. aug pisps
v ins, i f pisp f ws giv is suj
vu w f i sp.
bf 1800 ps pisp f usu g nnin
fing ss w iviis p w aesthetician is
sis us f siin w w si ispging si
sn s ving pisp. t ign nu ug pispis
f pfu, vni, vising, n inus. hg vn k ps
pisp f, ug i s v is sus n ss n iu
pi. In f, w w nu (n nusin is n s n dn)
hg ws fis ssi pisp f is, s ws s fis
ssi pisp f .
rall amilia y ab iy a, aig i a
nnin ppn n in f ng i pvn is inusin
in (pispi) in f n in. lik pisp
f is, pisp f g un 1800 wn is n
ss i qui , if n s i sup v, pisp n,
by ig , allg pilpy ig b l ppi laim
knwg. Sin 1800, iss v si n s ginning
f qui, un, izin f isipins. os,
ii, v jug is piv n f n j s
bgiig miy : a vliay mm a qikly bam as ppuni.
hg sw spifi in isipin suggs f is g n ppuni
inp is in pisp s s nsf pns. h pu
criticaln dialectical s p n nsnn guns
f Kn n p n n-vping Iis guns f iin.
hgl agm iipliay amai la ig, ,
n piu is nss, s, n gn is, n ssup-
in wiu iin f is u n gnuin vn in
pilpy pgiv paag ra. wil viig lai b
pilpy a iy, hgl vi pilpy lai a.In is wn pisp f , dn fn ps np f disenfran-
chisement ib pilpy iial amp l laim a
puin f s. tis p s u igin, fis in nin G
n sn in Knin n hgin s un 1800. F s f is is-
, pisp i pgssiv vn f f n s
a, maig a a bj il, abv all l, pilpy
fin (gu giv i pispi spii). a in n
i 1960, a la il m pilpy mii i q
s g dn pi s n f . Wi is n
bgiig, ag a ylii m, a gi plalim a mf puin nw f f pgssiv n pispi sin
niv
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lydIa Goehr12
dn sis is n ss s pispi n n s isi n,
mig a ga iy a pimay vy pilpy
pgssiv niv. hwv, s I wu suggs n is f, psis-
i is pspispi n if pisp is un up wi f-
iyig p iy. da i i aliyig p i hgl aial
vii pilpy lai iy. da ply iappv i
visin, ing is Analytical Philosophy of History. his isppv
ivs i ink s n n f pisp f is u s
f pisp f .
da i bgiig hgl ymai pilpy iy
n ing qu pisp f f is jugn, is-
is n fu sujug i. t s un 1800 w in
pilpy , mm giv hgl mmim abl
spiiis ws pf pispi in w ni is
a. wa I ib a hgl amp p a iali miai
nsi is s sius s i i pisp, dn viw s fs
fi p k is u ik pisp n pisp
u ik is. F dn, iin wn pisp n is
hg pps fsifi isf wi v sp w n su, nsu-
ing, izing ini.
XI. FalSe ProPhetS
dn ppvs f w nin pisps i is: i w
fus n ningn, piu, n p f f wi,
ma a. hv, ympaiz i pilp p-
ing iu w kins f snns isins pu. Pisp
pus n kin f snn n is n. I is ui dn g
iia a ayig ig ab iy ma
n si w. t wi pisp f is knwgs uniqu
is u w ns snns is giv pispi
iii is i s ng n ni.
nl, da all iial laim am a
pispi is if is ns ns snns ns innsss su ns. W is psving iffn ipn? runing
ii s, dn ffs gi n p su gun
val limiai G klg gaig iial im. I i l
limiai G klg a da a a limiai
un knwg wu ivin f f su knwg.
t G s n gi v knwg f fuu is n i; un
ings, n piu pii is, n v is knwg is n.
In f i ss v n ipn n f dn
ing pisps f is in ai uning f w in
eup. In is k n is, fs i w ppn l a a i b i ahil aa i
f s F pisn 2004 Gn fi Der Untergang sws ss
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aFterWordS 1
a ga igiia hil ial laai a a i l.
on isi is snn pf f; in i pispi-
pns nsssnss, ni.
dn is wi us f psn ns wi fuu , vn
ws (sin dn ks n ip ), wi iss su
. Giv i y, I bliv a da Analytical Philosophy of History
ws win in p i n angain vi v s pisps
f is ws is w ispv. Pisps f is
w i knw fuu in n su w nsn ss
i nis i is. mn mxis pisps w p
u, s dn w knw in 1960s, p f w
Sinis.
XII. Fate aNd traGedy
bn i gsu, i wu in s givn isi-
al pa a abli, daAnalytical Philosophy of History is f
fv inu, pn ss p ss
v wn s. tus inuin, win in 2006, pps in i
j puiin f k ws fis puis f s g (1965) n
n gin wn s g (1985) un nw iNarration and Knowledge.
dn w is wn inuins fis w iins n, in sn
s, vn ins nu f ps f wv fifn ff i-
in ings , n spiv ings f, w win.
If is sing ni u wiing n inuin, is s
sing unn, spi wn n inuin n pf, pus
k isf, s s f w n knw.
t vm i lig ay, I i pa da
xpii gun in wn inuin n ins isuss w fn
ins unsi. hwv, i is s ipn si isk f ing
u n g k i is f inu p if is -
in ipis w knw in psn sing susniv u fuu.
da bk ll a lagag a ay m m ab p
f fuu n u u knwg. If f s ning wi knw-g, n i s s us knwg w wn is sn. If ans
knwn wu fun r, in wi is knwing ipi unsning
signifin f is sk, wu n v gui fs f
a. Am a ma I ig, , by a / A agy J -
lig a / expll a xil, l tja . t
wi is u knwg susins n uss n is f w. tis
i i ilva da pa 1960,
unfun s i s f nn n f us f s .
lng f au dn w isAnalytical Philosophy of History, pi-
sp au Spnu suggs s is wn nusk wi, fis n knwing in vn w ning wu un u n n
knwing w i wu bwn w ings wu signifin
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lydIa Goehr14
ng. Wi fis ing wu isi ; wi
sn, pispi . aing is nu, is ns
s fw p unfing f ugs wiu ssuing
n is knwn, ws pisp ws s s wi nu-
sin s. Pispi ing is n f kking, s
w nusin is .
Fis i, is; sn i, pisp: knwg givn pisp
u n is is isinin ais inu in is f g
piially ma a agy a pilpy i. tagy
n sw gi nu f un if, gi pssiii i nins, v
a abv play paila v. da i agy
sis gniiv issnn ipii in Gk g, gps wn
w u, pgnis, n sp knws n givn n. h
pgnis is, n us f sk f gn, isi . If
knwg quis, is wu pvn us f
in unvs is if. o s i wu ng sipin f
us, sin w ks in gi is ug s pf
wi g innins, is pf u f k f knwg. Unluckily
n unfortunately (sin fun is n pin), s ni nu
n ing u uninn ngiv nsquns. t u, wv, knws
in vn w u wi ; knws i us is i. t u
ivs isin w pisps iv sn, n, gi
knwg un if is iz ningn ssi wi uk.
tug isi ns, is knwg is nsi sps, w fisi un fw in isi n inif wi gi pgnis,
n sn i un fw i pispi gsp pispi pin.
t vi piin, u fn uss fiv us p sps
sif wn isi n pispi s f spsip uing n
n s xpin pfn f wk.
fi im, iy; im, pilpy: a lp b vii Max
pping n sg in us wn is ps isf in v-
n f nin G n Gn, i pps fis i s g
n sn i s f. In, n ig suggs in wn
is n pisp in Gk g ws nsf un 1800 in in wn g n f isf. F i pgnis f n
(Gn) is pispi jus n wn , n i usu-
is , is nsu s g n wi s f unning vn
knwg ps i isi f, n pispi v,
ss uns un i. Snsing knws sing , is givn
ins, s hg gus, pf i n vn vin s, wi jusi-
fi ns quik ing u. t ipin (u usu unpp)
n f in is niip f ings . aing f is i,
is w-isi n w n n us fuu ns spk f w
wi , u n psn ns insf s is ns is sv f nw s iss knwg. Wi ais, iffn wn pispi-
n isi fs f knwg is inin hwv ninn
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aFterWordS 15
nu iffn is in ng f ing u s in s pf,
s dn knws wn wis isAnalytical Philosophy of History.
XIII. cloSed aNd oPeN booKS
I is ping s piu k ns n inuin is n
susins isf iving isi if. tis is k s n nguis n
us svs f i u ins in ns f iv puiss n in-
ps. t spk f if f k is ik spking f psn w w
s n pn k. t psn s s k is ik ing isin
i b l, alay, a niz ib im, i gay ai. niz
fins n is w s nn spii f pnnss,
spii f life (Leben) un is (Historie) pn n psns
xiiing i f wi n knwging iis f i knwg. dn
ws inspi Nizs n w k u i s i w
isAnalytical Philosophy of History, ug in k, Nizs
ks n ppn. h pp fn, ig v givn iff-
m da agm agai ill agaa a ill p
ns isi n w, fs wning sw un
u, fins n ns n nsisi v f pp (das
Volkberhaupt).
as pisp ik Nizs, dn knws gn f isi-
n w spks nsisi is inisn f spiss f w
nin pisps s kp i isn. Spiss iins f
p . f da, pilp ak i p i iy i i
ig p, s pps pisps w, insing is in n in
pispi , n up ssigning i i su n ig ssu. I
us rightly us giving is is igs n is ig pi-
pial a i da aim.
XIV. the WroNG PhIloSoPhy oF hIStory
t ipin n n f in is p ipin pisp
f is. r n iing pnn f is isi snns ni, sks, ug i substantiation speculation, k ns-
isi is u fuu. dn inks is ws fis in
wiings f hg n mx, u nis s w-isi
ilgi ai l l i a. I ik i ba da
gun ivs ss f is iiizing i is f spuiv
pisps f is n f is iuing nnis f spu-
iv pisp f is s fn in ws vsin f isf, in
sing v susniv.
I sss is pin iv inuing n f ks I iv
s inspi dn. Is pi i ws fuu knwn in vnis n sui. t i n u knw fuu in vn ws f
is u Swiss isin Jk buk gi n n-
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lydIa Goehr16
g abiy a a iy pliial, mal, a lal li
in is. t k fis pp in Gn in 1905 in Sug un
i Weltgeschichtliche Betrachtungen. I ws pu g is npw
f us buk iv wn 1868 n 1871, wi inspi n
ly niz Untimely Meditations, inuing ss n vngs
a abak iy li, b al da k. hv, b
buk n Nizs, n n n, n dn, n , is
p n ninn ivi.
ta i, i i qi likly a vi Bka bk da a
ws fis nsin pp in 194 in Nw yk ni Force and
Freedom. wi a ala il vkig Amia aim gal l a
f iup v n, k ws gn s wning gins
ngs f i w i knw in vn ( ) w ws
s f uni. Force and Freedom ws s (f xp, in The Nation
in 194) s ving ppsi f nu f is i iin g,
wi ws pxi, f ni f pp ws w buk
m pp a i a mig i Amia a mai
si su v wn . evn , buk gu gins -
f uu n nw f f pii nn i suggs.
hwv, ws s p w ai ws figing f n -
in f w dn (in is wn wiing f The Nation) s ws gu.
Bka ii a m impli mig ga a
nsviv n w ain i ws n suggs. y i i
n ni in fu susniv pisp f is. evnug wi w w inuin 194 nsin uns
is, si s n is inu ps wi s inpppi-
susniv is: t mn n his missin, buk s Pp,
n t mning f his. buk gu gins ng ipii
in : issins, ppis, n mning (wi pi M), n s i
da i i bk i 1965. Alg da Bka g
supp is wn i pisp f is, i n p
inpin f buk s pp. Ins, dn sw i s n niip-
, w niipin s pps pp, s dn gus, is pf
sn gi nin isins p.t inu pii s pining su psw ain -
ay giv aiial da v i aly mak
su s xpii. t ain ps Jn cg (u w dn
s win) n u Gu Sin suggsing ai su
n un iin n f su n un eup
wi ws un iin. ai su un f fv
nw. In 1980s, Fnis Fuku gu n f is k
n f in pupin wi s niv f pii in
Ws ws n ng pinn i iv
i ial m. ev i i da agm, i l avn, sin s ws n nn wi swing pisp su
n ng un eupn iin f s nivs his ni
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aFterWordS 17
pisp f is is susin i gun gins k f
pnnss n n fws f susniv pisp f is, n
pp is n knwg ss wn si s i n s
wn signifin p f eupn si.
t spk f s si is invk K Ppp, w pps if
i la ap da bk. Alg i ap i m pliial,
da agm a p iy i pmi alm xlivly
gi f is u fuu. In ws, dn s n xpii
ngg in igi i pii gun. h n gus is
n signifin pispi iffn wn is w
s gi individualists n gi socialists. t k i
psiin is qu pi inpi wi gi f pn fuu.
W is ws sk f dn is psn f pnnss. t v
fuu pn is k n susniv i upn i; v fuu pn
is v psn pn, s s ps, f n if ps is pn s
iia ak mak gaig iial aaiv. hiy i
pssi if inpin is n pssi, n isi inpin is pnn
n i n ins ng iffn iis f i. t s
ps s pn n s inp is s i ni s s k n s
n v xpning nin. his is ning u uuin f
fs u ps; wv, i is s ning u ipsiin f su
knwg n uni n w.
Bka p i l i da bk, alg i mi ly
sin. Si I iv gv dn f ing susn-iv pisp f is, pisp inp s iing vn n
baiv klg i pibl. I al bliv a Bka bk am
da ai g a a ipi im, Kal Li Meaning in
History, puis in 1949. tis k vs ins f sg in
suiz n n pisp f is. agin, dn is w f s
mai v i y ally ay i bakg i bk. wi Li
agm i mi, mig iiy da ga y a a aiig
spuiv pisps f is w is ss pispi
n susniv gi. dn s n iffni wn speculation
n substantiation, u u v, I suggs, spi givn is wn insin nsfin n nsfiguin.
I da vi, a baiv pilpy iy vp b
p knwg. I ks susniv p ss in isi s w
n ss n ug in viw f pisp, n, iss
u u fuu. I i swing niin wn i-
ssnss n fuui xpin w buk n si pisp
f is s niin in s. dn iiizs susniv pis-
ps f is us iving knw psn iv
knw fuu. In ws, k iss psn is u
l. w da l, i aily ig hglnp f das Ganze n inps is nin s iping p f su
sn suppsss n i is n gnuin isi unfing
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f ug. F dn, uns n king n is u fuu
u su is u is s nsss i. h suis pis-
p s suis g.
dn fn fs susniv pisp f is s sip
pilpy iy, a i vy ia iy big bj pil -
p isks (gi) nsfin. I w i dn ig v
si is s jus n n f pisp sujug is,
pilpy p iy a 1800 iy i a pil-
spi ns. tis nn u, wv, f v s f pisp f
is unss dn wns gu gins ni fi. a pisp f
is is ipssi niin, s buk si i ws, if i fis
sp ns f isi snns f unns
f pispi snns. In is wn pisp f is, dn inins
spin pis sw pisp f is is pssi.
XV. the rIGht PhIloSoPhy oF hIStory
Swing niin ipii in pisp f is ig w f
inging isipin i s is n n. In, n unwiing u
da aalyial pilpy iy a a i a a vli
in fi, wi su niv iss f i s ssu
a a mly pilp ak. t aalyial pilpy iy
is in 1960s n 1970s; 1980s i n p n-
iv . t f niviss, isiiss, hn Wi,
aklg l da k, a piially i ii
i f niv snns, in vuin f isipins. evn ug
dn i n inn fu nsfin, ws n unpp v
g p in ng. Nnss, gu gins pisp f is-
y p a da ay agig ly agai baiv pilpy
f is. In p f wng pisp f is, inn pu
ig n, wi analytical. I am ig da intentions:
is ifwk s nsis in puing ig analytical philosophies f is,
in, , sin, n f ving s.
bn ffing n pisp f is s n niv n, dnks kv i. h s nv n ivis wn i s pispi-
. tus n f is s susin guns gins susniv
pisp f is is i is n pisp f is , n
pispi iv w f ing is. a susniv pisp f
is is gu vn gi iv, in wi n ing w
isins n k p isi ssus issnss f isf
n n ni i n supss iis f p nsin
knwg. a susniv pisp sujugs is wn i givs is
li mak laim a ai iy a. cvly, a pi-
sp f is gs is ig, ws is fw is nu, isn w ving n is, f dn, is n ni n. dn wis pi-
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aFterWordS 19
sp f is s pisp wi s. t p wi susniv
pisp f is is i ws is wi () g.
XVI. thoUGhtS IN aNd oUt oF tIme
daAnalytical Philosophy of History is n p v s g
qusins. ms f k is i nsis f isi snns n
ssi ps ssi wi . Nnss, s is fis p
sws, dn is w f s qusins. cin s qusins ssu
pinn s is ug uns . hwv, wnv in is wk n pi-
sp f is is p v in is ( ninn) iin,
sps us, s ss, s n wn is. I is is
k f isin givs is k is pu, ni ppn vn
if is ging n in sns.
aug viing igssin in ninn gnis inking ws
n psiivis ni izing f 1960s, dn nv f
king fu fi, s is vius ks n Nizs, S, n esn pi-
sp ns. Si, w n n g is f wi i, sin is
nug s u king n n f in in jus is pisp
f is.
In inking u w ks is pssi, dn p ss
wns w isins u . aing piins
ig n pisps n g n ngs , ws ni-
ing wu f fi. Wignsin n is pin in-
ining if w wn unsn u , w n v n f n u
bakya. t pi a mavlly iig, a may wigi
pins w, sin pisps w wn unsn i n
i gns fn v g g ngs g i f juns f-
w ps pisps v kn f . I is n f n sn
n pisp n spk f ving w sing ik gn
ll . I a bakya ay, pap da bk l
av b . I i , v; i i lg a ll lab ba i
ps s f inking i ns f i n
is wn, spun, us.Si, spun us in is uus w usu ns
ws viusnss ns isp. on su u dn ffs is
isins siunus wiin n usi i wn isi i,
s f i ps f psn pspiv ifs n
f pspiv f ifs nw . hisi snns spkn in
n u f i. assuing is u gz is n s; i quis pping
ifs niv n fiv s i. t if niv, dn
nns, is n w f i s if. I is i nspn in
s w i ug i: w jus is s if ss i is. t
viw if isn, s w wn w k k ps, is n-sius f if s if, ifabout(n f fiv
isn f) w
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lydIa Goehr20
dn ps nsfin ivi f sifing wn ps n
psn pspivs wi sifing wn ifs I s pps
s s . t p f pis nvgs wi p
f ins. Si, i is n n ins u s ps
i play. fm da a mpal iplam, a al giv
s f n un f s f spi ispn, fin, n sng-
n w fin in npg vn in k f Gnsis, wi ss in
fis f sin, un ings i nu. t
isp; i s w wn pn s uns u n ng niv
iv ing nu knwg. W dn fs s p p-
viniis is fn s spi uu pviniis, n f ss f
provincialism s provisionalism ging snns pu.
XVII. materIal medIatIoN
dn inins I n nsius f wn (psn) ifs s ifs: I
iv n wi niv s if giv unip ss w.
t , u i is n w wi I givn su ss, n the w
w xiss inpnn f . tis gun unsks s w,
s isins, p iv i uns s n sis f winssing.
W nn us is w in pp , sin ng,
spk wi in niv. Winssing, n ing is is, us
si inp isins. Winss uns i f isins, n
susiuins f i inpiv s, ing npin f is s
isipin is fiv n pnn n i iin. hisins
nn wi w ppns n wi w ppns s su f s p-
pnings. t ins svs p niis n, ik vns, n
suviv pssing f i. W suvivs i ngs n
psn , s, visi : pu pp vg w, i-
u ifis n sning un u, wing in wi
s n f psns uns f ing np iizn in piu-
ps pinss. Wn vns u in psn f u v s, w
s w winssing s vns; in ig p ig i w s w
s n jus i vin, w s is in king. bu wnn s w n winss vns f ps unss ps ws n u wn
ii psn. cniv un niin f pu winssing, is is
nn wi n psn ii ps. cnvs, is f
sn ps nssis i in. hwv, iffn wn
w quik pss, s dn s suggss in is wn isussin f is-
-s-ui n is-s-. Is pu winssing v pu?
t suj f is, i us sng f isf n
suj ipuiis f is s i inp
i in: nuns, uns, n snns.
ta iy i maially mia mbi, dapf s, is pi w ivs i gu gins Verstehen
f i ss n f pf piin puin h
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aFterWordS 21
gus f viw in wi, wiu iin, isi niv wu n,
ik pining, pssi. If w u ss ps w ug
uni fs f is , w wu n n f s fs s
s f -psnin.
Wn isins ink u ssing i suj , spk s fn
f king sing s f ing. dn is in kn wi
ngug f sing. Wn is xps n f iu, s
ws f visu s. t sn is n s xpis. dn
s ws n nn wi is f pisp s is f
ps f psnin. his nivnss psnin igin fis
in Pni n n in csin nxi u w in, ig, n n-
gug nn i w givn un nsiusnss xiss
remove, wi dn s fs s gap. t gp nssis fs
f psnin, puing fing f nnin s w s n wnss f
inssiii. y i us n ps in su w i ii
ss su inssiii is ssu. Ins, gp us s
sing xpin n jusifi s ning n i f knwg
f f psnin.
t fus n gi f isi snns is ink u w w is
psn isi . cnsius ings n n piip niv
in w; s g i fiv n wi niipin. N nsius
ings, fwing Nizs, n iv (s nis) in pu ii (
iss pis) f psn. rpsnin uns u np
da vall pilpy. I all im ga g aalgi amgisi snns, wks f , sinifi is, n psns (wi ins).
In, n sis f s ngis, dn iks s ps f is
ni pisp f pi.
XVIII. hIStory UNder the model oF ScIeNce
t snn f Pride and Prejudice I qu i ius iffn
wn isi n fiin snns svs n pups nw. Pride
and Prejudice is n f ks un ug cui Univsi in
is uiuu (ug i ws n in 1960s). dn w is AnalyticalPhilosophy of History ginning f sun uns is univsi n
ami vig ba v ilm agably m aial. t
iis, inuing dn, j i knw sing is un-
sn is gng, is, is up n vn, s if ving
us s pin in. dn ws suspiius f isiis
ni, pi in ssupin f isi unsning, n n-
s i wi , ss pjuii pps isi xpnin. bwn
unsning n xpnin ws n ninn ivi, sping
n nw angain pps pisp f is f
n, n ivn, Gn ns. Wn dn iiiz nff nw n in is p, n us Gn s Verstehen n
Erklren wi signifin supssing is ving w us f
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lydIa Goehr22
s s f n Gn, ain, pisp f sin c
hp.
dn gn is pfssin if in 1950s s pisp f sin. h
quik ins in infun f psiivis pisp f sin
f is n pisp f is. his ni pisp f is ws
win u f spii f sin n piu u f nomological
covering-law modelf sin hp gun vping in 1940s. If
hmpl agm xi a b lly x, i l av ami
in ss f isi snns piiv snns u fuu s
n ws iv f u sns u ps n psn vns. In f,
w wu v n supss in wu v n pis w
dn wn psv, n, pnn f su snns n i
f i un. cving ws n k isi snns sin-
ifivn if n susniviss u. hwv, hp i
n ink xnsin f sinifi wn f nug n ff
f xpn sks n wik vi f is n
f si sins. his gun f is iiin ws nnss s n
pgssivis ssupin inn in u psiivis f i, if
si sins vp s fs s nu sins , i wik
sipins wu v n f x f ss sk n w.
hv, a hmpl i qi iial ml a mplyig
k is pgssivis i is p w dn qusin in gnizing
ssni iffn wn isi n sinifi sns. his is ss
ik sin n hp wn iv. cin, un vi suis wik pn suus n in u in pisp f sin
n p pisp f is. y is s n n, s dn
nns, w us piu s ngi ug n ug.
mving sp w f hp, dn gus ws ps n
si in s f n fs, wi n us f puing isi
snns, kins f snns w n us f fuu s nnsu-
sni, piiv snns s n s pinips inuiv pns f
gnizin infn. hwv, si spking, s nssi s
snns n isi snns vn if us wiin isi n-
ivs. a quifiin is n. dn spks f ni nivs s upf niv snns n sis sis nsuin f ngug in
s f ins wn p n w. tkn i, is un f isi-
snns suggss ni nivs p n ni nsiu
su snns, u s n kins f ns n unns snn-
, ilig lalik ab . o a, da a
ws jus ning isi niv, snns ss
nn-ni isi snns n niu v isi
inpin. his un, ug igus, is n igi.
dn uss pisp f sin pps n f s is in
pisp f is. tis i ws s fus iu nin-n-nu ink lp vn rnk. hisins, i, su
si ps s i u ppn (wie es eigentlich gewesen) aug
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aFterWordS 2
da ami alim a p implii i rak ial iy, -
gnizs nssi s f wiing isi snns f p n in-
piv iin. tis i s w ps. hisi snns gi qui
p iin, u i psn w,
insing . dn ss w is u inf i fis f
pisps f sin vping uns f -s svin. t
iin f svin nis n Verstehen is w ssus
uni ss ps ning s is i pssi nug.
XIX. the reVolUtIoN oF the dIScIPlINeS
dn spfu ps f hp, w wn si sins
u ik sins. Ins, dn ws p gu f
vs, s ts Kun n N. r. hnsn w ing i, ug
is pin, ik is, ws ii. Nnss, gn gun f
vs s vuin f isipins in engn n Uni Ss.
a is i, si sins w ninuing sif i gin w
f f nu sins n s uniis n s,
wi i vsing iingsu nu sins w
sk fw sui.
I vuin in n ang-ain nx us sii-
isussin kn p in eup. In 1960s dn ws w
f s f eupn isussin. h knw u isipin suggs
wn s- Geisteswissenschaften n Naturwissenschaften. h
knw suggs un signifin n nsin f Geist,
wi ws us f i human spii socialspii .
a fw n w su f si ng uniis
nu sins. hns Gg G s fii s
Geisteswissenschaften ws inu in 186 Gn ns f
J sa Mill 1843ASystemofLogic a a ig Mill mal i-
s (wi s ning si). tis s is n pi (s
rl Makkl a ly ag), giv J. G. dy ali b vag
us f f sin f is. In 188, Wi di gv
is ssi finiin. I nin is n us ug dinn n snsizing si in is finiin, si sss
pui f isipins v in j hgin nn
snsiz sujs un sing pisp f spii. dn wu v n
ympai dily aig i i ga.
aug dn ws w f is isussin, ws ss w f w
ng eupn ninu ugu wni nu. Wi
ws wiing is k, s- Positivismusstreitws ing fug u in
Gn ng pinn pisps , s w s si,
sigiss: t W. an, K Ppp, Jgn hs, n i -
gus. lik dn, p, ug xpii, in psw niins f pnnss f n n wu- i si.
Wn hs w is Zur Logik der Sozialwissenschaften vin
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lydIa Goehr24
mig ympai i da pj. J a habma g
is n si sin ws i is wk n w suu
transformation (Strukturwandel) f public sphere, da vi iy
n si ws wk u viius in is wk n w trans-
figuration f commonplace. tnsfin n nsfiguin iff in
psis, f ws hs f s s p f is un f
is f ugis uu, dn gv n sg. b n ns, wv,
i is nin ip uin f is , in, f si si-
ns uniis.
In ws, dn ws n ni sisfi wi sus f vu-
in sif sin n si sin in in f uniis, in
wi u, s sis s ns, s n ws s .
cin, is i pin in ing nn wi is if u n n-
n wi u. dn s ws wn psv iffns wn
s isipins ws iffns su psv: us is pisp f
iy i ig pla iy b i a a i i i
nuging uinis n s f iinivis. Unwiing, w-
v, wi is i f niv snn, ss fis v nug
nfusin wn vi isi snns wu ug
wk jus s fiin snns wkwi su pisp f
is, ik pisp f niv snns, wu susu un
pisp f iu , vn ws in is viw, i suis.
hisi spking, dn n ig pin u uninn
nsquns f is wn , u pispi, i v su ig.h u sip v i is n isuns, ug
vn is i is pi. dn gn s n ni pisp f si-
n n v i n ni pisp f . cining w,
pu n ni pisp f is wi, ug f pi, ws
isinguis is ns suj . bing f pi pispi u
n f pi ging suj n pifi puin f n
pisp fX. cin 1960s, is ps ssu in-
ing, ug nw psiivisi, ni suggs pisp ws invin
us k gi sns n ing n n i in n f is
suj s. hwv, ssu is psu ws vi qusin vuin isf nug, nning fXin ing viw
f pisp isf.
on f s qusins f n pisp f is is w
ns nu f isi snns n pi wi unns
nu f pispi sns, n, if s, w piii su
b a i i iy pilpy m. fii slgl
w n f w ings is usu king in w n s pisp
f , i pisp . t s u si f pisp f
is. dn wns sw ni pispi ing
iy a i bj ma a avi pilpy bmig a m xi iy a iy big bm by pilpy. t avi b, pil-
p su n w isins u u n s gui sing
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aFterWordS 25
sing ig u gi n susn f i snns. dn
sis is pj s psis f v if wiu is iping
uin f isi snns f v if pispi sn-
ns k i gi xpii. buk si pisp f is-
is niin in s; dn nns is is n s, u if
i w, n niin su n sv n n si xpns
f . In f, n ig vn suggs ni pispis fX
sw unsv niin wn gi n suj n
isv nsin wn isipins. dn s n s
nusin isf in isBody/Body sss wn nins f s
f is psiivis psss w i pisp n ws f f
gi sf-ssssn.
Wn dn wis n ni pisp f is is pisp wi
s, ns f n nsw n gn pispi p-
s pining f wi n inis; ivis, is, skpiis, n
insunis; u n fn; sipin, xpnin, n inpin;
n usi, piin, n vifiin. his k isusss in i
ps wi ngug n ps f vn in ng. h is
ins in gi f snns n in i vis f nivs. y
pinip fus is n guns f ng inn ns w
pilpy i all pa a a pi. I av i iy lai
pilpy a i; I av mi da pilpy ai. I all
ially iy lai pilpy a a, , agably,
nsisn ng pis is s n.
XX. From hIStory to art aNd bacK aGaIN
aun 1800, i f quizing isipins ws nn pj
f unifing . In 1950s n 1960s pj f unifiin ws si vi-
n in wk f hp n vn in wk f s f vuin
pisps w su i. t qusin f unifis ws un w
pinip unifiin su k p: pisp, sin, is-
, piis, . dn s ppss pinip f uni, u n if i s
n ip g un sing i. aug supps pinipf n in puin f sinifi is, isi nivs, n
f wks f , gus f n un niin f f, qu-
i, pui, n n n n un iin susniv i f
wnss. F xp, nns in is pisp f wn is
i f s niv f pisp, i ns puis n in
wi n sing s ks pn v n. an ining n is
sn (if ) n in iniviu wks, u i n ng signifis n pgssivis
vn s f ss f wks s w.
dn gus isi snns f vns un sipin. h
spks sii u wks f . In is Analytical Philosophy of History fn fs w n f is pisp f : visu
inisniii wi is ws u n gun f inpiv isn-
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lydIa Goehr26
iii. rging iffn wn isi n fiin snns, dn
i a a ll j by a a ll by aig al
w iffn is; is, f snns n
n. likwis, w nn n king s w sn is
funin pi f uiing vin f i psn f su.
au, in is piu s, isv ws u ni
ng sipin. In is pisp f , dn sks f w js
wi s psi ppis look s, w ks n n wk
n n v, np j? tis is pispi
qusin u w w fin , wi dn nsws nning n
wk is nsfiguin iuin f -isi ppis
ga by k plam i a iial a l. Liki, a ii-
snn ings js un iffn sipins ing i n
siuin f i un, w iffn sipins f nging
inss n vus. N inin, f isniii iffn is
pmi i iial aaiv k agai hmpl vig-la ml,
wi is v is xps n sis f s suf s sig-
nifin siiiis.
dspi gun f ng, dn s iffn nusins u
n is. a n wn ssni iffn wn wks n
visu ini in js knwn. t iffn ws swn
in n pf n is n knwn in fiv f
pisp. t is ws an W n wk ws is bi bx ins-
in; pisp ws au dn. W ug in g wkf k n iffn f n in i. t wk ws
p s pp pisp sk n f isi niins
f pn (su s wu sipu s- Insiuin f
). Ins pisp sk w in is isi n is ws ps-
si ws nu i i wu n v n. his qusin fw
, pin suggss i n iing s ipn fing n
a y a pa. nvl, aalgy l p mplly.
dn gus wn ssn f ws knwn, ws i f
b pilp liv qi a a piial
ii. Y y laim am ab iy, a i a lib- in 1965 wn xpin isins iffn wn historical
snns n snns w plain, philosophical, fictional? lik
ai, i ga ia aiv mig i iial a-
ns w p ( f n) s ini (susniv) pispi-
al ? A i am pilp imilaly p by ig i-
fn wn ?
h dn gn is f, u v gn fu. In, ig v
nu n f is n isnfnisn wn i
spp ing un susniv pisp f is. a in puis,
psisi niin is suis ni pisp u n pisp ns i sui susniin fign is nu.
t f ninus f i s s isf f is n ns
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aFterWordS 27
n i ninus in is n ng psus gnis in
pispi gi s, jus s is ks n su pns
is p pssi n in n pn si. If dn si is, wv,
u v si s u is, i, , ws i wn i spp
ing un susniv pisp, n f jus s ninus
suj f ni pisp, s is ninus .
dn i n s is u inin iffn wn is uns.
Ws is ni pisp f i posthistorical pluralism,
is ni pisp f is i n historical openness. W
uns f iffn? W s psisi niin n
is n? t nsw ks us k, f s i, hg.
F hg, is is ii un qui f p unf-
ig a. I i a l-alizai pilpy a
is g ug uizin f is. a is ppns ( k ng
s s) wn idealniin f f, niiin, n gniin
is fin actualizedin (Pussin) S. Insf s nius ps-
sg f v Geist, i s s wi is snsuus ss ns f inuiin
n ig. N ing up pu rsn, izs isf s n n
i. appn, wn ss knwg is gsp, sf-izin
s sn. hwv, f s p , nx f igin
a pilpy, i hgl ay al aklgig i impa. w a
ns, i s s giving w fin, is, (ig) pisp f
. bu nw is wis in fii s. Wn hg ug u
n f , s ug u np niin f s n swi i vi lal a piial li. wl i ll a
s iv is g, i wu v in n us nug
i niip Nizsf ? t f hg suggs s u
ns is n-f- sis is n n s fin s n iis v ug.
In, un niin f i, (ik igin) wu n ng
ing f ps su s f ini fin is fign is
nu. r, i wu fin f f psnin (nw ?) i
a aiv m.
In is k n is, dn is n ii nn wi if n
f uu. Si, is fu n s ff is ug ssni sf-nsius finiin. rging is n w ig s wn
sis n f , uss guns k n susniv ssupin
u n f pisp is. In ws, ks ssup-
in n u (s I wu gu in s spii s hg) in
m a iai. J a hgl g a pilpy, iy,
si, n s u iv fin n, dn s s w, wi
ui iffn su n is fun in n pn-n n i
s f n, n in pisp wiu ns. t n f is is
iai, a iai a p iy ig. I ,
iy openness is si niin , susin n ni pis-py, mak apluralism pssi.
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lydIa Goehr28
hwv, dn si is, wu v iuvn pin
susniv i u u n u is? on if w
mv m i --a i piy, a a a
ninuin is sis s is s nging, n is is
gig i abl ly by a m m pilpy. t aii m a
iaim by pilpy i plalim i i i da
pps f s ni pisp f is. t f
ninus vn f pisp knws ssn f is w f giving
ss wig pispi knwg p s. Jus s dn iss sus
f is, s iss sus f , nnuning ns nw
ginnings f sujs s f v ig gip f pisp. tis
is in g gun f izin f isipins. W,
wv, i is g gun nug f n gun f w
funins in si is qui iffn qusin.
XXI. laSt WordS
cs Sns Pi n w: I ink g s f psis
u king fuu s sing wi v n ps. Pi fn
appa i da bk, pially da a pa a m-
ig a i, i Pi m, livig, plai, a miabl a a
in, fix, fi pi, n . dn s ns Pi v-
p gi nin f uin, is, f f sning sws
w n p ppsiin is ss n wn uni sns
fun vs is pn is unsning.
In ign nu, retroduction n n inging,
ing, wing k. I ig v n n xn sipin f
inuin. y inuin s n n king k; i s s
n np ing f k pu f s g in ig f
w dn w . as i is us in afterword, w after s
nnin iffn f fretro. m inuin is uin -
ig ly Pi vi a viii maig.
a s n: s iis v n si n pispis f
is fus n susss n fius f is, n psiiv n suiv s f uni, n w is isins
av a a all y av. da bk a ppii.
his pisp f is ks sis n isi v, wi pnnss
s pinip i. t f niv pnnss s ipis inp-
nss ns n ing nn wi i n, isins
us wi s w fuu vns in w wi ng i np
nivs f ps. ts isins niip wi xin w is
. t qusin f i wn nui is n f pn f
nfn n i wn, wiu susniv i f pisp.
Columbia University
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